BIBLIOGRAPHY

This bibliography is structured to assist readers who wish to become experts in this particular subject or in a part of it—whether they are professional historians or not. The bibliography follows the chronology of the text:

Part A. Transcontinental Trade Before Columbus

Part B. China in the Americas

Part C. China’s Explorations to the North

Each section is considered in more detail:

A1. Transoceanic Trade—General

A2. Atlantic Trade in the Bronze Age

A3. Sea Currents

A4. Trade on the Atlantic Coasts

A5. Tin and Copper

A6. Mediterranean Sea Trade in Prehistory

A7. Mycenae

A8. Chinese, Egyptian, and Minoan Ships and Their Trade

A9. Calculation of Longitude at Sea

A10. Ocean Navigation

A11. Maritime Trade in 100,000 B.C.

B1. DNA Evidence

B2. In Search of Lost Civilizations

B3. The Maya Compared with Peoples of the Ancient Near East

B4. Shang Dynasty and Olmec Art and Pyramids

B5. Pyramid Builders of South America and China

C1. Kublai Khan’s Lost Fleets

C2. The Carolinas, Virginia, and the Eastern Seaboard

C3. Nova Cataia

C4. The Pacific Coast

C5. The Florida Bog People

SUGGESTED METHOD FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

1. After reading this book, study the notes and visit our website, www.Gavin​Menzies.net. Then select your research topic.

2. Read this bibliography and decide generally which books interest you.

3. Read summaries of those books on a website like Goodreads or Amazon. Narrow your choice and purchase or borrow from a library those books you decide you should read. When at your local library, visit www.jstor.org and download all relevant papers (this excellent service is free in the British Library, and in countless libraries, museums, and educational institutions around the world).

If you follow this advice you can become an expert within a month. In return, we ask that you contact us with the results of your investigations via email (zhenghe@gavinmenzies.net). With your permission, we will then place the conclusions on our website. This will spread the results quickly around the world, and in turn should help to further stimulate research on the topic. You will have joined a worldwide research group with an aim to rewriting “accepted” history.

GOOD LUCK!

GAVIN MENZIES AND IAN HUDSON

PART A. TRANSCONTINENTAL TRADE BEFORE COLUMBUS

Transoceanic Trade—General

Acosta, José de. The Natural and Moral History of the Indies. c. 1560; reprint, London: Hakluyt Society, 1880.

Alfieri, Anastase. The Coleoptera of Egypt. Cairo: Société Entomologique d’Egypte, 1976.

Allison, M. J., et al. “A Case of Hookworm Infestation in a Pre-Columbian American.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 41 (1974): 103–106.

Araujo, Adauto, et al. “Paleoepidemologia da Ancilostomose.” Paleoparasitologia no Brasil (1988): 144–51.

Bagrow, Leo. “Maps from the Home Archives of the Descendants of a Friend of Marco Polo.” Imago Mundi 5 (1948): 1–13.

Balabanova, S. “Tabak in Europa vor Kolumbus.” Antike Welt 25, no. 3 (1994): 282–85.

Barthel, Thomas S. “Planetary Series in Ancient India and Pre-Hispanic Mexico: An Analysis of Their Relations with Each Other.” Tribus 30 (1981): 203–30.

Barthel, Thomas S., et al. Circumpacifica Festschrift für Thomas S. Barthel. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1990.

Buckland, P. C., and E. Panagiotakopulu. “Ramses II and the Tobacco Beetle.” Antiquity 75 (2001): 549–56.

Burl, Aubrey. From Carnac to Callanish. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993.

Carter, G. F. Pre-Columbiana: A Journal of Long-Distance Contacts 2, no. 4 (2002).

Chadwick, R. E. “Toward a Theory of Trans-Atlantic Diffusion.” Ph.D. diss., Tulane University, 1975.

Cunliffe, Barry W. Facing the Ocean. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca Historica, 2.47 (quoting lost history of Hecataeus of Abdera).

Evenhuis, Neal L. “Charles Henry Townsend (1863–1944): Man of Wanderlust and Mystery.” Fly Times 50 (2013): 15–24.

Guthrie, James L. “Observations on Nicotine and Cocaine in Ancient Egyptian Mummies.” Pre-Columbiana: A Journal of Long-Distance Contacts 2, no. 4 (2002).

Harris, Hendon M., Jr. Edited and abridged by Charlotte Harris Rees. The Asiatic Fathers of America. Lynchburg, VA: Warwick House, 2006.

Harris Rees, Charlotte. Chinese Sailed to America Before Columbus. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011.

            . Secret Maps of the Ancient World. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2008.

Heyerdahl, Thor. “Feasible Ocean Routes to and from the Americas in Pre-Columbian Times.” American Antiquity 28 (1963), Bradshaw Foundation podcast.

Hosler, Dorothy. “Pre-Columbian American Metallurgy.” Paper presented at 45th International Congress of Americanists, Bogotá, Colombia, 1985.

Hristov, Romeo, and Santiago Genovés. “Mesoamerican Evidence of Pre-Columbian Transoceanic Contacts.” Ancient Mesoamerica 10 (1999): 207–13. See also http://www.unm.edu/~rhristov/.

Hutchinson, Sir Joseph B., R. A. Silow, and S. G. Stephens. The Evolutions of Gossypium and the Differentiation of the Cultivated Cottons. London: Oxford University Press, 1947.

Jairazbhoy, R. Rameses III: Father of Ancient America. London: Karnak House, 1992.

Jeffreys, M. D. W. “Pre-Columbian Maize in Africa.” Nature 172 (1953): 965–66.

Johannessen, Carl L., and John L. Sorenson. World Trade and Biological Exchanges Before 1492. New York: iUniverse, 2009.

Landa, Fray Diego de. Yucatan Before and After the Conquests. Trans. William E. Gates. Baltimore: Maya Society, 1937. See also other Maya Society publications.

Landström, Björn. The Ship. London: Allen & Unwin, 1961.

Lui, Bao-Lin, and Alan D. Fiala. Canon of Lunar Eclipses, 1500 B.C.–A.D. 3000. Richmond, VA: Willmann-Bell, 1992.

MacNeish, R. S., and C. Earle Smith, Jr. “Antiquity of American Polyploid Cotton.” Science 173 (1964): 675–76.

McGrail, Sean. Ancient Boats and Ships. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire, 2006.

            . Ancient Boats in Northwest Europe: The Archaeology of Water Transport to A.D. 1 500. London: Longman, 1998.

Mertz, Henriette. “The Pre-Columbian Horse.” Anthropological Journal of Canada 10 (1972): 23–24.

Mookerji, D. N. “A Correlation of the Mayan and Hindu Calendars.” Indian Culture 2, no. 4 (1935–36): 685–92.

Neugebauer, O. A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. New York: Springer Verlag, 1975.

Parry, J. H. The Discovery of South America. New York: Taplinger, 1979.

Riley, Carroll L., et al., eds. Man Across the Sea. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971.

Rydholm, Fred. Michigan Copper—The Untold Story. Marquette, MI: Winter Cabin Books, 2006

Sachan, J. K. S. “Discovery of Sikkim Primitive [Maize] Precursor in the Americas.” Maize Genetics Co-operative Newsletter 60 (1986).

Sauer, Carl Ortwin. Maize into Europe. Vienna: Akten des 34. Internationalen Amerikanistenkongresses, 1962.

Smith, G. Elliot. Elephants and Ethnologists: Asiatic Origins of the Maya Ruins. London: Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1924.

Soper, Fred L. “The Report of a Nearly Pure Ancylostoma Duodenale Infestation in Native South American Indians and a Discussion of Its Ethnological Significance.” American Journal of Hygiene 7 (1927): 174–84.

Sorenson, John L., and Martin H. Raish. Pre-Columbian Contact with the Americas Across the Oceans: An Annotated Bibliography. Provo, UT: Research Press, 1996.

Steffy, J. Richard. Wooden Ship Building and the Interpretation of Shipwrecks. 1994; reprint, College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2011.

Tolstoy, Paul. “Transoceanic Diffusion and Nuclear Mesoamerica.” In Shirley Gorenstein, ed., Prehistoric America. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1974.

Townsend, Charles H. T. “Ancient Voyages to America.” Brazilian American 12 (1925).

            . ‘Fly Times’ No. 50, 2013.

Varshavsky, S. R. “Appearance of American Turkeys in Europe Before Columbus.” New World Antiquity 8, no. 8 (1961). And ArchivesofCulturalExchanges.org.

Atlantic Trade in the Bronze Age

Almagro-Gorbea, M. “Ireland and Spain in the Bronze Age.” In John Waddell and Elizabeth Shee Twohig, eds., Ireland in the Bronze Age: Proceedings of the Dublin Conference, April 1995. Dublin: Stationery Office, 1995.

Bradley, Richard. The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

            . The Social Foundations of Prehistoric Britain. London: Longman, 2004.

Butler, Jay J. “Bronze Age Connections Across the North Sea.” Paleohistoria 9 (1963): 1–286.

Childe, V. Gordon. The Bronze Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1930.

Clark, Peter. Bronze Age Connections. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2009.

            . The Dover Bronze Age Boat in Context: Society and Water Transport in Prehistoric Britain. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2004.

Cunliffe, Barry W. Facing the Ocean. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

            . Mount Batten, Plymouth: A Prehistoric and Late Roman Port. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology, 1988.

Darvill, Timothy. Stonehenge: The Biography of a Landscape. Stroud, UK: Tempus, 2006.

Fitzpatrick, A. “The Amesbury Archer.” Current Archaeology 184 (2003): 146–52.

Gonzalez-Ruibal, Alfredo. “Facing Two Seas: Mediterranean and Atlantic Contacts in the Northwest of Iberia in the First Millennium B.C.” Oxford Journal of Archaeology 23, no. 3 (2004): 287–317.

Kristiansen, K. “Seafaring Voyages and Rock Art Ships.” In Peter Clark, ed., The Dover Bronze Age Boat in Context: Society and Water Transport in Prehistoric Britain. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2004.

Muckelroy, K. “Middle Bronze Age Trade Between Britain and Europe: A Maritime Perspective.” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 47 (1981): 275–97.

Needham, S. “The Archer’s Metal Equipment.” Forthcoming.

            . “The Extent of Foreign Influence on Early Bronze Age Axe Development in Southern Britain.” In M. Ryan, The Origins of Metallurgy in Atlantic Europe: Proceedings of the Fifth Atlantic Colloquium, Dublin, 1978. Dublin: Stationery Office, 1979.

Needham, S., and C. Giardino. “From Sicily to Salcombe.” Antiquity 82, no. 315 (2008): 60–72. See also a number of works by Professor Needham relating to Bronze Age weapons.

Needham, S., et al. “An Independent Chronology for British Bronze Age Metalwork.” Archaeological Journal 154 (1997): 55–107.

Needham, S., et al. “Networks of Contact, Exchange and Meaning: Beginning of the Channel Bronze Age.” In S. Needham et al., eds., The Ringlemere Cup. London: British Museum, 2006.

Parker Pearson, Mike, et al., “The Age of Stonehenge.” Antiquity 81 (2007): 617–39.

Rowlands, M. J. “The Production and Distribution of Metalwork in the Middle Bronze Age in Southern Britain.” N.p.: British Archaeological Reports, 1976.

Scarre, Christopher, and Frances Healy. Trade and Exchange in European Prehistory. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 1993.

Sea Currents

Admiralty charts of North Atlantic.

Albert, HRH Prince, of Monaco. “A New Chart of the Currents of the North Atlantic.” Scottish Geographical Magazine 8, no. 10 (1892).

Becher, A. B. “Bottle Chart of the Atlantic Ocean.” Nautical Magazine 12 (1843): 181.

James, H. Guill. “Vila do Infante (Prince-Town), the First School of Oceanography in the Modern Era: An Essay.” In Mary Sears and Daniel Merriman, eds., Oceanography: The Past: Proceedings of the Third International Congress on the History of Oceanography. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1980.

Richardson, P. L. “Drifting Derelicts in the North Atlantic 1883–1902.” Progress in Oceanography 14 (1985): 463–83.

Trade on the Atlantic Coasts

Bannerman, Nigel V. C. “Bronze Age Smelting in North Wales: A Discussion Paper on Possible Smelting Sites for Great Orme Ore.” Journal of the Great Orme Exploration Society 3 (1992): 7–16.

Briggs, C. S. The Location and Recognition of Metal Ores in Pre-Roman and Roman Britain. Bangor: University College of North Wales, 1988.

Chapman, D. “Great Orme, Smelting Site, Llandudno.” Archaeology in Wales 37 (1997): 56–57.

David, G. “Great Orme, Bronze Age Mine, Llandudno.” Archaeology in Wales 41 (2001): 118–19.

Dutton, L., and P. Fasham. “Prehistoric Copper Mining in the Great Orme, Llandudno, Gwynedd.” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 60 (1994): 245–86. See also the bibliography to this article.

James, D. “Prehistoric Copper Mining on the Great Orme’s Head.” In J. Ellis Jones, ed., Aspects of Ancient Mining and Metallurgy. Bangor: University College of North Wales, 1988.

Lewis, C. Andrew. Prehistoric Mining at the Great Orme. Bangor: University College of North Wales, 1996.

Map of the Great Orme Country Park and Nature Reserve. Public Mapping Company, 2003.

Northover, Jeremy P. “Bronze in the British Bronze Age.” In W. A. Oddy, ed., Aspects of Early Metallurgy, British Museum Occasional Paper 17, 1980. The paper also includes a catalog of Welsh Bronze Age metalwork.

O’Brian, William. Ross Island: Mining, Metal, and Society in Early Ireland. Galway: National University of Ireland, 2004.

Roberts, E. R. D. “The Great Orme Guide: The Copper Mine, The Prehistoric Period.” 1993.

Robertson. “The Bronze Age—A Time of Change.” 1994.

Taylor, Joan J. “The First Golden Age of Europe Was in Ireland and Britain.” Ulster Journal of Archaeology 57 (1994): 37–60.

Tin and Copper

Gale, N. H. “Copper Oxhide Ingots: Their Origin and Their Place in the Bronze Age. In N. H. Gale, ed., Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean. Jonsered: P. Åströms Förlag, 1991.

Manning, Sturt, et al. “Chronology for the Aegean Late Bronze Age, 1700–1400 B.C.” Science 312 (2006): 565–69.

Muhly, James D. “Mining and Metalwork in Ancient Western Asia.” In Jack M. Sasson, ed., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. New York: Scribner, 2000.

Mediterranean Sea Trade in Prehistory

Haldane, Cheryl W. “Direct Evidence for Organic Cargoes in the Late Bronze Age.” World Archaeology 24 (1993): 348–60.

Knapp, A. Copper Production and Divine Protection: Archaeology, Ideology, and Social Complexity on Bronze Age Cyprus. Göteborg P. Åströms förlag, 1986.

            . “Island Cultures: Crete, Thera, Cyprus, Rhodes and Sardinia.” In Jack M. Sasson, ed., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. New York: Scribner, 2000. The Biblical Archaeologist Vol.55, No.2, 1992.

            . “Spice, Drugs, Grain, and Grog: Organic Goods in Bronze Age Mediterranean Trade.” In N. H. Gale, ed., Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean. Jonsered: P. Åströms Förlag, 1991.

Bronze Age Seafaring in the Mediterranean

Bryce, Trevor. The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

            . The Trojans and Their Neighbours. London: Routledge, 2006.

Collins, Paul. From Egypt to Babylon: The International Age 1550–500 B.C. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.

Curtis, John, et al. Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.

Haldane, Cheryl [Ward]. “Organic Goods from the Uluburun Wreck.” INA Newsletter 18 (1991): 11.

            . “Shipwrecked Plant Remains.” Biblical Archaeologist 53, no. 1 (1990): 55–60.

Johnston, P. F. “Bronze Age Cycladic Ships: An Overview.” Temple University Aegean Symposium, 1982.

Kantor, Helene J. The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium B.C. Bloomington, IN: Principia Press, 1947.

Manning, Stuart W. A Test of Time: The Volcano of Thera and the Chronology and History of the Aegean and East Mediterranean in the Mid-Second Millennium BC. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 1999.

Merrillees, Robert S. “Aegean Bronze Age Relations with Egypt.” American Journal of Archaeology 76 (1972): 281–94.

Moran, William L. The Amarna Letters. 1942; reprint, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.

Pulak, C. “As One Ship Is Unearthed, Another Is Reassembled.” INA Newsletter 12 (1989): 4–5.

            . “The Balance Weights from the Late Bronze Age Shipwreck at Uluburun.” In C. F. E. Pare, ed., Metals Make the World Go Round. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2000.

            . “Cedar for Ships.” Archaeology and History in Lebanon 14 (2001): 24–36.

            . “Paired Mortise and Tenon Joints of Bronze Age Seagoing Hulls.” In Boats, Ships, and Shipyards: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, Venice 2000. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2003.

            . “The Uluburun Hull Remains.” In Harry Tzalas, ed., Tropis VII: Proceedings of 7th International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity. Athens: Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, 2002.

Raban, A. “The Siting and Development of Mediterranean Harbours in Antiquity.” In Mary Sears and Daniel Merriman, eds., Oceanography: The Past: Proceedings of the Third International Congress on the History of Oceanography. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1980.

Rao, Shikaripur R., ed. The Role of Universities and Research Institutes in Marine Archaeology: Proceedings of the Third Indian Conference on Marine Archaeology of Indian Ocean Countries, 1992. Dona Paula, Goa, India: National Institute of Oceanography, 1994.

Reynolds, C. G. “Note: The Thera Ships.” Mariner’s Mirror 64 (1978): 124.

Roaf, Michael. Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East. New York: Facts on File, 1990.

Sandars, N. K. The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the Ancient Mediterranean 1250–1150 B.C. London: Thames & Hudson, 1978.

Shaw, Ian, ed. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Shaw, M. C. “Painted ‘Ikria’ at Mycenae?” American Journal of Archaeology 84 (1980): 167–79.

Sølver, Carl V. “Egyptian Shipping of About 1500 B.C.” Mariner’s Mirror 22, no. 4 (1936).

Tilley, A. F., and Paul Johnstone. “A Minoan Naval Triumph?” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 5 (1976): 285–92, published online February 22, 2007.

Tsountas, C. “Ships on Cycladic ‘Frying Pans’ ” in Kykladika II, Arah Eph (1899) and Tsountas 1898 and Hesperia 72 (2003) (405–426).

Wachsmann, Shelley. Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1998.

Mycenae

Schliemann, Heinrich. Mycenae: A Narrative of Researches and Discoveries at Mycenae and Tiryns. London: John Murray, 1878. See also article on Schliemann’s Mycenae albums by Sinclair Hood. http://www.aegeussociety.org/images/uploads/publications/schliemann/Schliemann_2012_70–78_Hood.pdf.

Linear B

Ventris, Michael, and John Chadwick. Documents in Mycenaean Greek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.

Chinese, Egyptian, and Minoan Ships and Their Trade

Minoan

Astour, M. C. “Ugarit and the Aegean.” Alter Orient Und Altes Testament 22 (1973): 17–27.

            . “Ugarit and the Great Powers.” In Gordon Douglas Young, ed., Ugarit in Retrospect: Fifty Years of Ugarit and Ugaritic. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1981.

Bass, G. F. “A Bronze Age Writing Diptych from the Sea of Lycia.” Kadmos Epigrafik 29 (1990): 168–69. See also “Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean,” paper delivered at Oxford University conference, December 1989.

            . “A Prolegomena to a Study of Maritime Traffic in Raw Materials to the Aegean in the 14th and 13th centuries B.C.” In Proceedings of 6th International Aegean Conference, Temple University, Philadelphia, 1997.

            . “Nautical Archaeology and Biblical Archaeology.” Biblical Archaeologist 53 (1990).

            . “Oldest Known Shipwreck Reveals Splendours of the Bronze Age.” National Geographic, December 1987.

Bowen, R. L. “Egypt’s Earliest Sailing Ships.” Antiquity 34 (1960): 117. See many other articles by Bowen on this subject.

Brown, L. M. “The Ship Procession in the Miniature Fresco.” In Thera and the Aegean World. London: Thera Foundation, 1978.

            . “Theran Awning and Stern Cabin.” In The Ship Procession in the Miniature Fresco. London, 1978.

Bucaille, Maurice. Mummies of the Pharaohs. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990.

Carter, Howard. “The Tomb of Tutankhamun 3.” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 26 (1940).

Casson, Lionel. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971.

Castleden, Rodney. Atlantis Destroyed. London: Routledge, 1998.

Emanuele, P. Daniel. “Ancient Square Rigging with and Without Lifts.” International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 6 (1977): 181–85.

Gibbins, D. “Bronze Age Wreck’s Revelations.” Illustrated London News 281 (1993): 72–73. See also numerous articles on wrecks by David Gibbins.

Gillmer, T. C. “The Thera Ships: A Re-analysis.” Mariner’s Mirror 64 (1978).

Uluburun Shipwreck

Bass, G. F., et al. “The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Uluburun: 1986 Campaign.” American Journal of Archaeology 90, no. 3 (1986): 269–96.

Pulak, C. “The Cargo of the Uluburun Ship and Evidence for Trade with the Aegean and Beyond.” In Italy and Cyprus in Antiquity, 1500–450 BC: Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America at Columbia University, November 16–18 2000. Nicosia: Costakis & Leto Severis Foundation, 2001.

            . “Discovering a Royal Ship from the Age of King Tut: Uluburun Turkey. In George Fletcher Bass, ed. Beneath the Seven Seas. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

            . “The Late Bronze Age Shipwreck at Uluburun: Aspects of Hull Construction.” In W. Phelps, Y. Lolos, and Y. Vichos, eds., The Point Iria Wreck: Interconnections in the Mediterranean ca. 1200 B.C.: Proceedings of the International Conference, Island of Spetses, 19 September 1998. Athens: Hellenic Institute of Marine Archaeology, 1999.

            . “The Uluburun Shipwreck.” In Res Maritimae: Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean from Prehistory to Late Antiquity: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium “Cities on the Sea,” Nicosia, Cyprus, October 18–22, 1994. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1994.

Egyptian Ships

Barton, George A. Archaeology and the Bible. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: American Sunday-School Union, 1920 (for Akkad besieging Crete). See many articles by Barton on disasters.

Bietak, Manfred. “Egypt and Canaan During the Middle Bronze Age.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 281 (February 1991): 27–72.

            . “Servant Burials in the Middle Bronze Age Culture of the Eastern Nile Delta.” Eretz Israel 20 (1989): 30–43.

Building Pharaoh’s Ship. WGBH, Boston, January 2010.

Clagett, Marshall. Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1989.

Clayton, Peter A. Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson, 1994.

Dever, William G. “Tell el Dab’a and Levantine Middle Bronze Age Chronology: A Rejoinder to Manfred Bietak.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 281 (1991): 73–79.

Dodson, Aidan, and Dyan Hilton. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson, 2004.

Grajetzki, Wolfram. The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society. London: Duckworth, 2006.

Holladay, John S., et al. Cities of the Delta, Part III, Tell el-Maskhuta: Preliminary Report on the Wadi Tumilat Project 1978–1979. American Research Center in Egypt Reports, vol. 6. Malibu, CA: Undena, 1985.

Landström, Björn. Ships of the Pharaohs. London: Allen & Unwin, 1970.

Linder, E. “Naval Warfare in the El-Amarna Age.” In David J. Blackman, ed., Marine Archaeology. Colston Papers 23. London: Butterworths, 1973.

Redmount, Carol A. “Ethnicity, Pottery and the Hyksos at Tell El-Maskhuta in the Egyptian Delta.” Biblical Archaeologist 58 (1995): 182–90.

            . “On an Egyptian/Asiatic Frontier: An Archaeological History of the Wadi Tumilat.” Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1989.

Ryholt, K. S. B. The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800–1500 B.C. Copenhagen: Museum Tuscolanum Press, 1997.

Shaw, Ian, ed. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Tufnell, Olga, and William F. Ward. Relations Between Byblos, Egypt and Mesopotamia at the End of the Third Millennium B.C. A Study of the Montet Jar. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1966.

Ward, Cheryl. “Building Pharaoh’s Ships: Cedar, Incense and Sailing the Great Green.” British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 18 (2012): 217–32.

Translation/Deciphering Minoan Linear A

Tsikritsis, Minas. Continued on Gavin Menzies’s website. http://www.gavinmenzies.net/Evidence/chapter-40-%E2%80%93-a-return-to-crete.

Material Evidence of Trade

Betancourt, Philip P. “Dating the Aegean Late Bronze Age with Radiocarbon.” Archaeometry 29 (1987): 45–49.

            . The History of Minoan Pottery. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.

Kenna, Victor E. “Cretan and Mycenaean Seals in North America,” American Journal of Archaeology 68 (January 1964): 1–12.

Panagiotaki, M. “Crete and Egypt: Contacts and Relationship Seen Through Vitreous Materials.” In Alexandra Karetsou, ed., Krete-Aigyptos: Politismikoi Desmoi Trion Chilietion. Athens: Herakliou, 2000.

Calculation of Longitude at Sea

General

Levy, David H. The Sky: A User’s Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. See also many guides by Levy.

Moore, Patrick. Naked Eye Astronomy. New York: Norton, 1965. See also many other useful books by Sir Patrick Moore.

Rawlinson, Henry Creswicke. “The Assyrian Canon Verified by the Record of a Solar Eclipse BC 763.” Athenaeum: Journal of Literature, Science, and the Fine Arts, no. 2064 (May 18, 1867): 660–61.

Toulmin, Stephen, and June Goodfield. The Fabric of the Heavens. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

Van der Waerden, B. Science Awakening II: The Birth of Astronomy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975. See also many articles by the same author.

Wagner, Jeffrey K. Introduction to the Solar System. Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing, 1991.

Water Clocks

Brown, D., J. Fermor, and C. B. F. Walker. “The Water Clock in Mesopotamia.” Archiv für Orientforschung 46 (1999): 141–48.

Englund, R. K. “Administrative Timekeeping in Ancient Mesopotamia.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 31 (1988): 121–85.

Fermor, John. “Timing the Sun in Egypt and Mesopotamia.” Vistas in Astronomy 41 (1997): 157–67.

Michel-Nozières, C. “Second Millennium Babylonian Water Clocks: A Physical Study.” Centaurus 42, no. 3 (2000): 180–209.

Steele, John M. “The Design of Babylonian Waterclocks.” Centaurus 42 (2000): 210–22.

Walker, C., and J. Britton. “Astronomy and Astrology in Mesopotamia.” In C. B. J. Walker, ed., Astronomy Before the Telescope. London: British Museum Press, 1996.

The Babylonian World. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996.

Ocean Navigation

Babylonian Lunar Theory

Aaboe, Asker H. A Computed List of New Moons for 319 B.C. to 316 B.C. from Babylon. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1969.

            . Contributions to the Study of Babylonian Lunar Theory. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1979. See also review by N. M. Swerdlow in Journal of Cuneiform Studies 32 (1980).

            . Lunar and Solar Velocities and the Length of Lunation Intervals in Babylonian Astronomy. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1971.

            . Some Lunar Auxiliary Tables and Related Texts from the Later Babylonian Period. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1968.

            . “Two Lunar Texts of the Achaeminid Period from Babylon.” Centaurus 14 (1969): 1–22.

Brack-Bernsen, Lis. “On the Babylonian Lunar Theory: A Construction of Column Φ from Horizontal Observations.” Centaurus 33 (1990): 39–56.

Brack-Bernsen, Lis, and H. Hunger. “A Collection of Rules for the Prediction of Lunar Phases and of Month Length.” SCIAMUS 3 (2002): 3–90. See several other papers by Lis Brack-Bernsen.

Fatoohi, L. J., F. R. Stephenson, and S. S. Al-Dargazelli. “The Babylonian First Visibility of the Lunar Crescent: Data and Criterion.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 30 (1999): 51–72.

Goldstein, Bernard R. “On the Babylonian Discovery of the Periods of Lunar Motion.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 33 (2002): 1–13.

Hubor, Peter J. “Babylonian Short-Time Measurements: Lunar Sixes.” Centaurus 42 (2000): 223–34.

Neugebauer, O. E. “On Babylonian Lunar Theory.” Sky and Telescope 4 (1944): 3.

Steele, J. M. “Babylonian Lunar Theory Reconsidered.” Isis 91 (2000): 125–26.

            . “Miscellaneous Lunar Tables from Babylon.” Archive for History of Exact Sciences 60 (2006): 123–55.

Swerdlow, N. M., ed. Ancient Astronomy and Celestial Divination. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999.

Maritime Trade in 100,000 B.C.

General

Aksit, Ilhan. Anatolian Civilisations and Historical Sites. Ankara: Turkish Ministry of Culture, 2009.

“Aspendos” by M. Edip Ozgur, Ankara. ISBN 978-975-387-107-5.

Ayabakan, Cumali. All of Aphrodisias Step by Step. Kartpostal ve Turistik Yayincilik. Antalya: Güney, n.d.

Cimok, Fatih. The Hittites. Ankara: A Turizm Yayinlari, 2011.

Clark, Peter. Bronze Age Connections: Cultural Contact in Prehistoric Europe. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2009.

Demirer, Unal, and Antalya Müzesi. Antalya Museum. Antalya: Curators of Antalya Museum, 2005.

Ephesus Museum. Selcuk, Pub 3KG. ISBN 786055 488017.

Eracun, Selçuk. Ephesus. Istanbul: Hitit Color Yayinlari, n.d.

Korfmann, Manfred. Troia/Wilusa: Guidebook. N.p.: Canakkale, 2005.

Kunar, Serhat. All of Antalya and Mediterranean Coast. Istanbul: Turistik Yayinlari, 2004.

Macqueen, J. G. The Hittites. London: Thomas & Hudson, 1986.

            . The Hittites and Their Contemporaries. London: Thames & Hudson, 1998.

The Museum of Anatolian Civilisations. ISBN 975-17-2498-9.

“Pergamon” Pub Mert. Istanbul, 2004. ISBN 9-789752850583.

Seeher, Jürgen. Hattusa Guide: A Day in the Hittite Capital. Istanbul: Ege Yayinlari, 2005.

Sözen, Zeynep. Perge: Guide. Istanbul: Kultur Sanat Yayincilik, 2009.

Guidebooks of Museums in Anatolia

Ephesus

Turkey—Lonely Planet, 1996

Aphrodisias—“Step by Step”

Aspendos—“A Travel Guide”

Aspendos Orenyeri—Antalya Museum

“The Ruins in Arkanda”—Antalya Museum

Turkey Pocket Map—Duru

Pergamon—Mert Istanbul 2004

Ephesus Museum—3KG Publications

Perge—BKG Publications

Antalya Museum—Curator Antalya Museum 2005, Ankara

PART B. CHINA IN THE AMERICAS

DNA Evidence

Brown, M. D., et al. “mtDNA Haplogroup X: An Ancient Link Between Europe/Western Asia and America?” American Journal of Human Genetics 63, no. 6 (1998): 1852–61.

King, R. J., et al. “Differential Y Chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic.” Annals of Human Genetics 72, no. 2 (2008): 205–14.

Reidla, Maere, et al. “Origin and Diffusion of mtDNA Haplogroup X.” American Journal of Human Genetics 73, no. 5 (2003): 1178–90.

Mercier, G., F. Diéterlen, and G. Lucotte. “Y-Haplotype X in the Balkans.” International Journal of Anthropology 21, no. 2 (2006): 111–16.

Novick, Gabriel, et al. “Polymorphic Alu Insertions and the Asian Origin of Native American Populations,” Human Biology: The International Journal of Population Genetics and Anthropology 70, no. 1 (1998): 32.

Richards, M., et al. “Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near East mtDNA Pool.” American Journal of Human Genetics 67, no. 5 (2000): 1251–76.

Schurr, Thomas G. “Mitochondrial DNA and the Peopling of the New World.” American Scientist 88 (2000): 246–53.

Shlush, Liran I., et al. “The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East.” PLoS ONE 3, no. 5 (2009): e2105.

Torroni, A., et al. “Mitochrondrial DNA ‘Clock’ for the Amerinds and Its Implications for Timing Their Entry into North America.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 9 (1994): 1158–62.

In Search of Lost Civilizations

Gallenkamp, Charles. Maya—The Riddle and Rediscovery of a Lost Civilisation. London: Penguin, 1987.

Mookerji, D. N. “A Correlation of the Maya and Hindu Calendars.” Indian Culture 2, no. 4 (1935–36): 685–92.

Neugebauer, O. A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1975.

Newcomb, R. M. Plant and Animal Exchanges Between the Old and the New Worlds. Privately printed 1963.

Parry, J. H. The Discovery of South America. New York: Taplinger, 1979.

Riley, Carroll L., et al., eds. Man Across the Sea. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971.

Sachan, J. K. S. “Discovery of Sikkim Primitive [Maize] Precursor in the Americas.” Maize Genetics Co-operative Newsletter 60 (1986).

Sauer, Carl Ortwin. Maize into Europe. Vienna: Akten des 34. Internationalen Amerikanistenkongresses, 1962.

Smith, G. Elliot. Elephants and Ethnologists: Asiatic Origins of the Maya Ruins. London: Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1924.

Soper, Fred L. “The Report of a Nearly Pure Ancylostoma Duodenale Infestation in Native South American Indians and a Discussion of Its Ethnological Significance.” American Journal of Hygiene 7 (1927): 174–84.

Steffy, J. Richard. Wooden Ship Building and the Interpretation of Shipwrecks. 1994; reprint, College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2011.

Townsend, Charles H. T. “Ancient Voyages to America.” Brazilian American 12 (1925).

Varshavsky, S. R. “Appearance of American Turkeys in Europe Before Columbus.” New World Antiquity 8, no. 8 (1961).

The Maya Compared with Peoples of the Ancient Near East

Aveni, Anthony, and Owen Gingerich. Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980.

Bork, Ferdinand. Amerika und Westasien. Leipzig: Karl W. Hiersemann, 1912.

Charencey, Hyacinthe de Comte. “Les Noms de Métaux Chez Differents Peuples de la Nouvelle Espagne.” In Congres Internacional des Americanistes, Compte-Rendu, Paris 1890. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1892.

Chatelain, Maurice. Nos Ancêtres Venus du Cosmos. Paris: Laffont, 1975.

Clarke, Hyde. Researches in Prehistoric and Protohistoric Comparative Philology and Mythology. London: Trübner, 1875.

Coe, M. D. “Native Astronomy in Mesoamerica.” In A. F. Aveni, ed., Archaeoastronomy in Pre-Columbian America. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1975.

            . “The Funerary Temple of the Classic Maya.” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 12 (1956): 387–94.

Durbin, Marshall. “The Evolution and Diffusion of Writing.” American Anthropologist 73 (1971): 299–304. Published online October 28, 2009.

Fraser, D. “Theoretical Issues in the Trans-Pacific Diffusion Controversy.” Social Research 32 (1965): 452–77.

Freed, Stanley A., and Ruth S. Freed. “Swastika: A New Symbolic Interpretation.” In Christine M. Sakumoto Drake, ed., The Cultural Context: Essays in Honor of Edward Norbeck, Rice University Studies, No. 66. Houston: William Marsh Rice University, 1980.

Gingerich, Owen. “Summary: Archaeoastronomy in the Tropics.” In Anthony F. Aveni and Garu Urton, ed., Ethnoastronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the Tropics, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 385. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1982. See also many essays by Gingerich on related subjects.

Gordon, Cyrus H. “The Metcalf Stone.” Manuscripts 21, no. 3 (1969).

Gordon, G. B. “The Serpent Motive in the Ancient Art of Central America and Mexico.” Transactions of the University of Pennsylvania 1, no. 3 (1905). Spanish ed. published in 2013 by Hardpress.

Guitel, Geneviève. “Comparaison entre les numérations Aztèqe et Egyptienne.” Annales 13, no. 4 (1958): 687–705.

Hagar, Stansbury. “The Bearing of Astronomy on the Subject.” American Anthropologist 14 (1912): 32–48.

Holden, E. S. “Studies in Central American Picture Writing.” In First Annual Report of The Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1879–80. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1879.

Holmes, William H. “Bearing of Archaeological Evidence on the Place of Origin.” American Anthropologist 14 (1912): 30–36.

Howey, M. Oldfield. The Encircled Serpent: A Study of Serpent Symbolism in All Countries and Ages. 1955; reprint, Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2005.

Kelley, David H. “Calendar Animals and Deities.” Southwest Journal of Anthropology 16 (1960): 317–37.

            . “The Nine Lords of the Night.” In J. Graham, ed., Studies in the Archaeology of Mexico and Guatemala, University of California Archaeology Research Facility Contributions 16 (1972): 58–68. See also many articles by D. H. Kelley.

Luyties, O. Egyptian Visits to America: Some Curious Evidence Discovered. New York: N.p., 1922.

Marti, Samuel. “Mudra: Manos Simbólicas en Asia y América.” Cuadernos Americanos 69 (1970).

Medvedov, Daniel. “Anatomia Maya.” Abstracts of Papers: 44th International Congress of Americanists. Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1982.

Moran, H. A., and David H. Kelley. The Alphabet and the Ancient Calendar Signs. Palo Alto, CA: Daily Press, 1969.

Nachitgall, V. Von. “On the Origin of American Advanced Cultures.” Paideuma 7 (1960).

Nichols, Dale. The Pyramid Text of the Ancient Maya. Antigua, Guatemala: Mazdan Press, 1969.

Rands, Robert L. “The Water Lily in Maya Art: A Complex of Alleged Asiatic Origin.” Smithsonian Bulletin 151 (1953).

Rejón García, Manuel. “Los Mayas Primitivos.” In Imprenta de la Lotería del Estado Merida. Yucatan, 1905.

Reko, B. P. “Star Names of the Chilam Balam of Chumayel.” El Mexico Antiguo 4 (1935–38): 95–129.

Smith, Joseph Lindon. Tombs, Temples, and Ancient Art. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956.

Sorenson, John L. An Ancient American Setting for the Book of Mormon. Salt Lake City: Deseret, 1996.

            . “The Significance of an Apparent Relationship Between the Ancient Near East and Meso America.” In Carroll L. Riley et al., eds., Man Across the Sea. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971.

            . “Some Mesoamerican Traditions of Immigration by Sea.” El Mexico Antiguo 8 (1955): 425–38.

Soto-Hall, Maxímo. Los Mayas. Coleccion Labor, Biblioteca Ciencias Histroicas, No. 403. Barcelona: Editorial Labor, 1937.

Stewart, D. N. “Geometric Implications in Construction of the Caracol: Greek Measures in Maya Architecture.” El Palacio 59, no. 6 (1952): 163–74.

Thompson, J. Eric S. Maya History and Religion. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970. See also review in American Anthropologist 73, no. 4 (1971): 915–17.

Van Blerkom, Linda Miller. “A Comparison of Maya and Egyptian Hieroglyphics.” Katunob 11, no. 3 (1979): 1–8

Winzerling, E. O. Aspects of the Maya Culture. New York: North River, 1956.

Wolff, Werner. Déchiffrement de l’écriture Maya et traduction des codices. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1938.

Shang Dynasty and Olmec Art and Pyramids

General

Xu, H. Mike. Origin of the Olmec Civilization. Edmond: University of Central Oklahoma Press, 1996. See also http://www.chinese.tcu.edu/www_chinese3_tcu_edu.htm.

Mexico

Bahn, Paul G. Lost Cities. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997.

Diaz, Edith Ortiz. “Salamaya.” Arqueología Mexicana, Especial 15.

“La Mixteca.” Arqueología Mexicana, Especial 15, no. 9.

“La Navegacion entre Los Mayas.” Arqueología Mexicana 6, no. 33.

“Los Tesoros de Palenque.” Arqueología Mexicana, Especial 18.

Marin, Carlos Martinez. National Museum of Anthropology. Instituto Nacional de Antropología, 1967.

Caral-Supe

Solís, Ruth Shady. The Caral Supe Civilisation: 5,000 Years of Cultural Identity in Peru. Lima: Instituto Nacional de Cultura, 2005.

Monte Alban

Robles García, Nelly M. Monte Alban. Mexico: Monclem Ediciones, 2004.

Chichen Itza

Chan, Román Piña. Chichen Itza: La Ciudad de Los Brujos del Agua. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1980.

Lothrop, S. Kirkland. Metals from the Cenote of Sacrifice: Chichen Itza, Yucatan. Vol. 10 of Memoirs, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 1952.

Martinez, Hector Perez. Relacion de los Cosas de Yucatan. Mexico, 1938.

Stephens, John Lloyd. Incidents of Travels in Yucatan. London: Author, 1843.

Willard, Theodore Arthur. The City of the Sacred Well. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1926

Paracas

Pierantoni Campora, Antonio. La Cultura Paracas: Treinta Siglos de Arte Textil (The Paracas Culture: Thirty Centuries of Textile Art). Lima: Editora Diskcopy, 2005.

Machu Picchu

Frost, Peter, et al. Machu Picchu Historical Sanctuary. Lima: Nuevas Imágenes, 1995.

Uxmal

Casanova, J. P. Uxmal and the Puuc Region. Mérida, Mexico: Editorial Dante, 1992.

Cholula

Solís Olguín, Felipe, et al. Cholula: The Great Pyramid. Mexico City: Grupo Azabache, 2006.

Chavin

Burger, Richard L. Chavin and the Origins of Andean Civilization. London: Thames & Hudson, 1995.

Maya

Hughes, Nigel. Maya Monuments. Woodbridge, UK: Antique Collectors Club, 2000.

Pyramid Builders of South America and China

Alva, Walter, and Christopher B. Donnan. Royal Tombs of Sipan. Los Angeles: Fowler Museum of Cultural History, University of California, 1993.

Burger, Richard L. Chavin and the Origins of Andean Civilization. London: Thames & Hudson, 1992.

Gurney, O. R. The Hittites. Rev ed. New York: Penguin, 1990.

Heyerdahl, Thor. The Pyramids of Tucume: The Quest for Peru’s Forgotten City. London: Thames & Hudson, 1995.

Kolata, Alan L. Tiwanaku: Portrait of an Andean Civilization. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1993.

Markham, Sir Clement. The Incas of Peru. New York: AMS Press, 1969.

Moseley, Michael E. “The Batan-Grande.” In The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1990.

Moseley, Michael E., and Kent C. Day. Chan Chan: Andean Desert City. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982.

Pozorski, Sheila, et al. Early Settlement and Subsistence in the Casma Valley, Peru. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1987. And Andean Archaeology (2002) 21–51.

Reinhard, Johan. “Peru’s Ice Maidens: Unwrapping the Secrets.” National Geographic, June 1996.

Rostworowski, María de Diez Canseco. Historia del Tahuantinsuyu. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Ministerio de la Presidencia, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, 1988.

Rostworowski, María de Diez Canseco, et al. The Northern Dynasties: Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library, 1990.

Shimada, Izumi. Pampa Grande and the Mochica Culture. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994.

Trazegnies, Fernando de. China y el Perú precolombino. In “La inmigración China al Perú. Arqueología Historia y sociedad.” Richard Chuhue, Li Jing Na y Antonio Coello, compiladores. Instituto Confucio. Universidad Ricardo Palma. Lima, Perú, 2012.

Velikovsky, Immanuel. Worlds in Collision. London: Abacus, 1972.

Von Hagen, Adriana, and John Hyslop. The Cities of the Ancient Andes. London: Thames & Hudson, 2008.

PART C. CHINA’S EXPLORATIONS TO THE NORTH

Kublai Khan’s Lost Fleets

Thompson, Gunnar. American Discovery. Raleigh, NC: Lulu.com, 2013.

            . Marco Polo’s Daughters. Raleigh, NC: Lulu.com, 2011.

The Carolinas, Virginia, and the Eastern Seaboard

Baldwin, William P. Lowcountry Day Trips. 2nd ed. Greensboro, NC: Legacy, 2010.

Byrd, William. The Secret Diary of William Byrd of Westover, 1709–1712. New York: Arno Press, 1972.

De Gast, Robert. Five Fair Rivers. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.

Edgar, Walter B. South Carolina: A History. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999.

            . South Carolina: The WPA Guide to the Palmetto State. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988.

Fleming, Kevin, et al. Delaware Discovered. Annapolis, MD: Portfolio Press, 1992.

Jolley, Harley E. The Blue Ridge Parkway. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1969.

Lee, Siu-Leung. 2006. http://www.asiawind.com/zhenghe.

            . Deciphering the Kunyu Wanguo Quantu, A Chinese World Map—Ming Chinese Mapped the World Before Columbus (in Chinese). Taipei: Linking Publishing Company, 2012.

Leifermann, Henry. South Carolina. Oakland, CA: Compass American Guides, 2006.

Lonely Planet. Great Smoky Mountains & Shenandoah National Parks. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet, 2005.

            . Virginia and the Capital Region. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet, 2000.

Scott, Jane. Between Ocean and Bay: A Natural History of Delmarva. Centreville, MD: Tidewater, 1991.

Smith, Captain John. The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles. Edited by Philip Barbour. New York: Wisconsin Historical Society/Scribner’s, 2003.

Twining, Mary Arnold, and Keith E. Baird. Sea Island Roots: African Presence in the Carolinas and Georgia. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1991.

Nova Cataia

Chiasson, Paul. The Island of Seven Cities: Where the Chinese Settled When They Discovered America. Toronto: Random House Canada, 2008.

The Pacific Coast

Davis, Nancy Yaw. The Zuni Enigma. New York: Norton, 2002.

Mertz, Henriette. Gods from the Far East: Two Ancient Records of Chinese Exploration in America. 1975; reprint, n.p.: Forgotten Books, 2008.

            . Pale Ink. Self-published, 1953.

            . The Wine Dark Sea: Homer’s Heroic Epic of the North Atlantic. Chicago: Author, 1964.

Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilisations in China. 34 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954–2008.

Also please refer to www.gavinmenzies.net for further bibliographies and books relating to the Pacific coast of North America.

The Florida Bog People

Brown, M. D., et al. “mtDNA Haplogroup X: An Ancient Link Between Europe/Western Asia and America?” American Journal of Human Genetics 63, no. 6 (1998): 1852–61.

“The First Americans—Part 6—DNA of the Windover Bog People.” http://www​.youtube.com/watch?v=vbayBEbIEwc.

Ice Age Columbus. Discovery Channel, 2005.

Places to Go and Things to Do. Titusville Community Guide. http://www.nbbd​.com/godo.

Reidla, Maere, et al. “Origin and Diffusion of mtDNA Haplogroup X.” American Journal of Human Genetics 73, no. 5 (2003): 1178–90.

Schurr, Thomas G. “Mitochondrial DNA and the Peopling of the New World.” American Scientist 88 (2000): 246–53.

Secrets of the Bog People. Learning Channel, 2003.

Stone Age Columbus. BBC 4, 2002.

“Stone Age Sailors Beat Columbus to America.” Observer, November 28, 1999.

Tracing the Genes. PBS, 2004.