26
NON-FINITE VERBS: PART 5
STATIVE AND FUTURE PARTICIPLES
26.1. There are two more sets of participles to learn, the perfect and future participles. There are not nearly as many stative participles in the language as imperfective and perfective forms, and even fewer of the future. Here are the figures for the participle in the NT and LXX.
Participle Distribution
| NT | LXX | |
| Imperfective | 3,687 | 9,041 |
| Perfective | 2,289 | 3,109 |
| Stative | 673 | 2,291 |
| Future | 13 | 69 |
| Total | 6,662 | 14,510 |
As you can tell from these figures, you will not see nearly as many of the stative and future participles in the NT as other participles, but enough so that you need to be able to recognize them.
26.2. The aspect of the perfect participle is the same as perfect forms in the indicative: stative. It is used to describe states or conditions rather than actions.
With no new information, parse these words (answers are at the end of the chapter). Pay attention to the pieces that you recognize; there are many pieces reused from earlier chapters. With what you already know and some shrewd guesses, you can probably parse all of these forms.
1. γεγεννημένον
2. γεγεννηκότος
3. διαμεμενηκότες
4. πεποιηκόσιν
5. ἠλπικότες
6. παρηκολουθηκότι
7. ἐγνωκότες
8. βεβλημένος
9. ἠγαπημένων
10. ἀπεσταλμέναις
From the heading you know that these are stative (perfect) participles, but can you figure out why from the morphology of each of the forms in this list? Four of the examples above (5, 6, 9, 10) have vocalic reduplication. The only thing that is new in some of these forms is the morpheme οτ. Can you figure out what it must be?
Stative (Perfect) Active Participles
26.3. Except for the perfect participle markers, everything else will be familiar: reduplication, stem, form marker, and endings.
Formula for Stative (Perfect) Active Participles
reduplication + stem + form marker κ + participle marker οτ/υι + case endings
You do not have to memorize the following chart—just know the formula above, and be able to recognize the pieces.
Perfect Active Participle of λύω
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |||||||
| NS | λελυ | κώ | ς | λελυ | κυῖ | α | λελυ | κό | ς |
| GS | λελυ | κότ | ος | λελυ | κυί | ας | λελυ | κότ | ος |
| DS | λελυ | κότ | ι | λελυ | κυί | ᾳ | λελυ | κότ | ι |
| AS | λελυ | κότ | α | λελυ | κυῖ | αν | λελυ | κό | ς |
| NP | λελυ | κότ | ες | λελυ | κυῖ | αι | λελυ | κότ | α |
| GP | λελυ | κότ | ων | λελυ | κυι | ῶν | λελυ | κότ | ων |
| DP | λελυ | κό | σι(ν) | λελυ | κυί | αις | λελυ | κό | σι(ν) |
| AP | λελυ | κότ | ας | λελυ | κυί | ας | λελυ | κότ | α |
The participle marker for masculine and neuter is οτ, and for feminine it is υι. The masculine and neuter forms use third-declension endings; feminine uses the first declension. There are only 12 feminine perfect active participles in the NT. The large majority will be masculine (181), with some neuter forms (31). As should be a familiar pattern by now, there are a couple of forms in this chart that don’t seem to follow the regular case endings—the nominative singular and dative plural in masculine and neuter. It is once again the sigma in the case ending that causes these changes.
Most perfect participles are adjectival in function; there are few adverbial perfect participles.
26.4. Examples of the Stative (Perfect) Active Participle
| John 7:15, ἐθαύμαζον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι λέγοντες, Πῶς οὗτος γράμματα οἶδεν μὴ μεμαθηκώς; | Therefore the Jews marveled, saying, “How does he know letters since he is not educated?”a |
a The translation given above is quite formal, but the contextual implications may give it a different tone. Compare several English translations (especially NET and HCSB) and the commentaries. |
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| Matt. 21:5, Ἰδοὺ ὁ βασιλεύς σου ἔρχεταί σοι πραῢς καὶ ἐπιβεβηκὼς ἐπὶ ὄνον καὶ ἐπὶ πῶλον υἱὸν ὑποζυγίου. | Look! Your king is coming to you, gentle and mounted on a donkey, even on a colt, the foal of a donkey. |
| Gen. 32:2, Ἰακὼβ ἀπῆλθεν εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ὁδόν. καὶ ἀναβλέψας εἶδεν παρεμβολὴν θεοῦ παρεμβεβληκυῖαν, καὶ συνήντησαν αὐτῷ οἱ ἄγγελοι τοῦ θεοῦ. | Jacob departed his own way. And looking up he saw an encampment of God encamped, and the angels of God met him. |
| 1 Clem. 43.5, εὑρέθη ἡ ῥάβδος Ἀαρὼν οὐ μόνον βεβλαστηκυῖα, ἀλλὰ καὶ καρπὸν ἔχουσα. | The rod of Aaron was found, not only budded, but also having fruit. |
| John 4:6, ἦν δὲ ἐκεῖ πηγὴ τοῦ Ἰακώβ. ὁ οὖν Ἰησοῦς κεκοπιακὼς ἐκ τῆς ὁδοιπορίας ἐκαθέζετο οὕτως ἐπὶ τῇ πηγῇ. | |
| John 8:31, Ἔλεγεν οὖν ὁ Ἰησοῦς πρὸς τοὺς πεπιστευκότας αὐτῷ Ἰουδαίους, Ἐὰν ὑμεῖς μείνητε (remain) ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τῷ ἐμῷ, ἀληθῶς μαθηταί μού ἐστε. | |
| 2 Tim. 4:8, λοιπὸνa ἀπόκειταί μοι ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης στέφανος, ὃν ἀποδώσειb μοι ὁ κύριος ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ, ὁ δίκαιος κριτής, οὐ μόνον δὲ ἐμοὶ ἀλλὰ καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς ἠγαπηκόσι τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ. | |
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a Read the entire entry in your lexicon carefully. b This is a kind of verb you have not met yet, but so long as you know that the verb stem is δο-, you can parse it easily. The lexical form is ἀποδίδωμι. You will meet this form in chap. 32. |
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| Ruth 2:20, εἶπεν Νωεμὶν τῇ νύμφῃ αὐτῆς, Εὐλογητός ἐστιν τῷ κυρίῳ, ὅτι οὐκ ἐγκατέλιπεν τὸ ἔλεος αὐτοῦ μετὰ τῶν ζώντων καὶ μετὰ τῶν τεθνηκότων. καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῇ Νωεμίν, Ἐγγίζει ἡμῖν ὁ ἀνήρ, ἐκ τῶν ἀγχιστευόντωνa ἡμᾶς ἐστιν. | |
a ἀγχιστεύω, “to be next of kin . . . ; to exercise the rights and responsibilities of a kinsman, to redeem” (LEH, 7) |
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Stative (Perfect) Middle Participles
26.6. As with perfect indicative forms, the perfect has a set of middle participles that can also, if there are appropriate context indicators, function as perfect passive participles.
Formula for Stative (Perfect) Middle Participles
reduplication + stem + participle marker μεν + case endings
The participle marker is the same as always for middle forms (μεν). There is no connecting vowel and no perfect form marker (remember that the perfect middle indicative also omitted both of these morphemes), so the only clue that the form is a perfect is the reduplication. With these two markers, however, the form is easy to spot: reduplication on the front of the stem tells you that it is perfect; μεν added to the end of stem tells you it is a middle participle.
Perfect Middle Participle of λύω
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |||||||
| NS | λελυ | μέν | ος | λελυ | μέν | η | λελυ | μέν | ον |
| GS | λελυ | μέν | ου | λελυ | μέν | ης | λελυ | μέν | ου |
| DS | λελυ | μέν | ῳ | λελυ | μέν | ῃ | λελυ | μέν | ῳ |
| AS | λελυ | μέν | ον | λελυ | μέν | ην | λελυ | μέν | ον |
| NP | λελυ | μέν | οι | λελυ | μέν | αι | λελυ | μέν | α |
| GP | λελυ | μέν | ων | λελυ | μέν | ων | λελυ | μέν | ων |
| DP | λελυ | μέν | οις | λελυ | μέν | αις | λελυ | μέν | οις |
| AP | λελυ | μέν | ους | λελυ | μέν | ας | λελυ | μέν | α |
26.7. Examples of the Stative (Perfect) Middle Participle
| Rom. 4:19, μὴ ἀσθενήσας τῇ πίστει κατενόησεν τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σῶμα ἤδη νενεκρωμένον. | Not being weak in faith, he considered his own body already dead. |
| Rev. 10:1, εἶδον ἄλλον ἄγγελον ἰσχυρὸν καταβαίνοντα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ περιβεβλημένον νεφέλην, καὶ ἡ ἶρις ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ ὡς ὁ ἥλιος καὶ οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὡς στῦλοι πυρός. | I saw another strong angel coming down out of heaven, who was clothed with a cloud and the rainbow above his head and his face like the sun and his legs as pillars of fire. |
| Mark 15:32, οἱ συνεσταυρωμένοι σὺν αὐτῷ ὠνείδιζον αὐτόν. | The ones who were crucified with him mocked him. |
| 1 Esd. 5:40, εἶπεν αὐτοῖς Νεεμίας καὶ Ἁτθαρίας μὴ μετέχεινa τῶν ἁγίων αὐτούς, ἕως ἀναστῇ ἀρχιερεὺς ἐνδεδυμένος τὴν δήλωσινb καὶ τὴν ἀλήθειαν. | Nehemiah (and Attharias)c told them that they were not to partake of the holy things until a priest wearing the Revelation and Truth should arise. |
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a The infinitive is used in indirect discourse. b The phrase τὴν δήλωσιν καὶ τὴν ἀλήθειαν refers to what has traditionally been called the Urim and Thummim; “δήλωσις, εως, ἡ, revelation, manifestation . . . ; interpretation . . . ; symbol of revelation (semit., transl. of the Urim . . .)” (LEH, 134). c The singular verb with a compound subject is not unusual; it is seen in the Gospels with reference to Jesus and the disciples (e.g., Mark 8:27, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς καὶ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ). It may imply that the verb agrees with the first named subject as the primary referent, with whom the second party is associated but is not the primary or most significant speaker. In the example above the second party is placed in parentheses to suggest this. |
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| 1 Clem. title and salutation, Κλημεντος Προς Κορινθιους Αʹ. Ἡ ἐκκλησία τοῦ θεοῦ ἡ παροικοῦσα Ῥώμην τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ παροικούσῃ Κόρινθον, κλητοῖς ἡγιασμένοις ἐν θελήματι θεοῦ διὰ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. Χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ παντοκράτορος θεοῦ διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ πληθυνθείη.a | Clement to the Corinthians 1. The church of God which resides at Rome to the church of God which resides at Corinth, to those who are called, sanctified by the will of God through our Lord Jesus Christ. May grace and peace from Almighty God through Jesus Christ be yours in ever greater measure. |
a πληθυνθείη, “may it be increased”; this verb is in the optative mood and expresses a wish, here a prayer of blessing. The translation given above combines ὑμῖν with πληθυνθείη, “may [it] be yours in ever greater measure.” |
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| Matt. 11:28, Δεῦτε (Come!) πρός με πάντες οἱ κοπιῶντες καὶ πεφορτισμένοι, κἀγὼ ἀναπαύσω ὑμᾶς. | |
| Mark 3:1, εἰσῆλθεν πάλιν εἰς τὴν συναγωγήν. καὶ ἦν ἐκεῖ ἄνθρωπος ἐξηραμμένην ἔχων τὴν χεῖρα. | |
How do you know that ἐξηραμμένην is a perfect participle? What is its lexical form? (This one is a bit tricky. It looks like there is a preposition on the front of the verb stem.) What word does it modify? How do you know?
| Mark 16:5, εἰσελθοῦσαι εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον εἶδον νεανίσκον καθήμενον ἐν τοῖς δεξιοῖς περιβεβλημένον στολὴν λευκήν, καὶ ἐξεθαμβήθησαν. | |
| 1 Cor. 1:2, τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν Κορίνθῳ, ἡγιασμένοις ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ, κλητοῖς ἁγίοις, σὺν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἐπικαλουμένοις τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ, αὐτῶν καὶ ἡμῶν. | |
| Gen. 25:26, μετὰ τοῦτο ἐξῆλθεν ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ ἐπειλημμένη τῆς πτέρνης Ἠσαῦ· καὶ ἐκάλεσεν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ἰακώβ. | |
| Ps. 102:17–18 (103:17–18 Eng.), τὸ δὲ ἔλεος τοῦ κυρίου ἀπὸ τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἕως τοῦ αἰῶνος ἐπὶ τοὺς φοβουμένους αὐτόν, καὶ ἡ δικαιοσύνη αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ υἱοὺς υἱῶν τοῖς φυλάσσουσιν τὴν διαθήκην αὐτοῦ καὶ μεμνημένοις τῶν ἐντολῶν αὐτοῦ τοῦ ποιῆσαι αὐτάς. | |
| Did. 2.5, οὐκ ἔσται ὁ λόγος σου ψευδής, οὐ κενός, ἀλλὰ μεμεστωμένος πράξει. | |
Stative (Perfect) Passive Participles
26.9. As with other perfect forms, a participle that is middle in form may function as a passive participle if there is indication in the context that someone other than the grammatical subject is the agent. This concept should be familiar by now, so all that is needed are some examples.
26.10. Examples of the Stative (Perfect) Passive Participle
| Acts 10:17, οἱ ἄνδρες οἱ ἀπεσταλμένοι ὑπὸ τοῦ Κορνηλίου ἐπέστησαν (stood) ἐπὶ τὸν πυλῶνα. | The men who had been sent by Cornelius stood at the gate. |
| Acts 10:33, νῦν οὖν πάντες ἡμεῖς ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ πάρεσμεν ἀκοῦσαι πάντα τὰ προστεταγμένα σοι ὑπὸ τοῦ κυρίου. | Therefore we are all now here in the presence of God to hear all the things commanded you by the Lord. |
| Acts 10:40–41, τοῦτον ὁ θεὸς ἤγειρεν ἐν τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ καὶ ἔδωκεν (he gave) αὐτὸν ἐμφανῆ γενέσθαι, οὐ παντὶ τῷ λαῷ, ἀλλὰ μάρτυσιν τοῖς προκεχειροτονημένοις ὑπὸ τοῦ θεου. | God raised him on the third day and caused him to be seen, not by all the people, but by witnesses who were chosen by God. |
| 1 Cor. 7:25, γνώμην δίδωμι (I give) ὡς ἠλεημένος ὑπὸ κυρίου πιστὸς εἶναι. | I give a judgment as one who has been shown mercy by the Lord to be trustworthy. |
In this example the participle is adjectival, used substantivally, even though it does not have the article. The lexical form is ἐλεέω.
| Gen. 14:19, ηὐλόγησεν τὸν Ἀβρὰμ καὶ εἶπεν, Εὐλογημένος Ἀβρὰμ τῷ θεῷ τῷ ὑψίστῳ, ὃς ἔκτισεν τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν. | He blessed Abram and said, “Blessed be Abram by God Most High, who created the heaven and the earth.” |
| 1 Kgdms. 21:10 (1 Sam. 21:9 Eng.), εἶπεν ὁ ἱερεύς, Ἰδοὺ ἡ ῥομφαία Γολιὰθ τοῦ ἀλλοφύλου, ὃν ἐπάταξας ἐν τῇ κοιλάδι Ἠλά, καὶ αὐτὴ ἐνειλημένη ἐν ἱματίῳ. | The priest said, “Look, the sword of Goliath the foreigner [i.e., Philistine], whom you killed in the Valley of Elah, and it is wrapped in a garment.” |
| 1 Thess. 1:4, εἰδότες, ἀδελφοὶ ἠγαπημένοι ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ, τὴν ἐκλογὴν ὑμῶν | |
| 2 Thess. 2:13, Ἡμεῖς δὲ ὀφείλομεν εὐχαριστεῖν τῷ θεῷ πάντοτε περὶ ὑμῶν, ἀδελφοὶ ἠγαπημένοι ὑπὸ κυρίου, ὅτι εἵλατο ὑμᾶς ὁ θεός. | |
| Jude 17, Ὑμεῖς δέ, ἀγαπητοί, μνήσθητε (remember!) τῶν ῥημάτων τῶν προειρημένων ὑπὸ τῶν ἀποστόλων τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. | |
| 2 Esd. (Ezra) 4:7, ἐν ἡμέραις Ἀρθασασθὰ ἔγραψεν ἐν εἰρήνῃ Μιθραδάτῃ πρὸς Ἀρθασασθά, βασιλέα Περσῶν·a ἔγραψεν ὁ φορολόγοςb γραφὴν Συριστὶc καὶ ἡρμηνευμένην. | |
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a Πέρσης, ου, ὁ, “Persian” b φορολόγος, ου, ὁ, “tax collector” c Συριστί, adv., “in Aramaic” |
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| 3 Kgdms. (1 Kings) 2:3, φυλάξεις τὴν φυλακὴν κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου τοῦ πορεύεσθαι ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς αὐτοῦ φυλάσσειν τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ δικαιώματα καὶ τὰ κρίματα τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν νόμῳ Μωϋσέως. |
Challenge Verse
26.12. The word order in this verse is not at all like English, but if you pay attention to the cases and grammatical agreement, you can figure it out. You will need to look up several words, but none of the forms used are unusually difficult. The trickiest part is the article ὁ. What word does it govern? What is the kernel of the sentence?
| Gal. 3:17, τοῦτο δὲ λέγω· διαθήκην προκεκυρωμένην ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ μετὰ τετρακόσια καὶ τριάκοντα ἔτη γεγονὼς νόμος οὐκ ἀκυροῖ εἰς τὸ καταργῆσαι τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν. |
26.13. Second perfect participles do not occur frequently, but there are two verbs worth attention. The verbs οἶδα and γίνομαι have second perfect forms in which the kappa disappears from the form marker. In the NT and LXX only the masculine and neuter forms appear more than a few times.
Second Perfect Active Participle
| οἶδα | γίνομαι | ||
| Masc. | Masc. | Neut. | |
| NS | εἰδώς | γεγονώς | γεγονός |
| GS | εἰδότος | γεγονότος | γεγονότος |
| DS | εἰδότι | γεγονότι | γεγονότι |
| AS | εἰδότα | γεγονότας | γεγονός |
| NP | εἰδότες | γεγονότες | γεγονότα |
| GP | εἰδότων | γεγονότων | γεγονότων |
| DP | εἰδόσι(ν) | γεγονόσι(ν) | γεγονόσι(ν) |
| AP | εἰδότας | γεγονότας | γεγονότα |
There are only a few instances of a feminine form of γίνομαι, which follows the pattern γεγονυῖα, γεγονυῖας, and so on. The middle/passive participle of γίνομαι is regular (e.g., γεγενημένος).
| Mark 12:15, ὁ δὲ εἰδὼς αὐτῶν τὴν ὑπόκρισιν εἶπεν αὐτοῖς, Τί με πειράζετε; φέρετέ (bring!) μοι δηνάριον ἵνα ἴδω (I may look [at it]). | But he, knowing their hypocrisy, said to them, “Why are you testing me? Bring me a denarius so that I may look at it.” |
| Rom 5:3, καυχώμεθα ἐν ταῖς θλίψεσιν, εἰδότες ὅτι ἡ θλῖψις ὑπομονὴν κατεργάζεται. | We rejoice in afflictions, knowing that affliction produces patience. |
| Luke 8:34, ἰδόντες δὲ οἱ βόσκοντες τὸ γεγονὸς ἔφυγον καὶ ἀπήγγειλαν εἰς τὴν πόλιν καὶ εἰς τοὺς ἀγρούς. | But the herdsmen, seeing what had happened, fled and announced [it] in the city and in the countryside. |
26.14. There are very few future participles used in either the NT or the LXX, only 13 and 64 respectively. They are sufficiently infrequent that your teacher may choose to skip this section altogether and leave it for your reference as needed. The forms of the future participle are not at all difficult, and they function the same ways as the other participles that you have already learned.
Forms of the Future Participle
26.15. The forms of the future participle are similar to the imperfective (present) participle: just insert the usual future form markers: σ or θησ.
Formula for Future Participles
stem + form marker σ + connecting vowel + participle marker + case endings
The same participle markers are used as for the imperfective participle: ντ, ουσ, and μεν. Most of the forms shown in the following tables do not occur in the NT (almost all NT forms are active voice); more of them are found in the LXX. Seeing the complete charts, however, enables you to grasp the patterns more easily.
Future Active Participle of λύω
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | ||||||||||
| NS | λύ | σ | ων | – | λύ | σ | ουσ | α | λῦ | σ | ον | – |
| GS | λύ | σ | οντ | ος | λυ | σ | ούσ | ης | λύ | σ | οντ | ος |
| DS | λύ | σ | οντ | ι | λυ | σ | ούσ | ῃ | λύ | σ | οντ | ι |
| AS | λύ | σ | οντ | α | λύ | σ | ουσ | αν | λῦ | σ | ον | – |
| NP | λύ | σ | οντ | ες | λύ | σ | ουσ | αι | λύ | σ | οντ | α |
| GP | λυ | σ | όντ | ων | λυ | σ | ουσ | ῶν | λυ | σ | όντ | ων |
| DP | λύ | σ | ου | σιν | λυ | σ | ούσ | αις | λύ | σ | ου | σιν |
| AP | λύ | σ | οντ | ας | λυ | σ | ούσ | ας | λύ | σ | οντ | α |
Future Middle Participle of λύω
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | ||||||||||
| NS | λυ | σ | όμεν | ος | λυ | σ | ομέν | η | λυ | σ | όμεν | ον |
| GS | λυ | σ | ομέν | ου | λυ | σ | ομέν | ης | λυ | σ | ομέν | ου |
| DS | λυ | σ | ομέν | ῳ | λυ | σ | ομέν | ῃ | λυ | σ | ομέν | ῳ |
| AS | λυ | σ | όμεν | ον | λυ | σ | ομέν | ην | λυ | σ | όμεν | ον |
| NP | λυ | σ | όμεν | οι | λυ | σ | όμεν | αι | λυ | σ | όμεν | α |
| GP | λυ | σ | ομέν | ων | λυ | σ | ομέν | ων | λυ | σ | ομέν | ων |
| DP | λυ | σ | ομέν | οις | λυ | σ | ομέν | αις | λυ | σ | ομέν | οις |
| AP | λυ | σ | ομέν | ους | λυ | σ | ομέν | ας | λυ | σ | όμεν | α |
Future Passive Participle of λύω
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | ||||||||||
| NS | λυ | θησ | όμεν | ος | λυ | θησ | ομέν | η | λυ | θησ | όμεν | ον |
| GS | λυ | θησ | ομέν | ου | λυ | θησ | ομέν | ης | λυ | θησ | ομέν | ου |
| DS | λυ | θησ | ομέν | ῳ | λυ | θησ | ομέν | ῃ | λυ | θησ | ομέν | ῳ |
| AS | λυ | θησ | όμεν | ον | λυ | θησ | ομέν | ην | λυ | θησ | όμεν | ον |
| NP | λυ | θησ | όμεν | οι | λυ | θησ | όμεν | αι | λυ | θησ | όμεν | α |
| GP | λυ | θησ | ομέν | ων | λυ | θησ | ομέν | ων | λυ | θησ | ομέν | ων |
| DP | λυ | θησ | ομέν | οις | λυ | θησ | ομέν | αις | λυ | θησ | ομέν | οις |
| AP | λυ | θησ | ομέν | ους | λυ | θησ | ομέν | ας | λυ | θησ | όμεν | α |
Future Middle Participle of εἰμί
| Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |
| NS | ἐσόμενος | ἐσομένη | ἐσόμενον |
| GS | ἐσομένου | ἐσομένης | ἐσομένου |
| DS | ἐσομένῳ | ἐσομένῃ | ἐσομένῳ |
| AS | ἐσόμενον | ἐσομένην | ἐσόμενον |
| NP | ἐσόμενοι | ἐσόμεναι | ἐσόμενα |
| GP | ἐσομένων | ἐσομένων | ἐσομένων |
| DP | ἐσομένοις | ἐσομέναις | ἐσομένοις |
| AP | ἐσομένους | ἐσομένας | ἐσόμενα |
The usual patterns found with contract verbs (κακόω ► κακώσων), square of stops (ἄγω ► ἄξων), and liquids (κατακρίνω ► κατακρινῶν; ἀποτίνω ► ἀποτείσων) apply to future participles, the changes being triggered by the addition of sigma as the form marker. Some verbs have a different stem in the future, which also shows in the participle (λαμβάνω ► λημψόμενος). One specific form worthy of comment is the participle of γίνομαι, which is built on the stem γεν- with the addition of an eta. In the NT you will see the form γενησόμενον in 1 Cor. 15:37. In the LXX the same form occurs in Eccles. 1:9, and in 1:11 you will find γενησομένων.
As you will see in some of the examples below, future participles are often used to express purpose. When this makes good sense in the context, it can be represented in English as “to x” or “in order to x.”
26.16. Examples of Future Participles
| 1 Cor. 15:37, οὐ τὸ σῶμα τὸ γενησόμενον σπείρεις ἀλλὰ γυμνὸν κόκκον. | You do not sow the body which will be, but a bare seed. |
| Heb. 3:5, Μωϋσῆς μὲν πιστὸς ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτοῦ ὡς θεράπων εἰς μαρτύριον τῶν λαληθησομένων. | Moses indeed [was] faithful in all his house as a servant in order to testify of the things that would be spoken [i.e., in the future]. |
| 1 Pet. 3:13, τίς ὁ κακώσων ὑμᾶς ἐὰν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ζηλωταὶ γένησθε (you are); | Who [is] the one who will do evil to you if you are devoted to the good? |
| Rom. 8:34, τίς ὁ κατακρινῶν; Χριστὸς Ἰησοῦς ὁ ἀποθανών, μᾶλλον δὲ ἐγερθείς, ὃς καί ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ θεοῦ, ὃς καὶ ἐντυγχάνει ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν. | Who [is] the one who will condemn? Christ Jesus [is] the one who died, and more than that has been raised, who is also at the right hand of God, who also intercedes on our behalf. |
| Jdt. 12:14, εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτὸν Ἰουδίθ, Καὶ τίς εἰμι ἐγὼ ἀντεροῦσαa τῷ κυρίῳ μου; | Judith said to him, “Who, then, am I, who would speak against my lord?” |
a ἀντεῖπον, “I speak against” |
|
| 1 Macc. 15:28, ἀπέστειλεν πρὸς αὐτὸν Ἀθηνόβιον ἕνα τῶν φίλων αὐτοῦ κοινολογησόμενον αὐτῷ. | He sent Athenobius to him, one of his friends, to negotiate with him. |
| 2 Macc. 9:13, ηὔχετο δὲ ὁ μιαρὸς πρὸς τὸν οὐκέτι αὐτὸν ἐλεήσοντα δεσπότην. | But the vile person made a vow to the one who would no longer have mercy on him—the Lord. |
| 2 Macc. 11:32, πέπομφαa δὲ καὶ τὸν Μενέλαον παρακαλέσοντα ὑμᾶς. | And I have also sent Menelaus to encourage you. |
a 1st sg. pf. act. ind. ► πέμπω |
|
| Ps. 21:32 (22:31 Eng.), ἀναγγελοῦσιν τὴν δικαιοσύνην αὐτοῦ λαῷ τῷ τεχθησομένῳ,a ὅτι ἐποίησεν ὁ κύριος. | They will announce his righteousness to the people who will be born, because the Lord has done [it]. |
a τεχθησομένῳ ► τίκτω |
|
Psalm 77:5–7 (78:5–7 Eng.)
5ἀνέστησεν (he established) μαρτύριον ἐν Ἰακὼβ
καὶ νόμον ἔθετο (he placed) ἐν Ἰσραήλ,
ὅσα ἐνετείλατο τοῖς πατράσιν ἡμῶν
τοῦ γνωρίσαι αὐτὰ τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτῶν,
6ὅπως ἂν γνῷ (they should know) γενεὰ ἑτέρα,
υἱοὶ οἱ τεχθησόμενοι,
καὶ ἀναστήσονται καὶ ἀπαγγελοῦσιν αὐτὰ τοῖς υἱοῖς αὐτῶν,
7ἵνα θῶνται (they would set) ἐπὶ τὸν θεὸν τὴν ἐλπίδα αὐτῶν
καὶ μὴ ἐπιλάθωνται (they should forget) τῶν ἔργων τοῦ θεοῦ
καὶ τὰς ἐντολὰς αὐτοῦ ἐκζητήσουσιν.
26.18. Reading Passage: Revelation 20:7–15
After the Thousand Years
7Καὶ ὅταν τελεσθῇ (it is finished) τὰ χίλια ἔτη,a λυθήσεται ὁ Σατανᾶς ἐκ τῆς φυλακῆς αὐτοῦ 8καὶ ἐξελεύσεται πλανῆσαι τὰ ἔθνη τὰ ἐν ταῖς τέσσαρσιν γωνίαις τῆς γῆς, τὸν Γὼγ καὶ Μαγώγ, συναγαγεῖν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸν πόλεμον, ὧν ὁ ἀριθμὸς αὐτῶνb ὡς ἡ ἄμμος τῆς θαλάσσης. 9καὶ ἀνέβησαν ἐπὶ τὸ πλάτος τῆς γῆς καὶ ἐκύκλευσαν τὴν παρεμβολὴν τῶν ἁγίων καὶ τὴν πόλιν τὴν ἠγαπημένην, καὶ κατέβη πῦρ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ κατέφαγεν αὐτούς. 10καὶ ὁ διάβολος ὁ πλανῶν αὐτοὺς ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρὸς καὶ θείου ὅπου καὶ τὸ θηρίον καὶ ὁ ψευδοπροφήτης, καὶ βασανισθήσονται ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτὸς εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων.
11Καὶ εἶδον θρόνον μέγαν λευκὸν καὶ τὸν καθήμενον ἐπ᾿ αὐτόν, οὗ ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου ἔφυγεν ἡ γῆ καὶ ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ τόπος οὐχ εὑρέθη αὐτοῖς. 12καὶ εἶδον τοὺς νεκρούς, τοὺς μεγάλους καὶ τοὺς μικρούς, ἑστῶταςc ἐνώπιον τοῦ θρόνου. καὶ βιβλία ἠνοίχθησαν, καὶ ἄλλο βιβλίον ἠνοίχθη, ὅ ἐστιν τῆς ζωῆς, καὶ ἐκρίθησαν οἱ νεκροὶ ἐκ τῶν γεγραμμένων ἐν τοῖς βιβλίοις κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν. 13καὶ ἔδωκεν (it gave) ἡ θάλασσα τοὺς νεκροὺς τοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ ὁ θάνατος καὶ ὁ ᾅδης ἔδωκαν (they gave) τοὺς νεκροὺς τοὺς ἐν αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἐκρίθησαν ἕκαστος κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν. 14καὶ ὁ θάνατος καὶ ὁ ᾅδης ἐβλήθησαν εἰς τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρός. οὗτος ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερός ἐστιν, ἡ λίμνη τοῦ πυρός. 15καὶ εἴ τις οὐχ εὑρέθη ἐν τῇ βίβλῳ τῆς ζωῆς γεγραμμένος, ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν λίμνην τοῦ πυρός.
a Did you remember that a neuter plural subject can take a singular verb?
b ὧν ὁ ἀριθμὸς αὐτῶν, formally, “of whom the number of them.” The second genitive is redundant, so in English we would say simply, “their number.”
c ἑστῶτας is a μι verb that you have not learned yet. The stem is στα-, pf. act. ptc. masc. pl. acc. ► ἵστημι, “I stand.”
26.19. Vocabulary for Chapter 26
| Part of Speech | Definition | Possible Glosses | Frequency | |
| Word | NT | LXX | ||
| Adjectives | ||||
| ἱκανός, ή, όν | Characterized by sufficient extent, quantity, or degree; extensive in extent or degree (with no reference to sufficiency) | sufficient, adequate, competent, qualified, able; considerable, many, quite a few | 39 | 46 |
| διάβολος, ον | Characterized by intent to slander, oppose, or otherwise harm someone’s reputation or interests; in the NT usually substantival, διάβολος, ου, ὁ, referring to the devil | slanderous, accusing falsely; devil, adversary (subst.) | 37 | 22 |
| Adverb | ||||
| ἐκεῖθεν | An adverb of place indicating source as from a particular place | from there | 37 | 150 |
| Nouns | ||||
| ἐπιθυμία, ας, ἡ | A strong desire for something, whether good or bad | desire, longing, craving, lust | 38 | 85 |
| ἀγρός, οῦ, ὁ | An area of land outside settled/residential areas, typically for agricultural use | field, land, countryside, open country | 36 | 246 |
| ὀργή, ῆς, ἡ | Strong displeasure with the conduct of another; strong displeasure directed toward retribution for offensive behavior | wrath, anger | 36 | 305 |
| οὖς, ὠτός, τό | The organ of hearing (ctr. ὠτάριον, which refers to the outer ear); the mental ability to understand or perceive | ear; hearing | 36 | 190 |
| προσευχή, ῆς, ἡ | A petition addressed to deity; a place where such petitions are regularly offered (in the NT usually a synagogue, though also informal locations) | prayer; place of prayer | 36 | 115 |
| Verbs | ||||
| χαίρω | To experience joy or contentment in a particular circumstance or event; to express a polite social greeting upon meeting someone or at the beginning of a letter (impv. or inf.) | I rejoice, am glad/cheerful; Greetings! Hello! | 74 | 87 |
| πίνω | To swallow a liquid; to take in or absorb a liquid | I drink | 73 | 297 |
| αἰτέω | To ask for something; to ask that something be given or that an action be performed; to present a petition to deity, make a request in prayer; to demand [This is a somewhat stronger word for asking than ἐρωτάω, sometimes implying a claim or expectation; though it can be used anyplace that ἐρωτάω is used, the reverse is not necessarily true.] | I ask, request; I petition, pray; I demand, insist on | 70 | 94 |
| ἐρωτάω | To ask for/seek information, ask a question; to ask that something be given or that an action be performed; to invite [This is a more generic word for asking, in contrast to αἰτέω.] | I ask, inquire; I ask for, request; I invite | 63 | 70 |
| ἐπερωτάω | To ask a question [not distinguishable from ἐρωτάω] | I ask, inquire; I ask for, request | 56 | 75 |
| βούλομαι | To desire to have/experience something; to plan a course of action on the basis of deliberation | I wish, desire; I intend, plan, determine | 37 | 128 |
| παραγίνομαι | To come to be in a place (either generally or with focus on the public nature of the place) | I arrive, come, draw near, am present; I appear | 37 | 178 |
26.20. Answers to Parsing at the Beginning of This Chapter
1. γεγεννημένον |
pf. mid. ptc. neut. sg. nom. ► γεννάω |
2. γεγεννηκότος |
pf. act. ptc. masc. sg. gen. ► γεννάω |
3. διαμεμενηκότες |
pf. act. ptc. masc. pl. nom. ► διαμένω |
4. πεποιηκόσιν |
pf. act. ptc. masc. pl. dat. ► ποιέω |
5. ἠλπικότες |
pf. act. ptc. masc. pl. nom. ► ἐλπίζω |
6. παρηκολουθηκότι |
pf. act. ptc. masc. sg. dat. ► παρακολουθέω |
7. ἐγνωκότες |
pf. act. ptc. masc. pl. nom. ► γινώσκω |
8. βεβλημένος |
pf. mid. ptc. masc. sg. nom. ► βάλλω |
9. ἠγαπημένων |
pf. mid. ptc. masc. pl. gen. ► ἀγαπάωa |
10. ἀπεσταλμέναις |
pf. mid. ptc. fem. pl. dat. ► ἀποστέλλω |
a This form could also be feminine or neuter.
26.21. Key Things to Know for Chapter 26
Can you give the formulas for the following?
Stative active participles
Stative middle participles
Future participles