Oxford Handbook of Medical Sciences

Index

A

Abciximab 465, 469

abdominal wall 512, 513, plate 9

ABC transporters 25

ABO blood groups 41

absence seizures 788

absorptive epithelia 57

acamprosate 792

ACE inhibitors 457–8

acetaminophen (paracetamol) 746, 850

acetazolamide 498

acetoacetate 124

acetylcholinesterase 228, 230

acetyl-CoA 104–5, 117, 124, 32

acetyl-CoA carboxylase 121

N-acetylglucosamines 40

N-acetyl-glutamate 154

N-acetyl-glutamate synthase 154

acid–base balance 178, 484

acidosis 114, 124, 136, 152, 498, 503, 607

acromioclavicular joint 282

acrosome reaction 638

actin 4, 60, 258

action potential 222, 228–58, 396, 422, 426, 428, 549, 716, 723, 742, 752, 758, 764

in the heart 426–7

activation energy 16–17, 4

active transport 46

active site 18, 22, 78, 120, 196, 466

acute disseminated encephalomyelitis 262–3

acute stressors 615

acyl carnitine 116

acyl carnitine translocase 116

acyl carrier protein 120

acyl-CoA synthetase 116

adaptive immunity 824

addiction 790–1

Addison’s disease 598–9

adductor canal 334

adenosine 96–7, 444

adenosine nucleotide translocase 132

adenylate cyclase 132

adenylation 8, 194

adherens junctions 54

adhesion molecules 44

adipose cells 269

adipose tissue 102

ADP 96, 112, 152

adrenal cortex 598

adrenal gland 598

adrenaline 104, 114, 120, 126, 132, 136, 142, 242, 244, 589, 598

adrenal medulla 598

adrenoceptors 240, 243

adrenocorticotrophic hormone 114, 590

adult respiratory distress syndrome 402

aerobic exercise

aerobic oxidation 136

affinity chromatography 912

afterload 438, 448, 458

agarose gel 200

agarose gel electrophoresis 897

ageing 778, 868

agonists 82–3

α and β agonists, therapeutic uses 244, 440

in cell signalling pathways 50

concentration–response relationship 80–1

GnRH agonist 646

in ligand binding 79

µ-opioid receptor agonists 792

muscarinic agonists, clinical use 238

airways resistance 380

alarm reaction 615–16

albendazole 819

albumin 114, 578

alcohol 148, 175, 792

detoxification 577

aldosterone 32, 598–9

alkaline phosphatase 176

alkalosis 496, 498, 503

allopurinol 347, 848

allosteric changes 8

allosteric effectors 18

allosteric effects 98

allosteric regulators 132

α-1-antitrypsin 578

alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists 242–3

therapeutic uses 244

alpha-helixes 24

alveolar gases 384

alveolar lining fluid 26

Alzheimer’s disease 72, 795

amenorrhoea 592

amiloride 498, 764

amino acids 2–3, 6, 164

carbon skeletons 152

metabolism 150, 156

see also proteins

aminopeptidase 150

amino sugars 2–3

aminotransferases 152

amiodarone 430–1

amitriptyline 783

ammonia, toxicity 154

ammonium ion 152

anterograde 776

amniotic cavity 650

amount of drug 88–9

AMP 8, 96, 112, 132

amphetamine 792

amphotericin B 817

amplification cascades 98

AMP-sensitive kinase 120

ampulla 624, 762

amygdalae 615, 732, 735, 766, 774, 780, 784, 790, 792

anabolic reactions 60, 100

anaerobic conditions 130

anaerobic exercise 168

anaesthesia 224, 746

general anaesthetics 224, 746

local anaesthetics 224, 746

anal canal 523, 538

analgesia 224, 746, 780

anal triangle 622

anaphylactic shock 244

anapleurotic reactions 104

anatomical snuffbox 304

anatomical terms 943

anchoring junctions 54

androgens 598–9, 631

angina 132, 242, 418, 436, 452, 460, 462

angina pectoris 132

angiontensin I 457–8, 500, 614

angiotensin II 242, 442, 457–8, 496, 500, 614, 618

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 440, 457, 463, 500

angiotensinogen 614

angiotensin receptor antagonists 457–8

animal experiments 934

ankle joint 316

competitive 82–3

irreversible competitive 82–3

non-competitive 82–3

physiological 83

anterior pituitary 590, 592

anterior urogenital triangle 622

antibiotics 6, 108, 196, 571, 804, 806

allergy and drug toxicity 804

mechanisms of action 805

pharmacodynamics 804

pharmacokinetics 804

antibodies 4, 642, 832–3

anticipation 185, 207

anticoagulants 469

anticoagulation plasma proteins 578

antidepressants 783

antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) 494, 500, 591, 737

anti-dysrhythmic drugs 430–1

antifungals 816–17

antigen detection 922

antigen presentation 823

antigen presenting cells 826

antihistamines 851

antihypertensive drugs 242

anti-inflammatory drugs 850

antimicrobials 818–19

anti-Müllerian hormone 628, 678

antiplatelet agents 469

antiport 46–7, 57

antithrombin III 578

antithrombotics 437

anti-TNF-α therapy 866

aorta 268, 300, 355, 358, 372, 374, 432, 416–18, 476, 478, 524, 528, 532, 624, 626, 662, 664, 666

aortic arches 664

aortic valve 417, 432, 434, 869

apical ectodermal ridge 658–9

apical membranes 56–7

apolipoproteins 114

apoprotein B-48, 114

apoptosis 74, 794–6, 868

appendix 534, 537

aquaporins 48, 56, 564

arachidonic acid 27

metabolites 847

arcuate artery 484

arcuate vein 484

arginine 6, 154

argininosuccinase deficiency 154

argininosuccinate synthetase 154

argininosuccinate synthetase/argininosuccinase deficiency 154

arm bones 278–9

arrhythmia 426, 460, 869

arteries 32, 242, 276, 300–1, 342, 345, 355, 358, 367, 364–5, 432, 448, 478

in blood supply and lymphatic drainage 476

and blood supply of the spleen 543

blood supply to brain 692–3

and blood transportation 442, 481, 514, 624, 669

bronchial arteries 374, 524

coronary arteries 418–19, 460, 462–3, 664

development of the great arteries 665

major arteries of lower limb 331

major arteries of upper limb 301

and pregnancy 638

and pulmonary embolism 406

and pulmonary perfusion 386

retinal arteries 706

vasodilatation, during exercise 454

vitelline arteries 662

arterioles 386, 438, 448, 450, 476, 542, 591, 614

afferent arterioles 484, 486, 500

efferent arterioles 484, 486

arteriosclerosis 448, 457

arthritic joint disease 346

artificial insemination 630

ascending reticular activating system 768

ascorbic acid 20

aspirin 74, 81, 85, 87, 90, 93, 463, 465, 469, 471, 556, 746, 850

associative learning 777

astrocytes 214, 720

ataxia–telangiectasia 864

ATB binding cassette (ABC) proteins 8

atherosclerosis 32, 72, 160, 460–1

pathogenesis 444, 452, 457

Atkins diet 102

atlas 336, 684, 689

ATP 24, 60, 96, 132, 158

ATPase 24, 44, 46, 57, 68, 108, 110, 220, 248, 428, 440, 490, 494, 496, 503, 554, 561, 564–5, 594, 599

ATP-dependent potassium channels 604

ATP synthase 110–11

ATP synthase protein 108

ATP synthesis 108–9

proton motive force 110

atracurium 224, 230

atrial fibrillation 430

atrial natriuretic peptide 614

atrioventricular canal 666

atrioventricular node 254, 256

atrioventricular valve 417, 422, 432, 434

atrium 254, 416, 417, 420, 426, 432, 434, 468, 662, 666

atropine 238, 430

atropine methonitrate 238

auditory system 758–9

autocrine system 73, 588

autoimmunity 860

autonomic nervous system 218

ganglionic synaptic transmission 236

auto-phosphorylation 144

axial mesoderm (notochord) 652

axilla 304, plate 2

axis 336, 684, 689

axon hillock 723

azathioprine 600, 840, 861

B

B-1 B-cells 834

back muscles 290, 340–1

blood supply 342

classification 801

pathogenesis 802

structure 798–9

bacterial artificial chromosomes 200

bacterial cell wall 18

bacterial culture 923

bacteriophages 200, 798

bad cholesterol 32

bare lymphocyte syndrome 864

baroreceptor reflex 449

Barrett’s oesophagus 75

basal ganglia 726, 730, 739

basal metabolic rate 172

basolateral folds 55

basolateral membranes 57, 127

Becker muscular dystrophy 350

Beer–Lambert Law 928

bendroflumethiazide 457, 498

benzothiazepines 457

beta-adrenoceptor antagonists 242–3

therapeutic uses 244

beta-blockers 457

beta-lactam antibiotics 150

β-oxidation 116–17

bethanechol 238

biceps tendon 304

bicuculline 725

bilaminar germ disc 650

bile salts 26, 32, 114

bile secretion 558

biliary system 544

biliverdin 582–3

bioactive amines 589

biochemical reactions 16

bipolar depressive syndrome 782

bipolar phospholipids 44

bismuth salicylate 568

bitemporal hemianopia 592

anatomical relations 480

blood supply 481

innervation 481

lymphatic drainage 481

blastocoele cavity 650

blastocyst 638, 650

blood: important numbers 944

blood–brain barrier 25, 84, 214, 224, 238, 396, 690, 720, 795

blood cells 413

important numbers 944

blood components 408

see also individual components

blood flow resistance 448

blood groups 40, 410

incompatibility 41

rhesus system 410

blood islands 662

determination 448

back muscles 342

head and neck 692, 692, 693, 694, 695, plates 10–13

lower limb 330–1

spinal cord 345

blood–testis barrier 630

body energy supplies 102

body fat distribution 180

body fluid compartments 944

body mass index 181

body movements 287

Bohr effect 391, 394

compact 272–3

upper limb 278–9

botulinum toxin 230

Bowman’s capsule 482, 486

brachial plexus 296–7

bradycardia 430

bradykinin 846, 851

ammonium production 152

glucose use 127

see also central nervous system

brainstem death 771

branching enzyme 140

breasts 626, 642–4

galactopoietic units 642

lactiferous ducts 626

lactiferous glands 642

lactiferous sinuses 626

secretory alveoli 626

Broca’s area 758

bromocriptine 593

bronchospasm 230, 242, 400

brown adipose tissue 111

Brunner’s glands 522

buccopharyngeal membrane 652

buffers 48, 176, 394, 396, 502, 552, 561, 720, 897

bulbospongiosus 624

bulbo-urethral mucous secreting glands 624

bundle of His 254, 422, 432

β-bungarotoxin 230

C

Ca²⁺-ATPase 24

cabergoline 593

Ca²⁺-calmodulin CaM kinase II 144

caecum 534, 537

calcaneous bone 310

calcitonin 594, 613

calcitonin gene-related peptide 745

hormone control 612

intra-mitochondrial 104

mitochondrial uptake 110

calcium antagonists 457–8

calmodulin 4, 142

intracellular 132

Camper’s fascia 512

canal of Schlemm 238

cancellous bone 272

chemotherapy 72, 880

molecular mechanisms 876

morphology 872–3

nomenclature 870–1

capillaries 407, 442, 521, 720, 818, 874

adipose tissue capillaries 170

alveolar capillaries 390, 402

chylomicrons in 561

fetal capillaries 638

peritubular capillaries 484, 496

pulmonary capillaries 374, 383, 386

capillary tufts 484

carbamazepine 747, 789

carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 154

carbimazole 597

carbohydrate-free diets 102

carbohydrates 34, 102

as conjugates 40

digestion and absorption 560

as metabolic precursors 38

dissociation curve 394–5

transport 394–5

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors 498

carboplatin 880

γ-carboxylglutamyl residues 578

carboxypeptidase 150

carboxyeptidase A 18

carboxyhaemoglobin 392

carcinogenesis 883

in situ 872–3

microinvasive 872

see also cancer

cardiac action potential 426–7

cardiac arrest 244

cardiac cycle 433

cardiac dysrhythmias 428

treatment 430–1

cardiac glycosides 430, 440

cardiac muscle 113, 254

action potentials 254–5

excitation–contraction coupling 257

cardiac contraction 255

cardiac output 390, 434, 438, 448, 450, 454, 457, 486, 506, 594, 614, 616

cardiac remodelling 438

cardiac rhythm 426

cardiovascular system development 662

changes at birth 666

cardioversion 430

carnitine acyl transferases 116, 120

carnitine deficiency 116

carotid bodies 396, 705

carpal bones 280–1

carpal tunnel 304–5

carrier proteins 46

cartilage extracellular matrix 36

caspofungin 817

catabolic reactions 60, 100

catalysts 3–4, 16

catalytic triad 18–19

catecholamine 244, 422, 598, 605, 618

catechol-O-methyl transferase 240

causes of disease 887

cDNA library 200

cell–cell interactions 648

cell cycle 70–1

growth factors 73

growth inhibitory factors 73

cell-mediated immunity, deficiency of 863

cell membranes 3

organization 48–56

antigen presenting cells 826

blood cells, origin 413

cell–cell interactions, in embryological development 648

cell cycle 70–1

cell cycle control in human disease and disease treatment 72

cell involvement, in regulation 852

cell membranes, organization 48–56

cell signalling pathways 50

cell structure and function, macromolecules in 3

cellular energy 96

cellular events in asthma 401

cellular mediators of inflammation 844

cellular metabolic response to exercise 168

cellular metabolic response to fasting and starvation 166

cellular metabolic response to feeding 164

cellular metabolism 95–181

cellular structure and function 1–93

chief cells 555

connective tissue cells 269

endocrine D cells 555

epithelial cell specializations 55

ganglion cells 215

glial cells 214

intracellular milieu 48

mammalian cells 47

mast cells 269, 844

mucous cells 556

natural killer cells 412, 823

of nervous system 212

Paneth’s cells 522

parietal cells 554

photoreceptive cells 750

protection, against reactive oxygen species 162

Purkinje cells 718

pyramidal cells 717

red blood cells 40, 62, 127, 408–9

Schwann cells 214

spiny stellate cells 717

T-cells 828–31

white blood cells 408, 412

cell signalling pathways 50

cell structure and function 1–93

cell surface receptors 3

cellular energy 96

cellular metabolic response

fasting and starvation 166

cellular metabolism 95–181

cellulose 34–5

central nervous system 212, 710–15

demyelination 262

spinal cord damage 266, 345, 714–15

central pathways 744, 754–5, 765–6

central pontine myelinosis 262–3

central synaptic transmission 723

cerebellum 730, 739

cerebrosides 30–1, 40

cerebrospinal fluid 344, 691

cervical plexus 702–3

cervical vertebrae 338, 684, 689

CFTR protein 185

cGMP 50, 246, 452, 469, 500, 750

channels 24, 44

potassium 426, 604

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 263

charge relay network 18

Chédiak–Higashi syndrome 865

chemiosmotic theory 108–9

chemokines 400, 838

chemoreceptors 396–7

chief cells 555

chiral carbon 34

chlorambucil 72

chloramphenicol 804, 806

chlordiazepoxide 725

chloroquine 819

chlorpromazine 786

cholecystokinin 611

cholesterol 32, 26–7, 44, 114, 589

cholesterol ester storage disease 160

cholinergic transmission 229

chondroblasts 270

chondrocranium 674

chondrocytes 270

chondroitin sulphate 36

chorionic cavity 650

chorionic villi 638

Christmas disease see haemophilia

chromaffin cells 598

chromatin packing 15

chromatography 914

chromosomal abnormalities 207

chromosomal sex 628

chromosomes 14, 60, 62, 184

chronic granulomatous disease 865

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder 401–2

chronic stressors 615, 619

chylomicrons 26, 28, 32, 114

chymotrypsin 18, 150

chymotrypsinogen 150

ciclosporin 840, 861

ciliary muscle 238, 258, 699, 706, 735

cingulate gyrus 732, 735, 774

ciprofloxacin 806

circle of Willis 692–3

circulatory system development 664

circumvallate papillae 764

citrate 120, 133

citrate activation 120

citric acid cycle see tricarboxylic acid cycle

clathrin coated pits 68

clavicle 278–9

clearing factor lipase 126

cleft lip/palate 674

clindamycin 806

‘clinical iceberg’ 892

clinical studies 940

clitoris 626, 680

cloacal membrane 652

clonidine 244–5, 457, 792

clopidogrel 460, 465, 469, 471

clot-busters 469

clotting factors 578

clotting system productions 847

coagulation 466–7

coccyx 338, 622

cochlea 704, 708, 758–9

codeine 400, 746

coeliac disease 566

coelomic epithelium 628

co-enzymes 2, 20

co-factors 2, 20

co-immunoprecipitation 912

collagen 4, 8, 12–13, 268

collecting system 676

Colles’ fascia 512

colorimetric assays 928

colour blindness 752

colour vision 750, 752

combination chemotherapy 881

combined pill 646

common peroneal nerve 324, 327

compact bone 272–3

compartmentalization 60, 142

competitive enzyme inhibition 22

complement 820–1, 846

concentration of drug 88–9

concentration–response relationship 80

condensation 16

condensation reaction 6

condensing enzyme 120

confocal microscopy 914–15

congenital malformations 648

conjugation 582

connective tissue 3, 160, 268

Conn’s syndrome 599

consciousness 771

consensus sequence 40

constitutively active 185

constitutive secretion 66

co-operativity, positive and negative 390–1

Cori cycle 98–9, 127

coronary arteries, blockage 32

corpus cavernosum 624

corpus luteum 634

corpus spongiosum 624

cortical collecting duct 484

cortical cords 678

cortical reaction 638

corticosteroids 148

corticotrophin-releasing hormone 590

cortisol 32, 590, 598, 618, 640

cost of therapy 890

co-transmitters 218, 442

co-trimoxazole 806

coumarin anticoagulants 469

countercurrent multiplier 495

covalent modification 98

cranial nerves 702

glossopharyngeal 705

hypoglossal 705

vestibulocochlear 704

cranial paraxial mesoderm 672–3

creatine kinase 176

creatine phosphate 156

critical body mass 644

Crohn’s disease 566, 570–1

cross-linking 8

cruciate ligaments 314–15

cubital fossa 304, 305, plate 3

cuboid bone 310

cumulus oophora 630

cuneiform bones 310

Cushing’s syndrome 592, 598, 600–1

cyclopentalone 238

cyclophosphamide 840, 880

cystic fibrosis 185, 404–5

cystic fibrosis trans-membrane-conductance regulator 25

cytochrome C 106

cytochrome oxidase 106

cytochrome P450, 60, 159, 582

cytokines 838–9, 847

cytoplasmic ribosomes 196

cytoskeletal elements 60

cytoskeletal extrinsic proteins 44

cytotoxic T-cells 830

cytotrophoblast 650

D

dalfopristin 806

dark current 750

ddNTP 202, plate 1

deamination 156

death certificates 888

debranching enzyme 140

decidual reaction 650

declarative memory 776

deep inguinal ring 517

deep vein thrombosis 406, 466

degenerative diseases 794

dehydroepiandrosterone 599

deletion, chromosome 207

Δ-F₅₀₈ 25

demyelination 262

central nervous system 262

peripheral nervous system 263

denaturation 8, 22

dendritic tree 716

denervation 868

dentate gyrus 724, 774, 778, 795

depolarizing blocking drugs 230

depression 782–3

dermamyotome 652

dermatome 652, 655

dermis 275, 652, 655

descending motor pathways 726

desensitization 92

desmoplakins 54

diabetes insipidus 494

diabetes mellitus 114, 124–5, 170, 605–6

complications 607

diagnosis 607–8

gestational 606, 608

risk factors 606

type 1: 170, 605–6

type 2: 170, 605–6

diabetic ketoacidosis 607

diabetic nephropathy 456

diacylglycerol 27

diagnostic testing 18, 133

diamorphine 746

diaphragm 359–S2.9, plate 7

diaphragmatic hernias 656

diastole 254, 256, 418, 432

diazepam 224, 725

dideoxynucleoside triphosphate 202

diencephalon 710

diethylcarbamazine 819

differentiation 75

diffuse projection nuclei 730, 732–3

digestion and absorption 560

digestive system 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518–68

digoxin 430, 440, 460

dihydropyridines 248, 457

2,4-dinitrophenol 108

dipeptidases 150

diphenoxylate 568

direct fluorescent antibodies 922

disability-adjusted life years 890

disaccharides 34

disc diffusion susceptibility testing 927

assessing the effectiveness of treatment 890

measurement 887

dissociation constant 78, 82–3, 86

distal tubule 484, 496

disulphide bonds 4, 8–11

disuse atrophy 351

diuretics 457, 498

divalent metal transporter 580

condensation 630

damage/repair 65

fingerprinting 898

identification as hereditary material 188

mitochondrial 158

molecular structure 42

replication 200, 42, 63–5

sequencing 198, 202, 203, plate 1

techniques involving 898

DNA fingerprinting 898

DNA helicase 64

DNA ligase 64–5, 200

DNA microarrays 902

DNA polymerase 64–5, 200

DNA replication 200, 42, 63–5

dobutamine 244, 440

doctor–patient relationship 892

dominant follicle 634

dorsomedial nuclei 615, 734

dose ratio 82–3

Down’s syndrome 76

doxorubicin 72, 880

doxycycline 806

Dressler’s syndrome 860

drug absorption 86

drug addiction 790

drug administration 84

locally acting preparations 85

subcutaneous and intramuscular 84

drug distribution/clearance 88

drug interactions 93, 582

drug–receptor interaction 78

drug resistance 92

antibiotics 805

drug side-effects 84, 93, 230, 245, 458, 469, 498, 646–7, 784, 850, 880, 940

Duchenne muscular dystrophy 350

ductus arteriosus 665

ductus venosus 664

duodenal ulcers 557

Duplex theory 758

dural venous sinuses 691

dynamic mutations 185

dysplasia 75, 872–3

dysrhythmias 428, 431