Index

ABC News, 120, 152

Abe, Shinzo, 63, 64, 65
Achen, Christopher, 95, 97
Activism and social media, 5, 50–51. See also News activism
Adatto, Kiku, 61
Adler, Steve, 208
Adorno, Theodor, 145
Adversarial press, 221–228
- collective action in defense of free and, 227–228
- implications of, 225–227
- observations on relationship between executive branch and, 222–225
Affective news, 74–75
Affective publics, 129
After Broadcast News: Media Regimes, Democracy, and the New Information Environment, 18
Aggression, 9
Agnew, Spiro, 136
Allen, George, 19
Allport, Gordon, 145
“All the News That’s Fit to Print” tagline, 205
Alternative facts, 17, 20–22, 41–42
Amanpour, Christiane, 93, 204
Amazon, 179
American Medical Association, 227
American Political Association
American Society of Newspaper Editors, 12
America Online, 179–180
Amerikadeutscher Volksbund, 144
Anderson, C. W., 36, 169
Anger of Trump, 82–84, 205–206
Anonymous online forums, 49, 53
Anticipation after the election, 101–108
- industry growth after election of Trump, 105–106
- infrastructure of, 106–107
- institutional conditions of the press and, 102–103
- Trump Time and, 101–104
Anti-immigrant sentiment, 163–164
Anti-Semitism, 144
Apostles of Certainty: Data Journalism and the Politics of Doubt, 36
Arendt, Hannah, 41, 76
Arsenio Hall Show, The, 19
Associated Press, 60, 170, 179, 183
Atlantic, The, 101, 106, 209
AT&T, 179
Attention merchants, 52
Audience
- campaign journalism benefits for, 217–218
- group-oriented, networked responses in consideration of multiple publics and, 189–193
- institutional distrust among, 188–189
- interactivity with, 167–173
- listening-oriented initiatives and, 184
- share, 155–156
Austria, 42
Authoritarian individualism, 146–149
Authoritarianism
- news activism under, 208
- self-censorship and, 122–124
- Trump not consolidating power in, 119–120
- Trump not creating media system based on, 120–122
- Twitter as mouthpiece for, 143–149
Awareness, pervasive, 164

Backstage self, 62–63, 134, 140
Baldwin, Alec, 106
Bannon, Steve, 54, 55, 98, 133, 224
Baquet, Dean, 206
Barry, Dan, 206
Bartels, Larry, 95, 97
Bayer, Herbert, 146
Benson, Rod, 184
Berkman, Michael, 84
Berlin, Isaiah, 114
Berlusconi, Silvio, 225
Berners-Lee, Tim, 169
Bernstein, Carl, 205
Bezos, Jeff, 216
Black-and-white thinking, 9
Blacklisting of news outlets by Trump, 209–210, 226
Black Lives Matter, 5, 50–51, 97
Blogging, 50, 55, 181
Bloomberg News, 63, 107
Boas, Franz, 145
Boczkowski, Pablo, 129, 208, 209, 227
Boston Globe, 113
Botnets, 53
Boulding, Kenneth, 9
Boys on the Bus, The, 154
Breitbart, 98, 99, 226
Brexit, 90, 111, 113–115
Britain, 42. See also Brexit
Brophy, Enda, 131
Bryant, William Jennings, 134–135
Buchanan, Pat, 97–98
Bush, George H. W., 88
Bush, George W., 41, 137, 139
Bush, Jeb, 153
Business Insider, 64
Buzzfeed, 65

Cable news, 30–31, 138–139. See also CNN; Fox News
Cameron, David, 114
Campaign journalism, 213–219
- leading, not following, 214–215
- report, repeat, keep it fresh approach, 215–216
Capitalism, 130
Capital Times, 191–193
Carson, Ben, 153, 156–157
Carter, Jimmy, 42, 136
CBS News, 30, 105, 152, 196
Citizen journalists, 64–65, 66, 192
Clinton, Bill, 19, 42
Clinton, Hillary, 14, 18, 20, 43, 53, 81, 156, 190
- affective news on, 75
- conspiracy theories against, 28
- demobilization of supporters of, 115
- fainting at the 9/11 memorial, 105
- as favored to win, 104, 111, 159, 171
- “Stronger Together” theme, 91
CNN, 209, 226
- benefits of Trump coverage for, 30–31, 196
- coverage of the Trump inauguration, 82
- coverage of Trump rallies, 139
- international news, 93
- labeled fake news by Trump, 120, 205, 224
- news activism by, 207
- photojournalism and, 64
- time pressures faced by, 136
- tracking analysis of Trump coverage on, 152, 153, 154
- Trump’s questioning of legitimacy of, 54
Cohen, Nicole, 131
Colbert Report, The, 19
Cold War, the, 4, 9, 146
- enmity and journalism in, 10–12
Collective action in defense of free press, 227–228
Columbia Journalism Review, 96
Colvin, Jill, 63
Comey, James, 210
Commercialism, 25, 195–201
- competing narratives about journalism and, 198–199
- implications for communication scholars, 200–201
- new forms of journalism and, 199–200
- Trump as symptom of structural media failures and, 196–197
Committee for National Morale, 145
Communication research, way forward in, 116–117, 200–201
Community building process, 193
Community journalists, 189–190
CompuServe, 179
Conspiracy theories, 25
- mainstreaming of, 27–28
Consumer sovereignty, 200–201
Conway, Kellyanne, 17, 22, 226
Cortelyou, George, 135
Côté, Rochelle R., 164
Coughlin, Father, 144
Coultry, Nicholas, 34
Counterpublics, 50
Craigslist, 179
Cramer, Katherine J., 89
Criss, Doug, 82
Cronyism, 12
Cross-organizational ties, 182–183
Crowd-based relationships, 183–184, 207–208
Cruz, Ted, 153

Daily Cardinal, 84
Daily Mail, 65
Daily Mirror, 113, 114
Daily Show, The, 19
Data analytics, 153–154
Data journalism, 112
- “filter bubbles” in, 33
- institutionalization of, 37–39
- interactivity and, 167–173
- long history of, 35–37
- as not value-neutral, 39
Data-visualization, 167–173
Dean, Howard, 19, 81
Deaver, Michael, 136
Debates, televised, 135–136
Decentering of mainstream media, 180–182
- relational journalism as a way out of a state of, 182–184
“Deep mediatization” of society, 34
Deference and moderation in Cold War journalism, 11
Deindividualization, 9
Delli Carpini, Michael X, 18
- What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters, 22–23
Democracy, 42–47, 96, 130
- campaign journalism and, 214–215
- commercialism trumping, 195–201
- folk theory of, 97
“Democracy Dies in Darkness” tag, 205
Democracy for Realists, 95
Democratic Party, 95
- digital inequality and, 161–162
- trust in media and, 214
- use of data analytics and social media targeting, 153–154
- 2016 voters for, 160–162
Demonization, 9
Deng, Wendi, 65
De Peuter, Greig, 131
Dewey, John, 189, 192
Digiday, 170
Digital inequality, 161–162
Discord, 53
Distrust, 9
Division of Labor in Society, The, 129–130
Douglas, Susan J., 155
Drudge Report, 137
Durkheim, Emile, 129–131

eBay, 179
Echo chambers, 27, 162–163
- escaping, 164–165
Economics of attention, 75–76
Edison Research, 160
Editor and Publisher, 11
Edwards, George, 17
Egyptian spring, 143
8chan, 49, 53
Eisenhower, Dwight, 135
Elite journalism, 33, 218
Emotional politics, 79–85
Emotional regime, 84
Empirical tribalism, 34
Enmity
- during the Cold War, 10–12
- politics and, 9–10
- Trump and reemergence of Cold War, 13–16
Erickson, Bonnie H., 164
ESPN, 196
Ethics, professional, 45
Ethnic intolerance, 9
Ethos, 6
Euphemism, 12
European Union, 90
Evergrey, The, 190
Executive orders, 120

Facebook, 5, 34, 146, 188, 189, 197
- activism and, 50–51
- affective news on, 74
- “fake news” on, 52
- networked solidarity and, 129
- Obama and, 137–138
- photography on, 66
- power of, 55
- public service journalism, 200
- safe spaces on, 192
Fact-checking, 17, 60, 65–66, 225
Facts, alternative, 17, 20–22, 41–42
Fahrenthold, David, 183–184, 207–208
Failures, journalistic, 33–34
- discursive solution to, 39
- explanations for, 34–35
- Trump as symptom of systemic, 196–197
Fake news, 43, 52, 71, 96–97, 221. See also Misinformation and manipulation
- institutional distrust and, 188–189
- myths as, 87–92
- public debate over, 87, 97
- Trump’s labeling of news organizations as, 120–122, 139, 205
Fall of the Berlin Wall, 88, 90
False equivalences, 12
FameFlynet Pictures, 65
Fanlund, Paul, 191
Fascism, 144
Federal Bureau of Investigation, 210
Feelings evoked by headlines, 73–75
Ferguson protests, 51
Filter bubbles, 33–35, 38
“Fireside chats
FiveThirtyEight, 34, 38, 111, 114, 115, 167, 170
Flyover zones/middle America, 14, 39
Folk theory of democracy, 97
Ford, Gerald, 136
4chan, 49, 53
Fourth Estate, 187, 222–223
Fox and Friends, 224
Fox News, 14, 39, 93, 152, 153, 189
- establishment of, 136–137
- validation of white Christian American identity, 93–94, 98–99
France, 42
Francis, Pope, 52, 96
Freedom of Information act, 209
Freedom of the Press Foundation, 208
Frontstage personae, 138
Fundamentalism, 9

Gallup polls, 188
Gannett, 170
Garcia, Hazel Dicken, 36
Gatekeeping, news, 26–27
GatewayPundit, 226
Gawker Media, 225, 227
GDELT campaign television tracker, 153
Gergen, David, 136
Gergen, Kenneth, 185
Gessen, Masha, 208
Gest, Justin, 97
GitHub, 172
Glasser, Ted, 102
Goffman, Erving, 61–62, 134, 209
Google, 50, 179
- cross-organizational ties and, 183
- “fake news” on, 52
- public service journalism, 200
Graves, Lucas, 96
Great Depression, the, 135
Great Recession, 160, 163
Green, Donald, 95
Greenwald, Glenn, 14–15
Group-oriented, networked responses in consideration of multiple publics, 189–193
Grusin, Richard, 103–104, 112
Guardian, 209
Guzman, Monica, 190

Habermas, Jurgen, 50
Hacking, 49, 168, 172, 209
Hagerty, James, 135
Hallin, Daniel, 108
Hamby, Peter, 154–155
Hanna, Mark, 134
Headlines, 71–72
- economics of attention and, 75–76
- feelings evoked by, 73–75
- presentation of, 72–73
- purpose of, 71
- what to do about, 76–77
Hearken, 184
Hepp, Andreas, 34
Hitler, Adolf, 144
Hobsbawm, Eric, 127, 128
Hochschild, Arlie, 80, 93–94, 97, 98
Hofstadter, Richard, 11, 27
Hungary, 42
Hurricane Katrina, 137
Hussein, Saddam, 137
Hyperpartisan publics, 32
Hyperreality, 19, 23

Identity-based phenomenon, politics as, 95–96, 97, 98–99
Incivility, mainstreaming of political, 29–30
Individualism, authoritarian, 146–149
In-groups, 13
Institutional distrust, 188–189
Institutionalization of data journalism, 37–39
Interactivity, 167–173
Internet Archive, 153
Intervention, media projections as form of, 112–116
Intolerance, 163–164, 165–166
Investigative reporting, 213
Iran-Contra affair, 136
Iraq War, 137
ISIS, 28

Jacobs, Jill, 63
James, William, 38
Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, 66
Jefferson, Thomas, 41
Jobs, Steve, 146
Jones, Alex, 27
Journalists. See also News media/journalism
- citizen, 64–65, 66, 192
- community, 189–190
- interactive, 167–173
- paparazzi, 65, 66
- photo-, 63–64

Karpf, Dave, 155–156
Kazin, Michael, 156
Keeter, Scott, 22–23
Kelly, Megyn, 14
Kennedy, John F., 135–136
Kennedy family, 88
King, Martin Luther Jr., 45
Klein, Ezra, 171, 205
Knight Foundation, 96, 168–169, 221
Knight-Ridder, 179
Kovaleski, Serge, 81
Kranzberg, Melvin, 4
Krauss, Kate, 209
Kushner, Jared, 43, 65, 224

Ladd, Jonathan, 96
Larry King Live, 19
Last Week Tonight, 217
Lauer, Matt, 14
Lavrov, Sergey, 64
Leonhardt, David, 170
Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 218
Levin, Mark, 27
Lewinsky, Monica, 137
Lewis, Seth, 208, 209, 227
Libération, 216, 218
Limbaugh, Rush, 27
Liptak, Kevin, 63
Listening-oriented initiatives, 184
Literary features in journalism, 45–46
Look magazine, 11
Los Angeles Times, 17, 67, 179, 207
Lule, Jack, 88
Lull, James, 67
Lynch, Loretta, 105

Machado, Alicia, 30
Mainstreaming
- of conspiracy theory, 27–28
- of political incivility, 29–30
Mainstream media, the. See also Campaign journalism; News media/journalism
- accused of liberal bias, 137
- decentering of, 180–182
- interactivity of, 167–173
- news activism by (see News activism)
- populists’ use of, 156–157
- Trump and, 30–31, 43–44, 46, 54, 120–122, 187–188
- unhooking from power, 207–208
“Make America Great Again” theme, 80–81, 88–89, 97–98, 152, 189
Malsin, Jared, 208
Marien, Mary Warner, 63
Marshall Plan, 90
Marshall Project, 38
Marx, Karl, 130
Matassi, Mora, 129
McAfee, Tierney, 65
McCain, John, 19
McCarthy, Joseph, 12, 41
McCarthyism, 10, 12
McClatchy, 170
McKinley, William, 134–135
Mead, Margaret, 145
Media Cloud, 153
Media Matter, 209–210
Meet the Press, 17
Meyer, Philip, 36–38
Miami Herald, The, 179
MinnPost, 218
Misinformation and manipulation, 52–53. See also Fake news
- media pathologies and rise of, 195–201
Mitchelstein, Eugenia, 129
Mobility and echo chambers, 163
Modern Art, 146
Moonves, Leslie, 30, 105, 196
Morris, Christopher, 59
Morris, James McGrath, 215
Mother Jones, 225
Moveon.org, 209–210
Mozilla, 168
MSNBC, 152, 153
Muckrock, 209
Mueller, Jan-Werner, 151
Multiaxiality, 19, 23
Multiple publics, 189–193
Murdoch, Rupert, 65
Myths, 87–92

Narratives about journalism, competing, 198–199
National Election Pool, 160
National Press Club, 224
National Security Agency, 208
Nazi Germany, 144–146
NBC News, 14, 17, 120, 152
Negative stereotyping, 9
Netherlands, the, 42
Networked solidarity, 127–132
Network news. See ABC News; CBS News; NBC News
New Deal, 135
New media regime, 18–23
News activism, 203–210
- adopting technology tools for, 208–209
- banding together in, 209–210
- changing rules and need for, 204–206
- guideposts for, 210
- telling it like it is, 206–207
- unhooking from power, 207–208
News media/journalism. See also Data journalism; Headlines; Mainstream media, the; Photojournalism; Projections, media; Public communication
- as adversarial press in age of Trump, 221–228
- cable news and, 30–31, 138–139 (see also CNN; Fox News)
- campaign journalism, 213–219
- during the Cold War, 10–12
- commercialism in, 195–201
- competing narratives about, 198–199
- complexities of news gatekeeping and, 26–27
- cross-organizational ties in, 182–183
- crowd-based relationships in, 183–184
- culture, markets, and structure of, 178–180
- discursive solution to failures in, 39
- dismantling the standing of news media, 54–55
- earmarks of evidentiary quality in, 45–46
- elite, 33, 218
- embrace of Cold War tools in contemporary, 14
- emergence of digital culture and, 5
- explanations for failures of, 34–35
- filter bubbles in, 33–35, 38
- group-oriented, networked responses in consideration of multiple publics, 189–193
- hollowing out of American news, 35
- institutional conditions in, 102–103, 180–182
- interactivity and trust in, 167–173
- kept in anticipation with Trump, 101–102, 104
- listening-oriented initiatives, 184
- long history of data, 35–37
- new forms of, 199–200
- new “media regime” in, 18–23
- news activism by (See News activism)
- predictability in age of Trump, 16
- public service, 200
- relational, 182–184
- restricted access by Trump, 59
- rise of news activism in, 203–210
- role in democracy, 43–47, 96
- self-centeredness in, 177–185
- social media and, 4–5
- spheres model of, 108
- Trump and mainstream, 30–31
- Trump as symptom of structural media failures in, 196–197
- trust in (See Trust in news media)
- undermined authority of, 15
- understanding of flyover zones/middle America, 14, 39
- vulnerability of, 53–54
- weakened strength of, 177–178, 184–185
Newspapers, 102, 103, 113
News Photographer, 60
New Yorker, 14, 76, 80, 189
New York magazine, 22
New York Review of Books, 208
New York Times, 102, 106, 111, 170
- “All the News That’s Fit to Print” tagline, 205
- called fake news by Trump, 54, 120
- campaign journalism by, 217, 218
- cross-organizational ties, 183
- estimate of Trump’s free airtime, 30
- “ideas” section, 169
- interactivity online, 167
- labeled as evil by Trump, 224
- news activism by, 206, 207
- photographs of Trump in, 63, 64
- Upshot, The, 38, 114, 167, 170
- use of word “lie” regarding Trump, 206
NICAR (the National Institute for Computer Assisted Reporting), 37
Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis, 38
Nieman Lab, 96
Nixon, Richard, 135–136, 139, 205
NowCast (Silver), 171
NPR, 167

Obama, Barack, 63, 81, 88, 122
- inauguration of, 41–42, 46
- social media and, 137–138
- Trump on ISIS and, 28
- viral releases of comments by, 19–20
- voters who defected to Trump, 34, 160–161
Obermaier, Frederik, 209
Obermayer, Bastian, 209
O’Keefe, Ed, 59
Okrent, Daniel, 102
Oliver, John, 157, 217
Online News Association, 172, 227
“On the Function of the United States Paparazzi: Mosquito Swarm or Watchdogs of Celebrity Image Control and Power?
Open source culture, 172
O’Reilly, Bill, 224
Out-groups, 13
Outrage, 29
“Overton window

Palin, Sarah, 19
Palmquist, Bradley, 95
Panama Papers, 182–183, 209
Papacharissi, Zizi, 90, 129, 138
Paparazzi, 65, 66
Paranoid spokesman, 27–28
Pariser, Eli, 35
Participatory culture, 50–51
Partisan Hearts and Minds, 95
Pence, Mike, 106
People, 65
Perot, Ross, 19
Persistent contact, 165
Pew Research Center, 162, 199
Photography: A Cultural History, 63
Photojournalism. See also News media/journalism
- asserting control and pushing backstage, 62–63
- deconstructing political news, 60–62
- fact-checking and, 65–66
- restricted access to Trump, 59–60
Pickard, Victor, 154
Picture Perfect: Life in the Age of the Photo Op, 61
Pizzagate, 122
Planned Parenthood, 101, 106
Plouffe, David, 138
Polarization, 9, 214–215
Politico, 43, 64
- news activism by, 206, 207
Politics
- democracy and, 42–43
- enmity and, 9–10
- as identity-based phenomenon, 95–96, 98–99
- mainstreaming of incivility in
- as multiaxial and hyperreal, 19, 23
- post-truth, 32, 34, 76–77
- Trump and emotional, 79–85
- Trump’s successes and miscalculations in breaking the rules of communication in, 133–140
Politics of Resentment, The, 89
PolitiFact, 17, 60
Populism, 2–3, 151–152
- appeals to emotions, 79–80
- defined, 151–152
- novel descriptors for, 15
- plutocracy and, 41
- use of mass media, 156–157
- worldwide rise of, 42, 71
Postman, Neil, 129
Post-truth era, 32, 34, 35, 76–77
Pre-mediation, 74, 103–104, 108
Presentation of headlines, 72–73
Presentation of self, 62, 134
Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, The, 62
Presidential debates, 135–136
Press Effect: Politicians, Journalists, and the Stories That Shape the Political World, The, 66
Proactive reporting, 213
Process of community building, 193
Professional ethics, 45
Projections, media, 111–112, 171. See also Data journalism
- as form of intervention, 112–116
- mobilization and demobilization of voters by, 115–116
- way forward in communication research, 116–117
Pro-Publica, 38, 106, 183
Public and Its Problems, The, 189, 192
Public communication, 25–26
- complexity of news gatekeeping and, 26–27
- emotional politics in, 79–85
- mainstreaming of conspiracy theory in, 27–28
- mainstreaming of political incivility and, 29–30
- mainstream media and Trump’s, 30–31
- myths in, 87–92
- networked solidarity in, 127–132
- Trump and a new environment for, 31–32
Public displays of disaffection by Trump, 79–85
Public-powered journalism, 184
Publics, multiple, 189–193
Public service journalism, 200
Public sphere, 50
Pulitzer, Joseph, 215–216
Putin, Vladimir, 225

Racism, 9
Radio Free Europe, 12
Rahn, Wendy M., 157
Reagan, Ronald, 43, 88, 90, 136
Real Clear Politics, 167, 171
Reddit, 53, 74
Reddy, William, 84
Relational journalism, 182–184
Relativism, 44–45
Remnick, David, 80
Reporters Committee, 227
“Representation gap
Republican Party, 17, 30, 95, 120, 135, 152, 157
- digital inequality and, 161–162
- Fox News and, 224
- trust in media and, 214
- 2016 voters for, 160–162
Retractions, 45
Reuters, 208
Rheingold, Howard, 50
Road to Victory, 146
Robinson, Sue, 184
Romney, Mitt, 19
Roosevelt, Franklin, 42, 135
Roosevelt, Theodore, 135
Rosen, Jay, 13, 203
Rosenbaum, Claudia, 65
Ross, Wilbur, 65
RSS, 50
Rubin, Jennifer, 83
Rubio, Marco, 153
Rucker, Philip, 59
Russell, Adrienne, 183, 210, 227
Russian interference in the 2016 election, 18, 43, 143

Safe spaces, 192
Salomon, Erich, 62–63
Sanders, Bernie, 151, 156
Sanford, Mark, 163
Saturday Night Live, 19, 101, 106, 107
Schickler, Eric, 95
Schiller, Keith, 63
Schudson, Michael, 217
SecureDrop, 209
Self-censorship, 122–124
Self-centeredness in journalism, 177–178
- culture, markets, and structure of, 178–180
- relational journalism as way out of decentering and, 182–184
SEO (search engine optimization), 52
Sevareid, Eric, 12
Shafer, Jack, 35
Silver, Nate, 38, 167, 170–171
Slack, 209
Snapchat, 66
Snowden, Edward, 143, 208–209
Social media, 4–5, 19–20
- activism and, 5, 50–51
- affective news on, 74
- anonymous online forums, 49, 53
- community and, 162–163
- crowd-based relationships on, 183–184
- data analytics and, 153–154
- economics of attention and, 75–76
- “filter bubbles” created by, 34
- incivility on, 29–30
- increasing centrality of, 51
- interactivity with, 167–173
- listening-oriented initiatives on, 184
- misinformation and manipulation, 52–53
- myths spread through, 90–91
- networked solidarity and, 129
- news gatekeeping and, 26–27
- Obama and, 137–138
- participatory culture and, 50–51
- persistent contact through, 165
- pervasive awareness through, 164
- photography on, 66
- power of, 55
- Trump’s mastery of, 41, 138, 140
- vulnerability of news media to
- World War II and the roots of, 144–146
Sociology, 37
Somodevilla, Chip, 64
Soviet Union, the. See Cold War, the
Spheres Model of the Media, 108
Spicer, Sean, 17, 226
St. Louis Post and Dispatch, 215–216, 217
State of the News Media, 199
Steichen, Edward, 146
Stone, Shepard, 145
Storytelling, news, 74, 75, 170
Strangers in Their Own Land, 93
“Stronger Together” theme, 91
Süddeutsche Zeitung, 209
Sullivan, Margaret, 65
Sulzberger, Arthur, Jr., 217, 218
Sun, The, 113
Sunlight Foundation, 59

Tapper, Jake, 139
Tea Party Movement, 80, 93–94, 98
Technology
- data analytics, 153–154
- first law of, 4
- news activism and adoption of, 208–209
Televised debates, 135–136
Tetlock, Philip, 114
Texas Tribune, 189–190, 218
Thiel, Peter, 224–225, 227
Tillerson, Rex, 226
Time magazine, 45, 50, 64, 208
Time Warner, 180
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 42
Tomasky, M., 154
Transparency and interactivity, 167–173
Tribune Corporation, 179
Trotter, J. K., 167
Truman, Harry, 42
Trump, Donald J.
- alternative facts and, 17, 20–22, 41–42
- anger of, 82–84, 205–206
- authoritarianism and, 119–124, 143–149
- blacklisting of news outlets, 209–210, 226
- campaign use of Twitter, 151–157
- candidacy announcement, 151
- changes in public communication and, 25–26
- comments about the press, 120–121
- conspiracies and, 28
- demonstrations against, 22
- as “emotions candidate
- first 100 days in office, 83–84
- frontstage personae, 138
- as “great disrupter
- keeping journalists in anticipation, 101–108
- labeling of news organizations as evil, 214
- labeling of news organizations as fake news, 120–122, 139, 205
- leadership style of, 2, 223–224
- mainstream media and, 30–31, 43–44, 46, 54, 120–122, 187–188
- “Make America Great Again” theme, 80–81, 88–89, 97–98, 152, 189
- media projections about, 111–117
- need for adversarial press in age of, 221–228
- new communication environment and, 31–32
- new media regime and, 20
- as outsider, 152
- political paparazzi approach to
- as populist, 2–3, 151–152
- predictability of journalism in age of, 16
- press conferences, 139
- promises made by, 88–89
- public displays of disaffection by, 79–85
- reemergence of Cold War enmity with, 13–16
- restricted access of journalists to, 59
- successes and miscalculations in breaking the rules of political communication, 133–140
- as symptom of structural media failures, 196–197
- uncivil discourse by, 29–30
- unexpected election of, 1–2, 6, 9, 159–166
- uniqueness of, 41–42
- validation of white Christian American identity, 93–94, 97
Trump, Ivanka, 65, 107
Trump bump, 198–199
“Trumpism,” 18, 82
Trump Time, 101–104
Trust in news media, 187–188, 214
- group-oriented, networked responses in consideration of multiple publics as solution for, 189–193
- institutional distrust and, 188–189
- interactivity and, 167–173
Twitter, 1, 4, 20, 41, 79, 133, 146
- activism and, 50–51
- affective news on, 74
- audience share and, 155–156
- contents of Trump’s messages on
- crowd-based relationships on, 183–184
- “fake news” on, 52
- incivility on, 29–30
- as mouthpiece for authoritarianism, 143–149
- photography on, 66
- as public sphere, 50
- safe spaces on, 192
- Trump campaign’s use of, 151–157
- Trumps’ support mobilized through, 82, 138
- Trumps’ tweets violating prohibitions against bullying and harassment on, 107
Tyranny of the majority, 42

Understatement, 12
Unexpected election of Trump, the, 1–2, 6, 9, 159–166
- community and, 162–163
- context of, 160
- digital inequality and, 161–162
- escaping the echo chamber and, 164–165
- the left behind and, 165–166
- roots of intolerance and, 163–164
- vote switchers and, 34, 160–161
Upshot, The (New York Times), 38, 114, 167, 170
US News, 207

Validation of white Christian American identity, 93–94, 97
VanderSloot, Frank, 225
Viewtron, 179
Voat, 53
Voice of America, 12
Voice of San Diego, 218
Vote switchers, 34, 160–161
Vox, 171, 205
Vucci, Evan, 60

Waldman, Paul, 66
Wall Street Journal, 106
Walsh, Ken, 207
Washington, George, 41
Washington Post, 59, 60, 63–65, 111, 189, 209, 217, 226
- campaign journalism by, 216, 218
- crowd-based relationships, 183
- “Democracy Dies in Darkness” tag, 205
- election prediction, 171
- news activism by, 207, 210
Watergate, 205
Weber, Max, 130
What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters, 22
White Christian American identity, 93–94, 97
White House Correspondents Association, 227
WikiLeaks, 18
Wikipedia, 52
Williams, Bruce, 18
Wilson, Woodrow, 135
Wired, 208–209
Women’s March (2017), 5
World War I, 127
World War II, 128, 156
- and the roots of social media, 144–146

Yiannopoulos, Milo, 54
YouTube, 49, 192

Zucker, Jeff, 30–31, 154, 196