FOREWORD

1. Erich Goode and Nachman Ben-Yehuda, “The Genealogy and Trajectory of the Moral Panic Concept,” in The Ashgate Research Companion to Moral Panics, ed. Charles Krinsky (New York: Routledge, 2013), pp. 23–35. See p. 32.

2. Matthew F. Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).

3. Ibid., p. 56.

4. Irving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall/Spectrum, 1963), p. 4.

INTRODUCTION: FROM OUT OF THE SHADOWS

1. Jeffrey S. Victor, “The Search for Scapegoat Deviants,” Humanist 52, no. 5 (1992): 10–13. The term scapegoat can be traced back to the Old Testament Book of Leviticus, which states that God ordered the annual sacrifice of two goats. The first was to be killed and its blood sprinkled over the Ark of the Covenant: a wooden chest that supposedly held the Ten Commandments. A priest would place his hands on the second goat and confess the sins of Israel, which were transferred to the animal. The creature was then banished from the community, and, in the process, the people were cleansed of their sins.

2. Julie Gilchrist and Erin Parker, “Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Fatal Unintentional Drowning among Persons Aged ≤ 29 Years—United States, 1999–2010,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 63, no. 19 (2014): 421–26; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Falls Are Leading Cause of Injury and Death in Older Americans,” press release, September 22, 2016.

3. Erich Goode and Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010).

4. Jeffrey S. Victor, Satanic Panic: The Creation of a Contemporary Legend (Chicago, IL: Open Court, 1992); James Richardson, Joel Best, and David Bromley, eds., The Satanism Scare (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1993); Robert D. Hicks, “Police Pursuit of Satanic Crime Part II: The Satanic Conspiracy and Urban Legends,” Skeptical Inquirer 14 (1990): 378–89; Jeffrey S. Victor, “A Rumor-Panic about a Dangerous Satanic Cult in Western New York,” New York Folklore 15 (1989): 23–49.

5. Benjamin Radford, “Predator Panic: A Closer Look,” Skeptical Inquirer 30, no. 5 (2006): 20–21, 69.

6. Ibid., pp. 21 and 69.

7. Clarence Ver Steeg and Richard Hofstadter, A People and a Nation (New York: Harper and Row, 1981), p. 287.

8. Ray Allen Billington, “Tentative Bibliography of Anti-Catholic Propaganda in the United States (1800–1860),” Catholic Historical Review 18, no. 4 (1933): 492–513.

9. Lewis Hippolytus Joseph Tonna, Nuns and Nunneries: Sketches Compiled Entirely from Romish Authorities (London: Seeleys, 1852).

10. William D. Carrigan and Clive Webb, Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence against Mexicans in the United States, 1848–1928 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).

11. “Donald Trump Speech, Debates and Campaign Quotes,” Newsday, November 9, 2016, http://www.newsday.com/news/nation/donald-trump-speech-debates-and-campaign-quotes-1.11206532.

12. Benjamin Perley Poore, ed., Message from the President of the United States to the Two Houses of Congress at the Commencement of the First Session of the Forty-Ninth Congress, with the Reports of the Heads of Departments and Selections from Accompanying Documents (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1885), pp. 898–99.

13. Department of Interior, Office of Indian Affairs, Rules Governing the Court of Indian Offenses (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, March 30, 1883).

14. Francis MacDonnell, Insidious Foes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 23.

15. See, for example, Tokio Jokio, a 1943 propaganda cartoon directed by Norma McCabe for Warner Brothers Pictures. The cartoon can be viewed at https://ia800606.us.archive.org/12/items/ClassicRareAndCensoredCartoons/051543TokioJokioLt.mp4.

16. Robert Bartholomew, “The Paris Terror Attacks, Mental Health and the Spectre of Fear,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 109, no. 1 (2016): 4–5.

17. Richard E. Wackrow, “A Skeptic's Guide to the War on Terror,” Skeptic 20, no. 1 (2015): 32–43. See p. 32.

18. Alex Nowrasteh, Terrorism and Immigration: A Risk Analysis, CATO Institute Policy Paper, no. 798 (Washington, DC: CATO Institute, September 13, 2016), p. 1.

19. Michael D. Cusimano and Nadine Parker, “Toppled Television Sets and Head Injuries in the Pediatric Population: A Framework for Prevention,” Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 17, no. 1 (2016): 3–12; “The (Mainly) Men Who Have Fallen under the Sway of Drinks Vending Machines,” Guardian, January 20, 2015.

20. Dick Meyer, “Is the Terrorism Threat Exaggerated?” Newsday, September 11, 2015.

21. Nowrasteh, Terrorism and Immigration, p. 1; Eric Levenson, “How Many Fatal Terror Attacks Have Refugees Carried Out in the US? None,” New York Times, January 29, 2017.

22. Meyer, “Is the Terrorism Threat Exaggerated?”

23. Stanley Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and the Rockers (New York: Routledge, 2002), pp. 26–32.

24. Ibid.

25. See: Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974), pp. 3, 193–94, 204–206; Peggy Robbins, “The Devil in Salem,” Annual Editions Readings in American History, vol. 1 (Guilford, CT: Dushkin, 1973), p. 60; Earle Rice Jr., The Salem Witch Trials (San Diego, CA: Lucent Books Rice, 1997), pp. 31–32, 193–94.

26. Boyer and Nissenbaum, Salem Possessed, p. 3.

27. Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, Salem-Village Witchcraft: A Documentary Record of Local Conflict in Colonial New England (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1993), p. 49.

28. Ibid., pp. 155–62.

29. Scott Poynting and George Morgan, Global Islamophobia: Muslims and Moral Panic in the West (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012).

30. Mike Jaccarino and Jeremy Walsh, “‘Ground Zero Mosque’ Opens. No Protests as Exhibit of World's Kids Displayed,” New York Daily News, September 22, 2011, p. 13.

31. Joel Best and Gerald T. Horiuchi, “The Razor Blade in the Apple: The Social Construction of Urban Legends,” Social Problems 32, no. 5 (1985): 488–99; Joel Best, “Halloween Sadism: The Evidence” (paper; Newark: University of Delaware, 2015), http://udspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/726/DSpace.revised%20thru%2016.pdf?sequence=5 (accessed January 3, 2016).

32. Best, “Halloween Sadism.”

33. “Press Finds Halloween Sadism Rare but Warns of Danger,” Editor and Publisher 106 (March 3, 1973), p. 22.

34. Best and Horiuchi, “Razor Blade,” p. 491.

35. Best, “Halloween Sadism.”

36. Ronald Smothers, “FBI Finds Bulk Candy Purchase to Be Harmless,” New York Times, October 23, 2001; See also David Mikkelson, “Terrorist Halloween Candy Purchase,” Snopes, October 31, 2009, https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/candy-man/ (accessed June 1, 2018).

37. Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race (New York: Charles Scribner, 1916), p. 89.

38. Eugene V. Debs, “Foreign Pauper Immigration,” Locomotive Firemen's Magazine 15, no. 5 (1891): 399–400. See p. 399.

39. Douglas C. Baynton, “Disability and the Justification of Inequality in American History,” in The New Disability History: American Perspectives, ed. Paul K. Longmore and Lauri Umansky (New York: New York University Press, 2001), pp. 33–57. See p. 50.

40. Barbara Lüthi, “Germs of Anarchy, Crime, Disease, and Degeneracy: Jewish Migration to the United States and the Medicalization of European Borders around 1900,” in Points of Passage: Jewish Migrants from Eastern Europe in Scandinavia, Germany, and Britain 1880–1914, ed. Tobias Brinkmann (New York: Berghahn, 2013), pp. 27–44. See pp. 30–31.

41. J. G. Wilson. “A Study in Jewish Psychopathology,” Popular Science Monthly 82, no. 3 (1913): 264–71.

42. Baynton, “Disability,” p. 48.

43. Ibid., p. 49.

44. Ibid.

45. Alan M. Kraut, Silent Travelers: Germs, Genes, and the “Immigrant Menace” (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), p. 55; Gwenyth Swain, Hope and Tears: Ellis Island Voices (Honesdale, PA: Calkins Creek, 2012); Baynton, “Disability,” p. 49; Wilton S. Tifft, Ellis Island (Chicago, IL: Contemporary Books, 1990), p. 86.

46. June G. Alexander, Daily Life in Immigrant America, 1870–1920 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2007), p. 39.

47. Janet B. Pascal, Jacob Riis: Reporter and Reformer (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 19.

48. Douglas C. Baynton, “Defectives in the Land: Disability and American Immigration Policy, 1882–1924,” Journal of American Ethnic History 24, no. 3 (2005): 31–44. See pp. 37–38.

49. Ibid., p. 38.

50. Ibid.

51. Erika Lee, “The ‘Yellow Peril’ and Asian Exclusion in the Americas,” Pacific Historical Review 76, no. 4 (2007): 537–62. See p. 559.

52. Nicholas Von Hoffman, Citizen Cohn (New York: Doubleday, 1988), p. 130.

53. David K. Johnson, The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2004).

54. Ibid., p. 16.

55. Ibid., pp. 15–17.

56. Ibid., p. 17.

57. New York Times, April 19, 1950; Washington Times-Herald, May 9, 1950.

58. Carlos A. Ball, The First Amendment and LGBT Equality: A Contentious History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017), p. 18; Allan Bérubé, Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War II (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), p. 269; Susan D. James, “Lavender Scare: US Fired 5,000 Gays in 1953 ‘Witch Hunt,’” televised report on ABC News, New York, aired on March 5, 2012.

59. John D'Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998), p. 47; George Haggerty, Encyclopedia of Gay Histories and Cultures (New York: Routledge, 2012), p. 910.

60. Carole B. Davies, “Deportable Subjects: US Immigration Laws and the Criminalizing of Communism,” South Atlantic Quarterly 100, no. 4 (2001): 949–66. See p. 959.

61. Each of these questions were taken verbatim from questioning by inquisitors. The witchcraft question appeared in digitized copies of the original case files for each of those executed in 1692, accessed from “The Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transcription Project,” University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Virginia, http://salem.lib.virginia.edu/contact.html (accessed June 1, 2018); the communist example is taken from Haig Bosmajian, The Freedom Not to Speak (New York: New York University Press, 1999), p. 150; the homosexual question appears in Johnson, Lavender Scare, p. 168.

62. Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the…Congress 98, part 13 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 3948.

63. The Lavender Scare, directed by Josh Howard (New York: Full Exposure Films, 2017), 77 min.

64. Robert Trager and Donna Dickerson, Freedom of Expression in the 21st Century (New York: New York University Press, 1999), p. 64.

65. Jonathan Zimmerman, “Petraeus and the Blackmail Myth,” Los Angeles Times, November 16, 2012, p. A21.

66. Adam Francoeur, “The Enemy Within: Constructions of US Immigration Law and Policy and the Homoterrorist Threat,” Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Liberties (2007): 345–76. See p. 353.

67. Tracy J. Davis, “Opening the Doors of Immigration: Sexual Orientation and Asylum in the United States,” Human Rights Brief 6, no. 3 (1999): 19–20.

68. Howard, Lavender Scare.

69. Baynton, “Disability,” p. 37.

70. Chelsea Larson, “The Color of Moral Panic Is Black: Racial Violence and Police Brutality in the Contemporary United States” (master's thesis, New York University, 2016).

71. Claire D. Coles, “Saying ‘Goodbye’ to the ‘Crack Baby,’” Neurotoxicology and Teratology 15 (1993): 290–92; Susan Okie, “The Epidemic That Wasn't,” New York Times, January 27, 2009, p. D9.

72. Quotation from Todd Reed and Sarah Hoye, “Former Crack Baby: ‘It's Another Stigma, Another Box to Put Me In,’” America Tonight, Al-Jazeera, March 10, 2015, http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/america-tonight/articles/2015/3/10/crack-baby-myth.html (accessed June 4, 2018). For the twenty-year study of “crack babies,” refer to L. Betancourt, N. Brodsky, E. Malmud, M. Farah, and H. Hurt, The Relation of Early Experience with Memory and Language Function in a Cohort of Low SES African American Youth with and Without Gestational Cocaine Exposure (GCE) at Age 20 Years (platform presentation, Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting, Washington, DC. E-PAS 2205.2, May 2013); L. Betancourt, N. Brodsky, D. Hackman, M. Farah, and H. Hurt, Stress Reactivity and Problem Behavior in a Cohort of Youth, Half with Gestational Cocaine Exposure (GCE) and Half Without (NCE) (platform presentation, Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, E-PAS 4330.5, May 2013).

73. Mike King, “‘The Knockout Game’: Moral Panic and the Politics of White Victimhood,” Race & Class 56, no. 4 (2012): 85–94.

74. Michael Welch, Eric Price, and Nana Yankey, “Moral Panic over Youth Violence: Wilding and the Manufacture of Menace in the Media,” Youth & Society 34, no. 1 (2002): 3–30.

75. Dora Apel, Imagery of Lynching: Black Men, White Women, and the Mob (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2004), p. 151.

76. Christopher C. Meyers, “Killing Them by the Wholesale: A Lynching Rampage in South Georgia,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 90, no. 2 (2006): 214–35. See p. 224.

77. “Accidents or Unintentional Injuries,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, last updated March 17, 2017, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/accidental-injury.htm (accessed June 4, 2018); Awr Hawkins, “Hillary Clinton's Gun Control Ad Swells ‘Gun Violence’ Number 66 Percent by Including Suicides,” Breitbart News Network, November 3, 2015.

78. Edgar Butler, Hiroshi Fukurai, Jo-Ellen Dimitrius, and Richard Krooth, Anatomy of the McMartin Child Molestation Case (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2001), pp. 13–14.

79. Paul Eberle and Shirley Eberle, The Abuse of Innocence: The McMartin Preschool Trial (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1993), p. 202.

80. Ibid., p. 21.

81. A. Mickalide, K. Rosenthal, and M. Donahue, Halloween Safety: A National Survey of Parents' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors (Washington, DC: Safe Kids Worldwide, 2011), p. 3.

82. Anthony Salvanto, Jennifer De Pinto, Sarah Dutton, and Fred Backus, “Poll: Concerns about Terrorist Attack in US Rise,” CBS News, November 23, 2015, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/poll-concerns-about-terrorist-attack-in-u-s-rise/ (accessed March 12, 2017).

83. Amram Shapiro, Louise Campbell, and Rosalind Wright, Book of Odds: From Lightning Strikes to Love at First Sight, the Odds of Everyday Life (New York: William Morrow, 2014), p. 2.

84. Goode and Ben-Yehuda, Moral Panics, p. 40.

85. Gregor Bulc, “Kill the Cat Killers: Moral Panic and Juvenile Crime in Slovenia,” Journal of Communication Inquiry 26, no. 3 (2002): 300–25. See pp. 307–309.

86. Erich Goode and Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), pp. 144–84; Erich Goode, Deviant Behavior (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2002), p. 344.

87. David Hernandez, The Greatest Story Ever Forged (Curse of the Christ Myth) (Pittsburgh, PA: Red Lead, 2009), p. 119; Mattis Kantor, The Jewish Timeline Encyclopedia (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004), p. 168; Howard N. Lupovitch, Jews and Judaism in World History (New York: Routledge, 2010), p. 92.

88. Donna J. Guy, Sex and Danger in Buenos Aires: Prostitution, Family and Nation in Argentina (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1991).

89. Edgar Morin, Rumour in Orléans (New York: Pantheon, 1971).

90. Arlette Farge and Jacques Revel, Logiques de la Foule [Logic of the Crowd] (Paris: Hachette, 1988).

CHAPTER 1: “THEY'RE PLOTTING TO OVERTHROW THE COUNTRY!”

1. Chris Hughes, “Hundreds of ISIS Sleeper Cells Set Up across Europe—Including Britain,” Daily Mirror (London), November 16, 2015.

2. “Massive Network of ISIS Sleeper Cells Spanning United States Uncovered—Training Camps And All,” ZeroHedge (blog), January 8, 2017, http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2017-01-08/massive-network-isis-sleeper-cells-spanning-united-states-uncovered-%E2%80%93-training-camps (accessed June 4, 2018).

3. Tyler Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 117–18.

4. Ken Thomas and Erica Werner, “Trump Wrongly Blames Fraud for Loss of Popular Vote,” Associated Press, January 23, 2017.

5. Justin Levitt, “A Comprehensive Investigation of Voter Impersonation Finds 31 Credible Incidents Out of One Billion Ballots Cast,” Washington Post, August 6, 2014.

6. William Hogan, Popery! As It Was and as It Is; Also, Auricular Confession; and Popish Nunneries (Hartford, CT: Silas Andrus and Son, 1853).

7. Samuel F. Morse, Foreign Conspiracy against the Liberties of the United States (1835; New York: American and Foreign Christian Union, 1835), pp. 104–105.

8. Ibid., pp. 13–14. Italics in original.

9. Paul Finkelman, ed., Religion and American Law: An Encyclopedia (New York: Routledge, 2013), p. 70.

10. Robert Mackey, “Fox News Apologizes for False Claims of Muslim-Only Areas in England and France,” New York Times, January 19, 2015.

11. Marie Anne Pagliarini, “The Pure American Woman and the Wicked Catholic Priest: An Analysis of Anti-Catholic Literature in Antebellum America,” Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 9, no. 1 (1999): 97–128; Tim O'Neil, “A Look Back: Irish Immigrants Fight Back in 1854 Nativist Riots,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 8, 2010.

12. Maureen McCarthy, “The Rescue of True Womanhood: Convents and Anti-Catholicism in 1830s America” (doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 1996), p. 9.

13. George Godwin, The Great Revivalists (London: Watts, 1951), p. 98.

14. Thomas H. O'Connor, The Hub: Boston Past and Present (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2001), p. 34.

15. Ibid.

16. Asa Greene, The Life and Adventures of Dr. Dodimus Duckworth, A. N. Q.: To Which Is Added, The History of a Steam Doctor, vol. 1 (New York: Peter Hill, 1833), pp. 163–64.

17. Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery, p. 111.

18. Bryan Le Beau, “‘Saving the West from the Pope’: Anti-Catholic Propaganda and the Settlement of the Mississippi River Valley,” American Studies 32, no. 1 (1991): 101–14. See p. 103.

19. Joseph Mannard, “Maternity of the Spirit: Nuns and Domesticity in Antebellum America,” US Catholic Historian 5 (1980): 401–22. See p. 311.

20. Josephine M. Bunkley, The Testimony of an Escaped Novice from the Sisterhood of St. Joseph (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1855), p. 319.

21. Thomas Roscoe, “Introductory Essay,” pp. vii–xxiii, in Female Convents: Secrets of Nunneries Disclosed, ed. Thomas Roscoe (New York: D. Appleton, 1834), p. xxi.

22. Ray Allen Billington, “Tentative Bibliography of Anti-Catholic Propaganda in the United States (1800–1860),” Catholic Historical Review 18, no. 4 (1933): 492–513.

23. Jon Gjerde, Catholicism and the Shaping of Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), p. 189.

24. Ray Allen Billington, “The Burning of the Charlestown Convent,” New England Quarterly 10, no. 1 (1937): 4–24. See pp. 4–5.

25. McCarthy, “Rescue of True Womanhood,” p. 18.

26. Ibid., p. 43.

27. Thomas H. O'Connor, Boston Catholics: A History of the Church and Its People (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 1998), p. 63.

28. McCarthy, “Rescue of True Womanhood,” p. 52.

29. Ibid., p. 51.

30. O'Connor, Boston Catholics, pp. 63–64.

31. Billington, “Burning of the Charlestown Convent,” p. 8.

32. McCarthy, “Rescue of True Womanhood,” pp. 55–58.

33. Daniel A. Cohen, “Passing the Torch: Boston Firemen, ‘Tea Party’ Patriots, and the Burning of the Charlestown Convent,” Journal of the Early Republic 24 (2004): 527–86.

34. Jeanne Hamilton, “The Nunnery as Menace: The Burning of the Charlestown Convent, 1834,” US Catholic Historian 14, no. 1 (1996): 35–65. See p. 48.

35. Billington, “Tentative Bibliography.”

36. McCarthy, “Rescue of True Womanhood,” p. 102.

37. Rebecca Reed, Six Months in a Convent, or, the Narrative of Rebecca Theresa Reed, Who Was Under the Influence of the Roman Catholics about Two Years, and an Inmate of the Ursuline Convent, on Mount Benedict, Charlestown, Mass., Nearly Six Months, in the Years 1831–32 (Boston, MA: Russell, Odiorne, and Metcalf, 1835).

38. Daniel Cohen, “The Respectability of Rebecca Reed: Genteel Womanhood and Sectarian Conflict in Antebellum America,” Journal of the Early Republic 16, no. 3 (1996): 419–61. See pp. 434–37.

39. Michael Butler, Plots, Designs, and Schemes: American Conspiracy Theories from the Puritans to the Present (Boston: de Gruyter, 2014), pp. 123–24.

40. Nancy Schultz, Veil of Fear: Nineteenth-Century Convent Tales by Rebecca Reed and Maria Monk (West Lafayette, IN: NotaBell Books, 1999). pp. vii–xxxiii. See p. vii.

41. McCarthy, “Rescue of True Womanhood,” p. 123.

42. Ibid.

43. Mary Anne Ursula Moffatt, An Answer to Six Months in a Convent, Exposing Its Falsehoods and Manifold Absurdities (Boston, MA: J. H. Eastburn, 1835).

44. Cohen, “Respectability of Rebecca Reed,” p. 437.

45. Ibid., p. 440.

46. Theodore Dwight, John Jay Slocum, and William K. Hoyte, Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk as Exhibited in a Narrative of Her Suffering during a Residence of Five Years as a Novice, and Two Years as a Black Nun, in the Hotel Dieu Nunnery at Montreal (London: Richard Groombridge, 1836).

47. McCarthy, “Rescue of True Womanhood,” pp. 213–22.

48. Schultz, Veil of Fear, p. vii.

49. Dwight et al., Awful Disclosures, p. 17.

50. Ibid., pp. 52–53.

51. McCarthy, “Rescue of True Womanhood,” p. 236.

52. Dwight et al., Awful Disclosures, p. 166.

53. Ibid., p. 165.

54. Ibid., pp. 101–108.

55. William S. Cossen, “Monk in the Middle: The Awful Disclosures of the Hotel Dieu Nunnery and the Making of Catholic Identity,” American Catholic Studies 125, no. 1 (2014): 25–45. See pp. 29–30.

56. Encyclopedia Britannica, s.v. “Maria Monk,” last updated May 28, 2018, http://www.britannica.com/biography/Maria-Monk (accessed January 12, 2016).

57. Sandra Frink, “Women, the Family, and the Fate of the Nation in Anti-Catholic Narratives, 1830–1860,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 18, no. 2 (2009): 237–64.

58. Anonymous, The True History of Maria Monk (London: Catholic Truth Society, 1895), pp. 17–18.

59. Robert Blaskiewicz, “Maria Monk's Awful Disclosures: A Classic American Conspiracy Theory,” Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, February 27, 2012, http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/maria_monks_awful_disclosures (accessed June 4, 2018).

60. Anonymous, Evidence Demonstrating the Falsehoods of William L. Stone Concerning the Hotel Dieu Nunnery of Montreal (New York: no publisher, 1837), p. 3.

61. William L. Stone, Maria Monk and the Nunnery of the Hotel Dieu: Being an Account of a Visit to the Convents of Montreal and Refutation of the “Awful Disclosures” (New York: Howe and Bates, 1936), p. 32.

62. Ibid.

63. Maria Monk, Further Disclosures by Maria Monk, Concerning the Hotel Dieu Nunnery of Montreal; also, Her Visit to Nun's Island, and Disclosures Concerning That Secret Retreat (New York: J. J. Slocum, 1836).

64. See for example: Harry Hazel, The Nun of St. Ursula, or the Burning of the Convent: A Romance of Mount Benedict (Boston: F. Gleason, 1845); Anonymous, The Escaped Nun; or, Disclosures of Convent Life; and the Confessions of a Sister of Charity (New York: De Witt and Davenport, 1855).

65. Lucinda Martin Larned, The American Nun; or, the Effects of Romance (Boston, MA: Otis, 1836).

66. Susan M. Griffin, “Awful Disclosures: Women's Evidence in the Escaped Nun's Tale,” Publications of the Modern Languages Association 111, no. 1 (1996): 93–107. See p. 95.

67. Ibid., p. 95.

68. For bibliographic citations, see Billington, “Tentative Bibliography,” 1933, and Griffin, “Awful Disclosures.”

69. Hogan, Popery!

70. Patrick W. Carey, “The Confessional and Ex-Catholic Priests in Nineteenth-Century Protestant America,” US Catholic Historian 33, no. 3 (2015): 1–26. See p. 14.

71. Ibid., p. 18.

72. Ibid., p. 19.

73. Ibid., p. 1.

74. Anonymous, “The Convent in Aisquith Street—Escape of a Nun—The Doctrine of Celibacy in Popish Priests and Nuns,” Baltimore Literary and Religious Magazine 6, no. 1 (1840): 1–15. See pp. 1–2. Italics in original except for those words in all capitals.

75. Margaret McGinness, Called to Serve: A History of Nuns in America (New York: New York University Press, 2013), p. 60; William R. Sutton, Journeymen for Jesus: Evangelical Artisans Confront Capitalism in Jacksonian Baltimore (University Park: Pennsylvania University Press, 1998), p. 188.

76. Robert Curran, Shaping American Catholicism: Maryland and New York, 1805–1915 (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2012), p. 128; McGinness, Called to Serve, p. 60.

77. Justin Corfield, “Philadelphia Nativist Riots (1844),” pp. 324–27, in Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History: An Encyclopedia, ed. Steven Danver, vol. 1 (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011); Sandy Hingston, “Bullets and Bigots: Remembering Philadelphia's Anti-Catholic Riots,” Philadelphia Magazine, December 17, 2015, http://www.phillymag.com/news/2015/12/17/philadelphia-anti-catholic-riots-1844/ (accessed June 4, 2018).

78. Allison Malcom, “Philadelphia Riots and Early Antebellum Nativism,” pp. 389–91, in Anti-Immigration in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia, ed. Kathleen Arnold (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2012), p. 390.

79. John E. Kleber, The Kentucky Encyclopedia (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1992), pp. 88–89.

80. Clyde F. Crews, “Bloody Monday,” pp. 108–109, in Encyclopedia of Religious Controversies in the United States, ed. Bill J. Leonard and Jill Y. Crainshaw, vol. 1, A-L (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1997).

81. Ibid.

82. John B. Boles, Religion in Antebellum Kentucky (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1995), pp. 78–79.

83. Alex Nowrasteh, Terrorism and Immigration: A Risk Analysis, CATO Institute Policy Paper Number 798 (Washington, DC: CATO Institute, September 13, 2016).

84. Daniel Cohen, email message to Robert Bartholomew, January 7, 2016.

85. James Thomas Mann, Wicked Ypsilanti (Charleston, SC: History, 2014), pp. 73–75.

CHAPTER 2: “NO DOGS, NO NEGROES, NO MEXICANS”

1. William D. Carrigan and Clive Webb, Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence against Mexicans in the United States, 1848–1928 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 81.

2. William D. Carrigan and Clive Webb, “Mexican Perspectives in Mob Violence in the United States,” pp. 53–68, in Globalizing Lynching History: Vigilantism and Extralegal Punishment from an International Perspective, ed. Manfred Berg and Simon Wendt (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), p. 60; Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead, p. 82; George R. Nielsen, Vengeance in a Small Town: The Thorndale Lynching of 1911 (Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2011).

3. Carrigan and Webb, Vengeance in a Small Town.

4. Juan F. Perea, “A Brief History of Race and the US-Mexican Border: Tracing the Trajectories of Conquest,” UCLA Law Review 51, no. 1 (2003): 283–311. See p. 292.

5. Ibid., p. 293.

6. James L. Evans, “The Indian Savage, the Mexican Bandit, the Chinese Heathen—Three Popular Stereotypes” (doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1967), pp. 70–72.

7. Laura E. Gomez, Manifest Destinies: The Making of the Mexican American Race (New York: New York University Press, 2007), p. 42.

8. Perea, p. 295.

9. David J. Weber, The Spanish Frontier in North America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 336.

10. Martha Menchaca, Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001), p. 16.

11. Lothrop Stoddard, Re-Forging America: The Story of Our Nationhood (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1927), p. 259.

12. Ibid., p. 214.

13. Ibid., p. 216. Italics in original.

14. Evans, “Indian Savage,” pp. 72–73.

15. Stoddard, Re-Forging America, pp. 256–57.

16. Ibid., p. 217.

17. Steven W. Bender, Greasers and Gringos: Latinos, Law, and the American Imagination (New York: New York University Press, 2003), pp. 104–105.

18. Ibid., pp. 105–107.

19. United States Postal Service, “Postal Service Honors Legendary Teacher Jaime Escalante Forever Stamp on Sale Today Nationwide,” press release, July 13, 2016; “Teacher Delivers Farewell,” Los Angeles Times, June 19, 1991; “Famed Teacher to Resign. ‘Stand and Deliver’ Instructor to Drop Out,” Los Angeles Times, February 22, 1990.

20. “Special Teacher Sets an Example,” Sun-Sentinel (Broward County, FL), June 20, 1991.

21. Lloyd Dunn, Bilingual Hispanic Children on the US Mainland: A Review of Research on their Cognitive, Linguistic, and Scholastic Development (Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service, 1987), p. 63. Italics in original.

22. Ibid., p. 64.

23. Bender, Greasers and Gringos, p. 110.

24. Anne Anastasi, Psychological Testing (New York: Macmillan, 1988), p. 296.

25. Bender, Greasers and Gringos, p. 111.

26. Jane Mercer, “Ethnic Differences in IQ Scores: What Do They Mean?” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 10, no. 3 (1988): 199–218. See p. 200.

27. Carina A. Bandhauer, “A Global Trend in Racism: The Late 20th Century Anti-Immigrant Movement in Southern California” (doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Binghamton, 2001), p. 66.

28. Michael Calderón-Zaks, “Constructing the ‘Mexican Race’: Racial Formation and Empire Building, 1884–1940” (doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Binghamton, 2008), p. 133.

29. Ibid., p. 137.

30. Alexandra M. Stern, Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America (Oakland: University of California Press, 2014), p. 63.

31. Miroslava Chavez-Garcia, States of Delinquency: Race and Science in the Making of California's Juvenile Justice System (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012).

32. Roque Planas, “Mexican Americans Sterilized Disproportionately in California Institutions, Study Says,” Huffington Post, June 9, 2013.

33. Natalie Lira and Alexandra M. Stern, “Mexican Americans and Eugenic Sterilization: Resisting Reproductive Injustice in California, 1920–1950,” Aztlan: A Journal of Chicano Studies 39, no. 2 (2014): 9–34.

34. Ibid.

35. Ibid., p. 15.

36. Alexandra M. Stern, “Sterilized in the Name of Public Health: Race, Immigration, and Reproductive Control in Modern California,” American Journal of Public Health 95, no. 7 (2005): 1128–38. See p. 1135.

37. Lira and Stern, “Mexican Americans and Eugenic Sterilization,” p. 15.

38. Ibid., pp. 9–11.

39. Ibid., p. 17.

40. Stern, “Sterilized,” p. 1135.

41. Eric L. Ray, “Mexican Repatriation and the Possibility for a Federal Cause of Action: A Comparative Analysis on Reparations,” University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 37, no. 1 (2005): 171–96. See p. 171.

42. Wendy Gross, “America's Forgotten History of Mexican-American ‘Repatriation,’” Fresh Air, National Public Radio, September 10, 2015.

43. Ibid.

44. Ibid.

45. Alfreda P. Iglehart and Rosina M. Becerra, Social Services and the Ethnic Community: History and Analysis (Long Grove, IL: Waveland, 2011), p. 70; John P. Schmal, “The Latino Vote: An Historical Analysis,” La Prensa San Diego, October 22, 2004.

46. Jaweed Kaleem, “Election Officials Focus on Whether Voter ID Laws Contributed to Hillary Clinton's Defeat,” Los Angeles Times, December 17, 2016.

47. Iglehart and Becerra, Social Services, p. 71.

48. Philip Bump, “The Series of Choices Faced by Immigrants Fleeing Central America,” Washington Post, June 19, 2018; Kate Vine, “What's Really Happening When Asylum-Seeking Families Are Separated?” Texas Monthly, June 15, 2018.

CHAPTER 3: “THE MONGOLIAN HORDES MUST GO!”

1. “Race in Legislation and Political Economy,” Anthropological Review 13 (1866): 113–35. See p. 120.

2. Andrew Gyory, Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), p. 61.

3. Ryan Dearinger, The Filth of Progress: Immigrants, Americans, and the Building of Canals and Railroads in the West (Oakland: University of California Press, 2016), p. 155.

4. Najia Aarim, “Chinese Immigrants, African Americans, and the Problem of Race in the United States, 1848–1882” (doctoral dissertation, Temple University, Philadelphia, 1996), p. 709.

5. Gyory, Closing the Gate.

6. Lance D. Muckey, “Nevada's Odd Response to the ‘Yellow Peril’: Asians and the Western Ineligible Alien Land Laws” (master's thesis, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, 2004), p. 13.

7. Ibid., pp. 9–10.

8. Aarim, “Chinese Immigrants,” p. 57.

9. Joyce Kuo, “Excluded, Segregated, and Forgotten: A Historical View of the Discrimination of Chinese Americans in Public Schools,” Asian American Law Journal 5 (1998): 181–212. See p. 185. Xiaohua Ma, “The Sino-American Alliance during World War II and the Lifting of the Chinese Exclusion Acts,” American Studies International 38, no. 2 (2000): 39–61. See p. 40.

10. Muckey, “Nevada's Odd Response,” pp. 14–15.

11. George A. Peffer, “Forbidden Families: Emigration Experiences of Chinese Women under the Page Law, 1875–1882,” Journal of American Ethnic History 6, no. 1 (1986): 28–46. See p. 29.

12. William R. Locklear, “The Celestials and the Angels: A Study of the Anti-Chinese Movement in Los Angeles to 1882,” Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly 42, no. 3 (1960): 239–56. See p. 240.

13. James L. Evans, “The Indian Savage, the Mexican Bandit, the Chinese Heathen—Three Popular Stereotypes” (doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1967), p. 166.

14. Jonathan Rees, Industrialization and the Transformation of American Life: A Brief Introduction (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2015), p. 34.

15. Erika Lee, “The Chinese Exclusion Example: Race, Immigration, and American Gatekeeping, 1882–1924,” Journal of American Ethnic History 21, no. 3 (2002): 36–62. See p. 36.

16. Kermit L. Hall, ed., The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 53.

17. Jeran Pfaelzer, Driven Out: The Forgotten War against Chinese Americans (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2008), p. 5.

18. Aarim, “Chinese Immigrants,” p. 222.

19. Ibid.

20. Erika Lee, “At America's Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882–1943” (doctoral dissertation, University of California at Berkeley, 1998), p. 1.

21. John R. Wunder, “Law and Chinese in Frontier Montana,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 30, no. 3 (1980): 18–31. See p. 20.

22. Ibid., p. 21.

23. Stuart Miller, The Unwelcome Immigrant: The American Image of the Chinese, 1785–1882 (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969).

24. Evans, “Indian Savage,” pp. 137–38.

25. Ibid., p. 138.

26. Ibid., p. 197.

27. Muckey, “Nevada's Odd Response,” pp. 10–11.

28. Massimo Calabresi, “What Donald Trump Knew about Undocumented Workers at His Signature Tower,” Time, August 25, 2016.

29. Evans, “Indian Savage,” pp. 197–98.

30. Ibid., p. 138.

31. Ibid., p. 140.

32. Ibid., p. 141.

33. Ibid., p. 142.

34. Ibid., pp. 164–74.

35. Ibid., pp. 164–66.

36. Muckey, “Nevada's Odd Response,” pp. 16 and 161.

37. Evans, “Indian Savage,” p. vii.

38. Ibid., p. 144.

39. Ibid., p. 191.

40. Ibid., p. 197.

41. Lee, “America's Gates,” p. 39; Judith Gans, Elaine Replogle, and Daniel Tichenor, Debates on US Immigration (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2012).

42. Atwell Whitney, Almond-Eyed: The Great Agitator; a Story of the Day (San Francisco, CA: A. L. Bancroft, 1878).

43. William F. Wu, “The Yellow Peril: Chinese Americans in American Fiction, 1850–1940” (doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, 1979), pp. 60–63.

44. Ibid., p. 63.

45. Ibid., p. 69.

46. Ibid., pp. 77–78.

47. Ibid., pp. 64–65.

48. Robert Woltor, The Taking of California and Oregon by the Chinese in the Year A.D. 1899 (San Francisco, CA: A. L. Bancroft, 1882), p. 77.

49. Oto E. Mundo, The Recovered Continent: A Tale of the Chinese Invasion (Columbus, OH: Harper-Osgood, 1898).

50. Shirley Sui Ling Tam, “Images of the Unwelcome Immigrant: Chinese Americans in American Periodicals, 1900–1924” (doctoral dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 1999), p. 67.

51. Ibid., pp. 114–16.

52. Pfaelzer, Driven Out, pp. 13–16.

53. Erika Lee, The Making of Asian America: A History (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2015), p. 93.

54. Pfaelzer, Driven Out, p. 16.

55. G. Thomas Edwards, Experiences in a Promised Land: Essays in Pacific History (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1986), pp. 186–87; Charles J. McClain, In Search of Equality: The Chinese Struggle against Discrimination in Nineteenth Century America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), pp. 173–76; Priscilla Long, “Tacoma Expels the Entire Chinese Community on November 3, 1885,” Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, January 17, 2003, http://www.historylink.org/File/5063 (accessed January 27, 2016); Report of the Governor of Washington Territory to the Secretary of the Interior (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1886), pp. 49–52.

56. John Soennichsen, The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Publishing, 2011), p. 33.

57. Sucheng Chan, This Bittersweet Soil: The Chinese in California Agriculture, 1860–1910 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), pp. 371–73.

58. Gyory, Closing the Gate, pp. 3–4.

59. Ibid., p. 5.

60. “Tom Kim Yung's Death Charged to Policeman,” San Francisco Call, October 6, 1903, p. 2; See also, “Arrest and Death of Tom Kim Yung May Bring International Trouble,” San Francisco Call, September 15, 1903, p. 3; Tam, “Images of the Unwelcome Immigrant,” p. 137.

61. Theodore H. Hittell, The General Laws of the State of California, from 1850 to 1864, vol. 1 (San Francisco, CA: H. H. Bancroft, 1870), p. 522.

62. Tam, “Images of the Unwelcome Immigrant,” p. 206.

63. Philip Hanson, This Side of Despair: How the Movies and American Life Intersected during the Great Depression (Cranbury, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2008), p. 100.

64. “Ho Ah Kow vs Nunan 12 F. Cas. 252 (C.C.D. Cal. 1879).” Available online from the San Francisco Digital Archive (FoundSF), reproducing the entire text of the court decision, http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=Ho_Ah_Kow_v._Nunan (accessed November 16, 2016).

65. Tam, “Images of the Unwelcome Immigrant,” p. 208.

66. Kuo, “Excluded, Segregated, and Forgotten,” p. 193; Ma, “Sino-American Alliance,” p. 40.

67. Iris Chang, The Chinese in America: A Narrative History (New York: Penguin, 2004).

68. Tam, “Images of the Unwelcome Immigrant,” p. 50; “California Anti-Chinese Legislation, 1852–1878,” “The Chinese American Experience, 1857–1892,” 1999, http://immigrants.harpweek.com/ChineseAmericans/2KeyIssues/CaliforniaAnti.htm (accessed June 6, 2018).

69. Gabriel J. Chin, “The Plessy Myth: Justice Harlan and the Chinese Cases,” Iowa Law Review 82 (1996): 151–82. See p. 156.

70. Ma, “Sino-American Alliance,” p. 47.

71. Ibid.

72. Ibid., p. 41.

73. Ibid., p. 43.

74. Ibid.

75. Ibid., p. 47.

76. Ibid., pp. 46–52.

77. Ibid., p. 57.

CHAPTER 4: “CHILDLIKE, BARBARIC, AND OTHERWISE INFERIOR”

1. Walter R. Echo-Hawk, In the Courts of the Conqueror: The Ten Worst Indian Law Cases Ever Decided (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2010), p. 22.

2. The Addresses and Messages of the Presidents of the United States, Together with the Declaration of Independence and Constitution of the United States (New York: McLean and Taylor, 1839), p. 466.

3. Nancy Shoemaker, “How Indians Got to Be Red,” American Historical Review 102, no. 3 (1997): 625–44. See p. 628.

4. Bethany R. Berger, “Red: Racism and the American Indian,” UCLA Law Review 265 (2009): 591–656. See p. 611–12.

5. Ibid., p. 611.

6. Shoemaker, “How Indians Got to Be Red,” p. 626. Shoemaker writes that “the Greek physician Galen's medical philosophy of the four humors must also have served as inspiration, for in the 1758 edition of Systema Naturae, Linnaeus attached telltale descriptive labels to each color of people: red people were choleric, white sanguine, yellow melancholic, and black phlegmatic. Thus Linnaeus adapted an existing system of color-based categories to account for differences between the world's peoples.”

7. Carol Chiago Lujan and Gordon Adams, “US Colonization of Indian Justice Systems: A Brief History,” Wicazo Sa Review 19, no. 2 (2004): 9–23. See p. 10.

8. Ibid., p. 11.

9. Russell Hope Robbins, The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft and Demonology (London: Spring Books, 1959), p. 158; Erich Goode, Deviant Behavior (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2001), pp. 344–45.

10. Jules Baissac, Les Grands Jours de la Sorcellerie (Paris: Klincksieck, 1890), p. 132.

11. Colonialism is usually achieved through aggressive military action by a powerful country against a weaker country, by invaders against native inhabitants of a land. The invaders do so by gaining control of the land, resources, and lives of the native population. This method is called external colonialism. What happened in the early decades of European settlement in North America, however, would be called internal colonialism. This form of colonialism is exercised by a government against a minority within the same country.

12. Lujan and Adams, “US Colonization,” p. 11.

13. Ibid., p. 12.

14. Ibid., p. 13.

15. Ibid.

16. Jenna Dawn Gray-Hildenbrand, “Negotiating Authority: The Criminalization of Religious Practice in the United States” (doctoral dissertation, University of California at Santa Barbara, 2012), p. 22.

17. Ibid., p. 17.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid., p. 19.

21. Ibid., p. 22.

22. Lujan and Adams, “US Colonization,” p. 15.

23. Clyde Holler, Black Elk's Religion: The Sun Dance and Lakota Catholicism (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995), p. 110.

24. Gray-Hildenbrand, “Negotiating Authority,” p. 25.

25. Ibid.

26. Robert N. Clinton, “Code of Indian Offenses,” For the Seventh Generation (blog), February 24, 2008, http://tribal-law.blogspot.de/2008/02/code-of-indian-offenses.html (accessed December 3, 2016).

27. Robert N. Clinton, “Code of Indian Offenses,” Robert N. Clinton (blog), February 24, 2008, reading material for non-law students, https://rclinton.wordpress.com/2008/02/24/code-of-indian-offenses/ (accessed February 12, 2016).

28. Ibid.

29. Gray-Hildenbrand, “Negotiating Authority,” p. 25.

30. Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs, “Rules Governing the Court of Indian Offenses” (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, March 30, 1883), https://rclinton.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/code-of-indian-offenses.pdf (accessed December 3, 2016), p. 3.

31. Michael F. Steltenkamp, Black Elk: Holy Man of the Oglala (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993), p. 34.

32. S. E. Wilmer, Theatre, Society, and the Nation: Staging American Identities (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 35.

33. Gray-Hildenbrand, “Negotiating Authority,” p. 4.

34. Clinton, “Code of Indian Offenses,” For the Seventh Generation (blog); see also Wilmer, Theatre, Society, and the Nation, p. 95.

35. Robert K. Utley, The Last Days of the Sioux Nation (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1963).

36. Serena Nanda and Richard Warms, Culture Counts: A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2009), p. 279; Emily A. Schultz and Robert H. Lavenda, Anthropology: A Perspective on Human Culture (Mountain View, CA: Mayfield, 1995), p. 545; James Davidson, Pedro Castillo, and Michael Stoff, The American Nation (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2000), pp. 519–20; Paul Boyer, ed., The Oxford Companion to United States History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 851.

37. David L. Miller, Introduction to Collective Behavior and Collective Action, 2nd ed. (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland, 2000), p. 423.

38. Gray-Hildenbrand, “Negotiating Authority,” p. 71.

39. See also Emily A. Schultz and Robert H. Lavenda, Anthropology: A Perspective on Human Culture (Mountain View, CA: Mayfield, 1995), p. 545; James Davidson, Pedro Castillo, and Michael Stoff, The American Nation (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2000), pp. 519–20; “Wounded Knee,” History.com, 2009, http://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/wounded-knee (accessed January 3, 2016).

40. Holler, Black Elk's Religion, p. 113.

41. Ibid.

42. Ibid., p. 122.

43. Tisa Wenger, “Indian Dances and the Politics of Religious Freedom, 1870–1930,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 79, no. 4 (2011): 850–78. See p. 866.

44. Gray-Hildenbrand, “Negotiating Authority,” p. 27.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid., p. 28.

47. Ibid.

48. Ibid., p. 80.

49. Frederick E. Hoxie, “Towards a ‘New’ North American Indian Legal History,” American Journal of Legal History 30, no. 4 (1986): 351–57.

50. Ibid., p. 355.

51. Ibid.

52. Jeremiah Gutman, “Constitutional and Legal Aspects of Deprogramming,” pp. 208–15, in Deprogramming: Documenting the Issue, ed. Herbert W. Richardson (New York: American Civil Liberties Union and Toronto School of Theology, 1977). See pp. 210–11.

CHAPTER 5: “DON'T TRUST THE HUNS!”

1. Chris Richardson, “With Liberty and Justice for All? The Suppression of German-American Culture during World War I,” Missouri Historical Review 90, no. 1 (1995): 79–89. See p. 87.

2. Richard Rubin, The Last of the Doughboys: The Forgotten Generation and Their Forgotten World War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013), p. 254.

3. “Red Cross Bandages Poisoned by Spies,” New York Times, March 29, 1917.

4. Evans Harrington and Ann J. Abadie, eds., Faulkner and the Short Story (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1992), p. 117.

5. Elisabeth Gläser and Hermann Wellenreuther, Bridging the Atlantic: The Question of American Exceptionalism in Perspective (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 2002), p. 191; Don Markstein, “The Katzenjammer Kids,” Toonopedia, 2009, http://www.toonopedia.com/katzen.htm (accessed July 14, 2018).

6. Francis MacDonnell, Insidious Foes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Graeme S. Mount, Canada's Enemies: Spies and Spying in the Peaceable Kingdom (Toronto: Dundurn, 1993), p. 25.

7. MacDonnell, Insidious Foes, p. 25.

8. William C. Sherman and Playford V. Thorson, eds., Plains Folk: North Dakota's Ethnic History (Fargo, ND: North Dakota State University, 1988), p. 89; Wayne Wiegand, “An Active Instrument for Propaganda”: The American Public Library During World War I (New York: Greenwood, 1989), p. 88.

9. Susan L. Carruthers, The Media at War (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), p. 35; Angela J. Thurstance, “Dehumanizing the Enemy,” pp. 466–69, in The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives, ed. in Paul Joseph (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2017).

10. John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1955), p. 218.

11. Ralph Young, Dissent: The History of an American Idea (New York: New York University Press, 2015), p. 332; Jennifer Keene, World War I (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2006), p. 58.

12. Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (Washington, DC: Civil Liberties Public Education Fund; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000), p. 291.

13. Martin Kitchen, “The German Invasion of Canada in the First World War,” International History Review 7, no. 2 (1985): 245–60, see pp. 245–46; MacDonnell, Insidious Foes, p. 40.

14. Desmond Morton, “Sir William Otter and Internment Operations in Canada during the First World War,” Canadian Historical Review 55, no. 1 (1974): 32–58. See p. 36.

15. Kitchen, “German Invasion,” p. 251.

16. Jennifer Crump, Canada Under Attack: Canadians at War (Toronto, Canada: Dundurn, 2010), p. 148; Brandon R. Dimmel, Engaging the Line: How the Great War Shaped the Canada–US Border (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2016), p. 104.

17. Kitchen, “German Invasion,” pp. 254–55.

18. Ibid., p. 254.

19. Wayne E. Reilly, “Vanceboro Bridge Bombed by German Soldier a Century Ago,” Bangor Daily News, February 21, 2015; Crump, Canada Under Attack, p. 148.

20. Kitchen, “German Invasion,” p. 254.

21. Frank Trommler, “The Lusitania Effect: America's Mobilization against Germany in World War I,” German Studies Review 32, no. 2 (2009): 241–66.

22. Erin Mullally, “From the Trenches: Lusitania's Secret Cargo,” Archaeology: A Publication of the Archeological Institute of America 62, no. 1 (2009): 9.

23. Katja Wüstenbecker, Deutsch-Amerikaner im Ersten Weltkrieg: US-Politik und nationale Identitaten im Mittleren Westen (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2010), pp. 192–93.

24. Spencer C. Tucker, World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2014), p. 651.

25. MacDonnell, Insidious Foes, pp. 25–26.

26. Joseph R. Conlin, The American Past: A Survey of American History, vol. 2, Since 1865 (Boston, MA: Wadsworth, 2013), p. 636.

27. Edmund A. Bowles, “Karl Muck and His Compatriots: German Conductors in America during World War I (and How They Coped),” American Music 25, no. 4 (2007): 405–40. See p. 406; Dale Maharidge, Homeland (New York: Seven Stories, 2004), p. 182.

28. “Songs, Spies, Liberty Pups,” Life 56, no. 21 (May 22, 1964): 72–73. See p. 72.

29. Tammy M. Proctor, “‘Patriotic Enemies’: Germans in the Americas, 1914–1920,” pp. 213–33, in Germans as Minorities during the First World War: A Global Comparative Perspective, ed. Panikos Panayi (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2014). See p. 221.

30. Richardson, “Liberty and Justice for All?” p. 88; Jeanie Croasmun, “Heritage Found,” Ancestry Magazine 24, no. 5 (2006): 40–44. See p. 42.

31. Allan Wood, Babe Ruth and the 1918 Red Sox (New York: Writer's Club, 2000), p. 172.

32. Lawrence Baldassaro and Richard A. Johnson, The American Game: Baseball and Ethnicity (Carbondale: University of Illinois Press, 2002), p. 42.

33. There were similar efforts in Canada to expunge the names of towns and cities with German names and replace them with Anglo-Saxon ones. The industrial center of Berlin, Ontario, was renamed Kitchener, after Britain's War Minister Horatio Kitchener, who was killed in action. In Saskatchewan Province, the village of Kaiser became Peebles, while the hamlet of Prussia was changed to Leader. Schools and universities even dropped German from their language curriculums, and many teachers were pressured into signing loyalty pledges. Before hostilities ceased in November 1918, over 8,500 German Canadians had been deemed threats to the nation and were placed in internment camps. See Morton, “Sir William Otter,” p. 33. See also Craig H. Roell, “Schroeder, TX,” Handbook of Texas Online (Texas State Historical Association), accessed July 14, 2018, https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hls27.

34. Richard O'Connor, Black Jack Pershing (New York: Doubleday, 1961), p. 16.

35. MacDonnell, Insidious Foes, p. 22.

36. Proctor, “‘Patriotic Enemies,’” pp. 213–33. See p. 214; Robert Siegel and Art Silverman, “During World War I, US Government Propaganda Erased German Culture,” All Things Considered, National Public Radio, April 7, 2017.

37. Siegel and Silverman, “During World War I.”

38. Mark Sonntag, “Fighting Everything German in Texas, 1917–1919,” Historian 56, no. 4 (2007): 655–70. See p. 660.

39. Alexander Waldenrath, “The German Language Newspapers in Pennsylvania during World War I,” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 42, no. 1 (1975): 25–41. See p. 38.

40. Sonntag, “Fighting Everything German,” pp. 659–60; Waldenrath, “German Language Newspapers,” p. 40.

41. Waldenrath, “German Language Newspapers,” p. 41.

42. Jon R. Stone, The Routledge Book of World Proverbs (New York: Routledge, 2006), p. 421.

43. Arthur Roy Leonard, War Addresses of Woodrow Wilson with an Introduction and Notes (London: Forgotten Books, 2013), p. 52.

44. MacDonnell, Insidious Foes, pp. 25–26.

45. Robert Torricelli and Andrew Carroll, In Our Own Words: Extraordinary Speeches of the American Century (New York: Washington Square, 2000), p. 46.

46. Richardson, “Liberty and Justice for All?” pp. 79–80.

47. Frederick Luebke, Germans in the New World: Essays in the History of Immigration (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1937), p. 35.

48. Ibid.

49. Ibid., pp. 35–36.

50. Proctor, “‘Patriotic Enemies,’” pp. 229–30.

51. Paul S. Boyer, Clifford E. Clark, Karen Halttunen, Joseph Kett, Neal Salisbury, Harvard Sitkoff, Nancy Woloch, and Andrew Rieser, The Enduring Vision, vol. 2, Since 1865 (Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2016), p. 638.

52. “Ten-Year Sentence of Mrs. Rose Stokes Overruled by Federal Court in St. Louis,” New York Times, March 10, 1920, p. 1; Mary Beth Norton, Carol Sheriff, David Katzman, David Blight, Howard Chudacoff, Fredrik Logevall, Beth Bailey, and Debra Michals, A People and a Nation: A History of the United States, vol. 2, Since 1865 (Boston, MA: Wadsworth, 2010), p. 616.

53. William G. Jordan, Black Newspapers and America's War for Democracy, 1914–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), p. 112.

54. Spencer Tucker, ed., World War I: Encyclopedia, vol. 1 (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2005), p. 310.

55. Ronald Schaffer, America in the Great War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 20.

56. Ibid., p. 20; Leola Allen, “Anti-German Sentiment in Iowa During World War I,” Annals of Iowa 42, no. 6 (1974): 418–29. See p. 419.

57. Allen, “Anti-German Sentiment,” pp. 418–20.

58. Ibid., p. 420.

59. Paul Ramsey, “The War against German-American Culture: The Removal of German-Language Instruction from the Indianapolis Schools, 1917–1919,” Indiana Magazine of History 98 (2002): 285–303. See p. 302.

60. Ramsey, “War against German-American Culture,” p. 302.

61. Clark D. Kimball, “Patriotism and the Suppression of Dissent in Indiana during the First World War” (doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, 1971), p. 22.

62. Proctor, “‘Patriotic Enemies,’” pp. 226–27.

63. James L. Gilbert, World War I and the Origins of US Military Intelligence (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2012), p. 34.

64. Fraser Sherman, Screen Enemies of the American Way: Political Paranoia about Nazis, Communists, Saboteurs, Terrorists, and Body-Snatching Aliens in Film and Television (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010), pp. 8–11.

65. Ibid., p. 8.

66. Eric Van Schaack, “The Coming of the Hun! American Fears of a German Invasion, 1918,” Journal of American Culture 28, no. 3 (2005): 284–92. See p. 291.

67. Hudson Maxim, Defenseless America (New York: Hearst's International Library, 1916).

68. Van Schaack, “Coming of the Hun!”

69. John T. Soister and Henry Nicolella, American Silent Horror, Science Fiction, and Fantasy Feature Films, 1913–1929 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2012), p. 744; Van Schaack, “Coming of the Hun!” p. 288.

70. Van Schaack, “Coming of the Hun!” p. 291.

71. Benjamin Paul Hegi, “German-Americans in Cooke County, Texas, during World War I,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 109, no. 2 (2005): 234–57, 248.

72. Schaffer, America in the Great War, p. 21; Proctor, “‘Patriotic Enemies,’” p. 228.

73. Sherman, Screen Enemies, p. 8.

74. Christopher Capozzola, Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 117.

75. Proctor, “‘Patriotic Enemies,’” p. 228.

76. Siegel and Silverman, “During World War I.”

77. Sonntag, “Fighting Everything German,” p. 667.

78. Hegi, “German-Americans,” pp. 248–49.

79. Theodore Kornweibel Jr., “Investigate Everything”: Federal Efforts to Ensure Black Loyalty during World War I (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002), p. 43.

80. Peter C. Ripley, “Intervention and Reaction: Florida Newspapers and United States Entry into World War I,” Florida Historical Quarterly 49, no. 3 (1971): 255–67. See p. 264.

81. Ibid., p. 265.

82. Ibid.

83. Van Schaack, “Coming of the Hun!” p. 291.

84. Bowles, “Karl Muck,” pp. 410–11.

85. Ibid., p. 412.

86. Ibid.

87. Ibid., p. 412–13; J. Vacha, “When Wagner Was Verboten: The Campaign against German Music in World War I,” New York History 64, no. 2 (1983): 171–88. See p. 173.

88. “Send Dr. Muck Back, Roosevelt Advises,” New York Times, November 3, 1917.

89. Bowles, “Karl Muck,” pp. 413–14; Vacha, “When Wagner Was Verboten,” p. 178.

90. Marc Ferris, Star-Spangled Banner: The Unlikely Story of America's National Anthem (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014), p. 122.

91. Bowles, “Karl Muck,” p. 413.

92. Joseph Horowitz, Moral Fire: Musical Portraits from America's Fin de Siècle (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012), p. 66.

93. Vacha, “When Wagner Was Verboten,” p. 183.

94. Ibid.

95. Ibid., p. 184.

96. Ibid., p. 186.

97. Steve Szkotak, “An Islamic Lesson in a Virginia Classroom Creates a Viral Furor and Shutters Schools,” Associated Press, December 19, 2015.

98. Editorial Board, “Panic in Augusta County,” Washington Post, December 23, 2015.

99. “Guns in the US: The Statistics behind the Violence,” BBC News, January 5, 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-34996604 (accessed July 14, 2018).

CHAPTER 6: “BEWARE THE YELLOW PERIL”

1. Raymond Leslie Buell, “The Development of the Anti-Japanese Agitation in the United States,” Political Science Quarterly 37, no. 4 (1922): 605–38. See p. 606.

2. Herbert P. LePore, “Exclusion by Prejudice: Anti-Japanese Discrimination in California and the Immigration Act of 1924” (doctoral dissertation, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 1973), p. 33; Kelley, “Social Forces Collide,” p. 10.

3. Lance D. Muckey, “Nevada's Odd Response to the ‘Yellow Peril’: Asians and the Western Ineligible Alien Land Laws” (master's thesis, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, 2004), pp. 46–47.

4. Michael J. Meloy, “The Long Road to Manzanar: Politics, Land, and Race in the Japanese Exclusion Movement, 1900” (doctoral dissertation, University of California at Davis, 2004), p. 5.

5. Ibid., p. 21.

6. This figure is taken from Yamato Ichihashi, Japanese Immigration: Its Status in California (San Francisco, CA: Marshall, 1915), pp. 4–5. These figures should not be confused with the total number of migrants in Hawaii and locations outside of the US mainland.

7. Muckey, “Nevada's Odd Response,” p. 48.

8. Ibid., p. 53.

9. Cited in Randa-Noel Johnson, “Women in the Anti-Japanese Movement in California, 1900–1924” (master's thesis, San Jose State University, 2000), p. 8.

10. Roger Daniels, The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), p. 20.

11. Ibid., p. 21.

12. Sarah Wallace, Not Fit to Stay: Public Health Panics and South Asian Exclusion (Vancouver, British Columbia: University of Toronto Press, 2017).

13. Buell, “Development of the Anti-Japanese Agitation,” pp. 608–609.

14. Ellen M. Eisenberg, The First to Cry Down Injustice: Western Jews and Japanese Removal during World War II (Lanham, MD: Lexington, 2008), p. 8; Daniels, Politics of Prejudice, pp. 21–22.

15. Meloy, “Long Road to Manzanar,” p. 26.

16. Buell, “Development of the Anti-Japanese Agitation,” p. 609.

17. Daniels, Politics of Prejudice, pp. 22–23.

18. Muckey, “Nevada's Odd Response,” p. 53.

19. Daniels, Politics of Prejudice, p. 25.

20. Buell, “Development of the Anti-Japanese Agitation,” pp. 614–18; Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (Washington, DC: Civil Liberties Public Education Fund; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997), p. 32.

21. Commission on Wartime Relocation, Personal Justice Denied, pp. 32–33.

22. Daniels, Politics of Prejudice, p. 31.

23. Buell, “Development of Anti-Japanese Agitation,” p. 623.

24. Elliott Barkan, From All Points: America's Immigrant West (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007), p. 131.

25. Buell, “Development of Anti-Japanese Agitation,” p. 625.

26. Meloy, “Long Road to Manzanar,” p. 5; LePore, “Exclusion by Prejudice,” p. 52.

27. LePore, “Exclusion by Prejudice,” pp. 132–33.

28. John Powell, The Encyclopedia of North American Immigration (New York: Facts on File, 2005), p. 103.

29. Daniel Brinton, The American Race (New York: H. C. Hodges, 1891), pp. 39–41.

30. Meloy, “Long Road to Manzanar,” p. 10.

31. Daniels, Politics of Prejudice, p. 30.

32. Ibid., p. 28.

33. LePore, “Exclusion by Prejudice,” pp. 60–62.

34. W. Almont Gates, “Oriental Immigration on the Pacific Coast,” address delivered at the National Conference of Charities and Correction (Buffalo, NY) on June 10, 1909. See p. 11.

35. Meloy, “Long Road to Manzanar,” p. 33.

36. Johnson, Women in the Anti-Japanese Movement, p. 61.

37. Kenneth C. Hough, “Rising Sun over America: Imagining a Japanese Conquest of the United States, 1900–1945” (doctoral dissertation, University of California at Santa Barbara, 2014), pp. 9–10.

38. LePore, “Exclusion by Prejudice,” pp. 116–17.

39. Ibid., p. 117.

40. Ibid., p. 118.

41. Peter H. Schuck, Diversity in America: Keeping Government at a Safe Distance (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003), p. 84.

42. Russell E. Bearden, “The Internment of Japanese Americans in Arkansas, 1942–1945” (doctoral dissertation, University of Arkansas, 1986), p. 21.

43. United States Department of State, Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, “The Immigration Act of 1924” (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1924), https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act (accessed December 9, 2016).

44. Alan Gevinson, ed., American Film Institute Catalogue, Within Our Gates: Ethnicity in American Feature Films, 1911–1960 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), p. 908.

45. Stacey Olster, The Trash Phenomenon: Contemporary Literature, Popular Culture, and the Making of the American Century (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003), p. 34.

46. Kenneth M. Ludmerer, “Genetics, Eugenics, and the Immigration Restriction Act of 1924,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 46, no. 1 (1972): 59–81. See p. 77.

47. Hugo Engelhardt and Arthur Caplan, eds., Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 195.

48. Ludmerer, “Genetics, Eugenics,” p. 74.

49. Ibid., p. 64.

50. Douglas Baynton, Defectives in the Land: Disability and Immigration in the Age of Eugenics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), p. 45.

51. Jonathan Spiro, Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant (Lebanon, NH: University of Vermont Press, 2009), p. 377.

52. Ludmerer, “Genetics, Eugenics,” p. 68.

53. Ibid.

54. Ibid., p. 67.

55. Quote taken from ibid., p. 68; see also Elazar Barkan, “Progressive Eugenics: Herbert Spencer Jennings and the 1924 Immigration Legislation,” Journal of the History of Biology 24, no. 1 (1991): 91–112.

56. Ludmerer, “Genetics, Eugenics,” pp. 77–78.

57. A. Samaan, H. H. Laughlin: American Scientist. American Progressive. Nazi Collaborator (San Diego, CA: A. R. C. Publishing, 2015), p. 112.

58. Ibid., pp. 114–15.

59. Charles P. Patterson, Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals in the Holocaust (New York: Lantern, 2002), p. 98.

60. Ibid.

61. Richard S. Levy, ed., Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, vol. 1, A-K (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2005), p. 212.

62. Ibid.

63. Roger Daniels, “Incarcerating Japanese Americans: An Atrocity Revisited,” Peace and Change 23, no. 2 (1998): 117–34. See p. 118.

64. Commission on Wartime Relocation, Personal Justice Denied, p. 2.

65. Milton Eisenhower, Japanese Relocation (Washington, DC: Office of War, Bureau of Motion Pictures, c. 1943), 9 minutes, 27 seconds.

66. Daniels, “Incarcerating Japanese Americans,” p. 122.

67. Paul R. Spickard, Japanese Americans: The Formation and Transformations of an Ethnic Group (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2009), p. 116.

68. Eugene Rostow, “The Japanese-American Cases—A Disaster,” Yale Law Review 54, no. 3 (1945): 489–533. See pp. 489–90.

69. Daniels, “Incarcerating Japanese Americans,” p. 117.

70. Leslie T. Hatamiya, Righting a Wrong: Japanese Americans and the Passage of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993), p. 14.

71. Daniels, “Incarcerating Japanese Americans,” p. 118.

72. Spickard, Japanese Americans, p. 109.

73. Ibid.

74. Kelley, “Social Forces Collide,” p. 2.

75. Juan González and Joseph Torres, News for All the People: The Epic Story of Race and the American Media (London: Verso, 2011), p. 274.

76. Robert Shaffer, “Cracks in the Consensus: Defending the Rights of Japanese Americans during World War II,” Radical History Review 72 (1998): 84–120. See pp. 99–100.

77. Meloy, “Long Road to Manzanar,” pp. 9–10.

78. Christie C. Armendariz, “Inconspicuous but Estimable Immigrants: The Japanese in El Pasa, 1980–1948” (master's thesis, Department of History, University of Texas at El Paso, 1994), p. 97.

79. Tamotsu Shibutani, Improvised News: A Sociological Study of Rumor (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966), p. 133.

80. Garland E. Allen, “The Misuse of Biological Hierarchies: The American Eugenics Movement, 1900–1940,” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 5, no. 2 (1983): 105–28.

81. Ibid., p. 123.

82. James Mooney, Historical Sketch of the Cherokee (Chicago, IL: Aldine, 1975), p. 122.

83. Ludmerer, “Genetics, Eugenics,” p. 73.

84. Shi-Pu Wang, “Becoming American: Asian Identity Negotiated through the Art of Yasuo Kuniyoshi” (doctoral dissertation, University of California at Santa Barbara, 2006), p. 42.

85. James C. McNaughton, Nisei Linguists: Japanese Americans in the Military Intelligence Service during World War II (Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 2007), p. 137.

86. Katelyn Taira, “America's ‘Enemy Aliens,’” Washington University Political Review, November 3, 2016, http://www.wupr.org/2016/11/03/americas-enemy-aliens/ (accessed March 5, 2017).

87. Ibid.

88. McNaughton, Nisei Linguists, pp. 133–37. This quote appears on p. 137.

89. Commission on Wartime Relocation, Personal Justice Denied, p. 28.

90. Ibid., p. 2.

91. Alan J. Levine, The Pacific War: Japan versus the Allies (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995), p. 74.

92. John Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon, 1986), p. 84.

93. Ben-Ami Shillon, The Jews and the Japanese: The Successful Outsiders (Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle, 1991), p. 92.

CHAPTER 7: “THE JEWS ARE SPYING FOR HITLER!”

1. Robert Michael, A Concise History of American Antisemitism (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), p. 182. In reality, a few countries agreed to admit relatively small numbers, but the vast majority of countries refused to accept them.

2. Yoram Kaniuk, Commander of the Exodus (New York: Grove, 1999), p. 153.

3. David A. Harris, In the Trenches: Selected Speeches and Writings of an American Jewish Activist, 1979–1999 (Hoboken, NJ: KTAV, 2000), p. 518.

4. Alex Nowrasteh, Terrorism and Immigration: A Risk Analysis, CATO Institute Policy Paper Number 798 (Washington, DC: CATO Institute, September 13, 2016).

5. Susan Welch, “American Opinion towards Jews during the Nazi Era: Results from Quota Sample Polling during the 1930s and 1940s,” Social Science Quarterly 95, no. 3 (2014): 615–35. See p. 617.

6. Deborah E. Lipstadt, Beyond Belief: The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust 1933–1945 (New York: Free Press, 1986), p. 14.

7. Daniel A. Gross, “The US Government Turned Away Thousands of Jewish Refugees, Fearing That They Were Nazi Spies,” Smithsonian Magazine, November 18, 2015.

8. Roger Daniels, “Immigration Policy in a Time of War: The United States, 1939–1945,” Journal of American Ethnic History 25, nos. 2/3 (2006): 107–16. See p. 107.

9. Wesley P. Greear, “American Immigration Policies and Public Opinion on European Jews from 1933 to 1945” (master's thesis, East Tennessee State University, 2002), p. 24.

10. Bruce Hodge, “Assistant Secretary of State Breckinridge Long and American Immigration Policy, 1940–1944” (master's thesis, Lamar University, 2012), p. 35.

11. Daniels, “Immigration Policy,” p. 109.

12. Joyce A. Delgado, “Official Policy of the Government of the United States of America Regarding Jewish Refugees from Nazi Germany” (master's thesis, Kean College of New Jersey, 1979), p. 11.

13. Ibid.; Tyler Anbinder, City of Dreams: The 400-Year Epic History of Immigrant New York (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016), p. 493; Thomas Adam, Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, History, a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia, vol. 1 (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2005), pp. 411–12.

14. Wolfram Kaiser, Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 135.

15. Rodger Streitmatter, Mightier Than the Sword: How the News Media Have Shaped American History (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2016), p. 106.

16. Monty N. Penkower, “Eleanor Roosevelt and the Plight of World Jewry,” Jewish Social Studies 49, no. 2 (1987): 125–36. See. p. 125.

17. Robert A. Rockaway, “Review: The Roosevelt Administration, the Holocaust, and the Jewish Refugees,” Reviews in American History 3, no. 1 (1975): 115.

18. Robert W. Sussman, The Myth of Race: The Troubling Persistence of an Unscientific Idea (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014), p. 110.

19. Ibid., p. 133.

20. Ibid., p. 123.

21. Richard S. Levy, ed., Anti-Semitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, vol. 1 (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2005), p. 212.

22. Jonathan Spiro, Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant (Burlington: University of Vermont Press, 2009), p. 373.

23. Lothrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color: The Threat against White World-Supremacy (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1920).

24. Spiro, Defending the Master Race, p. 374.

25. Rudolph Alvarado and Sonya Alvarado, Drawing Conclusions on Henry Ford (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001), p. 144.

26. Frederick Schweitzer and Marvin Perry, Antisemitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), p. 171; Albert Lee, Henry Ford and the Jews (New York: Stein and Day, 1980), p. 59; Anthony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler (United Kingdom: Clairview, 2010), p. 93; Sussman, Myth of Race, p. 137.

27. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf: Complete and Unabridged, Fully Annotated (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1939), p. 929.

28. Daniels, “Immigration Policy,” p. 110.

29. Lipstadt, Beyond Belief, p. 113.

30. Ibid., p. 315.

31. Dara Lind, “How America's Rejection of Jews Fleeing Nazi Germany Haunts Our Refugee Policy Today,” Vox, January 27, 2017.

32. Lipstadt, Beyond Belief, p. 115.

33. Daniels, “Immigration Policy,” p. 110.

34. Michael Robert Marrus, Bystanders to the Holocaust (London: Meckler, 1989), p. 109.

35. Lipstadt, Beyond Belief, p. 114.

36. Saul S. Friedman, No Haven for the Oppressed: United States Policy toward Jewish Refugees, 1938–1945 (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1973), p. 155.

37. Angus Calder, The People's War: Britain 1939–1945 (London: Pimlico, 1992), p. 129; Walter Laqueur, Generation Exodus: The Fate of Young Jewish Refugees from Nazi Germany (2004; London: I. B. Tauris, 2008), p. 130.

38. Laqueur, Generation Exodus, p. 130.

39. Ibid., p. 116.

40. Ibid., p. 117.

41. Spiro, Defending the Master Race, p. 370.

42. Greg Hansard (narrator), S.S. Quanza: Journey of Refugees from Lisbon to Norfolk, documentary produced by the Virginia Historical Society, based on a historical society exhibit, Richmond, VA, 2010, 4 minutes, 29 seconds; Matthias Blum and Claudia Rei, “Escaping the Holocaust: Human and Health Capital of Refugees to the US, 1940–42,” Beiträge zur Jahrestagung des Vereins für Socialpolitik 2016: Demographischer Wandel - Session: Economic History, No. F13-V3 (November 23, 2015): 9–10.

43. Monty P. Penkower, The Jews Were Expendable: Free World Diplomacy and the Holocaust (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1988), p. 65; Douglas Martin, “Gerhart Riegner, 90, Dies; Disclosed Holocaust Plans,” New York Times, December 5, 2001.

44. Photograph of the original deciphered cable dated August 10, 1942, sent to the London office (Document 2: FO 371/30917) from the British National Archives, Britain and the Holocaust (Washington, DC: National Archives Educational Service), https://nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/education/britain-and-the-holocaust-prep-pack.pdf (accessed June 12, 2016).

45. Rebecca Erbelding, “About Time: The History of the War Refugee Board” (doctoral dissertation, George Mason University, 2015), p. 30.

46. Ibid., p. 29.

47. “Riegner Cable,” Vad Yashem, Shoah Resource Center, International School for Holocaust Studies, http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205827.pdf (accessed June 20, 2016).

48. Michael J. Cohen, Britain's Moment in Palestine: Retrospect and Perspectives, 1917–1948 (New York: Routledge, 2014), p. 339.

49. Rafael Medoff, Blowing the Whistle on Genocide: Josiah E. DuBois Jr. and the Struggle for a US Response to the Holocaust (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2009), pp. 40–52. Quotation appears on p. 40. Medoff provides the full text of the “Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews,” by Josiah DuBois Jr. for the Foreign Funds Control Unit of the Treasury Department, Washington, DC, January 13, 1944.

50. David S. Wyman, Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938–1941 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1968).

51. Medoff, Blowing the Whistle, p. 44.

52. Ibid., p. 41.

53. Bruce Hodge, “Assistant Secretary of State Breckinridge Long and American Immigration Policy, 1940–1944” (master's thesis, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 2012).

54. Angus Stevenson and Maurice Waite, eds., Concise Oxford Encyclopedia: Luxury Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 529.

55. Hodge, “Assistant Secretary,” p. 52.

56. Ibid., pp. 53–54.

57. Greear, “American Immigration Policies,” p. 29.

58. Friedman, No Haven for the Oppressed, p. 44.

59. Delgado, “Official Policy,” pp. 28–29.

60. Wyman, Paper Walls.

61. Francis MacDonnell, Insidious Foes: The Axis Fifth Column and the American Home Front (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 7–8. Italics ours.

62. Emily Roxworthy, The Spectacle of Japanese American Trauma: Racial Performativity and World War II (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2008), p. 77; Greear, “American Immigration Policies,” p. 31. Quotes are taken from Roxworthy, Spectacle of Japanese American Trauma.

63. Friedman, No Haven for the Oppressed.

64. Lipstadt, Beyond Belief, p. 121.

65. Hodge, “Assistant Secretary,” p. 54.

66. Robert Switky, Wealth of an Empire: The Treasure Shipments That Saved Britain and the World (Washington, DC: Potomac, 2013), pp. 112–13.

67. Lipstadt, Beyond Belief, p. 122.

68. MacDonnell, Insidious Foes, p. 3.

69. David M. Kennedy, The Library of Congress World War II Companion (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007), p. 75.

70. Stephen M. Feldman, Free Expression and Democracy in America: A History (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2008), p. 423.

71. Gross, “US Government Turned Away Thousands”; Jefferson Adams, Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2009), p. 18; “FBI Seizes Nazi Spy Attempting US Entry,” Daily Iowan, July 10, 1942, p. 1; “German-Born Spy Suspect Held without Bail Awaiting Quick Jury Action,” San Bernardino Daily Sun, July 11, 1942, p. 3.

72. Switky, Wealth of an Empire, p. 113.

73. Lynne Olson, Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's Fight Over World War II, 1939–1941 (New York: Random House, 2013), p. 106.

74. George Britt, The Fifth Column Is Here (New York: W. Funk, 1941).

75. Olson, Those Angry Days, p. 106.

76. “Tenfold Gain in Complaints to FBI Told,” San Bernardino Daily Sun, August 5, 1940, p. 2; MacDonnell, Insidious Foes, p. 8; William Dow Boutwell, Pauline Frederick, and Joseph Pratt Harris, America Prepares for Tomorrow: The Story of Our Total Defense Effort (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1941), p. 485. This figure of 2,871 is so high that we checked numerous sources to confirm that it is, indeed, correct.

CHAPTER 8: “BE WARY OF THE WOLF IN SHEEP'S CLOTHING!”

1. Bill Girrier, Fruition: Reflections on a Life Grafted-In (Bloomington, IN: WestBow, 2011), p. 78.

2. John Esposito, The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 227.

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Underlying Cause of Death 1999–2015,” last reviewed December 20, 2017, https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/help/ucd.html# (accessed June 7, 2018); “Choking Prevention and Rescue Tips,” National Safety Council, 2018, http://www.nsc.org/learn/safety-knowledge/Pages/safety-at-home-choking.aspx (accessed June 7, 2018).

4. Christopher Ingraham, “Chart: The Animals That Are Most Likely to Kill You This Summer,” Washington Post, June 16, 2015.

5. Alejandra Reyes-Velarde, “Nobody Died in a US Commercial Jet Crash Last Year—A Trend That Predates Trump,” Los Angeles Times, January 2, 2018. These figures exclude less-regulated types of aircraft such as ultralights and privately owned flying machines, in addition to government and military planes.

6. “Facts + Statistics: Mortality Risk,” Insurance Information Institute, 2018, https://www.iii.org/fact-statistic/facts-statistics-mortality-risk (accessed July 19, 2018).

7. Alex Nowrasteh, Terrorism and Immigration: A Risk Analysis, CATO Institute Policy Paper Number 798 (Washington, DC: CATO Institute, September 13, 2016). See p. 1.

8. Ibid., pp. 13–14. While several of the twenty refugees who were classified as terrorists were arrested after 9/11 and were detained on vague charges of aiding or abetting overseas terrorist groups, not a single suspect was ever linked to the 9/11 attacks.

9. United States Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General, Press Release No. 18-38, January 16, 2018.

10. Alex Nowrasteh, “New Government Terrorism Report Provides Little Useful Information,” Cato Institute, January 16, 2018, https://www.cato.org/blog/new-government-terrorism-report-nearly-worthless (accessed July 19, 2018).

11. Gregory Krieg, “Christie on Refugees: Not Even 5-Year-Old Orphans,” CNN News, November 17, 2015.

12. Haeyoun Park and Larry Buchanan, “Refugees Entering the US Already Face a Rigorous Vetting Process,” New York Times, January 29, 2017.

13. Steve Benen, “Huckabee's Anti-Refugee Case Takes an Ugly Turn,” MSNBC, November 17, 2015, http://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/huckabees-anti-refugee-case-takes-ugly-turn (accessed July 19, 2018).

14. Amy Davidson, “Ted Cruz's Religious Test for Syrian Refugees,” New Yorker, November 16, 2015.

15. Ibid.

16. Liz Robbins, “Malloy Welcomes a Syrian Family to Connecticut as Christie Shuns Refugees,” New York Times, November 18, 2015.

17. Ralph Ellis, Ashley Fantz, Faith Karimi, and Eliott McLaughlin, “Orlando Shooting: 49 Killed, Shooter Pledged ISIS Allegiance,” CNN, June 13, 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2016/06/12/us/orlando-nightclub-shooting/ (accessed July 19, 2018).

18. Abigail Pesta, “The Orlando Shooter Was My Ex,” Marie Claire (October 2016): 147–48.

19. Jay Weaver and David Ovalle, “What Motivated Orlando Killer? It Was More Than Terrorism, Experts Say,” Miami Herald, June 17, 2016; Adam Goldman, Joby Warrick, and Max Bearak, “‘He Was Not a Stable Person’: Orlando Shooter Showed Signs of Emotional Trouble,” Washington Post, June 26, 2016.

20. William Wan and Kevin Sullivan, “Troubled. Quiet. Macho. Angry. The Volatile Life of the Orlando Shooter,” Washington Post, June 17, 2016.

21. Delvin Barrett, Matt Zapotosky, and Mark Berman, “New York Truck Attack Suspect Charged with Terrorism Offense as Trump Calls for a Death Sentence,” Washington Post, November 20, 2017.

22. Tom Pollock, “Do You Feel Like You're More Likely Than Ever to Be Hit by a Terror Attack? This Is Why You're Wrong,” Independent (London), July 16, 2016.

23. Bonnie Malkin, “‘I Am German’: Munich Gunman in Furious Exchange with Bystander,” Guardian, July 23, 2016.

24. “Munich Shooting: David Sonboly ‘Planned Attack for Year,’” BBC News, July 24, 2016; Umberto Bacchi, “Munich Killer Scouted School Shooting Site, Received Inpatient Psychiatric Treatment,” International Business Times, July 24, 2016.

25. Rukmini Callimachi and Melissa Eddy, “Munich Killer Was Troubled, but Had No Terrorist Ties, Germany Says,” New York Times, July 23, 2016; Harriet Alexander, Barney Henderson, Chiara Palazzo, Luke Heighton, James Rothwell, Zia Weise, Camilla Turner, and Justin Huggler, “Munich Shooting: Teenage Killer Ali Sonboly ‘Inspired by Far-Right Terrorist Anders Breivik’ and ‘Used Facebook Offer of Free McDonald's Food to Lure Victims,’” Telegraph (London), July 24, 2016; Janek Schmidt and Emma Graham-Harrison, “‘Strange and Withdrawn’: What Drove Ali Sonboly to Launch Munich Attack?” Guardian, July 24, 2016.

26. Kate Connolly, “Munich Gunman Saw Sharing Hitler's Birthday as ‘Special Honour,’” Guardian, July 27, 2016.

27. Keffrey L. Thomas, Scapegoating Islam: Intolerance, Security, and the American Muslim (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2015), p. 14.

28. Eli Smith, Missionary Sermons and Addresses (New York: Saxton and Miles, 1842), p. 22.

29. Douglas Little, Us versus Them: The United States, Radical Islam, and the Rise of the Green Threat (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016), p. 218.

30. Rashid Shaz, In Pursuit of Arabia (New Delhi, India: Milli, 2003), p. 155.

31. Little, Us versus Them, p. 217.

32. Lothrop Stoddard, The New World of Islam (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1921), p. 98.

33. Kathleen M. Moore, Al-Mughtaribun: American Law and the Transformation of Muslim Life in the United States (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), p. 40.

34. Ibid.

35. Rubina Ramji, “From Navy Seals to the Seige: Getting to Know the Muslim Terrorist, Hollywood Style,” Journal of Religion & Film 9, no. 2 (2016): 1–40. See p. 3.

36. Little, Us versus Them, p. 220.

37. Heater Singmaster, “The Backlash against Teaching about Islam,” Education Week, January 20, 2018.

38. “Tennessee Reviews Its Social Studies Curriculum,” American Center for Law and Justice, https://aclj.org/establishment-clause/tennessee-reviews-its-social-studies-curriculum (accessed July 20, 2018).

39. Ibid.

40. “Parents Object after 7th Graders Write ‘Allah Is the Only God’ in History Class,’” Fox News, September 8, 2015, http://insider.foxnews.com/2015/09/08/students-write-allah-only-god-tennessee-middle-school-history-class (accessed July 19, 2018).

41. Emma Green, “The Fear of Islam in Tennessee Public Schools,” Atlantic, December 16, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/12/fear-islam-tennessee-public-schools/420441/ (accessed July 20, 2018).

42. Melanie Balakit, “Williamson School Board Split on Religious Bias Resolution,” Tennessean, October 15, 2015.

43. Green, “Fear of Islam.”

44. Ibid.

45. Ibid.

46. “9 Investigates: Dad Protests Islamic Lessons at School,” WFTV, February 9, 2015, http://www.wftv.com/news/local/9-investigates-dad-protests-islamic-lessons-school/69473209 (accessed January 21, 2018).

47. “Marine Dad Banned from School after Complaining about Islam Assignment,” Fox News Insider, October 29, 2014, http://insider.foxnews.com/2014/10/29/marine-dad-banned-school-after-complaining-about-islam-assignment (accessed January 21, 2018).

48. Emma Brown, “This Marine Vet Was Banned from His Kid's School after Objecting to Islam Lessons,” Washington Post, February 23, 2016.

49. Ibid.

50. “School Health Handout Quotes Quran,” Asbury Park Press (Asbury Park, NJ), September 18, 2016, p. A3.

51. Abby Haglage and Kelly Weill, “Muslim Teacher Fired after Showing Malala Video,” Daily Beast (New York), December 17, 2015.

52. Ibid.

53. Samantha Laine, “Duke ‘Call to Prayer’ No More: Why the University Reversed Itself,” Christian Science Monitor, January 16, 2015.

54. Ibid.

55. Susan Syrluga, “Muslim Call to Prayer at Duke Resonates with a Scholar Who Studies Sound in Religious Life,” Washington Post, January 20, 2015.

56. Phoebe Weston, “Illinois Teacher Suspended after Claiming Muslims and Christians Worship the Same God,” Independent (London), December 17, 2015.

57. Christine Hauser, “Wheaton College and Professor to ‘Part Ways’ after Her Remarks on Muslims,” New York Times, February 8, 2016.

58. “‘Flying While Muslim’: Profiling Fears after Arabic Speaker Removed from Plane,” All Things Considered, National Public Radio, April 20, 2016, https://www.npr.org/2016/04/20/475015239/flying-while-muslim-profiling-fears-after-arabic-speaker-removed-from-plane (accessed January 23, 2018). The program interviewed Zahra Billoo of the Council on American-Islamic Relations, which was providing Mr. Makhzoomi with legal assistance.

59. Yanan Yang, “UC Berkeley Student Removed from Southwest Flight after Speaking Arabic on Plane,” Washington Post, April 18, 2016.

60. Jeff D. Gorman, “Emirati Man Sues Marriott over Islamic State Accusation,” Courthouse News Service (Pasadena, CA), May 25, 2017, https://www.courthousenews.com/emirati-man-sues-marriott-isis-pledge-accusation/ (accessed July 20, 2018).

61. Matt Ford, “Trump Is Distorting Statistics to Demonize Immigrants,” New Republic, January 17, 2018, https://newrepublic.com/article/146634/trump-distorting-statistics-demonize-immigrants (accessed January 23, 2018).

62. Nirja Chokshi, “How the California Wildfire Was Falsely Pinned on an Immigrant,” New York Times, October 20, 2017.

63. Manny Fernandez and Christine Hauser, “Handcuffed for Making Clock, Gets Time with Obama,” New York Times, September 17, 2015, p. A1.

64. Zainab Arain, Council on American-Islamic Relations, Washington, DC, Coordinator, Department to Monitor and Combat Islamophobia, telephone interview conducted on January 26, 2017.

65. Council on American-Islamic Relations, “CAIR-MI Files Michigan Department of Civil Rights Complaint against Wayne County Community College District,” press release, January 24, 2018.

66. Council on American-Islamic Relations, “CAIR-DFW Welcomes Resignation of Two McKinney ISD Middle School Teachers after Islamophobic, Hateful Tweets,” press release, January 20, 2018.

67. Eli Rosenberg, “‘I Just Don't Like Muslim People’: Trump Appointee Resigns after Racist, Sexist, and Anti-Gay Remarks,” Washington Post, January 18, 2018.

68. Office of US House of Representatives, 23rd District of Texas, “Hurd Calls Trump's Wall ‘A Third-Century Solution to a 21st-Century Problem,’” press release, January 30, 2017, https://hurd.house.gov/media-center/in-the-news/hurd-calls-trumps-wall-third-century-solution-21st-century-problem (accessed January 21, 2018).

69. Henry George Bohn, A Dictionary of Quotations from the English Poets (London, privately printed, 1867), p. 276.

70. Larry Chang, Wisdom for the Soul (Washington, DC: Gnosophia, 2006), p. 385.

CHAPTER 9: FROM MEXICANS TO MUSLIMS

1. Jean François Paul de Gondi de Retz, Memoirs of the Cardinal de Retz: Containing the Particulars of His Own Life with the Most Secret Transactions of the French Court and the Civil Wars, vol. 1 (London: Printed for T. Becket, T. Cadell, and T. Evans, 1774), p. 224.

2. Michelangelo Landgrave and Alex Nowrasteh, Criminal Immigrants: Their Numbers, Demographics, and Countries of Origin (Immigration Research and Policy Brief; Washington, DC: CATO Institute, March 15, 2017); Walter Ewing, Daniel E. Martínez, and Rubén G. Rumbaut, The Criminalization of Immigration in the United States (Washington, DC: American Immigration Council, July 13, 2015), pp. 1, 6.

3. Ewing et al., Criminalization of Immigration, p. 1.

4. Ibid., p. 6.

5. Ibid., p. 8.

6. US Government Accountability Office, Criminal Alien Statistics: Information on Incarcerations, Arrest, and Costs, GAO-11-187 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, March 2011), p. 20, cited by Ewing et al., Criminalization of Immigration.

7. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration (Washington, DC: National Academies, 2016).

8. Jed Kolko, “How the Jobs That Immigrants Do Are Changing,” Indeed (blog), January 19, 2017, http://blog.indeed.com/2017/01/19/how-jobs-immigrants-do-are-changing/ (accessed July 20, 2018). Kolko is the chief economist at Indeed.com and holds a doctorate in economics from Harvard University. His analysis is based on data from I-PUMS, the world's largest individual-level population database consisting of US and international records.

9. George J. Borjas, “The Labor Supply of Undocumented Immigrants” (working paper no. 22102, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, March 2016).

10. Jason Richwine, The Cost of Welfare Use by Immigrant and Native Households (Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies, May, 2016).

11. Ben Rosen, “Do Immigrants Receive More Welfare Money Than Natural Born US Citizens?” Christian Science Monitor (Boston, MA), May 9, 2016.

12. Alex Nowrasteh, “Center for Immigration Studies Report Exaggerates Immigrant Welfare Use,” Cato Institute, September 2, 2016, https://www.cato.org/blog/center-immigration-studies-exaggerates-immigrant-welfare-use (accessed July 20, 2018); Tara Watson, Do Undocumented Immigrants Overuse Government Benefits? (Medford, MA: Edward R. Murrow Center for a Digital World, Tufts University, 2017).

13. Laura Reston, “Where Trump Gets His Fuzzy Border Math,” New Republic, March 11, 2017.

14. Watson, Do Undocumented Immigrants.

15. Jason Richwine, “IQ and Immigration Policy” (doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, May 1, 2009), p. 66. For an excellent critique of Richwine's claims, see Elspeth Reeve, “The Heritage Foundation's Immigration Guru Wasn't Just Racist—He's Wrong,” Atlantic, May 8, 2013, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/05/heritage-foundation-jason-richwine/315481/ (accessed July 20, 2018).

16. Elizabeth Chin, “What Jason Richwine Should Have Heard from His PhD Committee,” Anthropology Now, May 29, 2013, http://anthronow.com/online-articles/what-jason-richwine-should-have-heard-from-his-phd-committee (accessed June 8, 2018).

17. Brink Lindsey, “Why People Keep Misunderstanding the ‘Connection’ between Race and IQ,” Atlantic, May 15, 2013, https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/05/why-people-keep-misunderstanding-the-connection-between-race-and-iq/275876/ (accessed June 8, 2018).

18. Bette Roth Young, Emma Lazarus in Her World: Life and Letters (Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society, 1995), p. 3.

19. Liz Stark, “White House Policy Adviser Downplays Statue of Liberty's Famous Poem,” CNN Politics, August 3, 2017. http://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/02/politics/emma-lazarus-poem-statue-of-liberty/index.html (accessed July 20, 2018).

20. Ibid.

21. Hyung-Chan Kim, Asian Americans and the Supreme Court: A Documentary History (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1992), p. 110.

22. Regin Schmidt, Red Scare: FBI and the Origins of Anticommunism in the United States, 1919–1943 (Copenhagen, Denmark: Museum Tusculanum, 2000), p. 55.

23. Isaiah Berlin, The Proper Study of Mankind (London: Vintage, 2013), p. 213.

24. Wood, James, The Dictionary of Quotations from Ancient and Modern English and Foreign Sources (London: Frederick Warne, 1893), p. 475.

25. Clellan Ford and Frank Beach, Patterns of Sexual Behavior (New York: Harper and Row, 1951), p. 108.

26. Andrew Gyory, Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), pp. 3–4.

27. Arthur Roy Leonard, War Addresses of Woodrow Wilson with an Introduction and Notes (London: Forgotten Books, 2013), p. 52.

28. Robert Torricelli and Andrew Carroll, eds., Extraordinary Speeches of the American Century: In Our Own Words (New York: Kodansha International, 1999), p. 174.

29. Julie Davis, Sheryl Stolberg, and Thomas Kaplan, “Trump Alarms Lawmakers with Disparaging Words for Haiti and Africa,” New York Times, January 11, 2018.

30. Josh Dawsey, “Trump Derides Protections for Immigrants from ‘Shithole’ Countries,” Washington Post, January 12, 2018.

31. George W. Bush, “Islam Is Peace,” Office of the Press Secretary, September 17, 2001, remarks given by the president at the Islamic Center of Washington, DC, White House Archives.

32. Ibid.

33. Bern Guarino, “Homo Sapiens, We Keep Getting Older,” Washington Post, June 8, 2017, p. A3.

34. “One Species, Living Worldwide,” Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, last updated July 19, 2018, http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/genetics/one-species-living-worldwide (accessed July 20, 2018).

35. Robert Sussman, The Myth of Race: The Troubling Persistence of an Unscientific Idea (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014), p. 1.

36. Ralph Keyes and David Mayberry-Lewis, The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and When (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2006), p. 57.