CHAPTER 1: A LAND BRIDGE TOO FAR
1. Here is our supplies list for the Bering Strait crossing we had planned:
Comprehensive kit of tools
Oil
Oil filters
Air filters
Fuel filters
Fuel shut-off valve
Bulbs
Brakes
Wipers
Starter
Alternator
Tires and wheels
Emergency puncture repair kits
Constant-velocity joint gaiters and fitting sleeve
Front wheel bearing kit
Rear wheel bearing kit
Driveshaft
Alternator belt
Cam belt
Diesel pump belt
Water jet belt
Water hoses
Inspection lamp (12 volt)
Powerful searchlight with own battery, preferably halogen
Jack and wheel brace and possibly four spare wheel nuts
12-volt tire compressor/pump
Brake fluid
Clutch cable
Throttle cable
Gasket set
Radiator fan
Radiator
Radiator fan switch
Fiberglass repair kit
Hand cleaner
Rubber gloves
Here are the provisions and essentials:
First-aid kit
Life jackets
Foghorn
Distress flares
Fire extinguishers
Rope
Winch
Waterproofs
Sleeping bags
Cooking utensils and cutlery
Stove
Gas
Water container
Insect repellent
Soap
Washing liquid
Condiments
Toilet paper rolls
Tissues
Small plastic washbowl
12-volt water heater
12-volt fridge/cooler/cooker
Spare heavy-duty battery (12-volt)
Small spade
CHAPTER 2: ALONG THE SILK ROAD
1. Gavin Menzies, 1421: The Year China Discovered America (New York: William Morrow, 2003), 139.
CHAPTER 3: PLANTS BETWEEN CONTINENTS
1. Sorenson and Johannessen described Biology Verifies Ancient Voyages as “an expanded version of a presentation given at a conference, ‘Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World,’ held at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, May 5th, 2001. . . . Since our initial paper was submitted for inclusion in that volume, we made further discoveries. Some additions were included in an electronic version entitled Scientific Evidence for Pre-Columbian Transoceanic Voyages to and from the Americas (Sino-Platonic Papers No. 133, CD-ROM edition, April 2004), published by the Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. The present book incorporates further material. Because much of the literature that enters into our argument in this paper is interpreted in ways other than biologists conventionally do, for readers’ convenience we give in Appendix 1 a précis of our reference materials on each species discussed. Appendix 2 summarizes the most salient types of evidence we have used. Selected illustrations and a bibliography for both the text proper and the appendices follow. . . .”
CHAPTER 4: EUROPEAN SEAFARING 100,000 B.C.
1. See John Noble Wilford, “On Crete, Evidence of Very Ancient Mariners,” New York Times, February 15, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/16/science/16archeo.html?_r=0.
2. “Ataturk,” Australian War Memorial Online-Encyclopedia, retrieved April 25, 2011.
3. http://countrystudies.us/turkey/3.htm.
4. Joseph Needham.
CHAPTER 5: MASTERY OF THE OCEANS BEFORE COLUMBUS
1. The evidence for this chapter comes from a number of distinguished archaeologists and historians to whom I am indebted. On the European front, Professor Stylianos Alexiou’s Minoan Civilization gives an excellent summary of the development of Minoan civilization and in particular the part played by Minoan ships. The Uluburun shipwreck, which demonstrates how oceangoing ships were constructed in the fourteenth century b.c., was the subject of a special exhibition in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. The contents of this exhibition are described in Beyond Babylon (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008). I have relied heavily on this book, not least the chapter titled “The Uluburun Shipwreck and Late Bronze Age Trade,” by Professor Cemal Pulak, whose devoted work has resulted in this extraordinary wreck being brought to the attention of the world. In a similar manner, the magnificent exhibition “The Dover Bronze Age Boat” in Dover Museum has been invaluable to my research. I am most grateful to the director, curator, and trustees. For Egyptian ships, my thanks to Maitland A. Edey for the beautifully produced book Sea Traders (New York: Time-Life Books, 1974).
On the Chinese side I am indebted to Professor Joseph Needham for his monumental work Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954), and to Professor Robert Temple for The Genius of China (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), based on Needham’s work. The development of Chinese shipbuilding technology is summarized in Gang Deng’s excellent Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development c. 2100 B.C.–1900 A.D. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997).
There are many authors whose work on the Thera frescoes has advanced our knowledge of the ships, depicted c. 1450 b.c., in the fleet of eleven ships painted in the Admiral’s House, Akrotiri, Thera. As well as those authors whom I have thanked in chapter 2 and 3, my gratitude to Raban Avner, for “The Thera Ships: Another Interpretation”; D. Gray in Seewesen for his analysis of seals showing Early Minoan ships; C. Tsountas, “Ships on Cycladic Frying Pans”; J. C. Gillmer, “The Thera Ships: A Re-analysis”; and P. F. Johnston, “Bronze Age Cycladic Ships.” A full bibliography is given at the end of this book.
2. Gang Deng, Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development: c. 2100 B.C.–1900 A.D. (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1997).
3. Ibid.
4. The thesis of an early African presence in the Americas was prominently advanced by Guyana-born anthropologist Ivan Van Sertima in his book They Came Before Columbus (1976; reprint, New York: Random House, 2003). Van Sertima argues that Africans reached the Americas in two stages.
CHAPTER 6: THE GENETIC EVIDENCE
1. Neither I nor any of our team has medical qualifications. We rely entirely on the generosity of many geneticists and virologists whose reports are noted in the bibliography. Without their painstaking work over the decades we would have gotten nowhere. All of the conclusions drawn in this chapter are mine and I take full responsibility for them. Inclusion or reference to a report does not in any way imply that the author(s) agree with my views or conclusions.
2. M. Hertzberg et al., “An Asian-Specific 9 of B.P. Deletion of Mitochondrial DNA Is Frequently Found in Polynesians,” American Journal of Human Genetics 44, no. 4 (April 1989): 504–10. “One hundred and fifty Polynesians from five different island groups (Samoans, Maoris, Niueans, Cook Islanders and Tongans) were surveyed for the presence of an Asian-specific length mutation of mitochondrial (MT) DNA. . . . One hundred percent of Samoans, Maoris and Niueans . . . [had this DNA].”
3. Shinji Harihara and colleagues, “Frequency of a 9 B.P. Deletion in the Mitochondrial DNA among Asian Populations,” Human Biology (April 1962). Harihara’s Figure 2 has startling pie charts. It appears that inhabitants of Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Nieu, the Cook Islands, and the Maori had ancestors from the Shizuoka prefecture of Japan.
4. Fuminaka Sugauchi et al., “A Novel Variant Genotype C of Hepatitis B Virus Identified in Isolates from Australian Aborigines,” Journal of General Virology 82 (April 2001): “Variant C is found in Aborigines, genotype C in Japan, Korea, China, Thailand, New Caledonia and Polynesia.”
5. Geoffrey K. Chambers et al., as published in BBC News, August 11, 1998: “World: Asia Pacific Maoris may have come from China. Using genes to reconstruct human history in Polynesia.”
6. A. Arnaiz-Villena et al., “HLA Genes in Mexican Mazatecans, the Peopling of the Americas, and the uniqueness of Amerindians,” Tissue Antigens 56 (November 2000).
7. The formal report by Professor Bruges-Armas and eight colleagues (including Professor Arnaiz-Villena) is published as “HLA in the Azores Archipelago: Possible Presence of Mongoloid Genes,” Tissue Antigens 54 (1999): 349.
8. Ibid., 354.
9. Ibid., 357.
10. Ibid., 358.
11. “Parasitismoa migrações humanus pre-historicas,” in Estudos da pre-historia Geral a Brasiliera, University of São Paulo, 1970.
12. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.410410407/abstract.
CHAPTER 8: THE OLMEC: THE FOUNDATION CULTURE OF CENTRAL AMERICA
1. H. Mike Xu, Origin of the Olmec Civilization (Edmond: University of Central Oklahoma Press, 1996) and Charlotte Harris Rees, Secret Maps of the Ancient World (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2008).
2. Charlotte Harris Rees, Secret Maps of the Ancient World (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2008).
3. Ibid.
4. Hernan Garcia, Antonia Sierra, and Gilberto Balam, Wind in the Blood: Mayan Healing and Chinese Medicine (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 1999).
CHAPTER 9: PYRAMIDS IN MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA
1. Jack E. Churchward, Lifting the Veil on the Lost Continent of Mu: Motherland of Men (Huntsville, AK: Ozark Mountain, 2011), 215.
2. Plans were obtained thanks to the kind assistance of Professor Thomas Bartlett of La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia (where I had lectured).
3. With assistance again from Professor Bartlett
4. Private correspondence between Gavin Menzies and Prof. Bartlett.
5. Ibid.
6. Quoted in Robert M. Schoch, Voyages of the Pyramid Builders (New York: Penguin, 2004), 153.
7. Ibid.
8. For the information that follows I am indebted to James Q. Jacob’s website, Mesoamerican Archaeoastronomy, http://www.jqjacobs.net/mesoamerica/meso_astro.html.
9. Frudakis speaking at Library of Congress Zheng He Symposium, 2006. See our website, www.gavinmenzies.net, for more information.
CHAPTER 10: PYRAMID BUILDERS OF SOUTH AMERICA
1. See Cynthia Lee, “Archaeologist Investigates Legend of Mythical Ruler of Ancient Peru,” March 13, 2012, http://today.ucla.edu/portal/ut/archaeologist-sets-out-to-validate-230460.aspx.
2. Francisco A. Loayza, Chinos llegaron antes de Colón (Lima: D. Miranda, 1948).
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Jorge E. Hardy, Pre-Columbian Cities (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Infinito, 1964).
CHAPTER 11: KUBLAI KHAN’S LOST FLEETS
1. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo/Book_3/Chapter_2.
2. The Adventures of Marco Polo, the Great Traveler (New York: D. Appleton, 1902), 133.
3. Gunnar Thompson, Marco Polo’s Daughters: Asian Discovery of the New World (Seattle: Misty Isles Press, 2011).
4. Ibid., 6.
5. Libre dels feits del rei en Jacme (Book of the Acts of King James 1208–1276), http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/34697391092392752454679/index.htm.
6. Book III, Chapters LXXI and LXXIV, written in 1562. Translation courtesy of Carles Camp i Perez, e-mail correspondence from our website.
CHAPTER 12: THE 1418 CHINESE MAP OF THE WORLD
1. See Emeritus Professor Carol Urness: it has never been accused of being a forgery “and never will be.”
2. Personal email correspondence with Library of Congress.
3. In Harris Rees, Secret Maps of the Ancient World.
4. http://www.gavinmenzies.net/?taxonomy=1421&s=1418+map.
5. See under Part I, iii, “Zheng He’s Integrated Map of the World 1418,” at http://www.gavinmenzies.net/china/book-1421/1421-evidence.
6. http://www.gavinmenzies.net/?taxonomy=1421&s=peru.
7. Professor Gabriel Novick and his colleagues.
8. María Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, History of the Inca Realm (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 211.
9. Justo Caceres Macedo, Prehispanic Cultures of Peru: Guide of Peruvian Archaeology (n.p.: Author, 2004).
CHAPTER 13: NORTH CAROLINA AND THE VIRGINIAS
1. James Mooney, Myths of the Cherokee from Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology 1897–98, Part I.
2. George William Featherstonhaugh, A Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor; with an Account of the Lead and Copper Deposits in Wisconsin; of the Gold Region in the Cherokee Country; and Sketches of Popular Manners (London: R. Bentley, 1847), ch. 59.
CHAPTER 14: THE EASTERN SEABORD
1. James and Melanie Bowles, Proud Spirit Horse Sanctuary, Personal email correspondence with authors.
2. Cherokee Cultural Society of Houston.
3. Hendon M. Harris, Asiatic Fathers of America: Chinese Discovery & Colonization of Ancient America, ed. Charlotte Harris Rees (Lynchburg, VA: Warwick House, 2006).
4. Please visit www.harrismaps.com for more information.
5. This account comes from Shinnick’s “Digger’s Diary: The Mysterious Ming Medallion.”
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
CHAPTER 15: NOVA CATAIA: THE ISLAND OF SEVEN CITIES
1. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954), Vol. 5, 13 at pages 356–69 and vol. 4, part 2, see 27, p. 390 ff.
2. Annals of the Brothers Nicolo and Antonio Zeno (London, 1898).
3. Les voyages aventureux du Capitaine J. Alfonce.
CHAPTER 16: THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA
1. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 15, no. 899 (1892): 221 (with Plate XXIV).
2. Ibid.
3. See Gavin Menzies, 1434 (New York: William Morrow, 2008), esp. 257–67.
4. See http://www.cristobalcolondeibiza.com and Frank J. Frost, “The Palos Verdes Chinese Anchor Mystery,” Archaeology 31, no. 1 (1982).
5. Paul Gallez, Predescubrimientos de América (Bahía Blanca: Instituto Patagonico, 2001).
6. Nancy Yaw Davis, The Zuni Enigma (New York: Norton, 2000).
7. University of Arizona Library, Books of the South West, chapter 1, “Indians of Arizona,” http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/hav7/body.1_div.1.html.
CHAPTER 17: STONE AGE SAILORS: THE “WINDOVER BOG” PEOPLE OF FLORIDA
1. The bog was the subject of a report on the PBS show Nova, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/americas-bog-people.html.
2. “The First Americans—Part 6—DNA of The Windover Bog People,” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbayBEbIEwc.
3. Gavin Menzies, The Lost Empire of Atlantis (New York: William Morrow, 2011), 303–8.
4. Maere Reidla et al., “Origin and Diffusion of Mt DNA Haplogroup X,” The American Journal of Human Genetics 73000 (2003); and M. D. Brown et al., “Mt DNA Haplogroup X: An Ancient Link Between Europe/Western Asia and America?” The American Journal of Human Genetics 63 (1998): 90.