Adventures of a White-Collar Man (Alfred Sloan), 45
Affluent Society, The (Galbraith), 109, 112
AFL (American Federation of Labor), 32–33, 54, 64, 154
Aldrich, Winthrop, 168
Alinsky, Saul, 171–173, 176, 185–186
Allen, Frederick Lewis, 47
Alliance, The (Hoffman, Casnocha, Yeh), 357
American Liberty League, 39, 60, 97
Anderson, Harry, 75
Andreessen, Marc, 358
Anslow, Thomas, 69
Articolo, Alfred, 277
Ascent to Affluence (Hession and Sardy), 110
attitude testing of employees (1940s–1950s), 48–49
Auguste, Byron, 1
Austin, Paul, 222–223, 227, 258, 259, 261
automation/technology
jobs and, 142–149, 268, 292, 322, 355–356
Autor, David, 322
Bailey, Betty Lou, 184
Baldwin, John, 205
Ball, Joseph, 64
Barnard, Chester, 133
Barra, Mary, 354
Baumol, William, 323
Becker, Harry, 120
Beeman, James, 211
Bell, Daniel, 222
Benna, Ted, 277
Benton, William, 363
Bergstrand, Jack, 281, 282–283, 284
Berle, Adolf, 264–265, 266, 267
Bernstein, Harry, 254
Bieber, Owen, 297
Big Change, The (Allen), 47
Big Short, The (Michael Lewis), 346
Biven, W. Carl, 232
Blinder, Alan, 323
Blough, Roger, 193–194, 198, 199
Bluestone, Barry, 238
Blumenthal, Marjory, 1
Bock, Jean Michel, 283
Borch, Fred, 166, 207–208, 227, 235
Bossidy, Larry, 242
Bouey, Ernest, 167
Boulware, Lemuel Ricketts
crusades/views of, 93–95, 96–97
labor/unions and, 91, 92–101, 102, 149, 151–152, 153, 155, 199
“Boulwarism”
challenged by IUE, 201–203, 205–206
GE and 98–100, 200, 202, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209, 254, 359
mirrored by other companies, 100, 199
bowling, American Bowling Congress, 107
Boyd, Ralph, 208
Brandeis, Louis, 29
Bridges, Harry, 62
Bright, Glace, 69
Brogunier, W. J., 28
Bronfenbrenner, Kate, 336
Brown, Donaldson, 40, 53, 58, 83, 126
Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 170
Brozen, Yale, 146
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 222
Bugas, John, 126
Burton, Harold, 90
Bush administration (2008), 353
Business Roundtable, 223–224, 268, 324
Business Week/BusinessWeek magazine, 33, 111, 122, 124, 137, 204, 315
Caddell, Patrick, 229
Capone, Al, 171
Cappelli, Peter, 322
Carey, James
background/description, 32, 98, 99, 203–204
GE and, 33–34, 97, 98, 99–101, 102, 105, 199, 200–201
IUE and, 99–100, 101, 102, 105, 147, 149, 199–200, 201
Carnegie, Dale, 133
Carnevale, Anthony, 343
Carothers, Neil, 97
Carter, Jimmy, 184, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231–232, 237
Casesa, John, 297
Casey, Bill, 282
Casnocha, Ben, 357
Caterpillar, 141
CED (Committee for Economic Development)
role/views, 11–13, 14–18, 40–41, 150, 156, 217, 325
status loss, 224–225
See also specific individuals
Celler, Emanuel, 62
CEO compensation
change/increase (starting 1980s), 271
examples/descriptions, 271, 273–275, 281
mid-1950s, 124
perverse behavior and, 272
shareholder value maximization and, 271
Solid Gold Cadillac, The and, 270–271
Cerf, Vint, 1
Cerretto, Anthony, 162
Chamber of Commerce (US), 12, 17, 54, 149, 198, 224, 324
Chase, Robin, 1
Chavez, Cesar, 210
Chesterton, G. K., 177
Christensen, Kathleen, 308
Chrysler, 58, 65, 76, 127, 216, 250, 290, 292, 299, 310
CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations), 54, 64, 65, 73, 74, 81, 154
See also AFL-CIO; specific individuals
Civil Rights Act/aftermath, 160 (photo), 169, 170–171, 179, 188
Clinton, Bill, 314–315, 321, 322, 323, 324–325, 345
coal industry, 81
Coca-Cola
Columbia Pictures/films and, 261
employee benefits, 27–28, 84, 285
employee loyalty/pride and, 24, 26–27
job losses/Great Recession, 347–348, 350
New Coke, 262
origins, 27
position in early 1980s, 259
racism/race relations and, 167–169, 348, 350
strike at Coca-Cola Bottling (early 1950s), 83–86
See also specific individuals
Coca-Cola Enterprises, 281, 283–285
Cochrane, Craig, 107
Coffin, Charles, 30
COLA (cost-of-living adjustment), 76–81, 211, 215–216
Cole, Craig, 346
Cole, David, 354
Cole, Robert, 302
Collins, Ralph, 138
Committee for Industrial Organization, 38
Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, 163
Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, 146–147
Conaty, Bill, 245
Confessions of a Union Buster (Levitt), 335
Construction Users Anti-Inflation Roundtable, 198
Cordiner, Ralph
background/description, 131–132, 166
compensation, 271
decentralized companies and, 130–131, 132, 133–134, 135, 136, 137, 235, 251
GE, 122, 128 (photo), 130–131, 132, 137, 146, 152, 154, 156–157, 235, 245, 271
corporate raiders/takeovers, 267–268, 269
Cowie, Jefferson, 221
Crane, Michael, 336
Crotonville corporate university (GE), 133–134, 152, 251
Crutchfield, Charles, 88–89, 90–91
Crystal, Graef, 272
Culture of Narcissism (Lasch), 274
Cunningham, Michael, 320
Curtice, Harlow, 123–124, 137, 271
Davis, Georgia, 167
Davis, Mike, 155
Day, Virgil, 101–102, 191–192, 193, 195–196, 198, 199, 217
Debbink, John, 240
deButts, John, 227
decentralized companies
Cordiner and, 130–131, 132, 133–134, 135–136, 137, 235, 251
descriptions, 129, 130–131, 136, 137, 139–141
DeGroat, Bradford, 68
Delbridge, Del, 69
DeLorean, John, 164
Depression effects
companies/employees, 22, 23, 32, 34, 62, 143, 213, 247
employer-based health insurance, 118, 119
Derickson, Alan, 123
Diebold, John, 144
Dill, Monroe, 173
Dingell, John, 119
Donner, Frederic, 137
Donohue, John, 68
Dorff, Michael, 272
Douglass, Frederick, 163
Douglas, Paul, 270
Drucker, Peter
GAW and, 126
GE’s Crotonville and, 134
GM/GM executives and, 35, 48, 49–50
“knowledge work” and, 130
on business and society, 362
on corporate responsibility, 267
on employee attitudes, 67
on guaranteed pensions, 122
on Welch/ranking employees, 246
Dunlap, Al, 241
DuPont, 22, 35, 97, 108, 130, 240
Durant, William Crapo, 35
Earned Income Tax Credit, 361
Eastman, George
background, 20
human relations policies at Kodak and, 20–22, 23, 32, 83, 105, 187, 318, 358
Eastman Kodak. See Kodak/Eastman Kodak
Eavenson, Doug, 296
Eckstein, Otto, 218
Economic Bill of Rights (1944), 17
Economics in One Lesson (Hazlitt), 97
education/training
G.I. bill and, 110
good jobs despite little schooling (1940s–1950s), 67, 113
growing importance for employees, 135, 146–147, 313, 321–322, 343–344, 347, 362
retraining to cope with automation/technology, 147–148
Eilers, Louis, 107, 174, 175, 187
Einstein, Albert, 329
Eisenhower, Dwight, 23, 110, 155–156, 193, 194
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA/1974), 279
Employee Stock Ownership Plan, 113
Employment Act (1946), 17–18, 40, 325
Enrico, Roger, 262
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 169, 171
Falling from Grace (Newman), 294
Feingold, Russ, 355
Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 179
Ferguson, Karen, 278
FIGHT (Freedom, Integration, God, Honor, Today), 173–176, 185–188
finance function
GE Capital, 355
growing importance among corporations (1950s), 137
Firestone, Harvey, Jr., 168
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 275
Florence, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 173–176, 185–187
Flynn, John T., 97
Eastman Kodak and, 13, 22, 23, 24, 76, 106
Ford, Henry II, 210
Ford Motor
GM/GM comparisons and, 216, 291, 292, 299, 310
job cuts (1980s), 240
National Alliance of Businessmen and, 188
recession effects (1980s), 290
Reuther and, 56
Sloan and, 35
unions/strikes and, 36, 56, 58, 65, 74, 126, 127
Ford, Gerald, 279
Fordism, 31
Foreman’s Association of America, 65
foremen
attempts to unionize (1940s), 65–66
attitudes about their jobs (1950s), 66–67
loss of power, 65
Scanlon Plans and, 115
Fortune magazine, 80, 109, 112, 136, 137, 179, 198, 235–236, 254, 351, 362
Foster, Richard, 269
Fountainhead, The (Rand), 275
Foy, Lewis, 224
Fram, Eugene, 319
Frankfurter, Felix, 61
Fraser, Jill Andresky, 323
Friedan, Betty, 179
Friedman, Milton, 265–266, 267
Fromstein, Mitchell, 308
future, recommendations for future, 361–363
Future Shock (Toffler), 223
Galanti, Richard, 345
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 109, 112
Gates, Bill, 316
General Electric (GE)
conformity of managers, 140–141
corporate objectives/employee responsibilities, 18–19
Crotonville corporate university, 133–134, 152, 251
decentralized structure and, 130–136
Depression and, 32
employee benefits, 30, 30–31, 76, 100, 116–117, 356, 358–360
global competition and, 145, 207, 352
health benefits and, 116–117, 121, 358-360
job losses, 141, 218–219, 235, 236, 240–242, 244, 245–247, 250, 269
lifetime employment and, 248–249
middle managers and, 130, 235–236
Operation Upturn/recession (1957–1958), 156–157, 219
outsourcing and, 221–222, 312–313
price fixing/consequences, 136–137
product importance and, 26
racism/race relations and, 164, 166–167
“scientific management,” 31
strikes and, 55, 92, 93, 200–201, 204–209
surveillance of employees, 213
wages/prices and inflation, 193, 197
war effort/planning for peace, 10 (fig.), 14
women/sexism and, 177, 181–185
See also International Union of Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers (IUE); specific individuals
General Electric Theater, 96, 232
50 millionth car (1955), 123
beginnings/significance, 26, 35, 329
“blue-collar blues”/management reactions, 211–212, 213–214
Depression and, 34
employee absenteeism, 214
employee benefits/pay, 34, 46–47, 67, 68, 76–81, 200, 211, 215–216, 294
finance function importance, 137
global competition, 240, 290, 292, 295, 352
health-care cuts, 295–296, 296–297, 325–326, 352–353, 354
job losses/plant closings and effects, 141, 219, 239–240, 288 (photo), 292–295, 297, 298–300, 301, 304–305
management training, 133
outsourcing/worldwide purchasing and, 310–311
problems/cost-cutting (1980s), 290–300, 304–305
product quality issues/warranty claims (1980s-1990s), 291–292
racism/race relations and, 164–166
Sprague lawsuit, 289, 296–297, 325–326
strikes/sit-down strikes, 37–38, 52, 54, 56–59, 214–216, 352
Tarrytown, New York plant/QWL and, 300–305
unions/organized labor and, 36–40, 50–53
See also specific individuals; “Treaty of Detroit”; United Auto Workers (UAW)
General Motors (GM) “My Job Contest” (1947)
descriptions/purposes, 42 (photo), 44–45, 48, 49, 67, 69
letter examples/descriptions, 44–45
UAW membership campaign/contest (1948) and, 73, 74
Gerling, Curt, 109
Gerstenberg, Richard, 218, 219, 227
Ghilarducci, Teresa, 280
G.I. Bill of Rights (1944), 110
Gilbert, Martha, 184
Gilbreth, Lillian, 31
Given, Ivan, 81
Given, William, 133
Glass, David, 330
global competition
globalization/trade
future and, 361
Kodak, 313
job losses, 312–313, 322, 342–343, 355
See also China; NAFTA; outsourcing
Goizueta, Roberto
background/description, 257–259
Coca-Cola, 254, 256 (photo), 257, 258, 259–264, 267, 281, 285–286
comparisons to Welch, 257, 258, 260, 261, 280
shareholder value maximization and, 254, 256 (photo), 258, 261–264, 272–274, 280–281, 285–286
Goldberg, Arthur, 194
Goldberg, Joseph, 111
Golden Age of American business (1950s/1960s)
changes/stresses ending (summary), 129, 158
job security and, 129, 134–135
labor/management relations, 81–82
migration to suburbs, 112
modernization of America and, 111
racism/race relations and, 163–164, 170–171, 176
Goldin, Claudia, 135
Golden, Clinton, 114
Grace, Eugene, 271
“Great Compression, the,” 112–113
Great Gatsby, The (Fitzgerald), 275
Great Migration (African Americans), 163
Green, William, 32, 33, 54, 151
Greider, William, 195
Greising, David, 261
guaranteed annual wage (GAW), 101–102, 125–126, 127
Hacker, Jacob, 322
Halperin, Daniel, 276
Hany, Wilbur
lawsuit against GE, 250
work experience at GE, 246–247
Harbison, Frederick, 81
Harrington, Alan, 158
Harrington, Michael, 109–110, 170
Harrison, Barbara, 340
Harrison, Bennett, 238
Hartley, Fred, 64
Hartsfield, William, 169
Hartwig, Ron, 290
Harvard Business Review, 82, 182, 220
Hatton, Erin, 180
Hawkins, Augustus, 224
Hazlitt, Henry, 97
health insurance
concerns/attempts to change, 117–120, 121–122, 324–325
doctors/doctor groups and, 118, 119, 120
Great Recession and, 347
IRS ruling and, 121
Kodak and, 107, 121, 317–318, 351
opposition to government involvement and, 117–120
statistics (1950 to 1965 comparison), 122–123
statistics (1940s/1950s), 120–121
uninsured and, 121
Heckscher, Charles, 135
Herzberg, Frederick, 49
Herzel, Paul, 143
Hession, Charles, 110
Hicks, Sterling, 89
Highberger, Ted, 283
Hill, Mary, 29
Hiltzik, Michael, 339
Hiss, Donald, 61
Hoffman, Paul, 14, 16, 18, 40, 141
Hoffman, Reid, 357
Holliday, Judy, 270
housing for employees (early 1900s), 21, 46
How to Win Friends and Influence People (Carnegie), 133
Hultman, Ivar, 145
Humphrey, Hubert, 224
Huppenbauer, Walter, 219
Hurni, Melvin, 136
Hussein, Saddam, 299
IBM
cuts in jobs/benefits, 319–320, 324
lifetime employment and, 135, 247–248
taking outsourced work, 309, 318
Immelt, Jeff, 354–355, 356, 357, 358
In Search of Excellence (Peters and Waterman), 304
income inequality
decline of unions and, 337
narrowing of/lack of growth in (1940s–1970s), 113
income volatility, 5
Industrial Areas Foundation, 171, 172
inflation
in 1990s, 321
construction costs/unions and, 198–199
Consumer Price Index changes (1967–1979), 228
Federal Reserve and, 229–230, 237
full employment and, 224
GM/1970 strike and 211, 215, 216
Johnson and, 195
medical inflation (1990s), 324
Nixon and, 190 (photo), 196–197, 198–199, 204, 209, 216, 217–218
pensions and, 277
price increases (1960s-1970s), 193–194, 196, 197, 198, 211, 216
wage increases (1960s-1970s), 192, 193, 197–198, 211, 216
See also COLA (cost-of-living adjustment)
Ingram, Clarence, 173
Ingraham, Loren, 182
Ingrassia, Paul, 291
Innovation for Jobs (i4j), 1–2
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers/employee loyalty case, 87–91
International Union of Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers (IUE)
GE and, 145–146, 154, 199–204, 205–206, 252–253
See also specific individuals
Inzar, John, 302
Jackson, Jesse, 348
Jacoby, Sanford, 24
Jandreau, Leo, 101, 102, 200–201
Jefferson Standard Broadcasting Company/employee loyalty case, 87–91
Jefferson, Thomas, 152
Jerkins, Melissa, 332
Jennings, Paul, 203–204, 205–206
Jensen, Michael, 266–267, 268, 271
“jobless recovery,” 315, 345–346
jobs
automation/technology and, 142–149, 268, 292, 322, 355–356
Chinese manufacturers and effects on, 342–343
future and, 7
globalization/trade and effects on, 210–211, 221–222, 314, 322, 342
loss of “middle-skill” jobs, 321–322
shift from manufacturing to knowledge work, 6, 129, 130, 343–344
terminology for job losses, 320–321
trends/changes over time, 5, 6, 321–326, 343–344, 355–358
See also recessions; specific companies; specific individuals; specific unions
Jobs, Steve, 358
Johnson, Elmer, 292
Johnson, Lyndon, 160 (photo), 166, 170, 192, 195, 218
Johnstone, Thomas, 52
Jones, Harrison, 13, 18, 24, 25–26, 167, 259
Jones, Keith, 228
Jones, Larry, 348
Jones, Reg
background/description, 227–228, 232, 234
Carter/inflation and, 227, 228, 232
GE, 226 (photo), 228, 230, 235–236, 254
Jordan, Vernon, 222
Judge, Mike, 308
Judkins, Holland, 28
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, 189
Kaplan, Sarah, 269
Katz, Lawrence, 135
Kennedy, John, 163, 166, 192, 193–194, 323
Keough, Donald, 256 (photo), 260, 262, 274
Keynes, John Maynard, 143, 192–193, 219
Khrushchev, Nikita, 111
Khurana, Rakesh, 268
King, Coretta Scott, 210
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 165, 168–169, 171, 349
Kitts, William, 43–44, 45–46, 47, 69
Klutznick, Philip, 223
Knight, Louise, 29
Kodak/Eastman Kodak
automation/jobs and, 144–145, 147–148
combating poverty and, 187–188
conformity in managers, 139–140
employee-attitude testing, 48
employee benefits, 20–22, 23, 28, 76, 104 (photo), 105, 106–109, 107
job losses/benefit cuts (1980s-1990s), 239, 316–319
management training, 133
outsourcing of IT to IBM, 309
racism/race relations and, 173–176, 185–188
“wage dividend” and, 20–21, 28, 105–106, 108–109, 276, 317, 350
women/sexism and, 177
See also specific individuals
Kodak Park, 23, 104 (photo), 105, 140, 145, 175
Kodak Welfare Fund, 20
Koppes, Richard, 299
La Follette, Robert, Jr., 36, 37, 38
labor/management relations “blue-collar blues” and, 211–214
decline of unions, 149–155, 238, 335–338
management’s “hard line” and, 149–150, 199–200, 238
non-union/low-wage states and, 153–155, 158
QWL (quality of work life), 301–305
recommendations for future, 361–362
right-to-work states and, 64, 152–154
Taft-Hartley and, 52, 60, 61, 64–66, 73–74, 150, 152
Truman’s labor-management conference (1945), 54–55, 56–57
union corruption, 150
See also specific companies; specific individuals; specific unions; strikes/work stoppages
Lance, Bert, 227
Lasch, Christopher, 274
Lasser, David, 101
Lau, Gregory, 295
Lehman, Jon, 334
Leinberger, Paul, 357
Leonard, Jennifer, 351
Leonhardt, David, 322
Lesieur, Fred, 115
Levitt, Martin, 335
Lewis, Michael, 346
Life in the Crystal Palace (Alan Harrington), 158
“lifetime employability” vs. “lifetime employment,” 242, 249, 318
Lione, Frederick, Jr., 131
Little, Thomas, 59
Loeb, Walter, 330
Lovejoy, Frank, 18
Lowenstein, Roger, 295
Lynn, Barry, 313
McAlinden, Sean, 299
MacArthur, Douglas, 11
McClellan, John, 150
McConville, Donald, 107
McCulloch, John Ramsey, 142
McDonnell, William, 149
McFarland, Kenneth, 142
McGill, Dan, 216
McGill, Ralph, 25
McGovern, George, 218
McMurry, Robert, 82
Male, Louis, 178
Man in the Gray Flannel Suit, The (Sloan Wilson), 137–138
Mandel, Michael, 315
Manhattan Project, 182
Martin, Homer, 36
Martin, Roger, 272
Martin, William McChesney, 196, 197
Maskell, William, 230
Maslow, Abraham, 49
mass production beginnings, 19, 31
Mathews, Larry, 311
Mayo, Elton, 49
Mays, Benjamin, 169
Means, Gardiner, 15, 264–265, 266, 267
Meckling, William, 266–267, 271
Meir, Golda, 210
Mellon, Richard K., 168
Men and Women of the Corporation (Kanter), 189
Meronek, Mike, 250
Meyer, G. J., 323
Meyerson, Harold, 221
middle managers
job satisfaction (1950s) and, 134–135
job security (1950s) and, 135
paperwork/bureaucracy and, 135–136
workaholism (1950s) and, 137–138
Milkman, Ruth, 178
Mills, C. Wright, 61
Mills, D. Quinn, 319
Mizruchi, Mark, 224
Modern Corporation and Private Property, The (Berle and Means), 264–265
Modern Times (film), 31
Modern Woman: The Lost Sex (Farnham), 178–179
Monks, Robert, 316
Montgomery, Bob, 244
Morley, Mike, 317
Morris, George, 198
Morse, Dean, 307
Moyers, Bill, 195
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 187
Murphy, Frank, 38
Murphy, Thomas, 227
Murray, James, 119
Murray, Philip, 60
Myers, Fred, 303
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 314–315, 342
National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), 12, 17, 40, 60, 117, 127, 150–151, 224, 324
National Civic Federation, 117–118
National Economic Council Inc., 127
National Labor Relations Act/Wagner Act (1935), 33, 60, 63, 64
National Labor Relations Board
Communist Party and (1930s), 63
IUE case against “Boulwarism” and, 201–203, 205–206
Jefferson Standard case and, 89–90
Teamsters/Coca-Cola Bottling and, 83–84
Wal-Mart and, 335
National Right to Work Committee, 152–153
Nebeker, Frank, 65
Neumann, Gerhard, 134
New Deal, 23, 39, 53, 61, 64, 96–97, 217
“New Economics,” 192–193, 196, 219
New Individualists, The (Leinberger and Tucker), 357
New Men of Power, The (Mills), 61
New Rules (Yankelovich), 274
New York Times, 91, 112, 123, 144, 208, 216, 263–264, 322, 331–332, 343
Newman, Katherine, 294
Nickel and Dimed (Ehrenreich), 332–333
Nixon, Richard
becoming congressman/views on labor, 59–60
Khrushchev and, 111
wage/price controls and inflation, 190 (photo), 196–197, 198–199, 204, 209, 216, 217–218
Watergate scandal and, 218
Noah, Timothy, 113
Nordfors, David, 2
Northrup, Herbert, 98, 100, 101
Nunn, Guy, 145
Obama, Barack, 6, 172, 349, 353, 354, 356
O’Boyle, Thomas, 253
Office Space (film), 308
oil shocks, 218, 221, 228, 299
Okun, Arthur, 218
O’Neill, Paul, 352
OPEC, 218
O’Reilly, Bill, 355
Organization Man, The (Whyte), 135, 189
Osterman, Paul, 304
Other America, The (Michael Harrington), 109–110
outsourcing, 6, 309–310, 319–320
Pallescki, Pete, 236
Parker, Lloyd, 300
Pattern Makers union, 39
Patton, Martha, 210
Peare, Robert S., 94
Peck, Don, 347
Pemberton, John Stith, 27
Pension Benefit Guarantee Corporation (PBGC), 279
pension plans
401(k)s vs. defined-benefit plans, 275–280
GE, 30, 93, 100, 102, 122, 277, 278, 356
GM, 46, 80, 125, 211, 215-216, 295, 352, 354
Kodak, 21, 107, 276, 278, 317, 351
rise/fall of retirement security, 2, 47, 111, 122, 216, 268–269, 275–280, 324
Studebaker-Packard not honoring, 141, 277
Pepsi, 27, 168, 227, 259, 262, 282, 283
Perkins, Frances, 38, 61, 62, 64
Peters, Tom, 304
Peterson, Pete, 222
Phillippe, Gerald, 134
Phillippi, Joseph, 298
Phillips-Fein, Kim, 95
Pinkerton detective agency, 36, 334
Player Piano (Vonnegut), 148
Porter, Eduardo, 343
Pregnancy Discrimination Act (1978), 184
Price, Richard, 294
“putting-out” system, 19
racism/race relations
Coca-Cola/bottlers, 167–169, 348, 350
FIGHT/Florence and, 173–176, 185–188
Golden Age and, 163–164, 170–171, 176
newspaper job ads, 164
race riots (1964), 160 (photo), 161–163
Rochester, New York, 160 (photo), 163
Stoner’s Society for the Preservation of White Supremacy, 164–165
trends/statistics (1960–1970), 188
trends/statistics (2000s–2010s), 348–349
See also specific individuals; specific laws
Ramirez, David, 353
Rand, Ayn, 275
Rappaport, Alfred, 269
Rattner, Steven, 356
Reagan, Ronald
air-traffic controllers and, 237–238
as president, 65, 96, 232, 237–239, 266, 323
Boulware/GE and, 96
Rebmann, Marilyn, 244
recessions
1960–1961, 192
1990–1991, 299
Great Recession (2007–2009), 1, 346–347, 350, 351, 352–354
as “opportunity” to cut jobs, 315–316
recommendations for future, 361–363
Reengineering the Corporation (Hammer and Champy), 320–321
Reilly, Gerard, 61–62, 63–65, 151
Renaud, Kerry, 340
Reuss, Lloyd, 305
Reuther, Walter
assassination attempt and, 75
Communists and, 56, 58–59, 75, 79–80, 98
death/condolences, 210
development of COLA and, 76–79
GM strike of 1945–1946 and, 56–59
“Treaty of Detroit” and, 72 (photo), 80–81
UAW and, 36, 37, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56–59, 72 (photo), 73–74, 75, 76–77, 78, 79, 80, 124–126, 127, 147, 150, 165, 197, 198, 211, 303, 349, 353
Revenue Act (1978), 276
Ricardo, David, 142
Riccardo, John, 241
Richardson, A. O. “Buster,” 91
Riegle, Donald, 297
“right-to-work” laws/states, 64, 152–155
Roach, Stephen, 315
Road Ahead, The (Flynn), 97
Robinson, William, 133, 263, 271
Roche, James, 166, 213–214, 215, 216
Rocheleau, Dennis
background/career at GE, 252–253, 359–360
criticism of retiree health cuts, 358–359, 360
lawsuit against GE, 360
Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, 106, 109
as example of 1950s boomtown, 105–109
black history/economic statistics (1960s), 163
race riots (1964), 160 (photo), 161–163
revitalization efforts after Kodak bankruptcy, 351
See also Kodak/Eastman Kodak; FIGHT
Rockefeller, John D., III, 168
Rodnick, Sam, 290
Roger & Me (film), 293
Roosevelt, Franklin
American Liberty League and, 39
Economic Bill of Rights and, 17
G.I. Bill of Right and, 110
health insurance and, 119
National Labor Relations Act and, 33
National Labor Relations Board and, 62, 63, 151
See also New Deal
Rosenfeld, Jake, 238
Rowe, James, Jr., 61
Royce, Josiah, 87
Ruml, Beardsley, 17
“Rust Belt,” 219
Rydholm, Clarence, 210
Samuelson, Paul, 192, 197, 344
Sardy, Hyman, 110
Sarnoff, Robert, 111
Say, J. B., 142
Scales, Robert, 68
Scanlon, Joseph
unions weakening themselves and, 150
See also Scanlon Plans
Scheer, Charlie, 145
Schultz, Ellen, 279
Schultz, Fred, 230
Schumpeter, Joseph, 269
Schwab, Stewart, 307
“scientific management,” 31
Seaton, Louis, 36, 75, 76, 144
Serrin, William, 213
Service Employees International Union, 337
Shambo, John, 204
Shapiro, Irving, 227
shareholder value maximization
Business Roundtable and, 268
corporate raiders/takeovers and, 267–268, 269
Goizueta/Coca-Cola and, 254, 256 (photo), 258, 261–264, 272–274, 280–281, 285–286
Jensen/Meckling and, 266–267, 268, 271
growing popularity of (1980s and 1990s), 268
history of the concept, 264–267
perverse behavior and, 272
vs. stakeholder approach, 29–30, 33, 95–96, 265, 268
Welch and, 154
Siemiller, Roy, 195
Sillup, John, 68
Singer, Phil, 51
Slepoy, Vic, 252
Sloan, Alfred
American Liberty League and, 39, 60
attitudes toward employees, 18, 35–36, 37, 45, 49–50
background/description, 34–36, 60
decentralized company structure and, 35, 130
GM and, 18, 34, 35–36, 37, 39, 40, 45, 49, 53, 75, 76, 77, 127, 130, 303
UAW and, 36, 37, 75, 76, 77, 127
Sloan, George, 16
Smale, John, 299
Smiddy, Harold, 132–133, 136, 236
Smith, Hedrick, 4
Smith, Jack, 305, 310, 311, 351
Smith, Kerri, 4
Smith, Larry, 283
Smith, Michael, 320
Smith, Roger
character traits/descriptions, 298, 305
GM, 240, 290, 291, 292, 293, 295, 305
Roger & Me (film), 293
Smith, Sam, 210
social contract between employer and employee
emergence/growth of, 16–19, 80–81, 94, 110, 117, 121, 127, 129, 277, 354
“new social contract”/Fisher, 318
Supreme Court ruling and, 87
recommendations for future, 7, 361–362
weakening of, 129–130, 158, 197, 217, 219, 224, 238, 239, 268, 315, 320, 322, 323, 326, 340, 348, 357
See also specific companies; specific individuals
Social Security, 79, 277, 278, 280
Social Security Act (1935), 18, 119
Solid Gold Cadillac, The (film), 270–271
Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 168–169, 171
Sprague, Robert
background/description, 289–290
early retirement/GM promises and, 290, 291, 296, 354
lawsuit against GM, 289, 296–297, 325–326
Robert Jr./Bill (sons), 289, 291, 297
Sprague v. General Motors (1998), 289, 325–326
Springsteen, Bruce, 231
Standing, Guy, 2
Starr, Paul, 118
steel industry
job losses (1980s), 240
plant shutdowns/locations (late 1970s), 230–231
unions/benefits and, 58, 60, 80, 81–82, 127, 150
wages/prices and inflation, 193–194, 195
Steffen, Christopher, 316
Steffens, Lincoln, 30
Stempel, Robert
background/description, 298, 305
GM, 295, 297, 298, 299, 305–306, 316
Stevenson, Adlai, 172
Stevenson, Betsey, 362
Stiglitz, Joseph, 345
Strauss, George, 155
strikes/work stoppages
air-traffic controllers (1981), 237–238
during Golden Age of American business (1950s), 82
GM (1964), 211
GM (2007), 352
loss of power to strike by unions (1980s and beyond), 253, 336
mass strikes vs. small strikes, 84–85
midterm elections (1946) and, 59–60
no-strike pledge during World War II, 53
strike wave of 1945–1946, 54–55, 59–60
Truman’s labor-management conference (1945) and, 54–55, 56–57
wildcat strikes (mid-1940s), 54
See also labor/management relations; unions
Stuber, William, 22
Studebaker/Studebaker-Packard, 14, 141, 277, 279
suburban migration (1950s), 112
Sullivan, Leon, 166
supplemental unemployment benefits (SUB), 126–127, 294
See also specific companies
Supreme Court (US)
declines to hear “Boulwarism” case (1970), 208
Inland Steel case on collective bargaining for employee benefits and (1949), 120
Jefferson Standard Broadcasting case on employee loyalty (1953), 87, 90
GE case on pregnancy-related benefits (1976), 184
Wagner Act upheld (1937), 60
See also specific individuals
Swasy, Alecia, 318
Swift, David, 317
Swope, Gerard
background/description, 28–30, 34, 151
GE/policies and, 28, 29–30, 31, 32, 33–34, 131, 151, 166, 177
Swope Plan, 32
Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
provisions/effects, 64, 65, 73–74, 82, 150, 152
Taft, Lloyd, 52
takeovers/corporate raiders, 267–268, 269
Talmadge, Herman, 153–154, 168
Tarbell, Ida, 30
Tate, John, 333
Tate, Joyce A., 184
tax policy, 18, 112, 121, 143, 156, 192, 196, 223, 232, 271, 276, 362
Taylor, Frederick, 31
technology. See automation/technology
Tedlow, Richard, 112
temp industry
advantages/disadvantages, 180, 306, 307–308
need for worker protections, 310, 361
unions and, 337
Terkel, Studs, 213
Thibold, Frederick J., 112
Thomas, Elbert, 39
Thomas, Norman, 56
Tilly, Chris, 340
Time magazine, 40, 41, 44–45, 63, 113, 123–124, 127, 141, 158, 192–193, 219, 306, 329
Tipton, Pete, 215
Toffler, Alvin, 223
Tomsky, Stanley, 68
“Treaty of Detroit,” 72 (photo), 80, 81, 86, 124, 147, 149, 215, 353
Trotsky, Leon, 76
Truman, Harry
administration/nominees, 90
Committee on Civil Rights, 166
employment issues, 17, 52, 54–55, 56, 58, 59, 64
Tucker, Bruce, 357
Tyler, Gus, 222
unions
“closed shop” and, 64
collective bargaining and, 54, 55, 61, 64–65, 75, 76, 80, 81, 98, 99, 120, 296, 335, 337, 359–360, 361
“compulsory unionism”/free riders and, 64, 151–152
decline/effects, 6, 85–86, 149–155, 158, 237–238, 268, 336–338, 340
future and, 361
inflation and, 190 (photo), 192, 197–198, 211
management’s “hard line” toward (1950s and beyond), 149–155, 199–200, 238
membership growth during World War II, 54
National Labor Relations Act/Wagner Act (1935), 33
pay comparisons with/without unions (1950s), 154
public antiunion sentiment and (1940s), 59–61
racism/race relations and, 165–166
recession (1973–1975) and, 220–221
“right-to-work” laws/states and, 64, 152–155
Taft-Hartley and, 52, 60, 61, 64–66, 73–74, 150, 152
temp workers and, 308
See also labor/management relations; specific companies; specific individuals; specific unions; strikes; “Treaty of Detroit”
United Auto Workers (UAW)
concessions/decline, 220, 290, 297, 298–300, 352–353
globalization/trade and, 145, 210–211, 311–312
GM contract (1940), 53
GM contract (1958), 155
GM contract (1967), 211
GM strike (1937), 37–38, 56, 289
GM strike (1945–1946), 55, 56–59
GM strike (1964), 211
GM strike (2007), 352
health-care benefits and, 120, 295–296, 352–353
membership campaign/contest (1948), 73–75
“My Job Contest” at GM (1947) and, 50–52
outsourcing and, 310
post-World War II economy/jobs and, 12
QWL (quality of work life), 301–305
racism/race relations and, 165–166
rise in grievances (1950s-1970s), 212
“Treaty of Detroit” and, 72 (photo), 80, 81, 86, 124, 147, 149, 215, 353
wage increases/inflation and, 197
women/sexism and, 181
See also specific individuals
United Electrical and Radio Workers of America (UE, pre-1937), 32, 97
United Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers of America (UE, post-1937), 24, 55, 58, 92, 98, 203
See also specific individuals
United Food and Commercial Workers union, 335, 338–339, 340
United Industrial, Service, Transportation, Professional, and Government Workers of North America, 336
United Mine Workers, 79, 80, 81, 151
Vancil, Richard, 234
Vanover, David, 250
Vaughn, William, 174, 175, 186, 187, 188
Vietnam War, 195
Vinson, Arthur, 154
wages/income
African Americans and, 163, 349
foremen and, 65
“full employment” and rising wages, 6–7
“Great Compression, the,” 112–113
higher wages as key to economic growth, 13–14, 31
nationwide wage patterns within a single firm, 53
trends, 3, 6, 47, 62, 77–79, 109, 111, 112–113, 193, 198–199, 219, 221, 228, 321, 323–324, 346, 347
War Labor Board and, 53–54, 120
See also COLA; GAW; globalization/trade; inflation; specific companies; specific unions; strikes/work stoppages; SUB; unions
wage/price controls/guideposts, 47, 53–54, 120, 190 (photo), 193, 195, 196, 217, 218,
Wagner Act. See National Labor Relations Act/Wagner Act (1935)
Wal-Mart
anti-union stance and, 333–335, 336, 338–339
as “face of twenty-first century capitalism,” 328 (photo), 329–330
beginnings, 330
employee benefits and, 332, 344
Fortune magazine Change the World list and, 362
influence on other employers, 338–339, 340
influence on suppliers, 341-342
low prices for consumers, 328 (photo), 331, 338, 340, 341–342, 344
low wages for workers, 328 (photo), 331–333, 339, 353
mistreatment of employees, 331–333
Southern California supermarket strike (2003–2004) and, 338-340
See also specific individuals
Walker, Charls, 209
Walker, Clarence, 152
Wall Street Journal, 4, 97, 229, 318, 342
Walton, Sam, 330–331, 333, 334
War Production Board, 12, 92, 132
Waterman, Bob, 304
Watson, Thomas, Jr., 248
Waugh, Al, 318
Waugh, Mary, 318
WBT (radio/television station), 87–91
Webb, Donald, 136
Welch, Jack
background/description, 226 (photo), 232–234, 241, 242, 248, 258, 317
Crotonville training facility and, 251
efforts to flatten GE’s structure, 234-236
employee stock options and, 273
“fix it, close it, or sell it” strategy, 234
job cuts and, 236, 240-242, 269
“lifetime employability” vs. “lifetime employment,” 242, 249, 318
“Neutron Jack” nickname, 241, 242, 248, 320
ranking employees/“vitality curve,” 245–246
“welfare capitalism,” 18, 22, 24, 31, 117, 266, 358
“Work-Out” process and, 251-252
Wells, Wyatt, 192
Werner, Debbie, 353
Westinghouse, 98, 100, 136, 234, 315
White, Joseph, 291
White, William Allen, 27
Who Stole the American Dream? (Hedrick Smith), 4
Whyte, William, 135, 139, 140, 189
Wiener, Norbert, 144
Wiley, Homer, 300
Wilson, Charles (“Electric Charlie”)
business philosophy, 13–14, 92
Committee on Civil Rights and, 166
Truman’s labor-management conference (1945) and, 55, 166
Wilson, Charles (“Engine Charlie”)
background/description, 39–40, 123
development of COLA and, 76, 78–79
foremen and, 66
“My Job Contest” (1947) and, 44, 48, 69
“Treaty of Detroit” and, 80, 81
view of frontline workers/UAW, 39–40, 43, 45, 49–50, 53, 57, 78, 215, 303
Wilson, Robert, 168
Wilson, Sloan, 137
Woirol, Gregory, 142
Wolff, Edward, 323
Wolman, Leo, 151
women/sexism in the workplace
GM and, 177
Kodak and, 177
office work and, 177–178, 181, 182–183
pay and, 180–181, 189, 349–350
pregnancy/maternity leave and, 184–185
Rosie the Riveter, 178
single vs. married women and, 177, 189
women’s liberation movement, 184
Wood, Robert E., 95
Woodcock, Leonard, 210–211, 215, 216, 217
Woodruff, Robert
as GE director, 153
background/description, 24, 26
racism/race relations, 167–168, 169
relationship with his employees, 27–28, 138, 258, 259, 261–262
Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Act (1988), 239
Working (Terkel), 213
World Trade Organization, 342
World War II, 10 (photo), 11–12, 15, 16, 27, 40, 47, 53–54, 57, 58, 110, 113, 143, 144, 145, 178, 181–182, 210, 220, 274, 300, 362
Wriston, Walter, 235
Xerox, 173
Yeh, Chris, 357
Yom Kippur War, 218
Young, Owen, 30–31, 32, 33, 34, 131
Zelinsky, Edward, 280
Zieger, Robert, 166