Notes

INTRODUCTION

1. 1. Juliet Eilperin and Greg Jaffe, “Obama After Ferguson: Youth Leaders Urge President to Be ‘More Out in Front’ on Race,” Washington Post, December 2, 2014, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-after-ferguson-youth-leaders-urge-president-to-be-more-out-in-front-on-race/2014/12/01/eca65690-7980-11e4-84d4-7c896b90abdc_story.html.
2. 2. Dudley L. Poston Jr. and Rogelio Sáenz, “Majority to Minority: The Declining U.S. White Population,” N-IUSSP, September 11, 2017, https://www.niussp.org/migration-and-foreigners/majority-minority-declining-u-s-white-population/.
3. 3. Mohamad Moslimani et al., “Facts About the U.S. Black Population,” Pew Research Center, January 18, 2024, https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/fact-sheet/facts-about-the-us-black-population/.
4. 4. Christine Tamir, “The Growing Diversity of Black America,” Pew Research Center, March 25, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2021/03/25/the-growing-diversity-of-black-america/.
5. 5. Andre M. Perry and Carl Romer, “The Black Middle Class Needs Political Attention, Too,” Brookings, February 27, 2020, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-black-middle-class-needs-political-attention-too/.
6. 6. Liz Mineo, “Making American Schools Less Segregated,” Harvard Gazette, July 14, 2020, https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/07/how-to-make-american-schools-less-segregated/.
7. 7. Criminal Justice Fact Sheet, NAACP, https://naacp.org/resources/criminal-justice-fact-sheet.
8. 8. “New National UMASS Amherst Poll on Issue Finds One-Third of Americans Believe ‘Great Replacement’ Theory,” University of Massachusetts-Amherst, October 25, 2022, www.umass.edu/news/article/new-national-umass-amherst-poll-issues-finds-one-third-americans-believe-great.
9. 9. Steve Phillips, “Democrats Need to Have an Honest Talk About White People,” The Atlantic, September 14, 2023, https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/democrats-white-voter-turnout/.

1: A POST-RACIAL AMERICA?

1. 1. William Bunch, “Who the Heck Is This Guy?,” Philadelphia Daily News, July 27, 2004, p. 3.
2. 2. “Obama to Give Keynote Address,” Chicago Tribune, July 15, 2004, www.chicagotribune.com/2004/07/15/obama-to-give-keynote-address/.
3. 3. David Plouffe, The Audacity to Win: The Inside Story and Lessons of Barack Obama’s Historic Victory (New York: Viking, 2009).
4. 4. “Obama to Give Keynote Address,” Chicago Tribune.
5. 5. Ibid.
6. 6. David Mills, “Sister Souljah’s Call to Arms,” Washington Post, May 12, 1992, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1992/05/13/sister-souljahs-call-to-arms/643d5634-e622-43ad-ba7d-811f8f5bfe5d/.
7. 7. Jennifer Liberto, “Origin of Obama’s Run Is on the South Side,” Tampa Bay Times, October 2, 2008, www.tampabay.com/archive/2008/10/26/origin-of-obama-s-run-is-on-south-side/.
8. 8. Jeff Zeleny, “When It Comes to Race, Obama Makes His Point—with Subtlety,” Chicago Tribune, June 26, 2005, https://www.chicagotribune.com/2005/06/26/when-it-comes-to-race-obama-makes-his-point-with-subtlety/.
9. 9. Martin Luther King Jr., “I Have a Dream,” August 28, 1963, https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=3&psid=4063.
10. 10. “Obama to Give Keynote Address,” Chicago Tribune.
11. 11. “Transcript: Illinois Senate Candidate Barack Obama Keynote Address at the Democratic National Convention, July 27, 2004,” https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A19751-2004Jul27.html.
12. 12. Ibid.
13. 13. “Ex-Wife of GOP Senate Candidate Alleged Sex Club Forays,” CNN, June 22, 2004, https://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/22/ryan.divorce/.
14. 14. Mark Porter, “Keyes Ready to ‘Fight’ for Illinois Senate Seat,” NBC News, August 9, 2004, https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5652009.
15. 15. Barack Obama, “Katrina and Gulf Recovery,” September 6, 2005, http://obamaspeeches.com/029-Statement-on-Hurricane-Katrina-Relief-Efforts-Obama-Speech.htm.
16. 16. Barack Obama, “Presidential Announcement,” February 10, 2007, http://obamaspeeches.com/099-Announcement-For-President-Springfield-Illinois-Obama-Speech.htm.
17. 17. “Senator Obama Interview with Steve Inskeep,” NPR, February 28, 2007, www.npr.org/2007/02/28/7630250/obama-to-attend-selma-march-anniversary.
18. 18. Author’s interview with Rev. Al Sharpton, May 9, 2022.
19. 19. John Whitesides, “Black Voters Still Unsure About Obama,” Reuters, August 9, 2007, https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN08292517/.
20. 20. Katherine Seelye, “A Former President, Back in the Thick of Politics,” New York Times, January 7, 2008, https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/us/politics/27bill.html.
21. 21. “Bill Clinton Says He Was ‘Race Card’ Victim,” Los Angeles Times, April 23, 2008, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-apr-23-na-clintonrace23-story.html.
22. 22. Geoff Bennett, “Andrew Young: Obama’s Time Will Come,” NPR, December 7, 2007, www.npr.org/sections/newsandviews/2007/12/andrew_young_obamas_time_will.html.
23. 23. Author’s interview with Andrew Young, May 8, 2022.
24. 24. Roddie Burris, “Jackson Slams Obama for ‘Acting White,’ ” Politico, September 19, 2007, www.politico.com/story/2007/09/jackson-slams-obama-for-acting-white-005902.
25. 25. Carrie Brown, “First Black President? Obama Doesn’t Say It,” Politico, December 9, 2007, www.politico.com/story/2007/12/first-black-president-obama-doesnt-say-it-007274.
26. 26. Christi Parsons, “Rev. Jackson Critical of Obama,” Chicago Tribune, September 19, 2007, www.chicagotribune.com/2007/09/19/rev-jackson-critical-of-obama/.
27. 27. “Statement by Senator Obama on Repeal of Jena 6 Conviction,” September 14, 2007, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-senator-obama-repeal-jena-6-conviction.
28. 28. Jeff Zeleny, “Black Leader Changes Endorsement to Obama,” New York Times, February 28, 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/02/28/us/politics/28lewis.html.
29. 29. Jesse Jackson Jr. interview with NPR, “Jesse Jackson, Jr. Helps Obama Win Black Vote,” October 24, 2007, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15603662.
30. 30. “Jackson Apologizes for Obama Remarks,” Chicago Tribune, July 10, 2008, https://www.chicagotribune.com/2008/07/10/jackson-apologizes-for-obama-remarks-2/.
31. 31. Barack Obama, “Remarks at the Selma Voting Rights March Commemoration in Selma, Alabama,” March 4, 2007, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-selma-voting-rights-march-commemoration-selma-alabama.
32. 32. “Wright’s Controversial Comments,” Politico, March 17, 2008, https://www.politico.com/story/2008/03/wrights-controversial-comments-009089.
33. 33. “Transcript: Barack Obama’s Speech on Race,” NPR, March 18, 2008, www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88478467.
34. 34. “Obama and Wright Controversy Dominate News Cycle,” Pew Research Center, March 27, 2008, www.pewresearch.org/politics/2008/03/27/obama-and-wright-controversy-dominate-news-cycle/.
35. 35. “Transcript: Barack Obama’s Acceptance Speech,” NPR, August 28, 2008, www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94087570.
36. 36. “Transcript of Barack Obama’s Victory Speech,” NPR, November 5, 2008, www.npr.org/2008/11/05/96624326/transcript-of-barack-obamas-victory-speech.
37. 37. Barack Obama, “President Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address,” The White House, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2009/01/21/president-Barack-obamas-inaugural-address.

2: BURSTING THE BUBBLE

1. 1. Matt Taibbi, “The Truth About the Tea Party,” Rolling Stone, September 28, 2010, www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/the-truth-about-the-tea-party-188228/.
2. 2. Michael Eric Dyson, “President Obama’s Racial Renaissance,” New York Times, August 1, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/08/02/opinion/sunday/president-obamas-racial-renaissance.html.
3. 3. Lucy Madison, “Gingrich Singles Out Blacks in Food Stamp Remark,” CBS News, January 6, 2012, www.cbsnews.com/news/gingrich-singles-out-blacks-in-food-stamp-remark/.
4. 4. “Glenn Beck: Obama Is a Racist,” CBS News, July 29, 2009, www.cbsnews.com/news/glenn-beck-obama-is-a-racist/.
5. 5. Tad Barker, “Barack the Magic Negro?,” The Hill, December 30, 2008, thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/the-administration/27827-barack-the-magic-negro/.
6. 6. Brian Montopol, “Obama: Cops Acted ‘Stupidly’ in Professor’s Arrest,” CBS News, July 22, 2009, www.cbsnews.com/news/obama-cops-acted-stupidly-in-professors-arrest/.
7. 7. “Obama’s Ratings Slide Across the Board,” Pew Research Center, July 30, 2009, www.pewresearch.org/politics/2009/07/30/obamas-ratings-slide-across-the-board/.
8. 8. “How One Scholar’s Arrest Tainted the President’s Image as a Racial Healer,” Washington Post, April 22, 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/obama-legacy/henry-louis-gates-jr-arrest-controversy.html.
9. 9. Jamelle Bouie, “The Professor, the Cop, and the President,” Slate, September 21, 2016, slate.com/news-and-politics/2016/09/the-henry-louis-gates-beer-summit-and-racial-division-in-america.html.
10. 10. “A Black Agenda: Mr. President, Would You Just Answer the Phone,” Chicago Defender, March 16, 2012, chicagodefender.com/a-black-agenda-mr-president-would-you-just-answer-the-phone/.
11. 11. Sean Sullivan, “CBC Chairman Suggests Obama May Get a Pass from Black Community,” Washington Post, September 18, 2012, www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2012/09/18/cbc-chairman-suggests-obama-may-get-a-pass-from-black-community/.
12. 12. Barack Obama, “Remarks by the President at Congressional Black Caucus Foundation Annual Phoenix Awards Dinner,” September 24, 2011, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/realitycheck/the-press-office/2011/09/24/remarks-president-congressional-black-caucus-foundation-annual-phoenix-a.
13. 13. Interview with Dr. Cornel West, “Obama,” Kunhardt Film Foundation, November 15, 2018, https://www.lifestories.org/attachment/en/65946ce4179a0efae9038462/TextOneColumnWithFile/61f034f6e660a85b5e55aec1.
14. 14. Kim Severson, “Digital Age Drives Rally to Keep a Georgia Inmate from Execution,” New York Times, September 16, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/09/17/us/supporters-rally-to-save-troy-davis-from-execution-in-georgia.html.
15. 15. “Troy Davis Amidst 11th Hour Plea to High Court,” CBS News, September 21, 2011, www.cbsnews.com/news/troy-davis-amidst-11th-hour-plea-to-high-court/.
16. 16. Kim Severson, “Davis Is Executed in Georgia,” New York Times, September 21, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/us/final-pleas-and-vigils-in-troy-davis-execution.html.
17. 17. “DPIC Releases Report Placing Death Penalty in Historical Context as a ‘Descendant of Slavery, Lynching, and Segregation,’ ” Death Penalty Information Center, September 15, 2020, deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/dpic-reports/in-depth/enduring-injustice-the-persistence-of-racial-discrimination-in-the-u-s-death-penalty.
18. 18. Concurrence of Justice Thurgood Marshall, Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972), https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/408/238/.
19. 19. Elizabeth Flock, “U.S. Supreme Court Rejects Appeal; Troy Davis Executed,” Washington Post, September 22, 2011, www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/troy-davis-executed-after-us-supreme-courtrefuses-to-block-sentence/2011/09/22/gIQAWQdhnK_blog.html.
20. 20. Jake Tapper, “White House Declines Comment on Troy Davis Case,” ABC News, September 21, 2011, abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/09/white-house-declines-comment-on-troy-davis-case.
21. 21. Joy Freeman-Coulbary, “Obama Silent on Troy Davis,” Washington Post, September 21, 2011, www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/therootdc/post/obama-silent-on-troy-davis/2011/09/21/gIQAH9tIlK_blog.html.
22. 22. Author’s interview with Rev. Al Sharpton, May 9, 2022.
23. 23. “High Court Denies Stay of Execution for Troy Davis,” CBS News, September 21, 2011, www.cbsnews.com/news/high-court-denies-stay-of-execution-for-troy-davis/.
24. 24. Author’s interview with Benjamin Jealous, May, 26, 2022.
25. 25. Erick Schonfeld, “The Top Spiking Tweets of 2011,” Techcrunch, December 6, 2011, https://techcrunch.com/2011/12/06/top-spiking-tweets-2011/.
26. 26. Supreme Court of the United States, Order in Pending Case, September 21, 2011, https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/092111.zr.pdf.
27. 27. Greg Bluestein, “Witness to the Execution: Davis’ Last Moments,” Associated Press, September 22, 2011, https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/2011/09/22/ap-reporter-describes-witnessing-davis-execution/13421433007/.
28. 28. Jen Marlowe and Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, “The Execution That Birthed a Movement,” In These Times, September 17, 2016, inthesetimes.com/article/the-execution-that-birthed-a-movement.
29. 29. Derek Dingle, “Oval Office Interview with President Barack Obama,” Black Enterprise, August 6, 2012, www.blackenterprise.com/president-obama-interview-small-business-unemployment-exclusive/.

3: SKITTLES AND A HOODIE

1. 1. “Trayvon Martin Shooting Fast Facts,” CNN, February 14, 2024, https://www.cnn.com/2013/06/05/us/trayvon-martin-shooting-fast-facts/index.html.
2. 2. “Trayvon Martin Investigator Wanted Manslaughter Charge,” ABC News, March 27, 2012, abcnews.go.com/US/trayvon-martin-investigator-wanted-charge-george-zimmerman-manslaughter/story?id=16011674.
3. 3. Paul Farhi, “Trayvon Martin Story Found the Media,” Washington Post, April 12, 2012, www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/trayvon-martin-story-found-the-media/2012/04/12/gIQA9VGmDT_story.html.
4. 4. Author’s interview with Ben Crump, June 21, 2023.
5. 5. Farhi, “Trayvon Martin Story Found the Media.”
6. 6. Mark Memmot, “Three Key Moments as Trayvon Martin’s Story Went Viral,” NPR, March 29, 2012, www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2012/03/29/149615333/three-key-moments-as-trayvon-martins-story-went-viral.
7. 7. Tracy Martin and Sybrina Fulton, Petition: “Prosecute the Killer of Our Son, 17-Year-Old Trayvon Martin,” Change.org, March 8, 2012, www.change.org/p/prosecute-the-killer-of-our-son-17-year-old-trayvon-martin.
8. 8. Sam Schlinkert and Brian Ries, “Trayvon Martin Killing Inspires 13 Tweets from Celebrities,” Daily Beast, March 21, 2012, www.thedailybeast.com/trayvon-martin-killing-inspires-13-tweets-from-celebrities.
9. 9. Author’s interview with Wade Henderson, June 27, 2022.
10. 10. Derrick Bryson Taylor, “Hundreds Gather for ‘Million Hoodie March’ in New York,” Essence, March 22, 2012, www.essence.com/news/hundreds-gather-for-million-hoodie-march-in-new-york/.
11. 11. Michael Scherer, “Obama Speaks Out on Trayvon Martin: A Personal Appeal with Political Risk,” Time, March 23, 2012, swampland.time.com/2012/03/23/obama-speaks-out-on-trayvon-martin-a-personal-appeal-with-political-risk/.
12. 12. “George Zimmerman Speaks w/ FoxNews Sean Hannity (Full Interview),” July 19, 2012, www.buzzfeednews.com/article/jose3030/george-zimmerman-full-interview-with-sean-hannity.
13. 13. Michael Brendan Dougherty, “NBC: We’re Sorry We Edited the Trayvon Tape to Make George Zimmerman Sound Racist,” Business Insider, April 4, 2012, www.businessinsider.com/nbc-apologizes-to-george-zimmerman-for-editing-a-911-call-to-make-him-sound-really-racist-2012-4.
14. 14. Patrick Jonsson, “Geraldo Rivera (Again) Says Trayvon Martin’s ‘Thug Wear’ Got Him Profiled,” Christian Science Monitor, May 19, 2012, www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2012/0519/Geraldo-Rivera-again-says-Trayvon-Martin-s-thug-wear-got-him-profiled.
15. 15. Karen Grigsby Bates, “A Look Back at Trayvon Martin’s Death, and the Movement It Inspired,” Code Switch, NPR, July 31, 2018, www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/07/31/631897758/a-look-back-at-trayvon-martins-death-and-the-movement-it-inspired.
16. 16. Author’s interview with Ben Crump, June 21, 2023.
17. 17. Reis Thebault, “Trayvon Martin’s Death Set Off a Movement That Shaped a Decade’s Defining Moments,” Washington Post, February 25, 2022, www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/02/25/trayvon-martins-death-set-off-movement-that-shaped-decades-defining-moments/.
18. 18. Author’s interview with Ben Crump, June 21, 2023.
19. 19. Aniko Bodroghkozy, Equal Time: Television and the Civil Rights Movement (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2012), 2.
20. 20. Martin Luther King Jr. to Andrew Young, as cited in David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Leadership Conference (New York: Morrow, 1986).
21. 21. Alexis C. Madrigal, “When the Revolution Was Televised,” The Atlantic, April 11, 2018, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/04/televisions-civil-rights-revolution/554639/.
22. 22. Aaron Smith, “African Americans and Technology Use,” Pew Research Center, January 6, 2014, www.pewresearch.org/internet/2014/01/06/african-americans-and-technology-use/.
23. 23. Chris Wilson, “uknowurblack,” The Root, September 9, 2009, https://web.archive.org/web/20130524032758/ http://www.theroot.com/views/uknowurblack.
24. 24. Farhad Manjoo, “How Black People Use Twitter,” Slate, August 10, 2010, slate.com/technology/2010/08/how-black-people-use-twitter.html.
25. 25. “Big Racial Divide over Zimmerman Verdict,” Pew Research Center, July 22, 2013.
26. 26. “On Twitter: Anger Greets the Zimmerman Verdict,” Pew Research Center, July 17, 2013, www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2013/07/17/on-twitter-anger-greets-the-zimmerman-verdict/.
27. 27. “Remarks by the President on Trayvon Martin,” The White House, July 19, 2013, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/07/19/remarks-president-trayvon-martin#:~:text=The%20judge%20conducted%20the%20trial,and%20they%20rendered%20a%20verdict.
28. 28. John Gramlich, “Black Imprisonment Rate in the U.S. Has Fallen by a Third Since 2006,” Pew Research Center, May 6, 2020, www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/05/06/share-of-black-white-hispanic-americans-in-prison-2018-vs-2006/.
29. 29. Ibid.
30. 30. Jessica Guynn, “Meet the Woman Who Coined #BlackLivesMatter,” USA Today, March 4, 2015, www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/.
31. 31. “#BlackLivesMatter: The Birth of a New Civil Rights Movement,” The Guardian, July 19, 2015, www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/19/blacklivesmatter-birth-civil-rights-movement.
32. 32. Ibid.

4: #BLACKLIVESMATTER

1. 1. Susanna Capelouto, “Eric Garner: The Haunting Last Words of a Dying Man,” CNN, December 8, 2014, www.cnn.com/2014/12/04/us/garner-last-words/index.html.
2. 2. Jazzy T., “Broadway Performs ‘I Can’t Breathe’ Poem,” Power 93, WBLK, wblk.com/broadway-performs-i-cant-breathe-poem-video/.
3. 3. Alice Speri, “A Chokehold Didn’t Kill Eric Garner, Your Disrespect for the NYPD Did,” Vice News, August 6, 2014, www.vice.com/en/article/59a4en/a-chokehold-didnt-kill-eric-garner-your-disrespect-for-the-nypd-did.
4. 4. “Fatal Police Violence by Race and State in the USA, 1980–2019: A Network Meta-Regression,” The Lancet, October 2, 2021, www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)01609-3/fulltext.
5. 5. “Violence Flares Again in Harlem; Restraint Urged,” New York Times, July 20, 1964, www.nytimes.com/1964/07/20/archives/violence-flares-again-in-harlem-restraint-urged-19-hurt-in-new.html.
6. 6. “Police Board Absolves Gilligan in Slaying of Negro Teen-Ager; No Violation of Rules Found—Shooting Led to Riots in Harlem and Brooklyn,” New York Times, November 7, 1964, www.nytimes.com/1964/11/07/archives/police-board-absolves-gilligan-in-slayin-g-of-negro-teenager-no.html.
7. 7. Jason Pollock, Stranger Fruit, 2017, www.imdb.com/title/tt6642264/.
8. 8. “Department of Justice Report Regarding the Criminal Investigation into the Shooting Death of Michael Brown by Ferguson, Missouri Police Officer Darren Wilson,” March 4, 2015, https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2015/03/04/doj_report_on_shooting_of_michael_brown_1.pdf.
9. 9. Jim Dalrymple II, “A Witness to the Police Shooting of Michael Brown Live-Tweeted the Entire Event,” Buzzfeed News, August 15, 2014, www.buzzfeednews.com/article/jimdalrympleii/a-witness-to-the-police-shooting-of-michael-brown-live-tweet.
10. 10. “Ferguson, Missouri Crowd After Fatal Shooting of Unarmed Teen: ‘Kill the Police,’ ” Associated Press, August 9, 2014, newsone.com/3042999/missouri-crowd-after-shooting-kill-the-police/.
11. 11. Jim Dalrymple II, “This Is Why Darren Wilson Supporters Are Rallying In St. Louis,” Buzzfeed News, August 25, 2014, www.buzzfeednews.com/article/jimdalrympleii/why-darren-wilson-supporters-are-rallying-in-st-louis.
12. 12. Joyce Jones, “This Ain’t Your Granddaddy’s Civil Rights Movement,” BET, December 5, 2014, www.bet.com/article/debcim/this-ain-t-your-granddaddy-s-civil-rights-movement.
13. 13. #TeamEbony, “And the Young Ones Shall Lead Them,” Ebony, October 2, 2014, www.ebony.com/and-the-young-ones-shall-lead-them-the-ferguson-rebellion-and-the-crisis-in-blac/.
14. 14. “Remarks by the President After Announcement of the Decision by the Grand Jury in Ferguson, Missouri,” The White House, November 24, 2014, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/11/24/remarks-president-after-announcement-decision-grand-jury-ferguson-missou.
15. 15. Juliet Eilperin and Greg Jaffe, “Obama After Ferguson: Youth Leaders Urge President to Be ‘More Out in Front’ on Race,” Washington Post, December 2, 2014, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-after-ferguson-youth-leaders-urge-president-to-be-more-out-in-front-on-race/2014/12/01/eca65690-7980-11e4-84d4-7c896b90abdc_story.html.
16. 16. “Breaking: Ferguson Activists Meet with President Obama to Demand an End to Police Brutality Nationwide,” Funders for Justice, December 1, 2014, fundersforjustice.org/breaking-ferguson-activists-meet-with-president-obama-to-demand-an-end-to-police-brutality-nationwide/.
17. 17. Bruce Drake, “Divide Between Blacks and Whites on Police Runs Deep,” Pew Research Center, April 28, 2015, www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/04/28/blacks-whites-police/.
18. 18. Jake Miller, “Why Did Chris Christie Go After Black Lives Matter?,” Face the Nation, CBS News, October 28, 2015, www.cbsnews.com/news/why-did-chris-christie-go-after-black-lives-matter-election-2016/.
19. 19. Joe Coscarelli, “Watch Al Sharpton Bring the House Down at Michael Brown’s Funeral: ‘This Is Not About You! This Is About Justice!,’ ” New York, August 25, 2014, nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/08/al-sharpton-eulogy-michael-brown-funeral.html.
20. 20. Byron York, “At Michael Brown Funeral, Al Sharpton’s Double-Edged Eulogy Evokes Anger,” Washington Examiner, August 25, 2014, www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/1724434/at-michael-brown-funeral-al-sharptons-double-edged-eulogy-evokes-anger/.
21. 21. Jeff Smith, “In Ferguson, Black Town, White Power,” New York Times, August 17, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/08/18/opinion/in-ferguson-black-town-white-power.html.
22. 22. “Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department,” United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division, March 4, 2015, www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2015/03/04/ferguson_police_department_report_1.pdf.
23. 23. Patrisse Khan-Cullors, “We Didn’t Start a Movement. We Started a Network,” Medium, February 22, 2016, medium.com/@patrissemariecullorsbrignac/we-didn-t-start-a-movement-we-started-a-network-90f9b5717668.
24. 24. “Black Lives Matter Co-Founder Opal Tometi on the Fight for Racial Justice in the US,” Seeking Peace podcast featuring Opal Tometi, Georgetown University’s Institute for Women, Peace and Security, January 13, 2021, giwps.georgetown.edu/black-lives-matter-co-founder-opal-tometi-on-the-fight-for-racial-justice-in-the-us/.
25. 25. “Herstory,” Black Lives Matter, https://blacklivesmatter.com/herstory/.
26. 26. “Black Lives Matter Movement Wins Sydney Peace Prize,” University of Sydney, May 23, 2017, www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2017/05/23/black-lives-matter-movement-wins-sydney-peace-prize.html.
27. 27. “Black Lives Matter Co-Founder Opal Tometi on the Fight for Racial Justice in the US,” Seeking Peace podcast.
28. 28. Monica Anderson, “The Hashtag #BlackLivesMatter Emerges: Social Activism on Twitter,” Pew Research Center, August 15, 2016, www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/08/15/the-hashtag-blacklivesmatter-emerges-social-activism-on-twitter/.
29. 29. “Black Lives Matter Co-Founder Opal Tometi on the Fight for Racial Justice in the US,” Seeking Peace podcast.
30. 30. Anderson, “The Hashtag #BlackLivesMatter Emerges: Social Activism on Twitter.”
31. 31. Issac Chotiner, “A Black Lives Matter Co-Founder Explains Why This Time Is Different,” The New Yorker, June 3, 2020, www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/a-black-lives-matter-co-founder-explains-why-this-time-is-different.
32. 32. Ibid.
33. 33. “Black Lives Matter,” Time, April 20, 2015, time.com/magazine/us/3814960/april-20th-2015-vol-185-no-14-u-s/.
34. 34. Alex Altman, “Black Lives Matter,” Time, December 2015, https://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2015-runner-up-black-lives-matter/.

5: WHITE BACKLASH

1. 1. Amber Phillips, “ ‘They’re Rapists.’ President Trump’s Campaign Launch Speech Two Years Later, Annotated,” Washington Post, June 16, 2017, www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/06/16/theyre-rapists-presidents-trump-campaign-launch-speech-two-years-later-annotated/.
2. 2. Jeremy Stahl, “The Exploitation of ‘Beautiful Kate,’ ” Slate, August 10, 2017, slate.com/news-and-politics/2017/08/the-death-of-kate-steinle-and-the-rise-of-donald-trump.html.
3. 3. Christopher Ingraham, “On Twitter, Trump Accuses Blacks of Racism Three Times as Often as Whites,” Washington Post, August 14, 2017, www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/08/14/on-twitter-trump-accuses-blacks-of-racism-three-times-as-often-as-whites/.
4. 4. MJ Lee, “Trump Says He Still Doesn’t Know Where Obama Was Born,” CNN, July 9, 2015, www.cnn.com/2015/07/08/politics/donald-trump-illegal-immigrant-workers/index.html.
5. 5. “Donald Trump Links Shooting Death in San Francisco with Border Control,” The Guardian, July 4, 2015, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jul/04/donald-trump-links-shooting-death-in-san-franciso-with-border-control?CMP=gu_com.
6. 6. Lee, “Trump Says He Still Doesn’t Know Where Obama Was Born.”
7. 7. Michael Harriot, “Kate Steinle and the Return of the Angry White Lynch Mob,” The Root, December 5, 2017, www.theroot.com/kate-steinle-and-the-return-of-the-angry-white-lynch-mo-1820984744.
8. 8. “Bill O’Reilly: The Vilification of Donald Trump over Illegal Immigration,” Fox News, July 7, 2015, www.foxnews.com/transcript/bill-oreilly-the-vilification-of-donald-trump-over-illegal-immigration.
9. 9. Ibid.
10. 10. Erik Wemple, “Fox News’s Bill O’Reilly Embraces Activism with ‘Kate’s Law,’ ” Washington Post, July 14, 2015, washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2015/07/14/fox-newss-bill-oreilly-embraces-activism-with-kates-law/.
11. 11. David Frum, “The Problem with Downplaying Immigrant Crime,” The Atlantic, July 29, 2015, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/07/the-problem-with-downplaying-immigrant-crime/399905/.
12. 12. Doug Criss, “This Is the 30-Year-Old Willie Horton Ad Everybody Is Talking About Today,” CNN, November 1, 2018, www.cnn.com/2018/11/01/politics/willie-horton-ad-1988-explainer-trnd/index.html.
13. 13. David Kaczynski, “David Duke Urges His Supporters to Volunteer and Vote for Trump,” BuzzFeed News, February 25, 2016, www.buzzfeednews.com/article/andrewkaczynski/david-duke-urges-his-supporters-to-volunteer-and-vote-for-tr#.bsP0pjXpae.
14. 14. “Why White Nationalists Hear a Political Ally in Donald Trump, PBS NewsHour, October 26, 2016, www.pbs.org/newshour/show/white-nationalists-hear-political-ally-donald-trump.
15. 15. “Interview with Presidential Candidate Donald Trump,” State of the Union, CNN, February 28, 2016, www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1602/28/sotu.01.html.
16. 16. Philip Bump, “In 1927, Donald Trump’s Father Was Arrested After a Klan Riot in Queens,” Washington Post, February 29, 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/02/28/in-1927-donald-trumps-father-was-arrested-after-a-klan-riot-in-queens/.
17. 17. “Southwest Border Unaccompanied Alien Children FY 2014,” U.S. Customs and Border Protection, October 13, 2016, https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/southwest-border-unaccompanied-children/fy-2014.
18. 18. Nolan Malone, Kaari F. Baluja, Joseph M. Costanzo, and Cynthia J. Davis, “Census 2000 Brief: The Foreign-Born Population: 2000,” U.S. Census Bureau, December 1, 2003, www.census.gov/library/publications/2003/dec/c2kbr-34.html#:~:text=Census%202000%20measured%20a%20population,of%20whom%20were%20foreign%20born.
19. 19. “1960 Census of the Population: Supplementary Reports: Race of the Population of the United States, by States: 1960,” U.S. Census Bureau, September 7, 1961, www.census.gov/library/publications/1961/dec/pc-s1-10.html.
20. 20. “The White Population: 2010,” U.S. Census Bureau, September 2011, www2.census.gov/library/publications/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-05.pdf.
21. 21. “The Hispanic Population: 2010,” U.S. Census Bureau, May 2011, www.census.gov/history/pdf/c2010br-04-092020.pdf.
22. 22. “2010 Census Shows America’s Diversity,” U.S. Census Bureau, March 24, 2011, www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn125.html.
23. 23. Michael Hoefer, Nancy Rytina, and Bryan C. Baker, “Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2010,” Department of Homeland Security, February 2011, www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Unauthorized%20Immigrant%20Population%20Estimates%20in%20the%20US%20January%202010_0.pdf.
24. 24. “Remarks by the President on Immigration,” The White House, June 15, 2012, obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/06/15/remarks-president-immigration.
25. 25. Robert Barnes, “Supreme Court Upholds Key Part of Arizona Law for Now, Strikes Down Other Provisions,” Washington Post, June 25, 2012, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/supreme-court-rules-on-arizona-immigration-law/2012/06/25/gJQA0Nrm1V_story.html.
26. 26. Jens Manuel Krogstad, “On Views of Immigrants, Americans Largely Split Along Party Lines,” Pew Research Center, September 30, 2015, www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/09/30/on-views-of-immigrants-americans-largely-split-along-party-lines/.
27. 27. John Gramlich, “Trump Voters Want to Build the Wall, but Are More Divided on Other Immigration Questions,” Pew Research Center, November 29, 2016, www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/11/29/trump-voters-want-to-build-the-wall-but-are-more-divided-on-other-immigration-questions/.
28. 28. Chuck Sudo, “Indiana Cop Sells ‘Breathe Easy Don’t Break the Law’ T-Shirts,” Chicagoist, December 16, 2014, chicagoist.com/2014/12/16/breathe_easy_dont_break_the_law_t-s.php.
29. 29. “Across Racial Lines, More Say Nation Needs to Make Changes to Achieve Racial Equality,” Pew Research Center, August 5, 2015, www.pewresearch.org/politics/2015/08/05/across-racial-lines-more-say-nation-needs-to-make-changes-to-achieve-racial-equality/.
30. 30. Janet Hook, “U.S. Split Along Racial Lines on Backlash Against Police, Poll Finds,” The Wall Street Journal, May 4, 2015, www.wsj.com/articles/BL-WB-54943.
31. 31. “William J. Bratton Remarks at NOBLE William R. Bracey CEO Symposium, March 13, Atlanta, Georgia,” trustandjustice.org/resources/article/william-bratton-remarks-at-noble-friday-march-13-atlanta-ga.
32. 32. James B. Comey, “Hard Truths: Law Enforcement and Race,” Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., February 12, 2015, www.fbi.gov/news/speeches/hard-truths-law-enforcement-and-race.
33. 33. Eva Frazer, MD, et al., “The Violence Epidemic in the African American Community: A Call for Comprehensive Reform,” National Medical Association White Paper on Violence 2017, National Minority Health Institute, https://www.mhinst.org/pdf/NMA_WhitePaper.pdf.
34. 34. Kiana Cox and Christine Tamir, “Place and Community,” Pew Research Center, April 14, 2022, www.pewresearch.org/race-ethnicity/2022/04/14/black-americans-place-and-community/.
35. 35. German Lopez, “Watch: Hillary Clinton’s Tense, Closed-Door Meeting with Black Lives Matter Activists,” Vox, August 18, 2015, www.vox.com/2015/8/18/9171905/hillary-clinton-black-lives-matter.
36. 36. Sam Sanders, “Bill Clinton Gets into Heated Exchange with Black Lives Matter Protester,” NPR, April 7, 2016, www.npr.org/2016/04/07/473428472/bill-clinton-gets-into-heated-exchange-with-black-lives-matter-protester#:~:text=%22I%20don’t%20know%20how,were%20good%20citizens%20.
37. 37. “Transcript of Facebook Video in Fatal Police Shooting,” Associated Press, July 7, 2016, apnews.com/general-news-3ec9863050bc4ded954cf7a0f3256f70.
38. 38. twitter.com/HillaryClinton/status/751081918712676352.
39. 39. Ben Wolfgang, “Hillary Clinton Meets with Philando Castile’s Family in Minnesota,” Washington Times, July 19, 2016, www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jul/19/clinton-meets-philando-castiles-family-minnesota/.
40. 40. Barack Obama, Facebook, July 7, 2016, www.facebook.com/potus44/posts/507884336068078.
41. 41. Ibid.
42. 42. Nicole Gaouette and Steve Visser, “Dallas Police Shooter a Reclusive Army Reservist,” CNN, July 11, 2016, www.cnn.com/2016/07/08/us/micah-xavier-johnson-dallas-shooter/index.html.
43. 43. Stephen Sawchuk, “In AFT Talk, Hillary Clinton Doubles Down on Support for Teachers,” Education Week, July 18, 2016, www.edweek.org/policy-politics/in-aft-talk-hillary-clinton-doubles-down-on-support-for-teachers/2016/07.
44. 44. Chris Summers, “ ‘Too Often, We Judge Other Groups by Their Worst Examples While Judging Ourselves by Our Best Intentions’: Moving Quote by George W. Bush at Dallas Police Memorial Inspires America,” Daily Mail, July 13, 2016, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3687974/Too-judge-groups-worst-examples-judging-best-intentions-Moving-quote-George-W-Bush-Dallas-police-memorial-inspires-America.html.
45. 45. “Remarks by the President at Memorial Service for Fallen Dallas Police Officers,” The White House, July 12, 2016, obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/07/12/remarks-president-memorial-service-fallen-dallas-police-officers.
46. 46. David Weigel, “Three Words That Republicans Wrestle with: ‘Black Lives Matter,’ ” Washington Post, July 12, 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/three-words-that-republicans-wrestle-with-black-lives-matter/2016/07/12/f5a9dfdc-4878-11e6-90a8-fb84201e0645_story.html.
47. 47. “Fatal Force: 1,150 People Have Been Shot and Killed by Police in the Past 12 Months,” www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings-database/.
48. 48. “Kaepernick Voices Support for Racial Justice, Condemns Police Brutality,” NBC Bay Area, August 28, 2016, www.nbcbayarea.com/news/sports/kaepernick/130588/.
49. 49. Yamiche Alcindor, “Colin Kaepernick Says Presidential Candidates Were Trying to ‘Debate Who’s Less Racist,’ ” New York Times, September 28, 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/09/29/us/colin-kaepernick-says-presidential-candidates-were-trying-to-debate-whos-less-racist.html.
50. 50. Eric Edholm, “Colin Kaepernick: Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton Are ‘Proven Liars,’ ” Yahoo Sports, September 27, 2016, https://sports.yahoo.com/news/colin-kaepernick-donald-trump-hillary-clinton-are-proven-liars-215536317.html.
51. 51. Melissa Harris-Perry, “Why #BlackLivesMatter’s Alicia Garza Won’t Support Hillary Clinton,” Elle, June 27, 2016, www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/news/a37416/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter-hillary-clinton/.
52. 52. Jesse Holland, “Black Lives Matter Movement Won’t Endorse a Presidential Candidate,” PBS, September 19, 2015, www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/black-lives-matter-movement-wont-endorse-presidential-candidate.
53. 53. Aislinn Pulley, “Black Struggle Is Not a Sound Bite: Why I Refused to Meet with President Obama,” Truthout, February 18, 2016, https://truthout.org/articles/black-struggle-is-not-a-sound-bite-why-i-refused-to-meet-with-president-obama/.
54. 54. “Remarks by President Obama in Town Hall with Young Leaders of the UK,” The White House, April 23, 2016, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/04/23/remarks-president-obama-town-hall-young-leaders-uk.
55. 55. Jim Norman, “U.S. Worries About Race Relations Reach a New High,” Gallup, April 11, 2016, https://news.gallup.com/poll/190574/worries-race-relations-reach-new-high.aspx.
56. 56. Frank Bruni, “Has Barack Obama Hurt Race Relations?,” New York Times, July 13, 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/07/13/opinion/has-barack-obama-hurt-race-relations.html.
57. 57. “Khizr Khan’s Speech to the 2016 Democratic National Convention,” ABC News, August 1, 2016, abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-text-khizr-khans-speech-2016-democratic-national/story?id=41043609.
58. 58. “Donald Trump to Father of Fallen Soldier: ‘I’ve Made a Lot of Sacrifices,’ ” ABC News, July 30, 2016, abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trump-father-fallen-soldier-ive-made-lot/story?id=41015051.
59. 59. “An Examination of the 2016 Electorate, Based on Validated Voters,” Pew Research Center, August 9, 2018, www.pewresearch.org/politics/2018/08/09/an-examination-of-the-2016-electorate-based-on-validated-voters/.
60. 60. Remarks of President Donald J. Trump—as prepared for delivery, Inaugural Address, January 20, 2017, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/the-inaugural-address/.

6: THE ALT-RIGHT WHITE HOUSE

1. 1. Julia Felsenthal, “These Criminal Justice Activists Are Taking the System Head On,” Vogue, March 8, 2018, https://www.vogue.com/projects/13541665/criminal-justice-reform.
2. 2. Arwa Mahdawi, “Black Lives Matter’s Alicia Garza: ‘Leadership Today Doesn’t Look Like Martin Luther King,’ ” The Guardian, October 17, 2020, www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/17/black-lives-matter-alicia-garza-leadership-today-doesnt-look-like-martin-luther-king.
3. 3. Greg Jaffe, “Obama Counsels Black Lives Matter Activists: ‘You Can’t Just Keep on Yelling,’ ” Washington Post, April 23, 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/04/23/obama-counsels-black-lives-matter-activists-you-cant-just-keep-on-yelling/.
4. 4. “Commencement Address at Howard University,” May 7, 2016, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/commencement-address-howard-university-1.
5. 5. Alicia Garza, The Purpose of Power: How We Come Together When We Fall Apart (New York: Random House, 2020), p. 171.
6. 6. Jens Manuel Krogstad and Mark Huge Lopez, “Black Voter Turnout Fell in 2016, even as a Record Number of Americans Cast Ballots,” Pew Research Center, May 12, 2017, www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/05/12/black-voter-turnout-fell-in-2016-even-as-a-record-number-of-americans-cast-ballots/.
7. 7. Garza, The Purpose of Power, p. 172.
8. 8. Margaret Talbot, “The Populist Prophet,” The New Yorker, October 5, 2015, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/10/12/the-populist-prophet.
9. 9. Dara Lind, “Black Lives Matter vs. Bernie Sanders, Explained,” Vox, August 11, 2015, www.vox.com/2015/8/11/9127653/bernie-sanders-black-lives-matter.
10. 10. Patrisse Cullors, “#BlackLivesMatter Will Continue to Disrupt the Political Process,” Washington Post, August 18, 2015, www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2015/08/18/opinion-blacklivesmatter-will-continue-to-disrupt-the-political-process/.
11. 11. Reena Flores, “Congressional Black Caucus Backs Hillary Clinton,” CBS News, February 11, 2016, www.cbsnews.com/news/congressional-black-caucus-to-back-hillary-clinton/.
12. 12. Vanessa Williams and Scott Clement, “Despite Black Lives Matter, Young Black Americans Aren’t Voting in Higher Numbers,” Washington Post, May 14, 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/despite-black-lives-matter-young-black-americans-arent-voting-in-higher-numbers/2016/05/14/e1780b3a-1176-11e6-93ae-50921721165d_story.html.
13. 13. David Neiwert, Alt-America: The Rise of the Radical Right in the Age of Trump (New York: Verso, 2017).
14. 14. Don Gonyea, “Majority of White Americans Say They Believe Whites Face Discrimination,” NPR, October 24, 2017, www.npr.org/2017/10/24/559604836/majority-of-white-americans-think-theyre-discriminated-against.
15. 15. “Dylann Roof’s Manifesto Is Fluent in White Nationalist Ideology,” Southern Poverty Law Center, June 21, 2015, www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2015/06/20/dylann-roofs-manifesto-fluent-white-nationalist-ideology.
16. 16. Debbie Elliott, “The Charlottesville Rally 5 Years Later: ‘It’s What You’re Still Trying to Forget,’ ” NPR, August 12, 2022, www.npr.org/2022/08/12/1116942725/the-charlottesville-rally-5-years-later-its-what-youre-still-trying-to-forget.
17. 17. Joe Heim, “Recounting a Day of Rage, Hate, Violence and Death,” Washington Post, August 14, 2017, www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/local/charlottesville-timeline/.
18. 18. https://twitter.com/VSPPIO/status/896434685206822912.
19. 19. https://www.facebook.com/shaunking/photos/a.799605230078397/1508327532539493/?type=3.
20. 20. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/896420822780444672?lang=en.
21. 21. “Full text: Trump’s Comments on White Supremacists, ‘Alt-Left’ in Charlottesville,” Politico, August 15, 2017, www.politico.com/story/2017/08/15/full-text-trump-comments-white-supremacists-alt-left-transcript-241662.
22. 22. Scott Clement and David Nakamura, “Poll Shows Clear Disapproval of How Trump Responded to Charlottesville Violence,” Washington Post, August 21, 2017, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/poll-shows-strong-disapproval-of-how-trump-responded-to-charlottesville-violence/2017/08/21/4e5c585c-868b-11e7-a94f-3139abce39f5_story.html.
23. 23. “Trump, Again, Casts Blame on Both Sides for Deadly Violence in Virginia,” Reuters, August 16, 2017, www.reuters.com/article/idUSL8N1L137F/.
24. 24. “The Hate He Dares Not Speak Of,” New York Times, August, 13, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/08/13/opinion/trump-charlottesville-hate-stormer.html.
25. 25. Thomas J. Main, The Rise of the Alt-Right (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2018).
26. 26. Jeff Greenfield, “Trump Is Pat Buchannan with Better Timing,” Politico Magazine, September/October 2016, www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/09/donald-trump-pat-buchanan-republican-america-first-nativist-214221/.
27. 27. Kevin Drum, “Is Steve Bannon Racist? Let’s Find Out!,” Mother Jones, November 14, 2016, www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2016/11/steve-bannon-racist-lets-find-out/.
28. 28. Sarah Posner, “How Steve Bannon Created an Online Haven for White Nationalists,” Mother Jones, August 22, 2016, www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/08/stephen-bannon-donald-trump-alt-right-breitbart-news/.
29. 29. P. R. Lockhart, “How Russia Exploited Racial Tensions in America During the 2016 Elections,” Vox, December 17, 2018, www.vox.com/identities/2018/12/17/18145075/russia-facebook-twitter-internet-research-agency-race.
30. 30. Karen Yourish and Larry Buchanan, “Mueller Report Shows Depth of Connections Between Trump Campaign and Russians,” New York Times, April 19, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/01/26/us/politics/trump-contacts-russians-wikileaks.html#:~:text=Campaign and Russians.
31. 31. Jason Wilson, “Leaked Emails Reveal Trump Aide Stephen Miller’s White Nationalist Views,” The Guardian, November 14, 2019, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/nov/14/stephen-miller-leaked-emails-white-nationalism-trump.
32. 32. James Higdon, “Jeff Sessions’ Coming War on Legal Marijuana,” Politico Magazine, December 2016, www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/jeff-sessions-coming-war-on-legal-marijuana-214501/.
33. 33. Tim Walker, “Donald Trump Builds Cabinet Team of Far-Right Figures, Nationalists—and White Men Named Mike,” The Independent, November 19, 2016, www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-president-latest-cabinet-sessions-flynn-pompeo-racist-mike-a7426046.html.
34. 34. “Trump Targets Sanctuary Cities, Promises Border Wall in Executive Orders,” ABC News, January 25, 2017, abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-signs-executive-orders-border-wall-immigration/story?id=45045056.
35. 35. “Executive Order: Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States,” The White House, January 25, 2017, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-enhancing-public-safety-interior-united-states/.
36. 36. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/936437372706836480?s=20.
37. 37. “Attorney General Sessions Statement on the Verdict in People of the State of California vs. Jose Ines Garcia Zarate aka Juan Francisco Lopez Sanchez,” Department of Justice, November 30, 2017, www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-sessions-statement-verdict-people-state-california-vs-jose-ines-garcia.
38. 38. Nicole Goodkind, “Jeff Sessions Blames Gun Deaths Increase on Antifa, Black Lives Matter and ACLU—But Not Guns,” Newsweek, September 20, 2018, www.newsweek.com/jeff-sessions-antifa-gun-death-blm-1130796.
39. 39. Eliana Plott, “The Fall of Jeff Sessions, and What Came After,” New York Times Magazine, June 30, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/magazine/jeff-sessions.html.
40. 40. Alicia Garza, “BLM Co-Founder: Obama Should Help the People Who His Presidency Failed,” Time, January 24, 2017, time.com/4599447/barack-obama-black-lives/.
41. 41. Sharon Cohen and Deepti Hajela, “Obama Racial Legacy: Pride, Promise, Regret and Deep Rift,” Associated Press, January 4, 2017, apnews.com/article/jackie-robinson-barack-obama-chicago-politics-il-state-wire-29b24a7985a442d8b890261da99cad86.
42. 42. Garza, The Purpose of Power, p. 176.
43. 43. Garza, “BLM Co-Founder: Obama Should Help the People Who His Presidency Failed.”
44. 44. Richard A. Oppel Jr., “States Trim Penalties and Prison Rolls, Even as Sessions Gets Tough,” New York Times, May 18, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/05/18/us/states-prisons-crime-sentences-jeff-sessions.html.
45. 45. Joshiah Ryan, “ ‘This Was a Whitelash’: Van Jones’ Take on the Election Results,” CNN, November 9, 2016, www.cnn.com/2016/11/09/politics/van-jones-results-disappointment-cnntv/index.html.
46. 46. Author’s interview with Van Jones, September 28, 2022.
47. 47. The First Step, 2021, www.firststepfilm.com/.
48. 48. Author’s interview with Van Jones, September 28, 2022.
49. 49. https://twitter.com/VanJones68/status/1062852237779554304.
50. 50. “JustLeadershipUSA joins with National Partner Organizations in Opposing Revised First Step Act Legislation,” JustLeadershipUSA, November 20, 2018, jlusa.org/media-release/justleadershipusa-joins-with-national-partner-organizations-in-opposing-revised-first-step-act-legislation/.
51. 51. “Black Lives Matter Global Network Responds to the United States Senate Passage of the First Step Act, A Criminal Reform Package,” Black Lives Matter, December 20, 2018, blacklivesmatter.com/black-lives-matter-global-network-responds-to-the-united-states-senate-passage-of-the-first-step-act-a-criminal-reform-package/.
52. 52. “Computational Propaganda, Jewish-Americans and the 2018 Midterms: The Amplification of Anti-Semitic Harassment Online,” ADL, October 26, 2018, www.adl.org/resources/report/computational-propaganda-jewish-americans-and-2018-midterms-amplification-anti.
53. 53. “2017 Audit of Anti-Semitic Incidents,” ADL, February 25, 2018, www.adl.org/resources/report/2017-audit-anti-semitic-incidents.
54. 54. Heidi Beirich and Susy Buchanan, “2017: The Year in Hate and Extremism,” Southern Poverty Law Center, February 11, 2018, www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2018/2017-year-hate-and-extremism.
55. 55. John Wagner, “Trump Says He ‘Wouldn’t Be Surprised’ if Unfounded Conspiracy Theory About George Soros Funding Caravan Is True,” Washington Post, November 1, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-wouldnt-be-surprised-if-democratic-megadonor-george-soros-is-funding-the-migrant-caravan/2018/11/01/9ea196a0-ddcf-11e8-85df-7a6b4d25cfbb_story.html.
56. 56. https://twitter.com/repmattgaetz/status/1052629557826736129.
57. 57. Jarrett Renshaw, “Who Is Robert Bowers, the Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting Suspect?,” Reuters, October 29, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1N31S4/.
58. 58. “11 Dead, Several Others Shot at Pittsburgh Synagogue,” KDKA News, October 27, 2018, https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/heavy-police-presence-near-synagogue-in-squirrel-hill/.
59. 59. Ibid.

7: STACEY AND THE SQUAD

1. 1. Arit John, “A Brief History of Squads,” New York Times, July 18, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/07/18/style/squad-aoc-trump.html.
2. 2. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1150381395078000643.
3. 3. Michael Crowley, “At Rally, President Accuses Liberal Critics of Seeking the Nation’s ‘Destruction,’ ” New York Times, July 17, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/07/17/us/politics/trump-send-her-back-ilhan-omar.html.
4. 4. https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1153315875476463616.
5. 5. https://twitter.com/AOC/status/1150445185438035968.
6. 6. https://twitter.com/AyannaPressley/status/1150460489199173632.
7. 7. Bobby Allyn, “Congresswomen Denounce Trump Tweets Telling Them to ‘Go Back’ to Their Home Countries,” NPR, July 14, 2019, www.npr.org/2019/07/14/741630889/congresswomen-denounce-trump-tweets-telling-them-to-go-back-to-their-home-countr.
8. 8. Eli Watkins, “Ocasio-Cortez Says ‘AOC Sucks’ Chant at Trump Rally Shows Trump Needs a Woman to ‘Vilify,’ ” CNN, March 30, 2019, www.cnn.com/2019/03/30/politics/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-donald-trump/index.html.
9. 9. Aaron Rupar, “New Congress Member Creates Stir by Saying of Trump: ‘We’re Going to Impeach This Motherfucker!,’ ” Vox, January 4, 2019, www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/1/4/18168157/rashida-tlaib-trump-impeachment-motherfucker.
10. 10. Katharine Seely, “Ayanna Pressley Upsets Capuano in Massachusetts House Race,” New York Times, September 4, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/09/04/us/politics/ayanna-pressley-massachusetts.html.
11. 11. Karl Vick, “Perhaps the Largest Protest in U.S. History Was Brought to You by Trump,” Time, January 26, 2017, time.com/4649891/protest-donald-trump/.
12. 12. #TeamEbony, “#WAKANDATHEVOTE Allows for Voter Registration at ‘Black Panther’ Screenings,” Ebony, February 15, 2018, www.ebony.com/voter-registration-black-panther/.
13. 13. Matthew Schneier, “The Stars of September,” New York Times, August, 9, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/08/09/style/diversity-september-issue-magazines.html.
14. 14. “Black Impact: Consumer Categories Where African Americans Move Markets,” Nielsen, February 2018, www.nielsen.com/insights/2018/black-impact-consumer-categories-where-african-americans-move-markets/.
15. 15. Doreen St. Félix, “What Kendrick Lamar’s Pulitzer Means for Hip-Hop,” The New Yorker, April 17, 2018, www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/what-kendrick-lamars-pulitzer-means-for-hip-hop.
16. 16. National Domestic Workers Alliance, “About NDWA | National Domestic Workers Alliance,” June 8, 2022, https://www.domesticworkers.org/about-ndwa/.
17. 17. Black Futures Lab, “The Black Census Project Final,” n.d., https://blackfutureslab.org/black-census-project-2/.
18. 18. Ayo Tometi, “How Black Lives Matter Cofounder Ayọ Tometi Makes Sure She Can ‘Weather the Storm’,” August 25, 2021, https://ayotometi.org/how-black-lives-matter-cofounder-opal-tometi-makes-sure-she-can-weather-the-storm/.
19. 19. Washington Post Staff, “Police Shootings Database 2015–2024: Search by Race, Age, Department,” Washington Post, December 5, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings-database/.
20. 20. Patrisse Cullors, “21 Savage Released on Bond Following Black Lives Matter Led Consortium Demanding His Release, the Fight Is Not Over,” Black Lives Matter, February 2019, blacklivesmatter.com/21-savage-released-on-bond-following-black-lives-matter-led-consortium-demanding-his-release-the-fight-is-not-over/.
21. 21. Melanie Eversley, “Trump Tells Law Enforcement: ‘Don’t Be Too Nice’ with Suspects,” USA Today, July 28, 2017, www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/07/29/trump-tells-law-enforcement-dont-too-nice-suspects/522220001/.
22. 22. “Obama Unleashes on Trump and GOP Ahead of Midterms,” CNN, September 7, 2018, us.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1809/07/wolf.01.html.
23. 23. Wilborn P. Nobles III, “Trump Calls Baltimore ‘Disgusting… Rodent Infested Mess,’ Rips Rep. Elijah Cummings over Border Criticism,” Baltimore Sun, July 27, 2019, www.baltimoresun.com/2019/07/27/trump-calls-baltimore-disgusting-rodent-infested-mess-rips-rep-elijah-cummings-over-border-criticism/.
24. 24. Christopher Ingraham, “Trump’s Voter Commission Is Now Facing at Least 7 Federal Lawsuits,” Washington Post, July 18, 2017, www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/07/18/trumps-voter-fraud-commission-is-now-facing-at-least-7-federal-lawsuits/.
25. 25. Josh Gerstein and Matthew Nussbaum, “Trump Disbands Voter Fraud Commission,” Politico, January 3, 2018, www.politico.com/story/2018/01/03/trump-disbands-voter-fraud-commission-322621.
26. 26. Angela Caputo, Geoff Hing, and Johnny Kauffman, “After the Purge: How a Massive Voter Purge in Georgia Affected the 2018 Election,” APM Reports, October 29, 2019, www.apmreports.org/story/2019/10/29/georgia-voting-registration-records-removed.
27. 27. “Voter Purges,” Brennan Center for Justice, www.brennancenter.org/issues/ensure-every-american-can-vote/vote-suppression/voter-purges.
28. 28. “Full Transcript: Stacey Abrams Democratic Rebuttal,” New York Times, February 6, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/02/05/us/politics/stacey-abrams-speech.html.
29. 29. twitter.com/danpfeiffer/status/1092993571391586304.
30. 30. Astead W. Herndon, “Stacey Abrams Isn’t Running for President. Should She Be?,” New York Times, February 6, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/02/06/us/politics/stacey-abrams-president.html.
31. 31. Stacey Abrams, Minority Leader: How to Lead from the Outside and Make Real Change (New York: Henry Holt, 2018).
32. 32. New York Times Magazine, “The 1619 Project,” New York Times Magazine, May 29, 2024, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/1619-america-slavery.html.
33. 33. Nikole Hannah-Jones, “Our Democracy’s Founding Ideals Were False When They Were Written. Black Americans Have Fought to Make Them True,” 1619 Project, New York Times, August 14, 2019, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/black-history-american-democracy.html.
34. 34. Jake Silverstein, “On Recent Criticism of The 1619 Project,” New York Times, October 16, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/10/16/magazine/criticism-1619-project.html.
35. 35. Leslie Harris, “I Helped Fact-Check the 1619 Project. The Times Ignored Me,” Politico, March 6, 2020, https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/03/06/1619-project-new-york-times-mistake-122248.
36. 36. “We Respond to the Historians Who Critiqued The 1619 Project,” New York Times, December 20, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/12/20/magazine/we-respond-to-the-historians-who-critiqued-the-1619-project.html.
37. 37. Bret Stephens, “The 1619 Chronicles,” New York Times, October 9, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/10/09/opinion/nyt-1619-project-criticisms.html.
38. 38. Pamela Newkirk, “Diversity Has Become a Booming Business. So Where Are the Results?,” Time, October 10, 2019, time.com/5696943/diversity-business/.
39. 39. Philip Kennicott, “A Powerful Memorial in Montgomery Remembers the Victims of Lynching,” Washington Post, April 24, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/a-powerful-memorial-in-montgomery-remembers-the-victims-of-lynching/2018/04/24/3620e78a-471a-11e8-827e-190efaf1f1ee_story.html.
40. 40. National Football League, “NFL: Issues Raised by Kaepernick Deserve Attention,” September 4, 2018, https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-issues-raised-by-kaepernick-deserve-attention-0ap3000000958222.
41. 41. Arun Venugopal, “ ‘1619 Project’ Journalist Says Black People Shouldn’t Be an Asterisk in U.S. History,” Fresh Air, NPR, November 17, 2021, https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1056404654.
42. 42. “Remarks by President Trump at the White House Conference on American History,” The White House, September 17, 2020, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-white-house-conference-american-history/.
43. 43. Zackary Okun Dunivin, Harry Yaojun Yan, Jelani Ince, and Fabio Rojas, “Black Lives Matter Protests Shift Public Discourse,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, March 3, 2022, https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2117320119.
44. 44. “Remarks by President Trump at South Dakota’s 2020 Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration | Keystone, South Dakota,” The White House, July 4, 2020, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-south-dakotas-2020-mount-rushmore-fireworks-celebration-keystone-south-dakota/.
45. 45. “Executive Order on Combating Race and Sex Stereotyping,” The White House, September 22, 2020, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-combating-race-sex-stereotyping/.
46. 46. Author’s interview with Rashad Robinson, April 16, 2022.
47. 47. “Color of Change Secure Agreement from Facebook to Create Civil Rights Accountability Infrastructure,” Color of Change, colorofchange.org/press_release/color-of-change-secures-agreement-from-facebook-to-create-civil-rights-accountability-infrastructure/.
48. 48. Nicole Karlis,” A Racial Justice Group Got Death Threats After Facebook Launched Secret Smear Campaign,” Salon, February 19, 2018, www.salon.com/2018/11/19/a-racial-justice-group-started-getting-death-threats-after-facebook-launched-secret-smear-campaign/.
49. 49. Mike Issac and Jack Nicas, “Facebook Cuts Ties with Washington Firm That Sought to Discredit Social Network’s Critics,” New York Times, November 15, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/11/15/technology/facebook-definers-soros.html.
50. 50. Philip Bump, “Trump Keeps Framing the El Paso Shooting as His Side Against His Opponents,’ ” Washington Post, August 7, 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/08/07/trump-keeps-framing-el-paso-shooting-his-side-against-his-opponents/.
51. 51. Matt Zapotosky, “Wray Says FBI Has Recorded About 100 Domestic Terrorism Arrests in Fiscal 2019 and Many Investigations Involve White Supremacy,” Washington Post, July 23, 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/wray-says-fbi-has-recorded-about-100-domestic-terrorism-arrests-in-fiscal-2019-and-most-investigations-involve-white-supremacy/2019/07/23/600d49a6-aca1-11e9-bc5c-e73b603e7f38_story.html.
52. 52. twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1155205025121132545.

8: “I’M DEAD”

1. 1. “CNBC News Release CNBC transcript: President Donald Trump Sits Down with CNBC’s Joe Kernen at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland,” CNBC, January 22, 2020, www.cnbc.com/2020/01/22/cnbc-transcript-president-donald-trump-sits-down-with-cnbcs-joe-kernen-at-the-world-economic-forum-in-davos-switzerland.html.
2. 2. Peter Martinez, “Minneapolis Releases Transcript of George Floyd 911 Call,” CBS News, May 29, 2020, www.cbsnews.com/news/george-floyd-death-911-transcript-minneapolis-police/.
3. 3. Erica L. Green and Katie Benner, “Witness Who Was in Floyd’s Car Says His Friend Did Not Resist Arrest,” New York Times, June 4, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/06/04/us/politics/george-floyd-witness-morries-lester-hall.html.
4. 4. www.facebook.com/darnellareallprettymarie/posts/1425398217661280/.
5. 5. Ibid.
6. 6. www.facebook.com/darnellareallprettymarie/posts/pfbid02CpBxUYDBh3K8EMD9UUvme4vei5wYX55n4B5jkb2cC3BrUt6TBX4qxV1bgCorjAoil.
7. 7. twitter.com/aliciagarza/status/1265481390985900032.
8. 8. www.instagram.com/p/CAxyXWOAPiL.
9. 9. Monica Anderson, Michael Barthel, Andrew Perrin, and Emily A. Vogels, “#BlackLivesMatter Surges on Twitter After George Floyd’s Death,” Pew Research Center, June 10, 2020, www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/06/10/blacklivesmatter-surges-on-twitter-after-george-floyds-death/.
10. 10. Valerie Wirtschafter, “How George Floyd Changed the Online Conversation Around BLM,” Brookings, June 17, 2021, www.brookings.edu/articles/how-george-floyd-changed-the-online-conversation-around-black-lives-matter/.
11. 11. Derrick Bryson Taylor, “George Floyd Protests: A Timeline,” New York Times, November 5, 2021, www.nytimes.com/article/george-floyd-protests-timeline.html.
12. 12. Robert Samuels and Toluse Olorunnipa, His Name Is George Floyd (New York: Viking, 2022).
13. 13. Louis King, “The NCRT 2020: An African American Community Response,” March 30, 2020, https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/6827036/NCRT-CollectiveResponse-March30.pdf.
14. 14. twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1251168994066944003.
15. 15. Ben Westcott et al., “May 25 Coronavirus News,” CNN, May 25, 2020, www.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-pandemic-05-25-20-intl/promise.
16. 16. Latoya Hill and Samantha Artiga, “COVID-19 Cases and Deaths by Race/Ethnicity: Current Data and Changes over Time,” KFF, August 22, 2022, www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/covid-19-cases-and-deaths-by-race-ethnicity-current-data-and-changes-over-time/.
17. 17. “Reverend Al Sharpton George Floyd Funeral Eulogy Transcript,” June 9, 2020, www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/reverend-al-sharpton-george-floyd-funeral-eulogy-transcript-june-9.
18. 18. Larry Buchanan, Quoctrung Bui, and Jugal K. Patel, “Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History,” New York Times, July 3, 2020, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html.
19. 19. Amanda Barroso and Rachel Minkin, “Recent Protest Attendees Are More Racially and Ethnically Diverse, Younger than Americans Overall,” Pew Research Center, June 24, 2020, www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/06/24/recent-protest-attendees-are-more-racially-and-ethnically-diverse-younger-than-americans-overall/.
20. 20. Buchanan, Bui, and Patel, “Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History.”
21. 21. twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1266231100780744704.
22. 22. Isaac Chotiner, “A Black Lives Matter Co-Founder Explains Why This Time Is Different,” The New Yorker, June 3, 2020, www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/a-black-lives-matter-co-founder-explains-why-this-time-is-different.
23. 23. twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1266231100780744704.
24. 24. Cameron Easley, “Floyd Protests Are Backed by Most Americans as More Say Racism Isn’t Taken Seriously Enough,” Morning Consult, June 1, 2020, pro.morningconsult.com/articles/floyd-protests-are-backed-by-most-americans-as-more-say-racism-isnt-taken-seriously-enough.
25. 25. Roudabeh Kishi and Sam Jones, “Demonstrations and Political Violence in America: New Data for Summer 2020,” ACLED, September 3, 2020, https://acleddata.com/2020/09/03/demonstrations-political-violence-in-america-new-data-for-summer-2020/.
26. 26. Peter Baker, “A Long History of Language That Incites and Demonizes,” New York Times, August 31, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/08/31/us/politics/trump-police-protests.html.
27. 27. “Statement by the President,” The White House, June 1, 2020, trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/statement-by-the-president-39/.
28. 28. Peter Baker et al., “How Trump’s Idea for a Photo Op Led to Havoc in a Park,” New York Times, June 2, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/06/02/us/politics/trump-walk-lafayette-square.html.
29. 29. Mary Jordan and Scott Clement, “Rallying Nation,” Washington Post, April 6, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/news/national/wp/2018/04/06/feature/in-reaction-to-trump-millions-of-americans-are-joining-protests-and-getting-political/.
30. 30. Veronica Stracqualursi, “Congress’ Asian Pacific American Caucus Chair: It’s Dangerous for Trump to Call Coronavirus ‘the Chinese Virus,’ ” CNN, March 21, 2020, www.cnn.com/2020/03/21/politics/judy-chu-coronavirus-trump-china/index.html.
31. 31. “President Trump Calls Coronavirus ‘Kung Flu,’ ” BBC, June 24, 2020, www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-53173436.
32. 32. “Mandates of the Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance; the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants; and the Working Group on Discrimination Against Women and Girls,” United Nations, August 12, 2020, https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=25476.
33. 33. Ibid.
34. 34. Juliana Menasce Horowitz, Anna Brown, and Kiana Cox, “Race in America 2019,” Pew Research Center, April 9, 2019, www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2019/04/09/race-in-america-2019/.
35. 35. “Presidential Approval Ratings—Donald Trump,” Gallup, https://news.gallup.com/poll/203198/presidential-approval-ratings-donald-trump.aspx.
36. 36. Donna M. Owens, “Jim Clyburn Changed Everything for Joe Biden’s Campaign. He’s Been a Political Force for a Long Time,” Washington Post, April 1, 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/jim-clyburn-changed-everything-for-joe-bidens-campaign-hes-been-a-political-force-for-a-long-time/2020/03/30/7d054e98-6d33-11ea-aa80-c2470c6b2034_story.html.
37. 37. Chris Kahn, “POLL-Clyburn’s Endorsement of Biden ‘a Factor’ for a Majority of South Carolina Voters,” Reuters, February 29, 2020, www.reuters.com/article/usa-election-south-carolina/poll-clyburns-endorsement-of-biden-a-factor-for-a-majority-of-south-carolina-voters-idUSL1N29Z1KX/.
38. 38. Sybrina Fulton, “Black Lives Matter Founders Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors and Opal Tometi,” Time, September 22, 2020, time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2020/5888228/black-lives-matter-founders/.
39. 39. “Black Lives Matter 2020 Impact Report,” Black Lives Matter, blacklivesmatter.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/blm-2020-impact-report.pdf.
40. 40. “Get Ready to Vote,” Black Lives Matter, https://blacklivesmatter.com/vote/.
41. 41. twitter.com/aliciagarza/status/1290767518055796736.
42. 42. twitter.com/aliciagarza/status/1289695334747127808.
43. 43. twitter.com/aliciagarza/status/1296667186698653696.
44. 44. Alicia Garza, “With Kamala Harris in the VP Slot, We Just Made History—Let’s Do It Again in November,” Glamour, August 12, 2020, www.glamour.com/story/alicia-garza-kamala-harris-vice-president-history.
45. 45. “Transcript: Joe Biden’s DNC Speech,” CNN, August 21, 2020, www.cnn.com/2020/08/20/politics/biden-dnc-speech-transcript/index.html.
46. 46. “Statement by Patrisse Cullors, Executive Director, Black Lives Matter Global Network on the Attempted Murder of Jacob Blake,” Black Lives Matter, August 25, 2020, blacklivesmatter.com/statement-by-patrisse-cullors-executive-director-black-lives-matter-global-network-on-the-attempted-murder-of-jacob-blake/.
47. 47. Faith Karimi, “Kenosha Shooting Suspect Called a Friend to Say He ‘Killed Somebody,’ Police Say, and then Shot Two Others,” CNN, August 28, 2020, www.cnn.com/2020/08/28/us/kyle-rittenhouse-kenosha-shooting/index.html.
48. 48. “Transcript: Donald Trump’s RNC speech,” CNN, August 28, 2020, www.cnn.com/2020/08/28/politics/donald-trump-speech-transcript/index.html.
49. 49. “As Trump Visits Kenosha, Hundreds Gather Where Jacob Blake Was Shot,” New York Times, September 1, 2020, www.nytimes.com/live/2020/09/01/us/trump-vs-biden.
50. 50. Matt Viser and Dan Simmons, “Biden, in Kenosha, Vows That America Will Address Racism and ‘Original Sin’ of Slavery,” Washington Post, September 3, 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/biden-kenosha-jacob-blake/2020/09/03/adb60b36-edfd-11ea-b4bc-3a2098fc73d4_story.html.
51. 51. “September 29, 2020 Presidential Debate Transcript,” The Commission on Presidential Debates, www.debates.org/voter-education/debate-transcripts/september-29-2020-debate-transcript/.
52. 52. Sheera Frenkel and Annie Karni, “Proud Boys Celebrate Trump’s ‘Stand by’ Remark About Them at the Debate,” New York Times, September 29, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/09/29/us/trump-proud-boys-biden.html.
53. 53. Marina Pitofsky, “Harris Blasts Trump for Refusing to Denounce White Supremacy,” The Hill, September 30, 2020, thehill.com/homenews/campaign/518896-harris-blasts-trump-for-not-condemning-white-supremacy/.
54. 54. twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1311892190680014849.
55. 55. “Transcript of the Presidential Debate at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee,” The Commission on Presidential Debates, October 22, 2020, www.debates.org/voter-education/debate-transcripts/october-22-2020-debate-transcript/.
56. 56. twitter.com/aliciagarza/status/1319730484390227969.
57. 57. “Voter turnout, 2018–2022,” Pew Research Center, July 12, 2023, www.pewresearch.org/politics/2023/07/12/voter-turnout-2018-2022/.
58. 58. twitter.com/sartorialgirl/status/1324738648970010627.
59. 59. Ruth Igielnik, Scott Keeter, and Hannah Hartig, “Behind Biden’s 2020 Victory,” Pew Research Center, June 30, 2021, www.pewresearch.org/politics/2021/06/30/behind-bidens-2020-victory/.
60. 60. twitter.com/aliciagarza/status/1325117593485602819.
61. 61. “Black Lives Matter Global Network Statement About Biden-Harris Victory,” Black Lives Matter, November 7, 2020, blacklivesmatter.com/black-lives-matter-global-network-statement-about-biden-harris-victory/.
62. 62. “Address in Wilmington, Delaware Accepting Election as the 46th President of the United States,” The American Presidency Project, November 7, 2020, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-wilmington-delaware-accepting-election-the-46th-president-the-united-states.
63. 63. twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1340185773220515840.

9: A NEW CONFEDERATE MOVEMENT

1. 1. “Race Relations,” Gallup, 2021, news.gallup.com/poll/1687/race-relations.aspx.
2. 2. “Homeland Threat Assessment,” Department of Homeland Security, October 2020, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/2020_10_06_homeland-threat-assessment.pdf.
3. 3. The Lead with Jake Tapper, CNN, January 12, 2021, www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/2101/12/cg.01.html.
4. 4. “Rioter Who Menaced Officer with Confederate Flag Gets Prison,” Associated Press, February 9, 2023, https://news.yahoo.com/rioter-menaced-officer-confederate-flag-231350174.html.
5. 5. Caleb Newton, “Trump Goon Who Chased Officer Goodman Given 2 Years in Jail,” Bipartisan Report, October 25, 2022, https://bipartisanreport.com/2022/10/25/trump-goon-who-chased-officer-goodman-given-2-years-in-jail/.
6. 6. Dalton Bennett et al., “17 Requests for Backup in 78 Minutes,” Washington Post, April 15, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/interactive/2021/dc-police-records-capitol-riot/.
7. 7. Matthew Brown, “How Pence Came to Finally Blame Trump for Jan. 6 Capitol Attack,” March 15, 2023, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/03/15/mike-pence-trump-january-6/.
8. 8. Michael D. Shear and Jim Tankersley, “Biden Denounces Storming of Capitol as a ‘Dark Moment’ in Nation’s History,” New York Times, January 6, 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/biden-capitol-congress.html.
9. 9. twitter.com/JoeBiden/status/1346929533774159876.
10. 10. twitter.com/BarackObama/status/1346983894298595330.
11. 11. “Videotaped Remarks During the Insurrection at the United States Capitol,” The American Presidency Project, January 6, 2021, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/videotaped-remarks-during-the-insurrection-the-united-states-capitol.
12. 12. “Mike Pence’s Statement to the Senate on the Storming of the Capitol,” U.S. News & World Report, January 6, 2021, www.usnews.com/news/elections/articles/2021-01-06/read-mike-pences-statement-to-the-senate-on-the-storming-of-the-capitol.
13. 13. Chris Cameron, “These Are the People Who Died in Connection with the Capitol Riot,” New York Times, January 5, 2022, www.nytimes.com/2022/01/05/us/politics/jan-6-capitol-deaths.html.
14. 14. Irene Loewenson, “Mattis Says Vets at Jan. 6 Capitol Riot ‘Don’t Define the Military,’ ” Marine Corps Times, November 6, 2023, www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/your-marine-corps/2023/11/06/mattis-says-vets-at-jan-6-capitol-riot-dont-define-the-military/.
15. 15. Todd C. Helmus, Ryan Andrew Brown, and Rajeev Ramchand, “Prevalence of Veteran Support for Extremist Groups and Extremist Beliefs,” RAND, September 11, 2023, www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1071-2-v2.html.
16. 16. Astead W. Herndon, “America in 2021: Racial Progress in the South, a White Mob in the Capitol,” New York Times, January 8, 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/us/politics/trump-georgia-capitol-racism.html.
17. 17. twitter.com/Blklivesmatter/status/1346930035324645377.
18. 18. “Capitol Siege: If Rioters Were Black, ‘Hundreds’ Would Be Killed,” Al Jazeera, January 8, 2021, www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/8/if-rioters-who-stormed-capitol-hundreds-would-have.
19. 19. Shaun Harper, “The U.S. Capitol Insurrection Was a Case Study in White Privilege. Teach It That Way,” Education Week, January 5, 2022, www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/opinion-the-u-s-capitol-insurrection-was-a-case-study-in-white-privilege-teach-it-that-way/2022/01.
20. 20. Derek Major, “Former Head of D.C. National Guard Says if Black People Led Capitol Riot, More People Would’ve Died,” Black Enterprise, December 29, 2022, www.blackenterprise.com/former-head-of-d-c-national-guard-says-if-jan-6th-rioters-were-black-more-people-would-have-2/.
21. 21. Barbara Sprunt, “After Voting to Acquit, McConnell Torches Trump as Responsible for Riot,” NPR, February 13, 2021, www.npr.org/sections/trump-impeachment-trial-live-updates/2021/02/13/967701180/after-vote-mcconnell-torched-trump-as-practically-and-morally-responsible-for-ri.
22. 22. “Inaugural Address by President Joseph R. Biden, Jr.,” The White House, January 20, 2021, www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/01/20/inaugural-address-by-president-joseph-r-biden-jr/.
23. 23. Josh Boak and Hannah Fingerhut, “AP VoteCast: Competing Coalitions Define GA Senate Races,” Associated Press, January 6, 2021, apnews.com/ap-votecast-competing-coalitions-define-ga-senate-races-6ff7ce7c61e9e5e812a2665ccc4c66b2.
24. 24. Author’s interview with Stacey Abrams, August 1, 2023.
25. 25. twitter.com/Blklivesmatter/status/1336817575976726532.
26. 26. Marisa Schultz, “Black Lives Matter Accuses Biden of Ignoring Them: ‘It’s Demeaning to Our Hurt and Trauma,’ ” Fox News, December 11, 2020, www.foxnews.com/politics/black-lives-matter-biden-ignoring-demeaning.
27. 27. Juliana Menasce Horowitz, Kiley Hurst, and Dana Braga, “Support for the Black Lives Matter Movement Has Dropped Considerably from Its Peak in 2020,” Pew Research Center, June 14, 2023, www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2023/06/14/support-for-the-black-lives-matter-movement-has-dropped-considerably-from-its-peak-in-2020/.
28. 28. Ryan Grim, “Inside Biden’s Meetings with Civil Rights Leaders,” The Intercept, December 10, 2020, theintercept.com/2020/12/10/biden-audio-meeting-civil-rights-leaders/.
29. 29. Author’s interview with Rep. James Clyburn, August 22, 2023.
30. 30. “BLM’s 7 Demands,” Black Lives Matter, blacklivesmatter.com/blm-demands/.
31. 31. “It Is Time for Accountability,” #BLM10, November 10, 2020, www.blmchapterstatement.com/no1/.
32. 32. Aaron Morrison, “AP Exclusive: Black Lives Matter Opens Up About Its Finances,” Associated Press, February 23, 2021, apnews.com/article/black-lives-matter-90-million-finances-8a80cad199f54c0c4b9e74283d27366f.
33. 33. Alex Hammer, “Black Lives Matter Secretly Used $6 Million in Donations to Buy Luxurious 6,500-Square Foot Mansion with Seven Bedrooms and Parking for 20 Cars in Southern California in 2020 Where Leaders Have Filmed YouTube Videos,” Daily Mail, April 4, 2022, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10685303/Black-Lives-Matter-secretly-used-6-million-donations-buy-luxurious-6-500-square-foot-mansion.html.
34. 34. Sean Campbell, “The Murky Finances of Black Lives Matter,” New York, January 21, 2022, nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/01/black-lives-matter-finances.html.
35. 35. Kelly Byrne, “Breonna Taylor’s Mom Slams BLM Chapter in Louisville as a ‘Fraud,’ ” New York Post, April 17, 2021, nypost.com/2021/04/17/breonna-taylors-mom-slams-blm-louisville-as-a-fraud/.
36. 36. Aaron Morrison, “BLM’s Patrisse Cullors to Step Down from Movement Foundation,” Associated Press, May 27, 2021, apnews.com/article/ca-state-wire-george-floyd-philanthropy-race-and-ethnicity-0a89ec240a702537a3d89d281789adcf.
37. 37. Isabel Vincent, “Mothers Criticize BLM Activists for Profiting off Their Dead Sons,” New York Post, May 29, 2021, nypost.com/2021/05/29/mothers-criticize-blm-activists-for-profiting-off-their-dead-sons/.
38. 38. “A Conversation with Patrisse Cullors,” Into America, MSNBC, May 16, 2022, www.msnbc.com/podcast/into-america/transcript-patrisse-cullors-making-mistakes-n1295454.
39. 39. Trace William Cowen, “Patrisse Cullors, BLM Co-Founder, Addresses Accusation Organization Used Donations to Buy $6 Million House,” Yahoo Finance, April 6, 2022, finance.yahoo.com/news/patrisse-cullors-blm-co-founder-204251405.html.
40. 40. twitter.com/Sean_Kev/status/1511008589322022912.
41. 41. Ailisa Chang, “Secret $6 Million Home Has Allies and Critics Skeptical of BLM Foundation’s Finances,” All Things Considered, NPR, April 7, 2022, www.npr.org/2022/04/07/1091487910/blm-leaders-face-questions-after-allegedly-buying-a-mansion-with-donation-money.
42. 42. Washington Post Staff, “Police Shootings Database 2015–2024: Search by Race, Age, Department,” Washington Post, December 5, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings-database/.
43. 43. “Scott Statement on Police Reform Negotiations,” Senator Tim Scott (R-SC), September 22, 2021, www.scott.senate.gov/media-center/press-releases/scott-statement-on-police-reform-negotiations/.
44. 44. “Booker Statement on Bipartisan Policing Reform Negotiations,” Senator Cory Booker (D-NJ), September 22, 2021, www.booker.senate.gov/news/press/booker-statement-on-bipartisan-policing-reform-negotiations.
45. 45. “Department of Justice Announces Department-Wide Policy on Chokeholds and ‘No-Knock’ Entries,” U.S. Department of Justice, September 14, 2021, www.justice.gov/opa/pr/department-justice-announces-department-wide-policy-chokeholds-and-no-knock-entries.
46. 46. Juana Summers and Deirdre Walsh, “Democrats’ Biggest Push for Voting Rights Fails with No Republicans on Board,” NPR, October 20, 2021, www.npr.org/2021/10/20/1040238982/senate-democrats-are-pushing-a-voting-rights-bill-republicans-have-vowed-to-bloc.
47. 47. “Remarks by President Biden on Protecting the Right to Vote,” The White House, January 11, 2022, www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/01/11/remarks-by-president-biden-on-protecting-the-right-to-vote/.
48. 48. “Democrats Conveniently Ignore Their Own Impassioned Defense of the Filibuster,” Senator Mitt Romney (R-UT), January 11, 2022, www.romney.senate.gov/romney-democrats-conveniently-ignore-their-own-impassioned-defense-filibuster/.
49. 49. “Profoundly Unpresidential,” Senate Mitch McConnell (R-KY), January 12, 2022, www.republicanleader.senate.gov/newsroom/remarks/profoundly-unpresidential.
50. 50. Seung Min Kim, Mike DeBonis, and Amy B Wang, “Biden Calls for Changing the Filibuster in Major Voting Rights Speech,” Washington Post, January 12, 2022, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/biden-voting-rights-filibuster/2022/01/11/ada7ce66-72dd-11ec-b202-b9b92330d4fa_story.html.
51. 51. Alana Wise, “Juneteenth Is Now a Federal Holiday,” NPR, June 17, 2021, www.npr.org/2021/06/17/1007602290/biden-and-harris-will-speak-at-the-bill-signing-making-juneteenth-a-federal-holi.
52. 52. twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1270787978626052096.
53. 53. David Petraeus, “Take the Confederate Names off Our Army Bases,” The Atlantic, June 9, 2020, www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/06/take-confederate-names-off-our-army-bases/612832/.
54. 54. “Remarks by Vice President Harris at Signing of H.R. 55, ‘The Emmett Till Antilynching Act,’ ” The White House, March 29, 2022, www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/03/29/remarks-by-vice-president-harris-at-signing-of-h-r-55-the-emmett-till-antilynching-act/.
55. 55. Fabiola Cineas, “What an Anti-Lynching Law Means in 2022,” Vox, March 29, 2022, www.vox.com/22995013/anti-lynching-act-emmett-till.
56. 56. “Statement from Rashad Robinson, President of Color of Change, on passage of Emmett Till Antilynching Act,” Color of Change, March 29, 2022, mta-sts.colorofchange.org/press_release/statement-from-rashad-robinson-president-of-color-of-change-on-passage-of-emmett-till-antilynching-act/.
57. 57. Author’s interview with Rep. James Clyburn, August 22, 2023.
58. 58. “Remarks by President Biden on the Retirement of Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer,” The White House, January 27, 2022, www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/01/27/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-retirement-of-supreme-court-justice-stephen-breyer/.
59. 59. Timothy Bella, “Critics Slam Cruz for Saying Biden’s Vow to Nominate First Black Woman to Supreme Court Is ‘Offensive,’ ” Washington Post, February 1, 2022, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/02/01/cruz-black-woman-biden-supreme-court/.
60. 60. “Remarks by President Biden on his Nomination of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to Serve as Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court,” The White House, February 25, 2022, www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/02/25/remarks-by-president-biden-on-his-nomination-of-judge-ketanji-brown-jackson-to-serve-as-associate-justice-of-the-u-s-supreme-court/.
61. 61. “Congratulations Judge Jackson!,” Black Lives Matter, February 28, 2022, blacklivesmatter.com/congratulations-judge-jackson/.
62. 62. Libby Cathey, “Highlights from Senate Vote to Confirm Ketanji Brown Jackson,” ABC News, March 14, 2022, abcnews.go.com/Politics/live-updates/?id=83532151&offset=57.
63. 63. Author’s interview with Stacey Abrams, August 1, 2023.
64. 64. “Remarks by President Biden, Vice President Harris, and Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson on the Senate’s Historic, Bipartisan Confirmation of Judge Jackson to Be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court,” The White House, April 8, 2022, www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/04/08/remarks-by-president-biden-vice-president-harris-and-judge-ketanji-brown-jackson-on-the-senates-historic-bipartisan-confirmation-of-judge-jackson-to-be-an-associate-justice-of-the-supreme-court/.

10: THE BLOWUP

1. 1. Aaron Morrison, “New Black Lives Matter Tax Documents Show Foundation Is Tightening Its Belt, Has $30M in Assets,” Associated Press, May 26, 2023, apnews.com/article/black-lives-matter-donations-george-floyd-protests-ddcf0d21d130a5d46256aa6c5d145ea7.
2. 2. Juliana Menasce Horowitz, Kiley Hurst, and Dana Braga, “Support for the Black Lives Matter Movement Has Dropped Considerably from Its Peak in 2020,” Pew Research Center, June 14, 2023, www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2023/06/14/views-on-the-black-lives-matter-movement/.
3. 3. Sam Levin, “Patrisse Cullors on 10 Years of Black Lives Matter: ‘A Painful Reminder of What Hasn’t Changed,’ ” The Guardian, February 5, 2023, www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/05/patrisse-cullors-black-lives-matter-keenan-anderson.
4. 4. “A Conversation with Patrisse Cullors,” Into America, MSNBC, May 16, 2022, www.msnbc.com/podcast/into-america/transcript-patrisse-cullors-making-mistakes-n1295454.
5. 5. Hannah Hartig, Andrew Daniller, Scott Keeter, and Ted Van Green. “Demographic Profiles of Republican and Democratic Voters,” Pew Research Center, July 12, 2023, www.pewresearch.org/politics/2023/07/12/demographic-profiles-of-republican-and-democratic-voters/.
6. 6. Florida CS/HB 7, 2022, www.flsenate.gov/Committees/BillSummaries/2022/html/2809.
7. 7. Joana Williams, “A Brief History of Woke,” Spiked, May 272022, www.spiked-online.com/2022/05/27/a-brief-history-of-woke/.
8. 8. Sam Dorman, “Chris Rufo Calls on Trump to End Critical Race Theory ‘Cult Indoctrination’ in Federal Government,” Tucker Carlson Tonight, Fox News, September 1, 2020, www.foxnews.com/politics/chris-rufo-race-theory-cult-federal-government.
9. 9. Benjamin Wallace-Wells, “How a Conservative Activist Invented the Conflict over Critical Race Theory,” The New Yorker, June 18, 2021, www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-inquiry/how-a-conservative-activist-invented-the-conflict-over-critical-race-theory.
10. 10. Paul Kiernan, “Conservative Activist Grabbed Trump’s Eye on Diversity Training,” The Wall Street Journal, October 9, 2020, www.wsj.com/articles/conservative-activist-grabbed-trumps-eye-on-diversity-training-11602242287.
11. 11. Daniel Golden, “Muzzled by DeSantis, Critical Race Theory Professors Cancel Courses or Modify Their Teaching,” ProPublica, June 3, 2023, www.propublica.org/article/desantis-critical-race-theory-florida-college-professors.
12. 12. Christopher Rufo, “The Courage of Our Convictions,” City Journal, April 22, 2021, www.city-journal.org/article/the-courage-of-our-convictions.
13. 13. twitter.com/realchrisrufo/status/1611406507815636993.
14. 14. Moms for Liberty, www.momsforliberty.org/about/.
15. 15. “Moms for Liberty,” Southern Poverty Law Center, www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/moms-liberty.
16. 16. Lisa Lerer and Patricia Mazzei, “Florida Sex Scandal Shakes Moms for Liberty, as Group’s Influence Wanes,” New York Times, December 16, 2023, www.nytimes.com/2023/12/16/us/politics/moms-for-liberty-sex-scandal.html.
17. 17. “Youngkin Denounces Critical Race Theory, Promises to Restore ‘Excellence’ to Virginia Schools,” 1776Action, September 14, 2021, 1776action.org/2021/09/14/transcript-youngkin-denounces-critical-race-theory-promises-to-restore-excellence-to-virginia-schools/.
18. 18. Executive Order Number 1, “Ending the Use of Inherently Divisive Concepts, Including Critical Race Theory, and Restoring Excellence in K–12 Public Education in the Commonwealth,” January 15, 2022, www.governor.virginia.gov/executive-actions/executive-ordersdirectives/executive-action-title-918432-en.html.
19. 19. Gabriella Borter, Joseph Ax, and Joseph Tanfani, “School Boards Get Death Threats Amid Rage over Race, Gender, Mask Policies,” Reuters, February 15, 2022, www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-education-threats/.
20. 20. Allen v. Milligan, 599 U.S. 1 (2023), www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/21-1086_1co6.pdf.
21. 21. Executive Order 10925—Establishing the President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity,” March 6, 1961 www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-10925-establishing-the-presidents-committee-equal-employment-opportunity.
22. 22. Charlotte Steeh and Maria Krysan, “Affirmative Action and the Public, 1970–1995.” The Public Opinion Quarterly 60, no. 1 (Spring 1996): 128–58.
23. 23. Regents of Univ. of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978), supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/438/265/.
24. 24. Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003), supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/539/306/.
25. 25. David Moore, “Public: Only Merit Should Count in College Admissions,” Gallup, June 24, 2003, news.gallup.com/poll/8689/public-only-merit-should-count-college-admissions.aspx.
26. 26. Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard, 600 U.S. 181 (2023), www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/20-1199_hgdj.pdf.
27. 27. Ibid.
28. 28. NAACP, “NAACP Condemns SCOTUS Ruling on Affirmative Action,” June 29, 2023, https://naacp.org/articles/naacp-condemns-scotus-ruling-affirmative-action.
29. 29. “Civil Rights Organizations Denounce SCOTUS Decision in Affirmative Action Case,” National Urban League, April 7, 2024, nul.org/news/civil-rights-organizations-announce-virtual-news-conference-on-scotus-affirmative-action-decision.
30. 30. Color of Change Board Chairs, “Facing Challenges, Moving Forward,” Color of Change, June 22, 2023, https://medium.com/@cocboardchairs/facing-challenges-moving-forward-a8b46547ab05.
31. 31. Center for Antiracist Research, www.bu.edu/antiracism-center/.
32. 32. Michelle Goldberg, “Ibram X. Kendi and the Problem of Celebrity Fund-Raising,” New York Times, September 25, 2023, www.nytimes.com/2023/09/25/opinion/columnists/kendi-center-antiracist-research.html.
33. 33. twitter.com/realchrisrufo/status/1704877709061697969.
34. 34. Devin Dwyer, “Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson Says ‘Whole Truth’ About Black History Must Be Taught,” ABC News, September 15, 2023, abcnews.go.com/Politics/justice-ketanji-brown-jackson-truth-black-history-taught/story?id=103220003.
35. 35. Frederick Douglass, “West India Emancipation,” speech, August 3, 1857, www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1857-frederick-douglass-if-there-no-struggle-there-no-progress/.

CONCLUSION

1. 1. “Commencement Address at Howard University,” The American Presidency Project, May 7, 2016, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/commencement-address-howard-university-1.
2. 2. Author’s interview with Rev. Al Sharpton, May 9, 2022.
3. 3. Author’s interview with Rep. James Clyburn, August 22, 2023.
4. 4. Author’s interview with Ben Crump, June 21, 2023.
5. 5. Author’s interview with Dr. Wayne Frederick, September 28, 2023.
6. 6. Jonathan Vespa, Lauren Medina, and David M. Armstrong, “Demographic Turning Points for the United States: Population Projections for 2020 to 2060,” U.S. Census Bureau, March 2018, https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2020/demo/p25-1144.pdf.
7. 7. “Americans Divided on Whether ‘Woke’ Is a Compliment or Insult,” USA Today/Ipsos, March 8, 2023, www.ipsos.com/en-us/americans-divided-whether-woke-compliment-or-insult.
8. 8. Author’s interview with Wade Henderson, June 27, 2022.
9. 9. Author’s interview with Stacey Abrams, August 1, 2023.
10. 10. Katherine Schaffer, “The Changing Face of Congress in 8 Charts,” Pew Research Center, February 7, 2023, www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/02/07/the-changing-face-of-congress/.
11. 11. “Women Increasingly Outnumber Men at U.S. Colleges—But Why?,” The Feed, Georgetown University, September 10, 2021, feed.georgetown.edu/access-affordability/women-increasingly-outnumber-men-at-u-s-colleges-but-why/.
12. 12. Erica Pandey, “The Rise of Interracial Marriage—And Its Approval Rating,” Axios, September 6, 2022, www.axios.com/2022/09/07/approval-of-interracial-marriage-america.
13. 13. Justin McCarthy, “U.S. Same-Sex Marriage Support Holds at 71% High,” Gallup, June 5, 2023, news.gallup.com/poll/506636/sex-marriage-support-holds-high.aspx.
14. 14. “World Migration Report, 2022,” International Organization for Migration, United Nations, reliefweb.int/report/world/world-migration-report-2022?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwiMmwBhDmARIsABeQ7xRn5ocubuoA9iLT-sWfRd0xsyMVZjk-w3Pzz5-ovJYXHYe2c3S42j8aAlbwEALw_wcB.
15. 15. Author’s interview with Stacey Abrams, August 1, 2023.
16. 16. Author’s interview with Marc Morial, October 15, 2023.
17. 17. Author’s interview with Stacey Abrams, August 1, 2023.
18. 18. Author’s interview with Patrick Gaspard, July 20, 2022.
19. 19. “QuickFacts Wyoming,” U.S. Census Bureau, July 1, 2023, www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/WY/PST045223.