APPENDIX F
GLOSSARY
The following glossary includes only those words assigned as vocabulary in this textbook. It is not a complete lexicon, nor are the entries complete. (See the explanations in the preface and in chap. 1.) The format of each entry is uniform as shown in figure F.1.
Figure F.1
Ἀβραάμ, ὁ (noun). An indeclinable personal name, in the LXX and NT the father of the Jewish nation through Isaac (and other people groups through Ishmael), formerly named Ἀβράμ • Abraham. (NT 73; LXX 210) CL, 1; BDAG, 2. [chap. 24]
ἀγαθός, ή, όν (adj.). Achieving a high standard of excellence, positive moral qualities • good, useful, beneficial, helpful. (NT 102; LXX 599) CL, 2; BDAG, 3. [chap. 9]
ἀγαπάω (verb). To have an interest in another person to the extent that one determines to contribute to that person’s well-being [often synonymous with φιλέω; see LN §25.43] • I love. (NT 143; LXX 283) CL, 2; BDAG, 5. [chap. 7]
ἀγάπη, ης, ἡ (noun). High interest in and regard for the well-being of another, love, affection • love. (NT 116; LXX 19) CL, 2; BDAG, 6. [chap. 4]
ἀγαπητός, ή, όν (adj.). To be in a special relationship with another, to be loved/esteemed • beloved, dear, esteemed. (NT 61; LXX 24) CL, 3; BDAG, 7. [chap. 16]
ἄγγελος, ου, ὁ (noun). A personal being (human or supernatural) who transmits a message on behalf of another • messenger, angel. (NT 175; LXX 350) CL, 3; BDAG, 8. [chap. 3]
ἁγιάζω (verb). To set aside for sacred use/purposes; to treat as holy • I set apart, sanctify, dedicate; I revere. (NT 28; LXX 196) CL, 3; BDAG, 9. [chap. 31]
ἅγιος, α, ον (adj.). Set apart for deity • holy (adj.); God’s people, saints (subst.). (NT 233; LXX 832) CL, 3; BDAG, 10. [chap. 6]
ἀγρός, οῦ, ὁ (noun). An area of land outside settled/residential areas, typically for agricultural use • field, land, countryside, open country. (NT 36; LXX 246) CL, 5; BDAG, 15. [chap. 26]
ἄγω (verb). To direct the movement of an object from one position to another; metaphorically, to direct the intellectual or moral life of another • I lead, bring. (NT 67; LXX 274) CL, 6; BDAG, 16. [chap. 14]
ἀδελφός, οῦ, ὁ (noun). Male sibling (i.e., “brother”); in an extended sense, one with common interests, community fellow • brother; compatriot, “brother(s) and/or sister(s).” (NT 343; LXX 924) CL, 6; BDAG, 18. [chap. 2]
ἀδικέω (verb). To act in an unjust manner by violating law; to do wrong to someone, treat unjustly; to cause damage to, mistreat • I do wrong, act unjustly; I wrong (someone); I injure, harm, mistreat. (NT 25; LXX 70) CL, 7; BDAG, 20. [chap. 27]
ἀδικία, ας, ἡ (noun). The quality of violating a standard of right • unrighteousness, wickedness, injustice. (NT 26; LXX 228) CL, 7; BDAG, 20. [chap. 31]
αἷμα, ατος, τό (noun). The red, oxygen-bearing liquid circulating in the bodies of humans and animals; any dark-red liquid; descent, parentage; metaphorically, a person’s life (to take, shed, or give blood is to kill/die) • blood; descent, parentage; lifeblood; murder, killing, death. (NT 97; LXX 401) CL, 9; BDAG, 26. [chap. 22]
αἴρω (verb). To raise something to a higher position; to move from one place to another • I lift/take/pick up; I remove, take/carry away. (NT 101; LXX 289) CL, 10; BDAG, 28. [chap. 21]
αἰτέω (verb). To ask for something; to ask that something be given or that an action be performed; to present a petition to deity, make a request in prayer; to demand [This is a somewhat stronger word for asking than ἐρωτάω, sometimes implying a claim or expectation; though it can be used anyplace that ἐρωτάω is used, the reverse is not necessarily true.] • I ask, request; I petition, pray; I demand, insist on. (NT 70; LXX 94) CL, 11; BDAG, 30. [chap. 26]
αἰών, ῶνος, ὁ (noun). A long period of time, in either the past or the future; a segment of time as a particular unit of history; eternity (if context suggests no end) • age, eternity. (NT 122; LXX 750) CL, 12; BDAG, 32. [chap. 11]
αἰώνιος, ον (adj.). Describing a period of time as being a long time ago or as being without boundaries or interruption or as of unending duration • long ago; eternal. (NT 71; LXX 153) CL, 12; BDAG, 33. [chap. 15]
ἀκάθαρτος, ον (adj.). Contaminated and thus not meeting the requirements for ritual/ceremonial use; in a more general sense, anything characterized by moral impurity • unclean, impure. (NT 32; LXX 160) CL, 12; BDAG, 34. [chap. 31]
ἀκολουθέω (verb). To follow in the footsteps of someone; to follow as a disciple • I follow, accompany, go along with. (NT 90; LXX 13) CL, 13; BDAG, 36. [chap. 25]
ἀκούω (verb). To receive information via the ear; to heed or understand what is said • I hear; I obey, understand. (NT 428; LXX 1,069) CL, 13; BDAG, 37. [chap. 5]
ἀλήθεια, ας, ἡ (noun). That which is really so or what actually happened • truth. (NT 109; LXX 206) CL, 15; BDAG, 42. [chap. 7]
ἀλλά (conj.). An adversative coordinating conjunction most often used following a negative statement to suggest a contrasting statement or view or to explain • but, yet, except. (NT 638; LXX 557) CL, 16; BDAG, 44. [chap. 3]
ἀλλήλων (pron.). A pronoun that refers to a reciprocal relationship between two or more people (or rarely, things); never occurs in nominative or in singular, so genitive plural is used for lexical form • one another. (NT 100; LXX 42) CL, 17; BDAG, 46. [chap. 10]
ἄλλος, η, ο (adj.). That which is distinct from another entity • other, another. (NT 155; LXX 108) CL, 17; BDAG, 46. [chap. 6]
ἁμαρτάνω (verb). To commit a wrong by violating the standards established by God (almost always so in the NT), custom, or (human) law • I sin. (NT 43; LXX 270) CL, 19; BDAG, 49. [chap. 29]
ἁμαρτία, ας, ἡ (noun). A volitional choice or act contrary to (usually God’s) standards of uprightness, which results in liability/guilt • sin. (NT 173; LXX 545) CL, 19; BDAG, 50. [chap. 3]
ἁμαρτωλός, όν (adj.). Characterized by failure to meet or neglect of moral, religious, cultural, or legal expectations; given to ἁμαρτία (usually in relation to God in the LXX and NT, but also of human expectations) • sinful, irreligious; sinner, outsider (subst.). (NT 47; LXX 178) CL, 19; BDAG, 51. [chap. 29]
ἀμήν (foreign word). A transliterated Hebrew word expressing strong affirmation of what is stated, often used by Jesus and later by Christians in a worshipful context • amen, truly, verily, “so let it be.” (NT 129; LXX 10) CL, 20; BDAG, 53. [chap. 16]
ἄν (particle). A particle with diverse uses, most of which nuance the verb with some element of contingency or generalization, often translated as a part of the verbal phrase rather than as a discrete element • then, would, ever, might. (NT 167; LXX 619) CL, 21; BDAG, 56. [chap. 17]
ἀναβαίνω (verb). To be in motion, usually upward; to get into a boat; to emerge, make an appearance; “to enter the heart” (idiom = “to think about”) • I go up, ascend, come up; I embark; I appear; I think. (NT 82; LXX 614) CL, 22; BDAG, 58. [chap. 25]
ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός, ὁ (noun). An adult human male; a specific man as related to a woman, i.e., a husband • man, male; husband. (NT 216; LXX 1,918) CL, 32; BDAG, 79. [chap. 11]
ἄνθρωπος, ου, ὁ (noun). Human being, often used generically of men or women, either in distinction from God or in reference to a specific person. • man, person, human being, mankind, humankind. (NT 550; LXX 1,430) CL, 33; BDAG, 81. [chap. 2]
ἀνίστημι (verb). (1) Transitive (fut., 1aor. act.): to cause to rise up (of an object or of a dead person); (2) intransitive (mid., 2aor. act.): to stand up from lying or sitting; to come back from the dead; to appear to carry out a function; to initiate an action specified by another verb • (1) I raise, erect, bring to life; (2) I stand up, rise; I come back from the dead; I arise; I set out, get ready. (NT 108; LXX 539) CL, 34; BDAG, 83. [chap. 32]
ἀνοίγω (verb). To move or change something from a shut or closed position to enable access or function • I open. (NT 77; LXX 182) CL, 34; BDAG, 84. [chap. 14]
ἀντί (prep.). A preposition used with the genitive case indicating correspondence in which one thing is to be replaced by or substituted with or for another • (prep. + gen.) instead of, for, in behalf of. (NT 21; LXX 391) CL, 36; BDAG, 87. [chap. 19]
ἄξιος, ία, ον (adj.). Deemed to correspond to an expectation of worth; deserving, worthy of (reward or punishment) • worthy, fit, deserving. (NT 41; LXX 40) CL, 38; BDAG, 93. [chap. 20]
ἀπαγγέλλω (verb). To give an account of something (usually oral); to make something known publicly • I announce, report, tell; I proclaim. (NT 45; LXX 254) CL, 39; BDAG, 95. [chap. 21]
ἅπας, ασα, αν (adj.). The totality of something (intensive form of the adj. πᾶς) • all, the whole (with articular noun); all, everybody, everything (subst.). (NT 34; LXX 78) CL, 40; BDAG, 98. [chap. 12]
ἀπεκρίθη (verb). Very common inflected verb form (a θη-middle form): 3rd sg. aor. pass. ind. of ἀποκρίνω; to make a response, to either a specific question, a statement, or a situation • he/she/it answered. (NT 82; LXX 95) CL, 46; BDAG, 113. [chap. 18]
ἀπέρχομαι (verb). To depart from a place • I go away, depart. (NT 117; LXX 229) CL, 42; BDAG, 102. [chap. 15]
ἀπό (prep.). A preposition used with the genitive case that generally indicates separation or source, sometimes temporal or causal • (prep. + gen.) from. (NT 646; LXX 4,150) CL, 44; BDAG, 105. [chap. 9]
ἀποδίδωμι (verb). To engage in a reciprocal action by repaying money, fulfilling an obligation, transferring something to another; to give a product in exchange for payment or trade (mid.); to yield fruit/produce • I repay, give/pay back; I pay; I give over, give back, restore; I sell, trade; I yield (fruit). (NT 48; LXX 220) CL, 45; BDAG, 109. [chap. 32]
ἀποθνῄσκω (verb). To stop living • I die. (NT 111; LXX 600) CL, 46; BDAG, 111. [chap. 25]
ἀποκρίνω (verb). To make a response, to either a specific question, a statement, or a situation (never act. in NT, once in LXX; act. appears more often in other Koine literature; often listed as ἀποκρίνομαι) • I answer, reply, say in response/reaction to. (NT 231; LXX 277) CL, 46; BDAG, 113. [chap. 21]
ἀποκτείνω (verb). To forcibly end the life of someone or something • I kill. (NT 74; LXX 212) CL, 47; BDAG, 114. [chap. 25]
ἀπόλλυμι (verb). (1) Transitive: to cause destruction, put to death; to lose something (act.); (2) intransitive: to experience destruction; to be unavailable; to not be found (mid.) • (1) I ruin, destroy, kill; I lose (act.); (2) I die, perish; I am deprived of; I have gone missing (mid.). (NT 90; LXX 378) CL, 47; BDAG, 115. [chap. 33]
ἀπολύω (verb). To set free from a condition or obligation (legal or medical, etc.); to cause to depart from a place; to terminate a marriage • I release, set free, deliver; I dismiss, send away; I divorce. (NT 66; LXX 27) CL, 48; BDAG, 117. [chap. 14]
ἀποστέλλω (verb). To send someone or something from one place to another • I send, send away. (NT 132; LXX 691) CL, 49; BDAG, 120. [chap. 21]
ἀπόστολος, ου, ὁ (noun). One who is sent on a mission; in the NT, usually the Twelve, who were Jesus’ official messengers • apostle, envoy, messenger. (NT 80; LXX 0) CL, 50; BDAG, 122. [chap. 8]
ἅπτω (1); ἅπτομαι (2) (verb). (1) To cause to burn or give light (act.); (2) to make contact with something (for various purposes) [2 is a middle-only verb; 1 and 2 are homonyms] • (1) I kindle, ignite (act.); (2) I touch, take hold of, cling to (mid.). (NT 39; LXX 134) CL, 51; BDAG, 126. [chap. 19]
ἄρα (particle). A postpositive particle that introduces an inference or result from what precedes; may also add a sense of tentativeness to a statement (ctr. ἀρά, “curse”; and the interrogative ἆρα) • then, so, consequently, as a result; perhaps, conceivably. (NT 49; LXX 77) CL, 52; BDAG, 127. [chap. 20]
ἄρτος, ου, ὁ (noun). A baked cake or loaf made from a cereal grain (barley, wheat, etc.); food in general • bread, loaf; food. (NT 97; LXX 307) CL, 56; BDAG, 136. [chap. 8]
ἀρχή, ῆς, ἡ (noun). The commencement or derivation of something; an authority figure who is preeminent [See also ἄρχω.] • beginning, start, origin; ruler, authority. (NT 55; LXX 239) CL, 56; BDAG, 137. [chap. 28]
ἀρχιερεύς, έως, ὁ (noun). The person who serves as the head priest in a religious system; in plural, collective for priests of high rank • high priest; chief priests. (NT 122; LXX 44) CL, 56; BDAG, 139. [chap. 22]
ἄρχω (verb). (1) To rule or govern (act.; only twice in the NT, more common in the LXX); (2) to initiate an action, process, or state (mid.) [probably homonyms] • (1) I rule (act.); (2) I begin (mid.). (NT 86; LXX 231) CL, 57; BDAG, 140. [chap. 17]
ἄρχων, οντος, ὁ (noun). One who rules (though with less authority than a βασιλεύς); an administrative official • ruler, prince; leader, official, administrator. (NT 37; LXX 645) CL, 57; BDAG, 140. [chap. 32]
ἀσθενέω (verb). To experience physical weakness as a result of sickness or some other incapacity; to lack capacity for something whether physical or otherwise • I am weak/sick; I am deficient. (NT 33; LXX 77) CL, 58; BDAG, 142. [chap. 19]
ἀσπάζομαι (verb). To address someone hospitably, either in person (whether arriving or departing) or in correspondence • I greet, welcome, say good-bye. (NT 59; LXX 10) CL, 58; BDAG, 144. [chap. 15]
αὐτός, ή, ό (pron.). Pronoun: personal, third person (“he, she, it, they”); adjective [see chap. 6]: intensive (“-self”) or identifying (“[the] same”) • (1) he, she, it, they; (2) him-, her-, itself; (3) same. (NT 5,595; LXX 29,416) CL, 62; BDAG, 152. [chap. 4]
ἀφίημι (verb). To release from one’s presence; to divorce a spouse; to release from legal or moral obligation, especially from the guilt of sin; to allow to remain behind; to allow someone the freedom to do something • I let go, send away; I divorce; I pardon, forgive; I leave, abandon; I allow, tolerate. (NT 143; LXX 138) CL, 64; BDAG, 156. [chap. 33]
ἄχρι, ἄχρις (prep.). A preposition used with the genitive (sometimes as a conjunction) to indicate an extent of time up to a specified event, mostly used of time, occasionally of situations [The spelling ἄχρις is not common; it is sometimes used before words beginning with a vowel.] • until (prep. + gen., or conj.); as far as. (NT 49; LXX 3) CL, 65; BDAG, 160. [chap. 22]
βάλλω (verb). To cause to move from one location to another, with either a forceful or more subdued motion (English equivalents will depend largely on the object moved and other contextual factors.) • I throw, hurl; I put, place, lay. (NT 122; LXX 59) CL, 67; BDAG, 163. [chap. 25]
βαπτίζω (verb). To dip, plunge, or immerse in water or another liquid, to drown [see LSJ and M-M]; in the LXX, to dip in water, to wash; in the NT it designates one of several actions, including a Jewish cleansing ritual using water, John’s ceremony for confession of sin in the Jordan River, a similar ceremony authorized by Jesus, the Christian water ceremony of confession of faith, a metaphorical reference to a work involving the Spirit uniting people with Christ and his Body at conversion, and various other metaphorical uses. [Christians differ as to the mode of the confessional ceremony; some think the unmarked meaning is to be preserved (i.e., baptism by immersion); others allow other modes (pouring, sprinkling), so they transliterate the word as “I baptize.”] • I dip, immerse, baptize. (NT 77; LXX 4) CL, 67; BDAG, 164. [chap. 14]
βασιλεία, ας, ἡ (noun). The act of ruling; the realm over which that rule is exercised; especially God’s reign in fulfillment of promises to Israel • kingdom, kingship. (NT 162; LXX 447) CL, 69; BDAG, 168. [chap. 3]
βασιλεύς, έως, ὁ (noun). A man who is the supreme ruler in a country by right of succession to the throne; God as the supreme ruler of everything that exists by right of being the Creator • king. (NT 115; LXX 3,476) CL, 69; BDAG, 169. [chap. 11]
βασιλεύω (verb). To exercise royal authority as king; to become king • I am king, I rule/reign as king; I become king. (NT 21; LXX 402) CL, 69; BDAG, 170. [chap. 19]
βιβλίον, ου, τό (noun). Written document regardless of size (one or multiple sheets or pages) or format (loose sheet, scroll, or codex form) • book, scroll; document. (NT 34; LXX 186) CL, 71; BDAG, 176. [chap. 9]
βλέπω (verb). To use one’s eyes for sensory perception (various metaphorical uses are also common) • I see, look at. (NT 133; LXX 133) CL, 72; BDAG, 178. [chap. 5]
βούλομαι (verb). To desire to have/experience something; to plan a course of action on the basis of deliberation • I wish, desire; I intend, plan, determine. (NT 37; LXX 128) CL, 74; BDAG, 182. [chap. 26]
Γαλιλαία, ας, ἡ (noun). A postexilic geographical area constituting the northern part of Palestine • Galilee. (NT 61; LXX 25) CL, 76; BDAG, 187. [chap. 27]
γάρ (conj.). A multipurpose, postpositive marker that may function as a narrative connector or as an expression of reaction or perspective, “for” (usually a subordinating conjunction): (1) explanatory; (2) astonishment; (3) causal; or (4) inferential. • for. (NT 1,041; LXX 1,529) CL, 76; BDAG, 189. [chap. 2]
γενεά, ᾶς, ἡ (noun). A group of people born about the same time; a period of time in which a group of people born about the same time live; those people having common characteristics or interests; an undefined period of time • generation, contemporaries; kind (of people), race; age. (NT 43; LXX 238) CL, 77; BDAG, 191. [chap. 29]
γεννάω (verb). To cause something to come into existence, usually of the human father’s role in the conception of a child, but also of childbirth by the mother or occasionally of animal procreation; to cause something to happen • I beget, father, procreate; I bear (a child), give birth to; I bring forth, produce. (NT 97; LXX 253) CL, 78; BDAG, 193. [chap. 25]
γῆ, γῆς, ἡ (noun). The earth (i.e., the planet on which we live) or figuratively of the people who live there; some part of the earth, whether a region/land, or the soil • land, earth, region, soil. (NT 250; LXX 3,154) CL, 79; BDAG, 196. [chap. 3]
γίνομαι (verb). Generally, to transfer from one state or condition to another; to come into being by birth, production, or manufacture; to occur; to enter a new condition; to change location; etc. [Read the summary in CL!] • I become, I am/exist; I am born/produced; I come about, take place. (NT 669; LXX 2,174) CL, 79; BDAG, 196. [chap. 18]
γινώσκω (verb). To be in receipt of information that results in understanding; to form a judgment • I know, learn; I understand. (NT 222; LXX 746) CL, 79; BDAG, 199. [chap. 5]
γλῶσσα, ης, ἡ (noun). The muscular organ in the mouth used for tasting, licking, swallowing, and making sounds (in humans, for speaking; “tongue”); a system of words used in communication (“language”) • tongue; language. (NT 50; LXX 169) CL, 80; BDAG, 201. [chap. 28]
γραμματεύς, έως, ὁ (noun). A government official charged with record keeping; a specialist in the law of Moses • secretary (of state), clerk; scribe, legal scholar. (NT 63; LXX 85) CL, 81; BDAG, 206. [chap. 23]
γραφή, ῆς, ἡ (noun). That which is written; in the NT used exclusively as a designation of the OT, “Scripture”; outside the NT it can refer to other written documents • writing, Scripture. (NT 50; LXX 50) CL, 82; BDAG, 206. [chap. 3]
γράφω (verb). To inscribe letters or symbols on a writing surface; to compose a written text; to write • I write. (NT 191; LXX 304) CL, 82; BDAG, 207. [chap. 5]
γυνή, αικός, ἡ (noun). An adult human female; a specific woman as related to a man, i.e., a wife • woman; wife. (NT 215; LXX 1,074) CL, 83; BDAG, 208. [chap. 11]
δαιμόνιον, ου, τό (noun). An evil, incorporeal, supernatural being often identified as a fallen/sinful angel • demon. (NT 63; LXX 17) CL, 83; BDAG, 210. [chap. 24]
Δαυίδ, ὁ (noun). An indeclinable personal name, in the LXX and NT refers to Israel’s great king • David. (NT 59; LXX 1,090) CL, 84; BDAG, 212. [chap. 24]
δέ (conj.). A multipurpose coordinating, postpositive conjunction or narrative marker linking two grammatically equal items that have some difference in referent (subject, participant, time, place, etc.) • but, now, and. (NT 2,792; LXX 4,887) CL, 84; BDAG, 213. [chap. 2]
δεῖ (verb). An impersonal verb expressing what is necessary, compulsory, or fitting • it is necessary; one must; it had to be. (NT 101; LXX 50) CL, 85; BDAG, 213. [chap. 16]
δείκνυμι (also δεικνύω) (verb). To show so as to be apprehended by the senses; to prove or make clear by evidence, reasoning, or demonstration • I show, point out, make known; I explain, prove, demonstrate. (NT 33; LXX 124) CL, 85; BDAG, 214. [chap. 32]
δέκα (adj.). The number ten (indeclinable) • ten, 10. (NT 25; LXX 326) CL, 86; BDAG, 216. [chap. 12]
δεξιός, ά, όν (adj.). On the right-hand side as opposed to the left in a particular frame of reference; the right hand, the right-hand side (subst.) • right (opposite of “left”; ≠ “correct”); the right hand/side. (NT 54; LXX 228) CL, 86; BDAG, 217. [chap. 28]
δεύτερος, α, ον (adj.). Next after first in a sequence; for the second time (neut. sg. as adv.) • second; for the second time. (NT 43; LXX 230) CL, 88; BDAG, 220. [chap. 30]
δέχομαι (verb). To accept the presence of a person or the arrival of a thing, often with connotations of enthusiasm or joy; to readily receive information and to regard it as true • I receive, welcome, take; I accept, receive readily. (NT 56; LXX 62) CL, 88; BDAG, 221. [chap. 15]
δέω (verb). To restrain someone or something (usually) by physical means (may also be metaphorical, e.g., a legal restraint); to fasten objects together • I bind; I tie. (NT 43; LXX 69) CL, 88; BDAG, 221. [chap. 7]
διά (prep.). A preposition used with the genitive (spatial, temporal, instrumental) and accusative cases (spatial or causal) • (prep. + gen.) through, during; (prep. + acc.) because of, on account of. (NT 667; LXX 1,427) CL, 88; BDAG, 223. [chap. 9]
διάβολος, ον (adj.). Characterized by intent to slander, oppose, or otherwise harm someone’s reputation or interests; in the NT usually substantival, διάβολος, ου, ὁ, referring to the devil • slanderous, accusing falsely; devil, adversary (subst.). (NT 37; LXX 22) CL, 89; BDAG, 226. [chap. 26]
διδάσκαλος, ου, ὁ (noun). A person who provides instruction by giving information or by showing or explaining how to do something • teacher, instructor, tutor. (NT 59; LXX 2) CL, 95; BDAG, 241. [chap. 24]
διδάσκω (verb). To provide instruction in a formal or informal setting; to tell someone what to do • I teach, instruct; I tell (what to do). (NT 97; LXX 107) CL, 95; BDAG, 241. [chap. 14]
δίδωμι (verb). To cause another person to receive or have (roughly equivalent to the English word “give” with a wide range of glosses possible, depending on the context and referent; LXX even more diverse than NT) • I give. (NT 415; LXX 2,131) CL, 95; BDAG, 242. [chap. 32]
διέρχομαι (verb). To travel/move in or through an area • I go/pass (through); I come, arrive. (NT 43; LXX 146) CL, 96; BDAG, 244. [chap. 15]
δίκαιος, α, ον (adj.). In accord with standards for acceptable behavior, that which is obligatory in view of certain requirements of justice; conforming to the laws of God, being in a right relationship with God; substantivally, one who has been declared right before God • upright, fair; righteous, just. (NT 79; LXX 435) CL, 97; BDAG, 246. [chap. 6]
δικαιοσύνη, ης, ἡ (noun). A state that is in accord with standards for acceptable behavior; being in a right relationship with God, either declaratively (the result of justification) or practically (living in such a way as to reflect the judicial reality) • uprightness, righteousness. (NT 92; LXX 351) CL, 97; BDAG, 247. [chap. 16]
δικαιόω (verb). To render a favorable verdict, pronounce innocent; in Pauline theology, a judicial act in which God declares the believing sinner righteous • I justify, vindicate. (NT 39; LXX 51) CL, 97; BDAG, 249. [chap. 19]
διό (conj.). A subordinating conjunction that introduces an inference from the preceding statement • wherefore, therefore, for this reason. (NT 53; LXX 24) CL, 98; BDAG, 250. [chap. 8]
διότι (conj.). A subordinating conjunction that gives a reason for the preceding statement or that draws an inference from it • because, for; therefore. (NT 24; LXX 341) CL, 98; BDAG, 251. [chap. 18]
διώκω (verb). To engage in pursuit, follow hastily (may be either positive or negative in intent); to harass, organize a systematic program of harassment • I pursue, run after; I persecute. (NT 45; LXX 104) CL, 99; BDAG, 254. [chap. 31]
δοκέω (verb). To consider an idea as probable; to entertain an opinion • I think, suppose, believe, regard, decide; I seem, have the appearance, think. (NT 62; LXX 64) CL, 99; BDAG, 254. [chap. 27]
δόξα, ης, ἡ (noun). Esteem, either an intrinsic characteristic or an attribution of it; a splendid/magnificent display, seen as a visible brightness/radiance or, metaphorically, as worthy character • glory, majesty, fame, brightness. (NT 166; LXX 453) CL, 100; BDAG, 257. [chap. 3]
δοξάζω (verb). To enhance or exalt the esteem or reputation of another by word or action; to attribute high status to someone • I glorify, praise, honor. (NT 61; LXX 143) CL, 101; BDAG, 258. [chap. 14]
δοῦλος, ου, ὁ (noun). A male slave, a person who is the legal property of another whom he must obey (pl. may be generic) • slave. (NT 124; LXX 383) CL, 101; BDAG, 259. [chap. 4]
δύναμαι (verb). To be capable of doing something (used with an infinitive to specify what is done) • I am able. (NT 210; LXX 332) CL, 102; BDAG, 262. [chap. 15]
δύναμις, εως, ἡ (noun). The capacity to function adequately in a particular situation; a deed that demonstrates this capacity [This word often refers to a miracle in the NT, but it should not be translated as such; cf. σημεῖον and τέρας.] • ability, capability, strength, power; deed of power (NT); armed military force (LXX). (NT 119; LXX 590) CL, 102; BDAG, 262. [chap. 22]
δυνατός, ή, όν (adj.). Having power or competence; capable of being realized, to be possible • able, capable, powerful; it is possible (neut.). (NT 32; LXX 185) CL, 103; BDAG, 264. [chap. 6]
δύο (adj.). The number two • two, 2. (NT 135; LXX 645) CL, 103; BDAG, 264. [chap. 12]
δώδεκα (adj.). The number twelve (indeclinable); when used as a noun in the NT, this word refers to the group of Jesus’ disciples (even if not all twelve are present) • twelve, 12; the Twelve. (NT 75; LXX 100) CL, 103; BDAG, 266. [chap. 18]
ἐάν (conj.). Conditional particle that introduces the “if” part of a conditional statement; sometimes used as a subordinating temporal conjunction, “when” (governs subjunctive mood) • if; when. (NT 351; LXX 1,343) CL, 104; BDAG, 267. [chap. 8]
ἑαυτοῦ, ῆς, οῦ (pron.). A pronoun that makes a reflexive reference to a person or thing (third person; never occurs in nominative case, so lexical form is genitive; cf. first person, ἐμαυτοῦ; second person, σεαυτοῦ) • himself, herself, itself; themselves. (NT 319; LXX 662) CL, 104; BDAG, 269. [chap. 10]
ἐγγίζω (verb). To draw closer to a reference point (either spatially or temporally) • I come/draw near, approach. (NT 42; LXX 158) CL, 105; BDAG, 270. [chap. 29]
ἐγείρω (verb). To move from an inert state or position, the nature of which depends on the context, whether from sitting, lying, sleeping, sickness, death, inertia, or obscurity • I rise, get/raise/lift up; I awake, rouse. (NT 144; LXX 57) CL, 106; BDAG, 271. [chap. 21]
ἐγώ (pron.). Personal pronoun, first-person singular nominative. • I. (NT 1,725; LXX 12,529) CL, 107; BDAG, 275. [chap. 4]
ἔθνος, ους, τό (noun). A group of people viewed as an entity on the basis of kinship, geography, or custom; in the plural often refers to non-Jews, i.e., Gentiles • nation; Gentiles (pl.). (NT 162; LXX 1,003) CL, 108; BDAG, 276. [chap. 11]
εἰ (particle). A conditional particle that marks a contingency of some sort (mostly used with the indicative mood) • if, whether. (NT 503; LXX 805) CL, 108; BDAG, 277. [chap. 17]
εἶ (verb). An inflected verb form: 2nd sg. pres. (act.) ind. of εἰμί • you are. (NT 92; LXX 255) CL, 110; BDAG, 282. [chap. 7]
εἶδον (verb). To perceive by seeing with the eyes; to become aware of or notice something (used as 2aor. of ὁράω) [see chap. 21] • I saw, perceived; I noticed. (NT 76; LXX 207) CL, 109; BDAG, 279. [chap. 18]
εἰ μή (idiom). An idiomatic expression specifying an exception • except. (NT 86; LXX 93) CL, 109, s.v. εἰ; BDAG, 278.6.i., s.v. εἰ. [chap. 18]
εἰμί (verb). The Greek “being/linking/copula/auxiliary” verb, roughly equivalent to the English “to be” (English requires a broad range of translations) • I am, exist, live, am present. (NT 2,460; LXX 6,947) CL, 110; BDAG, 282. [chap. 5]
εἶπεν (verb). Very common inflected verb form: 3rd sg. 2aor. act. ind. of εἶπον (λέγω) • he/she/it said/told. (NT 613; LXX 2,758) CL, 111; BDAG, 286. [chap. 18]
εἶπον (verb). To express a thought, opinion, or idea in spoken words (used as the 2aor. of λέγω) • I say, tell. (NT 62; LXX 4,608) CL, 111; BDAG, 286. [chap. 18]
εἰρήνη, ης, ἡ (noun). A state of concord or harmony in personal or political relationships; a state of well-being (used as a greeting) • peace. (NT 92; LXX 294) CL, 111; BDAG, 287. [chap. 16]
εἰς (prep.). A preposition used with the accusative case that generally refers to entrance into, direction, or limit (these can be spatial or temporal), but usage is quite varied with many possible English equivalents, depending on the context; in Koine, often overlaps with ἐν in meaning [Note the smooth breathing: this is not εἷς.] • (prep. + acc.) into, in, among; until. (NT 1,768; LXX 7,438) CL, 112; BDAG, 288. [chap. 9]
εἷς, μία, ἕν (adj.). The number one [rough breathing, not εἰς] • one, 1. (NT 344; LXX 1,052) CL, 112; BDAG, 291. [chap. 12]
εἰσέρχομαι (verb). To enter into a space or into an event or state • I come/go in(to), enter. (NT 194; LXX 700) CL, 113; BDAG, 293. [chap. 15]
εἰσί(ν) (verb). An inflected verb form: 3rd pl. pres. (act.) ind. of εἰμί • they are. (NT 157; LXX 261) CL, 110; BDAG, 282. [chap. 5]
εἴτε (particle). A function word indicating a direct or indirect question suggesting alternatives, usually paired (εἴτε . . . εἴτε) [crasis form: εἰ + τέ] • if, whether (if x or if y; whether x or y). (NT 65; LXX 9) CL, 114; BDAG, 279, s.v. εἰ, 6.o. [chap. 24]
ἐκ, ἐξ (prep.). A preposition used with the genitive case that generally refers to separation or derivation, but usage is quite varied with many possible English equivalents, depending on the context • (prep. + gen.) out of, from. (NT 914; LXX 3,823) CL, 114; BDAG, 295. [chap. 9]
ἕκαστος, η, ον (adj.). An individual person or thing, each one of an aggregate in an individual sense; can also be used as a substantive • each, every; each one, everyone. (NT 82; LXX 356) CL, 114; BDAG, 298. [chap. 16]
ἐκβάλλω (verb). To cause to move away from a place or condition (English idiom varies considerably, depending on various contextual factors.) • I put out, cast out, throw out, take out, send out. (NT 81; LXX 101) CL, 114; BDAG, 299. [chap. 25]
ἐκεῖ (adv.). An adverb of place indicating a location in contrast to “here” • there, in that place. (NT 105; LXX 798) CL, 116; BDAG, 301. [chap. 6]
ἐκεῖθεν (adv.). An adverb of place indicating source as from a particular place • from there. (NT 37; LXX 150) CL, 116; BDAG, 301. [chap. 26]
ἐκεῖνος, η, ο (pron.). Far demonstrative pronoun referring to the person or thing that is comparatively remote (“that” as opposed to οὗτος/“this”) • that, that one/man/woman/thing; those. (NT 265; LXX 739) CL, 116; BDAG, 301. [chap. 10]
ἐκκλησία, ας, ἡ (noun). A gathering of people with common interests, in the LXX with reference to the assembled nation of Israel, in the NT primarily of a group of Christians in an area or of all Christians • assembly, church. (NT 114; LXX 103) CL, 117; BDAG, 303. [chap. 7]
ἐκπορεύομαι (verb). To move from one place to another, usually of people, but various other uses such as water flowing from a place • I come/go (out), proceed. (NT 33; LXX 172) CL, 119; BDAG, 308. [chap. 22]
ἔλεος, ους, τό (noun). Kindness expressed to someone in need • mercy, compassion, pity. (NT 27; LXX 338) CL, 122; BDAG, 316. [chap. 33]
ἐλπίζω (verb). To have confidence of something positive coming to pass • I hope, hope for; I expect. (NT 31; LXX 117) CL, 123; BDAG, 319. [chap. 19]
ἐλπίς, ίδος, ἡ (noun). The state of looking forward to something with confidence regarding its realization; that which is the basis for such a hope; that for which one hopes • hope, expectation. (NT 53; LXX 116) CL, 123; BDAG, 319. [chap. 23]
ἐμαυτοῦ, ῆς (pron.). A pronoun that makes a reflexive, first-person reference to the speaker; a reflexive pronoun (first person; never occurs in nominative case, in plural, or in neuter, so lexical form is genitive; cf. second person, σεαυτοῦ; third person, ἑαυτοῦ) • myself. (NT 37; LXX 59) CL, 124; BDAG, 320. [chap. 10]
ἐμός, ἐμή, ἐμόν (pl. ἡμέτερος) (pron.). A pronoun that refers to something pertaining to the speaker, often a possessive or responsible relationship • my, mine; our. (NT 76; LXX 112) CL, 124; BDAG, 323. [chap. 10]
ἔμπροσθεν (prep.). A preposition used with the genitive to indicate position in front of something; occasionally used in its older adverbial sense of place in front • before, in front of (prep. + gen.); in front, ahead (adv.). (NT 48; LXX 162) CL, 125; BDAG, 325. [chap. 22]
ἐν (prep.). A preposition used with the dative case that generally refers to position within, but usage is quite varied with many possible English equivalents, depending on the context • (prep. + dat.) in, on, among. (NT 2,752; LXX 14,275) CL, 126; BDAG, 326. [chap. 9]
ἐνδύω (verb). To provide covering, to put clothing on someone (act.); to clothe oneself, put on, wear (mid.) • I dress, clothe (act.); I put on, wear (mid.). (NT 27; LXX 118) CL, 128; BDAG, 333. [chap. 14]
ἐντέλλω (verb). To give authoritative instructions • I command, order. (NT 15; LXX 424) CL, 130; BDAG, 339. [chap. 19]
ἐντολή, ῆς, ἡ (noun). An authoritative directive for action; the Mosaic covenant as a whole, the law • command, commandment, law; the law (of Moses). (NT 67; LXX 240) CL, 131; BDAG, 340. [chap. 24]
ἐνώπιον (prep.). A preposition used with the genitive to indicate being in the sight of someone • (prep. + gen.) before, in front of, in the sight of. (NT 94; LXX 558) CL, 131; BDAG, 342. [chap. 10]
ἕξ (adj.). The number six (indeclinable) • six, 6. (NT 13; LXX 134) CL, 132; BDAG, 343. [chap. 12]
ἐξέρχομαι (verb). To move away from a location • I go/come out/away. (NT 218; LXX 742) CL, 133; BDAG, 347. [chap. 15]
ἐξουσία, ας, ἡ (noun). The right to speak or act without first obtaining approval, freedom of choice or action; the right to control or govern, power exercised by rulers or others in high position by virtue of their office • authority, right, power, control. (NT 102; LXX 79) CL, 135; BDAG, 352. [chap. 8]
ἔξω (adv.). Formally, an adverb of place indicating a position beyond a limit or boundary, but it can also be used as an adjective, that which does not belong; a preposition used with the genitive to indicate movement away from; a substantive (with the article), those who are not part of the referenced group • without (adv.); outer, foreign (adj.); outside (prep. + gen.); outsiders (subst. with article). (NT 63; LXX 104) CL, 136; BDAG, 354. [chap. 17]
ἐπαγγελία, ας, ἡ (noun). That which one has committed to do for another • promise. (NT 52; LXX 8) CL, 136; BDAG, 355. [chap. 28]
ἐπερωτάω (verb). To ask a question [not distinguishable from ἐρωτάω] • I ask, inquire; I ask for, request. (NT 56; LXX 75) CL, 139; BDAG, 362. [chap. 26]
ἐπί (prep.). A preposition used with any of three cases that generally refers to location (“on” or “over”) or time (“at” or “in”); some English equivalents are usable with all three cases, others are appropriate for only one of the cases [see CL or BDAG] • (prep. + gen.) on, over, when; (prep. + dat.) on the basis of, at; (prep. + acc.) on, to, against. (NT 890; LXX 7,297) CL, 139; BDAG, 363. [chap. 9]
ἐπιγινώσκω (verb). To be in receipt of information that results in understanding; sometimes the context suggests the contribution of the prefixed preposition: to understand/know well/exactly/completely; to recognize based on previous knowledge [often indistinguishable from γινώσκω] • I know, understand, learn, find out; I understand/know well/exactly/completely; I recognize, acknowledge. (NT 44; LXX 145) CL, 141; BDAG, 369. [chap. 29]
ἐπιθυμία, ας, ἡ (noun). A strong desire for something, whether good or bad • desire, longing, craving, lust. (NT 38; LXX 85) CL, 142; BDAG, 372. [chap. 26]
ἐπικαλέω (verb). To give a name to someone or address someone by a name; to call upon someone, to invoke; legal term: to appeal (a ruling), to call a witness • I name, give a name; I call upon, call out; I appeal to (mid.). (NT 30; LXX 188) CL, 142; BDAG, 373. [chap. 7]
ἐπιστρέφω (verb). To return to a place where one has previously been; to change direction or turn around in a space; to change one’s mind, mode of thinking, belief, or course of action • I return, go back; I turn (around); I turn (back/from), repent. (NT 36; LXX 534) CL, 145; BDAG, 382. [chap. 31]
ἐπιτίθημι (verb). To place something on someone/something; to set upon, attack • I lay/put upon, place on; I attack. (NT 39; LXX 270) CL, 146; BDAG, 384. [chap. 33]
ἑπτά (adj.). The number seven (indeclinable) • seven, 7. (NT 88; LXX 377) CL, 148; BDAG, 388. [chap. 12]
ἐργάζομαι (verb). To engage in activity that involves effort; to do or accomplish something through work (the result of the activity) • I work; I do, accomplish, carry out. (NT 41; LXX 122) CL, 148; BDAG, 389. [chap. 15]
ἔργον, ου, τό (noun). That which is done, an activity (“work”) or the result of activity (“product”); more generally, “thing, matter” • work, deed, action, task; thing, matter. (NT 169; LXX 590) CL, 148; BDAG, 390. [chap. 3]
ἔρημος, ον (adj.). Characterized by being isolated or deserted (either a place or a person); an uninhabited region • isolated, desolate, deserted; wilderness, desert (subst.). (NT 48; LXX 386) CL, 149; BDAG, 391. [chap. 30]
ἔρχομαι (verb). To move from one point to another (geographical or temporal), which may be described from the perspective of either the origin or destination (“come” is the usual equivalent; “go” is less common in Koine). • I come, arrive; I go. (NT 634; LXX 1,054) CL, 150; BDAG, 393. [chap. 15]
ἐρωτάω (verb). To ask for/seek information, ask a question; to ask that something be given or that an action be performed; to invite [This is a more generic word for asking, in contrast to αἰτέω.] • I ask, inquire; I ask for, request; I invite. (NT 63; LXX 70) CL, 150; BDAG, 395. [chap. 26]
ἐσθίω (verb). To consume food (various metaphorical uses are also common) • I eat. (NT 158; LXX 686) CL, 150; BDAG, 396. [chap. 5]
ἐσμέν (verb). An inflected verb form: 1st pl. pres. (act.) ind. of εἰμί • we are. (NT 52; LXX 46) CL, 110; BDAG, 282. [chap. 7]
ἐστέ (verb). An inflected verb form: 2nd pl. pres. (act.) ind. of εἰμί • you are. (NT 92; LXX 41) CL, 110; BDAG, 282. [chap. 7]
ἐστί(ν) (verb). An inflected verb form: 3rd sg. pres. (act.) ind. of εἰμί • he/she/it is. (NT 896; LXX 1,863) CL, 110; BDAG, 282. [chap. 5]
ἔσχατος, η, ον (adj.). Coming at the end or after all others, either spatially, temporally, or in rank • last, farthest; later; least, most insignificant. (NT 52; LXX 154) CL, 150; BDAG, 397. [chap. 28]
ἕτερος, α, ον (adj.). Distinct from another item, sometimes indicating dissimilarity [often synonymous with ἄλλος]; one’s neighbor • other, another, different; neighbor. (NT 98; LXX 258) CL, 151; BDAG, 399. [chap. 9]
ἔτι (adv.). A function word indicating continuation (or with a negative, lack of it) or addition (ctr. ἤδη, “already”) • still, yet; (not) anymore, any longer. (NT 93; LXX 549) CL, 151; BDAG, 400. [chap. 16]
ἑτοιμάζω (verb). To put in a state of readiness • I prepare, make ready. (NT 40; LXX 173) CL, 152; BDAG, 400. [chap. 20]
ἔτος, ους, τό (noun). A calendar year (in the ancient world calculated on the basis of either lunar or solar cycles consisting of twelve or thirteen months); any period of twelve months • year. (NT 49; LXX 718) CL, 152; BDAG, 401. [chap. 30]
εὐαγγελίζω (verb). To pass on information that is good news to the recipient; to spread the good news of God’s provision of salvation in Jesus Christ (usually mid., sometimes pass.; rarely act.) • I announce/bring good news/the gospel. (NT 54; LXX 23) CL, 152; BDAG, 402. [chap. 17]
εὐαγγέλιον, ου, τό (noun). An announcement or message containing good news; the content of the NT message of God’s good news—the provision of salvation in Jesus Christ; reward for good news (LXX) [The later use as a title of a written work about Jesus’ life and teaching is not found in the NT text.] • good news, gospel; reward for good news (LXX). (NT 76; LXX 1) CL, 152; BDAG, 402. [chap. 23]
εὐθύς (adv.). A temporal adverb referring to a short period of time, either the time before something takes place or the rapidity with which it happens; in a few instances the context makes it clear that there is little if any time interval; a “weakened” sense occurs with καί εὐθύς in Mark, where it functions as a conjunction, “then, next” [The more common word is εὐθέως, “immediately”; do not confuse with the adj. εὐθύς, εῖα, ύ, “straight.”] • quickly, promptly, at once; immediately; then, next. (NT 51; LXX 66) CL, 153; BDAG, 406. [chap. 23]
εὐλογέω (verb). To say something commendatory of someone, express high praise; to invoke God’s favor on someone, ask for the granting of special favor; to bestow favor or benefit • I speak well of, praise, extol; I bless; I provide with benefits. (NT 42; LXX 516) CL, 154; BDAG, 407. [chap. 29]
εὑρίσκω (verb). To find or locate something (intentionally or coincidentally) • I find. (NT 176; LXX 613) CL, 155; BDAG, 411. [chap. 5]
εὐχαριστέω (verb). To express appreciation for benefit received, express gratitude to • I give thanks; I thank. (NT 38; LXX 6) CL, 156; BDAG, 415. [chap. 25]
ἔφη (verb). An inflected verb form: 3rd sg. (impf. or 2aor.) act. ind. of φημί • he/she/it was saying (or said). (NT 43; LXX 23) CL, 157; BDAG, 1053. [chap. 29]
ἐχθρός, ά, όν (adj.). Characterized by hostility, hatred, or unfriendliness toward another; characterized by experiencing hostility, hatred, or unfriendliness from others; one who expresses these attitudes toward another, enemy (subst.) • hostile, hating; hated; enemy (subst.). (NT 32; LXX 456) CL, 157; BDAG, 419. [chap. 32]
ἔχω (verb). To possess; to bear/carry on one’s person; to be in a position to do something; etc. (a very diverse semantic range) • I have, hold. (NT 708; LXX 497) CL, 158; BDAG, 420. [chap. 5]
ἕως (conj.). Subordinating conjunction indicating a temporal limit (“until”); or used as a preposition with the genitive, either spatially or temporally (“as far as” or “until”) • until (conj.); as far as, until (prep. + gen.). (NT 146; LXX 1,565) CL, 158; BDAG, 422. [chap. 8]
ζάω. See ζῶ.
ζητέω (verb). To search for something (not necessarily something lost), whether an object, information, or some action • I seek, look for; I investigate, deliberate. (NT 117; LXX 320) CL, 161; BDAG, 428. [chap. 21]
ζῶ (usually listed as ζάω; see the sidebar in chap. 21) (verb). To be alive physically or spiritually; to conduct oneself in a certain manner • I live, am alive; I live. (NT 140; LXX 554) CL, 160, 161; BDAG, 424. [chap. 21]
ζωή, ῆς, ἡ (noun). Life, that which distinguishes plants and animals from inanimate things; the period between birth and death • life. (NT 135; LXX 289) CL, 161; BDAG, 430. [chap. 7]
ἤ (particle). A particle indicating either an alternative or a series of alternatives (disjunctive, “or”), or a comparison (“than”) • or, either . . . or; than, rather than. (NT 343; LXX 934) CL, 162; BDAG, 432. [chap. 17]
ἤδη (adv.). A temporal adverb most commonly expressing completion or referring to a previous situation (ctr. ἔτι, “still”) • already, now. (NT 61; LXX 64) CL, 163; BDAG, 434. [chap. 18]
ἥκω (verb). To be in a place as a result of movement to that place (focuses on the result of movement; ctr. ἔρχομαι, which focuses on the movement itself) • I have come, am present. (NT 26; LXX 244) CL, 163; BDAG, 435. [chap. 33]
ἥλιος, ου, ὁ (noun). The star around which the earth orbits • sun. (NT 32; LXX 211) CL, 163; BDAG, 436. [chap. 31]
ἡμεῖς (pron.). Personal pronoun, first-person plural nominative of ἐγώ • we. (NT 864; LXX 176) CL, 164; BDAG, 275 (ἐγώ). [chap. 4]
ἡμέρα, ας, ἡ (noun). A period of time of varying length, whether a twenty-four-hour day, the period from sunrise to sunset, or a longer period of time during which something happens • day. (NT 389; LXX 2,567) CL, 164; BDAG, 436. [chap. 3]
ἦν (verb). An inflected verb form: 3rd sg. impf. (act.) ind. of εἰμί • he/she/it was. (NT 413; LXX 1,297) CL, 110; BDAG, 282. [chap. 16]
θάλασσα, ης, ἡ (noun). A large body of salt water; a large inland body of fresh water • sea; lake. (NT 91; LXX 450) CL, 166; BDAG, 442. [chap. 16]
θάνατος, ου, ὁ (noun). Death, either natural/physical or spiritual • death. (NT 120; LXX 362) CL, 166; BDAG, 442. [chap. 4]
θαυμάζω (verb). To be extraordinarily impressed or disturbed/shocked by something • I marvel, wonder (at), am amazed, astonished, shocked. (NT 43; LXX 57) CL, 167; BDAG, 444. [chap. 29]
θέλημα, ατος, τό (noun). That which one wishes to happen [≠ legal “last will and testament”] • will, desire, what is willed or desired. (NT 62; LXX 51) CL, 167; BDAG, 447. [chap. 23]
θέλω (verb). To have a desire for something • I wish, desire, will. (NT 208; LXX 148) CL, 167; BDAG, 447. [chap. 5]
θεός, οῦ, ὁ (noun). An immortal entity/deity, whether in a monotheistic or polytheistic context, may refer to a supreme being in any religion, or in a lesser sense to the devil, or even to human beings who have some special status • god, God. (NT 1,317; LXX 3,984) CL, 168; BDAG, 450. [chap. 2]
θεραπεύω (verb). Generally, to offer helpful service; specifically, to care for or treat medically, thus to cause someone to recover health • I heal, restore; I help out, serve. (NT 43; LXX 24) CL, 169; BDAG, 453. [chap. 14]
θεωρέω (verb). To observe attentively; to conclude on the basis of personal experience • I look at, observe, take notice of; I infer, perceive. (NT 58; LXX 53) CL, 169; BDAG, 454. [chap. 27]
θηρίον, ου, τό (noun). Any living creature other than humans • animal, beast. (NT 46; LXX 164) CL, 170; BDAG, 455. [chap. 30]
θλῖψις, εως, ἡ (noun). Distress that is caused by either outward circumstances or inner anguish • distress, suffering, affliction, oppression, tribulation, trouble. (NT 45; LXX 134) CL, 170; BDAG, 457. [chap. 32]
θρόνος, ου, ὁ (noun). A special chair set aside for someone of high status (e.g., a king) • throne. (NT 62; LXX 163) CL, 171; BDAG, 460. [chap. 27]
θυγάτηρ, τρός, ἡ (noun). A female offspring described in relation to the parents (in the NT only of humans, in the LXX also rarely of animals) • daughter. (NT 28; LXX 641) CL, 171; BDAG, 460. [chap. 33]
θύρα, ας, ἡ (noun). An object used to open or close an entranceway; a passageway providing entrance to a place • door; entrance, gateway, doorway. (NT 39; LXX 239) CL, 172; BDAG, 462. [chap. 20]
θυσία, ας, ἡ (noun). Sacrifice offered to deity as part of a priestly system of worship • sacrifice, offering. (NT 28; LXX 395) CL, 172; BDAG, 462. [chap. 33]
θυσιαστήριον, ου, τό (noun). An object on which a θυσία (“sacrifice”) is placed when it is offered to deity • altar. (NT 23; LXX 437) CL, 172; BDAG, 463. [chap. 33]
ἴδιος, α, ον (adj.). Belonging to oneself • one’s own. (NT 114; LXX 79) CL, 173; BDAG, 466. [chap. 6]
ἰδού (interj.). A demonstrative particle that draws attention to what follows or marks strong emphasis • behold! see! look! (or just “!”). (NT 200; LXX 1,145) CL, 173; BDAG, 468. [chap. 16]
ἱερεύς, έως, ὁ (noun). A person appointed to perform religious duties, particularly (though not exclusively) to offer sacrifice on behalf of others • priest. (NT 31; LXX 900) CL, 174; BDAG, 469. [chap. 33]
ἱερόν, οῦ, τό (noun). A building dedicated to the service and worship of a god or gods, in the LXX and NT usually of the temple in Jerusalem, including the entire complex with its various courts • temple. (NT 71; LXX 116) CL, 174; BDAG, 470. [chap. 24]
Ἱεροσόλυμα, ἡ (noun); also spelled Ἰερουσαλήμ (either spelling may have smooth or rough breathing). Usually the proper name of the main city in Israel or its inhabitants • Jerusalem. (NT 139; LXX 881) CL, 174; BDAG, 470. [chap. 20]
Ἰησοῦς, οῦ, ὁ (noun). Personal name used of various individuals, in the NT most commonly Jesus Christ • Jesus, Joshua. (NT 917; LXX 272) CL, 175; BDAG, 472. [chap. 3]
ἱκανός, ή, όν (adj.). Characterized by sufficient extent, quantity, or degree; extensive in extent or degree (with no reference to sufficiency) • sufficient, adequate, competent, qualified, able; considerable, many, quite a few. (NT 39; LXX 46) CL, 175; BDAG, 472. [chap. 26]
ἱμάτιον, ου, τό (noun). Clothing in general; the outer garment worn over a χιτών • garment, clothing; cloak, coat, robe. (NT 60; LXX 221) CL, 176; BDAG, 475. [chap. 27]
ἵνα (conj.). A conjunction that normally introduces a subordinate clause indicating purpose, result, content, or explanation (governs subjunctive mood) • in order that, that. (NT 663; LXX 615) CL, 176; BDAG, 475. [chap. 4]
Ἰουδαῖος, αία, αῖον (adj.). Jewish/Judean either by birth/ethnicity or by practice (adj.); Jew/Judean (subst.) • Jewish/Judean (adj.); Jew/Judean (subst.). (NT 195; LXX 207) CL, 176; BDAG, 478. [chap. 6]
Ἰούδας, α, ὁ (noun). A common personal name; when referring to an OT person the English equivalent is traditionally “Judah,” otherwise “Judas” (rarely “Jude”) • Judah, Judas. (NT 44; LXX 901) CL, 177; BDAG, 479. [chap. 30]
Ἰσραήλ, ὁ (noun). An indeclinable personal name, in Scripture the patriarch Jacob; Jacob/Israel’s descendants, the twelve tribes composing the nation of Israel • Israel. (NT 68; LXX 2,748) CL, 178; BDAG, 481. [chap. 23]
ἵστημι (verb). (1) Intransitive (pf., plpf.): to be in a standing position; to be at a place; to maintain one’s belief or one’s position (physically); (2) intransitive (2aor., fut.): to be in an upright position, desist from movement; (3) transitive (pres., impf., 1aor.): to cause to be in a place or position; to place in the balance and weigh (LXX); to establish a condition, institute legally • (1) I stand; I stand firm, hold out; (2) I stand still, stop; (3) I put, place, set; I weigh; I establish. (NT 154; LXX 773) CL, 178; BDAG, 482. [chap. 32]
ἰσχύω (verb). To have the necessary resources and capacity to accomplish something; to be in control • I am able/strong, have power, am competent. (NT 28; LXX 106) CL, 179; BDAG, 484. [chap. 7]
Ἰωάννης, ου, ὁ (noun). Personal name of a number of people in the NT and Apocrypha, in the NT most frequently John the Baptizer or John the apostle • John. (NT 135; LXX 16) CL, 179; BDAG, 485. [chap. 7]
κἀγώ (crasis). A crasis form of καί + ἐγώ (κἀμοί, dat.; κἀμέ, acc.); a personal affirmation adding to or confirming a previous statement • and I, but I; I also; I in particular. (NT 84; LXX 94) CL, 180; BDAG, 487. [chap. 14]
καθαρίζω (verb). To make clean by removing dirt or impure substance; to cleanse ritually by meeting ceremonial requirements; to heal someone of disease; to cleanse from sin • I make clean, cleanse; I heal; I purify. (NT 31; LXX 125) CL, 181; BDAG, 488. [chap. 22]
καθαρός, ά, όν (adj.). Free from contamination, whether ceremonial or physical; free from guilt or moral impurity • clean, cleansed, pure; innocent. (NT 27; LXX 160) CL, 181; BDAG, 489. [chap. 10]
κάθημαι (verb). To be in a seated position; to take a seated position; metaphorically, to be a resident in a place • I sit; I sit down, take a seat; I live, reside (metaphorical). (NT 91; LXX 180) CL, 182; BDAG, 491. [chap. 15]
καθίζω (verb). (1) Transitive: to cause to sit down; (2) intransitive: to take a seated position • (1) I seat, set; (2) I sit down. (NT 46; LXX 255) CL, 182; BDAG, 491. [chap. 31]
καθώς (adv.). A marker of similarity or manner • as, even as, just as. (NT 182; LXX 279) CL, 183; BDAG, 493. [chap. 6]
καί (conj.). A function word that marks connection or addition: (1) connective (copula), “and,” joining equal words, clauses, etc.; (2) additive (adjunctive/adverbial), “also, even.” • and (conj.); even, also (adv.). (NT 9,153; LXX 62,240) CL, 183; BDAG, 494. [chap. 2]
καινός, ή, όν (adj.). Characterized by having been in existence for only a short time, of recent origin; being new and therefore superior; not being well known previously [not distinguishable from νέος in most instances] • new, recent; unfamiliar, previously unknown. (NT 42; LXX 58) CL, 183; BDAG, 496. [chap. 29]
καιρός, οῦ, ὁ (noun). A point of time or a period of time, general or specific (wide variety of uses, depending on contextual adjuncts) • time, period. (NT 85; LXX 487) CL, 184; BDAG, 497. [chap. 18]
κακός, ή, όν (adj.). Having a harmful or injurious effect, causing harm; morally or socially reprehensible, contrary to custom or law; that which is bad/evil, one who does what is bad/evil (subst.) • harmful, dangerous; bad, evil; misfortune, a wrong, an evil deed/person. (NT 50; LXX 384) CL, 185; BDAG, 501. [chap. 28]
καλέω (verb). To express something aloud; to request the presence or response of someone (“invite,” social or soteric); to call authoritatively (“summon”); to assign a name • I call, say; I invite; I summon, call; I name. (NT 148; LXX 512) CL, 185; BDAG, 502. [chap. 14]
καλός, ή, όν (adj.). Of high quality and therefore satisfying; a positive moral quality that is favorably valued; attractive in outward form; fitting • good, beautiful. (NT 100; LXX 235) CL, 186; BDAG, 504. [chap. 9]
καρδία, ας, ἡ (noun). The physical organ that pumps blood in the body; metaphorically (always so in the NT), the person/personhood, often with cognitive, affective, volitional, or moral overtones; middle, center • heart, mind (wide range [see lexicon]). (NT 156; LXX 963) CL, 187; BDAG, 508. [chap. 4]
καρπός, οῦ, ὁ (noun). The product of a plant (whether tree, vine, bush, vegetable, etc.), agricultural produce; the offspring of a person; metaphorically of the result or outcome of an action or attitude • fruit, produce (subst.), crop, harvest; offspring; result, product (metaphorical). (NT 66; LXX 125) CL, 187; BDAG, 509. [chap. 24]
κατά (prep.). A preposition used most commonly with the accusative case (sometimes with the genitive), expressing measure in terms of extension or correspondence • (prep. + acc.) according to, throughout, during; (prep. + gen.) down, against. (NT 473; LXX 2,140) CL, 188; BDAG, 511. [chap. 9]
καταβαίνω (verb). To be in motion downward, descend from a higher to a lower place • I go down, come down. (NT 81; LXX 349) CL, 189; BDAG, 513. [chap. 25]
καταλείπω (verb). To leave someone or something behind by departure or death; to depart from a place • I leave behind, leave alone; I leave, depart. (NT 24; LXX 289) CL, 191; BDAG, 520. [chap. 19]
κατοικέω (verb). To live or stay as a resident • I live, dwell, inhabit, reside. (NT 44; LXX 685) CL, 197; BDAG, 534. [chap. 29]
κεφαλή, ῆς, ἡ (noun). The part of the body that contains the brain (human or animal); authority due to rank; the uppermost part, extremity of something • head; extremity. (NT 75; LXX 433) CL, 199; BDAG, 541. [chap. 23]
κηρύσσω (verb). To make a public pronouncement as a herald • I preach, proclaim. (NT 61; LXX 31) CL, 200; BDAG, 543. [chap. 29]
κλαίω (verb). To express grief or sorrow aloud (ctr. δακρύω, which may refer to a more silent expression of grief) • I weep, cry, sob. (NT 40; LXX 168) CL, 201; BDAG, 545. [chap. 20]
κόσμος, ου, ὁ (noun). An orderly arrangement of things, whether the entire cosmos (“universe”), our planet (“world”), society/culture, or the human beings who live in or compose one of the above • world, universe, people. (NT 186; LXX 72) CL, 206; BDAG, 561. [chap. 2]
κράζω (verb). To utter a loud cry, speak vigorously • I cry/call out. (NT 56; LXX 111) CL, 206; BDAG, 563. [chap. 31]
κρατέω (verb). To gain control of, often by seizing with the hands (may or may not imply force); to commit oneself to adhere strongly to someone or something • I seize, control, hold (fast), grasp, take hold of; I hold fast to, keep hold of. (NT 47; LXX 153) CL, 207; BDAG, 564. [chap. 30]
κρίμα, ατος, τό (noun). The evaluation of conduct by a court of law; the legal decision as a result of such evaluation; the process of bringing a legal claim before a court of law • judging, judgment; decision, verdict; lawsuit. (NT 27; LXX 255) CL, 207; BDAG, 567. [chap. 11]
κρίνω (verb). To make a distinction between items or situations so as to come to a conclusion; may be used in a variety of contexts, both positive and negative, whether of a legal judgment or sentence, of pressing legal charges, or seeing that justice is done (esp. LXX); or of personal matters in which a decision is made • I prefer, select; I judge, condemn, press charges; I judge justly, see that justice is done; I decide, think, consider. (NT 114; LXX 271) CL, 208; BDAG, 567. [chap. 21]
κρίσις, εως, ἡ (noun). A scrutiny of conduct for the purpose of evaluation; a legal process of judicial evaluation of a charge; a judicial verdict of guilty and the associated sentence/penalty; the administration of what is right and fair • evaluation; (act of) judging, judgment; condemnation; right (in the sense of justice). (NT 47; LXX 280) CL, 208; BDAG, 569. [chap. 30]
κύριος, ου, ὁ (noun). Person who is in control due to possession, ownership, or position; or who is esteemed for authority or high status, whether human or divine • lord, master, sir. (NT 717; LXX 8,591) CL, 210; BDAG, 576. [chap. 2]
λαλέω (verb). To make a sound; to utter words so as to make a statement • I make sounds; I speak, say, tell. (NT 296; LXX 1,189) CL, 212; BDAG, 582. [chap. 21]
λαμβάνω (verb). To get hold of something; to take possession of; to take away; to receive a person or thing; to be a receiver (in a passive sense) • I take, grasp; I acquire; I take away, remove; I accept; I receive. (NT 258; LXX 1,335) CL, 212; BDAG, 583. [chap. 18]
λαός, οῦ, ὁ (noun). A group of humans either gathered together or identified geographically, ethnically, or with reference to their relationship to God • people. (NT 142; LXX 2,064) CL, 213; BDAG, 586. [chap. 4]
λέγω (verb). To make a statement or utterance, either oral or written, for which English often has specific words appropriate to various contexts (“say, speak, tell, declare, report, call,” etc.) • I say, speak. (NT 2,354; LXX 4,610) CL, 213; BDAG, 588. [chap. 5]
λίθος, ου, ὁ (noun). A piece of rock, whether naturally formed or in a fabricated shape; a precious stone, jewel • stone. (NT 59; LXX 306) CL, 216; BDAG, 595. [chap. 24]
λογίζομαι (verb). To engage in numerical calculation, determine by mathematical process; metaphorically of mental activity in general: to give careful thought to a matter • I reckon, account, calculate; I think about, consider, ponder. (NT 40; LXX 121) CL, 216; BDAG, 597. [chap. 15]
λόγος, ου, ὁ (noun). An expression of the content of thought, whether an individual term (“word”) or longer expressions (written or oral; widely varied English glosses may be used, e.g., “statement,” “question,” or “report”); the personified expression of God, “the Logos” • word, statement, message; Logos. (NT 330; LXX 1,238) CL, 217; BDAG, 598. [chap. 2]
λοιπός, ή, όν (adj.). Left and remaining out of a larger quantity; not previously included; that which/the one who remains (subst.); from now on, finally (adv.) • remaining; rest of; the rest, the other (subst.); from now on, finally (adv.). (NT 55; LXX 120) CL, 218; BDAG, 602. [chap. 28]
λύω (verb). To undo something that is used to tie up or constrain something; to do away with; to reduce something to ruin by tearing down or breaking to pieces • I loose, set free, untie; I bring to an end, abolish; I destroy, tear down, break up. (NT 42; LXX 29) CL, 219; BDAG, 606. [chap. 5]
μαθητής, οῦ, ὁ (noun). One who learns under the instruction of a teacher, whether with committed attachment (“disciple”) or less formally (“student, pupil”) • disciple; student, pupil. (NT 261; LXX 0) CL, 220; BDAG, 609. [chap. 3]
μακάριος, ία, ιον (adj.). Being in a desirable, agreeable condition, enjoying special advantage or favor • blessed, happy, fortunate, privileged. (NT 50; LXX 73) CL, 220; BDAG, 610. [chap. 28]
μᾶλλον (adv.). A comparative adverb indicating increase or addition, or marking a change in procedure • (much) more, all the more; rather, instead. (NT 81; LXX 52) CL, 221; BDAG, 613. [chap. 17]
μαρτυρέω (verb). To attest to something based on personal knowledge, bear witness • I bear witness, testify. (NT 76; LXX 13) CL, 222; BDAG, 617. [chap. 25]
μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα (adj.). A large quantity in terms of extent, scale, space, measure, number, time, status, importance, intensity, etc.; comparative form: μείζων; superlative: μέγιστος (many possible equivalents in English, depending on referent and context) • great, large, big, long. (NT 243; LXX 916) CL, 224; BDAG, 623. [chap. 22]
μέλλω (verb). To take place in the future, whether an expected event or one intended or determined, whether imminent or distant • I am about to; I intend, propose; I have determined. (NT 109; LXX 43) CL, 225; BDAG, 627. [chap. 21]
μέν (particle). A postpositive particle marking emphasis, typically used with other particles or conjunctions (e.g., μέν . . . δέ) to contrast opposing statements or sometimes to emphasize a parallel • on the one hand, indeed. (NT 179; LXX 222) CL, 226; BDAG, 629. [chap. 17]
μένω (verb). To remain in a place, condition, or position for a period of time • I remain, stay, continue; I live (in a place). (NT 118; LXX 89) CL, 227; BDAG, 630. [chap. 21]
μέρος, ους, τό (noun). A piece or part of a whole (wide usage depending on context: body part, geographical area, party, etc.) • part, member; region; party. (NT 42; LXX 139) CL, 227; BDAG, 633. [chap. 19]
μέσος, η, ον (adj.). A middle position (either spatial or temporal); position within or between; “the middle” (subst., τὸ μέσον) • middle, in the midst, among. (NT 58; LXX 872) CL, 228; BDAG, 634. [chap. 27]
μετά (prep.). A preposition used with the genitive case to indicate association or accompaniment, or with the accusative case to indicate position or sequence (either temporal or spatial) • (prep. + gen.) with; (prep. + acc.) after. (NT 469; LXX 2,534) CL, 228; BDAG, 636. [chap. 9]
μή (adv.). Particle of negation, usually used adverbially to negate a non-indicative verb or non-finite verbal • no, not, lest. (NT 1,042; LXX 3,179) CL, 231; BDAG, 644. [chap. 5]
μηδέ, μήτε (particle). A negative particle indicating disjunction as part of a series • and not, but not, nor, not even, don’t even. (NT 56; LXX 139) CL, 232; BDAG, 647. [chap. 24]
μηδείς, μηδεμία, μηδέν (adj.). A marker of negation typically used with non-indicative-mood verbs • no one, nothing. (NT 114; LXX 67) CL, 232; BDAG, 647. [chap. 12]
μήτηρ, μητρός, ἡ (noun). A female parent; numerous metaphorical uses with an analogical meaning • mother. (NT 83; LXX 338) CL, 233; BDAG, 649. [chap. 22]
μικρός, ά, όν (adj.). Of limited size, measure, quantity, age, or significance; that which is of such a limited nature (subst.); a little while, a short distance (neut. as adv.) • small, short, unimportant; the little one, what is insignificant; a little while, a short distance. (NT 46; LXX 165) CL, 234; BDAG, 651. [chap. 30]
μιμνῄσκω (verb). To remind someone of something (act.); to recall information from one’s own memory (mid.); to be reminded (pass.) (never act. in the NT or LXX; often listed as μιμνῄσκομαι) • I remind (act.); I remember, mention (mid.); I am reminded (pass.). (NT 23; LXX 262) CL, 234; BDAG, 652. [chap. 19]
μισέω (verb). To have a strong aversion to or dislike for someone or something; to consider unworthy of notice [The English word “hate” is sometimes too strong and may have wrong connotations.] • I hate; I disregard, disdain. (NT 40; LXX 182) CL, 234; BDAG, 652. [chap. 21]
μνημεῖον, ου, τό (noun). A memorial structure to recall a past event; a place for depositing the remains of a deceased person • monument, memorial; grave, tomb. (NT 40; LXX 16) CL, 235; BDAG, 654. [chap. 20]
μόνος, η, ον (adj.). The only entity in a class or the only such entity that is present • only, alone. (NT 114; LXX 164) CL, 237; BDAG, 658. [chap. 6]
μου & ἐμοῦ (pron.). Personal pronoun, first-person singular genitive of ἐγώ • my. (NT 677; LXX 4,834) CL, 237; BDAG, 275 (ἐγώ). [chap. 4]
Μωϋσῆς, έως, ὁ (noun). A personal name, in the LXX and NT the name of Israel’s leader at the time of the exodus; the books of the OT written by him • Moses. (NT 80; LXX 819) CL, 238; BDAG, 663. [chap. 22]
ναός, οῦ, ὁ (noun). A building dedicated to the service and worship of a god or gods, in the LXX and NT usually of the temple proper in Jerusalem composed of the Holy Place and the Most Holy Place, located at the center of the larger temple complex (ἱερόν), though sometimes referring to the entire complex • temple. (NT 45; LXX 118) CL, 239; BDAG, 665. [chap. 24]
νεκρός, ά, όν (adj.). Without life, “dead” (adj.); one who is dead, “corpse” (subst.) (both adj. and noun may refer to physical or spiritual/moral death) • dead (adj.); dead body, corpse (subst.). (NT 128; LXX 83) CL, 240; BDAG, 667. [chap. 6]
νέος, α, ον (adj.). Characterized by having been in existence for only a short time; being new and therefore superior; a living being who is relatively young, often the younger of two [not distinguishable from καινός in most instances] • new, recent; young, younger. (NT 23; LXX 125) CL, 240; BDAG, 669. [chap. 29]
νόμος, ου, ὁ (noun). A principle or standard relating to behavior, whether traditional and unwritten (“custom, norm”) or written as legislation (“law”) in general or a specific legal corpus (“the law,” e.g., the Mosaic law) • law, principle. (NT 194; LXX 427) CL, 242; BDAG, 677. [chap. 2]
νῦν (adv.). A temporal adverb that indicates present time • now (adv.); the present (subst.). (NT 147; LXX 701) CL, 244; BDAG, 681. [chap. 6]
νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ (noun). The chronological span from sunset to sunrise; a symbol of intellectual, moral, and spiritual ignorance and darkness • night. (NT 61; LXX 294) CL, 244; BDAG, 682. [chap. 23]
ὁ, ἡ, τό (article). A diverse, multipurpose marker: (1) a defining marker, the Greek article, “the”; (2) as a demonstrative, “this one, that one.” • the; this/that one. (NT 19,870; LXX 88,439) CL, 245; BDAG, 686. [chap. 2]
ὁδός, οῦ, ἡ (noun). A route for traveling; metaphorically, way of life; the lifestyle and beliefs of Christianity (“the Way”) • road, way, highway; the Way. (NT 101; LXX 891) CL, 246; BDAG, 691. [chap. 8]
οἶδα (verb). To find out, have information about; to grasp the meaning of something • I know, understand. (NT 318; LXX 283) CL, 247; BDAG, 693. [chap. 20]
οἰκία, ας, ἡ (noun). A physical structure in which people live; a group of people who live in that structure • house, home; household, family. (NT 93; LXX 268) CL, 247; BDAG, 695. [chap. 8]
οἰκοδομέω (verb). To erect a structure, construct a building or other structure; to improve someone’s ability to live more responsibly and effectively (metaphorically) • I build, erect, construct; I strengthen, build up, edify. (NT 40; LXX 460) CL, 248; BDAG, 696. [chap. 33]
οἶκος, ου, ὁ (noun). A physical structure for habitation (“house”) or a place where people live (“home”); the people who live in a house (“household, family”) • house, home; household. (NT 114; LXX 2,062) CL, 248; BDAG, 698. [chap. 4]
οἶνος, ου, ὁ (noun). A beverage made from the juice of the grape (usually fermented, but perhaps not necessarily so) • wine, juice (from the grape). (NT 34; LXX 253) CL, 249; BDAG, 701. [chap. 31]
ὀλίγος, η, ον (adj.). Being relatively small in number or extent; quickly, a little (neut. used as adv.) • few; little, small, short; quickly, a little. (NT 40; LXX 101) CL, 249; BDAG, 702. [chap. 20]
ὅλος, η, ον (adj.). Being complete in extent • whole, complete (adj.); entirely (adv.). (NT 109; LXX 272) CL, 250; BDAG, 704. [chap. 9]
ὀμνύω (verb). To take an oath affirming the truthfulness of what one says • I swear, take an oath. (NT 26; LXX 188) CL, 250; BDAG, 705. [chap. 14]
ὅμοιος, οία, οιον (adj.). Characterized by having some commonality with another object or entity, resembling something • similar, like. (NT 45; LXX 91) CL, 251; BDAG, 706. [chap. 32]
ὄνομα, ατος, τό (noun). A designation used to identify, either specifically (i.e., a proper name) or generally (referring to a category) • name, reputation. (NT 231; LXX 1,045) CL, 252; BDAG, 712. [chap. 11]
ὀπίσω (adv.). An adverb describing the verb as taking place behind some object, as reverting direction, or as happening subsequently; more commonly in the NT and LXX as a preposition used with the genitive with the same meaning • behind, backward, afterward (adv.); after, behind (prep. + gen.). (NT 35; LXX 461) CL, 253; BDAG, 716. [chap. 32]
ὅπου (adv.). An adverb of place indicating location • where; wherever (with subjunctive). (NT 82; LXX 22) CL, 253; BDAG, 717. [chap. 17]
ὅπως (conj.). A subordinating conjunction indicating purpose (governs subjunctive mood) • in order that, that, how. (NT 53; LXX 264) CL, 254; BDAG, 718. [chap. 8]
ὁράω (verb). To perceive with the eye or the mind; to understand; to be alert or to accept responsibility for something (hortatory or imperatival) • I see, notice; I perceive; See to it! (impv.). (NT 454; LXX 1,539) CL, 254; BDAG, 719. [chap. 21]
ὀργή, ῆς, ἡ (noun). Strong displeasure with the conduct of another; strong displeasure directed toward retribution for offensive behavior • wrath, anger. (NT 36; LXX 305) CL, 254; BDAG, 720. [chap. 26]
ὄρος, ὄρους, τό (noun). A geographical elevation that is higher than a βοῦνος (“small hill”); a region characterized by this feature [As in English, “hill” and “mountain” are relative terms and locale specific.] • mountain, hill; mountainous region, hilly area. (NT 63; LXX 680) CL, 255; BDAG, 724. [chap. 23]
ὅς, ἥ, ὅ (pron.). Relative pronoun that usually refers to another noun earlier in the sentence or discourse, introducing a clause that further describes that noun • who, which, that. (NT 1,365; LXX 4,886) CL, 255; BDAG, 725. [chap. 10]
ὅσος, η, ον (pron.). A relative pronoun indicating quantity or number (in the LXX never a correlative as in Classical Greek; NT only rarely correlative) • all who, all that, as many as, as much as. (NT 110; LXX 615) CL, 256; BDAG, 729. [chap. 22]
ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅτι (pron.). Relative pronoun that usually refers to another noun earlier in the sentence or discourse, introducing a clause that further describes that noun (originally an indefinite relative pronoun, but not usually distinguished from ὅς in Koine Greek) • who, which (sometimes indefinite: whoever, whatever, whichever). (NT 153; LXX 135) CL, 257; BDAG, 729. [chap. 12]
ὅταν (particle). A temporal conjunction (or particle) that refers to a conditional or possible action, one that is sometimes repeated (“whenever”); usually used with the subjunctive mood • when, at the time that; whenever. (NT 123; LXX 210) CL, 257; BDAG, 730. [chap. 17]
ὅτε (particle). A temporal conjunction (or particle) that links two events either in terms of when they both occur or in terms of the temporal extent of both • when; as long as, while. (NT 103; LXX 173) CL, 257; BDAG, 731. [chap. 17]
ὅτι (conj.). A conjunction that links two clauses by (1) defining, “that”; (2) introducing a subordinate clause or indirect statement; (3) introducing a direct statement = quotation marks; (4) indicating cause, “because,” inference, “for,” or a query, “why?” • because, that, since. (NT 1,296; LXX 4,041) CL, 257; BDAG, 731. [chap. 2]
οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ, οὐχί (adv.). Particle of negation, usually used adverbially to negate an indicative-mood verb (spelling variations depend on the next word; meaning is unchanged) [See “The Negatives” in chap. 6.] • no, not. (NT 1,606; LXX 6,077) CL, 257; BDAG, 733. [chap. 5]
οὐαί (interj.). An exclamation of profound grief, pain, or displeasure; a state of intense hardship or distress (subst.) • alas! woe!; woe (subst.). (NT 46; LXX 66) CL, 258; BDAG, 734. [chap. 30]
οὐδέ, οὔτε (conj.). A coordinating conjunction that negates a clause and links it to a preceding negative clause • and not, not even, neither, nor. (NT 143; LXX 614) CL, 258; BDAG, 734. [chap. 8]
οὐδείς, οὐδεμία, οὐδέν (adj.). A marker of negation typically used with indicative-mood verbs • no one, nothing. (NT 234; LXX 270) CL, 258; BDAG, 735. [chap. 12]
οὐκέτι (adv.). Up to a point, but not beyond (temporal); a negative inference (logical) • no longer, no more; not, then not. (NT 47; LXX 112) CL, 259; BDAG, 736. [chap. 29]
οὖν (conj.). An inferential or sequence marker (postpositive, coordinating conjunction) used to indicate a conclusion drawn from preceding information or to mark a stage of narrative development • then, therefore. (NT 499; LXX 260) CL, 259; BDAG, 736. [chap. 3]
οὐρανός, οῦ, ὁ (noun). That part of the universe surrounding the earth including the atmosphere (“sky”) and/or the place where other cosmic bodies are located (“the heavens”); the place where God’s presence is manifested (“heaven”) • sky, the heavens; heaven. (NT 273; LXX 682) CL, 259; BDAG, 737. [chap. 2]
οὖς, ὠτός, τό (noun). The organ of hearing (ctr. ὠτάριον, which refers to the outer ear); the mental ability to understand or perceive • ear; hearing. (NT 36; LXX 190) CL, 260; BDAG, 739. [chap. 26]
οὔτε (adv.). A negative adverbial particle (actually οὐ τέ) that dismisses an activity or thing that follows, most often occurring in multiples • and not, neither . . . nor. (NT 87; LXX 123) CL, 260; BDAG, 740. [chap. 17]
οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο (pron.). A near demonstrative pronoun referring to the person or thing comparatively near at hand (“this” as opposed to ἐκεῖνος/“that”) • this, this one, these; he, she, it, they. (NT 1,388; LXX 4,411) CL, 260; BDAG, 740. [chap. 10]
οὕτως (adv.). A particle that introduces a description of the manner or way in which something is done • in this manner, thus, so. (NT 208; LXX 852) CL, 260; BDAG, 741. [chap. 6]
ὀφθαλμός, οῦ, ὁ (noun). Sensory organ of sight; metaphorically of moral/spiritual understanding • eye, sight. (NT 100; LXX 678) CL, 261; BDAG, 744. [chap. 8]
ὄχλος, ου, ὁ (noun). A group of people, usually consisting of a large number of such • crowd, multitude. (NT 175; LXX 55) CL, 262; BDAG, 745. [chap. 3]
παιδίον, ου, τό (noun). A young human being, normally one who has not yet reached puberty, though sometimes (esp. in the LXX) used of older people (teens and young adults) • child. (NT 52; LXX 169) CL, 263; BDAG, 749. [chap. 28]
παῖς, παιδός, ὁ/ἡ (noun). A person of minor status in terms of either family or age (“child”) or social status (“servant”) • child, boy, girl; servant, slave, attendant. (NT 24; LXX 470) CL, 263; BDAG, 750. [chap. 33]
πάλιν (adv.). An adverb that indicates repetition or additional occurrence • again, once more. (NT 141; LXX 88) CL, 264; BDAG, 752. [chap. 6]
πάντοτε (adv.). A temporal adverb expressing continuation • always, at all times. (NT 41; LXX 2) CL, 265; BDAG, 755. [chap. 20]
παρά (prep.). A preposition used with three cases, all referring to some sort of association: with the genitive, a point of origin or source; with the dative, a close connection; and with the accusative, nearness • (prep. + gen.) from; (prep. + dat.) with, beside, near, in the presence of; (prep. + acc.) alongside, by. (NT 194; LXX 879) CL, 265; BDAG, 756. [chap. 10]
παραβολή, ῆς, ἡ (noun). A story or pithy saying designed to illustrate a truth through comparison; something that serves as an example pointing beyond itself to a future realization • parable, illustration; type, symbol. (NT 50; LXX 45) CL, 266; BDAG, 759. [chap. 28]
παραγίνομαι (verb). To come to be in a place (either generally or with focus on the public nature of the place) • I arrive, come, draw near, am present; I appear. (NT 37; LXX 178) CL, 266; BDAG, 760. [chap. 26]
παραδίδωμι (verb). To hand over to legal custody (legal technical term); to transmit something to another (with a variety of English glosses possible, depending on the referent) • I deliver, hand over; I pass on, transmit. (NT 119; LXX 277) CL, 266; BDAG, 761. [chap. 32]
παρακαλέω (verb). To summon someone into one’s presence; to urge or request strongly; to exhort someone to have courage or joy • I invite, call; I exhort, urge; I encourage, comfort. (NT 109; LXX 139) CL, 267; BDAG, 764. [chap. 21]
παραλαμβάνω (verb). To take into close association; to gain control of • I take (to myself), take with/along; I take over; I accept. (NT 49; LXX 38) CL, 268; BDAG, 767. [chap. 18]
παρίστημι (verb). (1) Transitive (pres., fut., impf., 1aor.): to place beside or at one’s disposal; to represent/present someone to someone; to offer sacrifice (act.); (2) intransitive (pres., fut., pf., plpf., 2aor. act.): to be present, stand by; to come to the aid of (mid.) • (1) I place beside; I present; I offer, bring; (2) I am present, stand by; bystander, spectator (subst. pf. ptc.); I help. (NT 41; LXX 93) CL, 272; BDAG, 778. [chap. 32]
πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν (adj.). An adjective denoting comprehensiveness, either as an aggregate (“all, whole”) or with reference to the components of the whole (“each, every”) • all, whole; each, every. (NT 1,244; LXX 6,833) CL, 273; BDAG, 782. [chap. 12]
πάσχω (verb). Generally to experience something, whether positive or negative, but in the NT almost always negative, to undergo a painful experience, to be subject to difficult circumstances; also in the LXX, to grieve over • I suffer, endure/undergo (something). (NT 42; LXX 19) CL, 274; BDAG, 785. [chap. 14]
πατήρ, πατρός, ὁ (noun). A male parent or ancestor; metaphorically of someone esteemed; God as Father (of Jesus or a believer) • father. (NT 413; LXX 1,451) CL, 275; BDAG, 786. [chap. 11]
Παῦλος, ου, ὁ (noun). A personal name; in the NT usually of the apostle Paul • Paul. (NT 158; LXX 0) CL, 276; BDAG, 789. [chap. 3]
πείθω (verb). Generally, to persuade, but this verb evidences the affects of voice and tense-form on meaning more than many verbs and may consist of conflated homonyms: to cause someone to come to a particular point of view or course of action (act.); to submit to, comply, conform to, follow, obey (mid.); to be persuaded or convinced by someone else (focus on the process) (pass.); to believe/trust, be confident, having been convinced (focus on the state of confidence) (pf. act. and mid.) • I persuade, appeal to, urge (act.); I submit (mid.); I am persuaded (pass.); I believe (pf. act./mid.). (NT 52; LXX 184) CL, 276; BDAG, 791. [chap. 17]
πειράζω (verb). To make an effort to determine the nature or character of someone or something; to entice to commit sin; to attempt to trap someone by a malicious query or offer • I test, try, make trial of, put to the test; I tempt. (NT 38; LXX 62) CL, 277; BDAG, 792. [chap. 25]
πέμπω (verb). To cause someone or something to depart for a particular purpose • I send. (NT 79; LXX 22) CL, 277; BDAG, 794. [chap. 14]
πέντε (adj.). The number five (indeclinable) • five, 5. (NT 38; LXX 278) CL, 277; BDAG, 796. [chap. 12]
περί (prep.). A preposition used with the genitive and accusative cases that describes various aspects of being near or related to something (spatial, temporal, logical) • (prep. + gen.) about, concerning; (prep. + acc.) around. (NT 333; LXX 852) CL, 278; BDAG, 797. [chap. 9]
περιπατέω (verb). To move about by walking, be a pedestrian; metaphorically, to engage in a course of action, conduct one’s life • I walk, walk/go about; I live, behave (metaphorical). (NT 95; LXX 34) CL, 280; BDAG, 803. [chap. 25]
περισσεύω (verb). (1) Intransitive: to be in abundance (number, amount, quality, etc.); to be wealthy; (2) transitive: to cause something to exist in abundance • (1) I abound, am rich, have an abundance; (2) I cause to abound. (NT 39; LXX 9) CL, 281; BDAG, 805. [chap. 19]
Πέτρος, ου, ὁ (noun). Personal name, in the NT the apostle Peter; stone (LXX, but not so used in the NT) • Peter, stone. (NT 156; LXX 13) CL, 282; BDAG, 810. [chap. 4]
Πιλᾶτος, ου, ὁ (noun). A personal name; in the NT, the Roman prefect (πραίφεκτος/praefectus, Roman administrator) of Judea AD 26–36 • Pilate. (NT 55; LXX 0) CL, 283; BDAG, 813. [chap. 28]
πίνω (verb). To swallow a liquid; to take in or absorb a liquid • I drink. (NT 73; LXX 297) CL, 284; BDAG, 814. [chap. 26]
πίπτω (verb). To move downward from a higher to a lower level, typically rapidly and freely without control; to drop deliberately to the ground as a sign of humility before a high-ranking person or before God; metaphorically, to experience destruction or ruin, either physically or morally • I fall (down); I am destroyed. (NT 90; LXX 424) CL, 284; BDAG, 815. [chap. 14]
πιστεύω (verb). To have confidence in the reliability of something or that something will be granted • I believe, trust, have faith in. (NT 241; LXX 88) CL, 284; BDAG, 816. [chap. 7]
πίστις, εως, ἡ (noun). Confidence based on the reliability of the one trusted; that which is believed; a characteristic of someone in whom confidence can be placed • faith, belief; the faith; faithfulness. (NT 243; LXX 59) CL, 284; BDAG, 818. [chap. 11]
πιστός, ή, όν (adj.). Worthy of trust, of dependable character; characterized by trust, “believing”; one who confesses the Christian faith, “believer” (subst.) [cf. the noun πίστις] • faithful, dependable, trustworthy; believing; believer. (NT 67; LXX 75) CL, 285; BDAG, 820. [chap. 16]
πλανάω (verb). To cause someone to go astray, lead them from the right path (act.); to depart from the right path (mid.); to be misled, deceived (pass.) • I lead astray, deceive (act.); I go astray (mid.); I am misled, deceived (pass.). (NT 39; LXX 126) CL, 285; BDAG, 821. [chap. 19]
πλείων (adj.). The comparative adjective form of πολύς (“much, large”), a quantity greater in scope than another • larger, more, greater, bigger. (NT 55; LXX 86) CL, 286; BDAG, 824. [chap. 28]
πλῆθος, ους, τό (noun). A large quantity or number of anything, whether people (most commonly) or things • multitude, throng, large number. (NT 31; LXX 288) CL, 287; BDAG, 825. [chap. 31]
πλήν (conj.). An adversative coordinating conjunction that introduces a contrast to the preceding statement • but, however, only, nevertheless. (NT 31; LXX 248) CL, 287; BDAG, 826. [chap. 31]
πληρόω (verb). To increase the contents of something to maximum capacity; to bring an event, period of time, or prophecy to completion • I fill, fill up; I fulfill, complete, finish. (NT 86; LXX 112) CL, 287; BDAG, 827. [chap. 25]
πλοῖον, ου, τό (noun). A vessel for traveling on water, ranging in size from a small fishing boat to a large seagoing ship • boat, ship. (NT 68; LXX 41) CL, 288; BDAG, 830. [chap. 24]
πνεῦμα, ατος, τό (noun). Air in motion (“wind”); one aspect of a human’s immaterial being (ctr. σῶμα, “body”); an attitude or disposition; a divine person, the third member of the godhead (in orthodox Christian theology); an incorporeal, supernatural being (e.g., an angel) • wind, breeze; spirit; Spirit. (NT 379; LXX 382) CL, 289; BDAG, 832. [chap. 11]
ποιέω (verb). To produce something material; to bring about a state or condition • I make, create; I do, perform. (NT 568; LXX 3,390) CL, 290; BDAG, 839. [chap. 7]
πόλις, εως, ἡ (noun). A population center of varying size and population; by metonymy it may refer to the people who live in that place • city, town. (NT 162; LXX 1,576) CL, 291; BDAG, 844. [chap. 11]
πολύς, πολλή, πολύ (adj.). Extensive in scope, whether with reference to number, quantity, measure, or quality; comparative form: πλείων; superlative: πλεῖστος (many possible equivalents in English, depending on referent and context) • much (sg.), many (pl.); large, great, big. (NT 416; LXX 822) CL, 292; BDAG, 847. [chap. 22]
πονηρός, ά, όν (adj.). Morally or socially worthless, by either social or divine standards; deficient in quality so as to be worthless (of physical goods); unhealthy • evil, wicked, bad; worthless; sick. (NT 78; LXX 381) CL, 293; BDAG, 851. [chap. 15]
πορεύω (verb). To cause to go, to carry (act.; not in the NT or LXX); to move or travel from one place to another (mid. and pass.) • I go, proceed (mid. and pass.). (NT 153; LXX 1,263) CL, 293; BDAG, 853. [chap. 18]
ποῦ (interrog.). An interrogative adverb of place inquiring as to location [Watch the accent! This is not πού, an enclitic adv., “somewhere.”] • where? at which place? to what place? (NT 48; LXX 125) CL, 295; BDAG, 857. [chap. 30]
πούς, ποδός, ὁ (noun). The body part at the end of the leg (sometimes the reference is to the entire leg); the equivalent part of an animal; the supporting piece of an object (e.g., the bottom part of a table leg, or sometimes the entire leg); a measure of distance • foot. (NT 93; LXX 301) CL, 295; BDAG, 858. [chap. 22]
πράσσω (verb). To engage in activity so as to accomplish something (often equivalent to ποιέω); to behave in a certain way • I do, accomplish; I act, behave. (NT 39; LXX 37) CL, 296; BDAG, 860. [chap. 25]
πρεσβύτερος, α, ον (adj.). Older in age; usually substantival: older person (relatively); an old person (absolutely); a recognized leader in either Jewish or Christian contexts; used temporally of one’s progenitors, either individually or corporately • older, elder; ancestors. (NT 66; LXX 206) CL, 297; BDAG, 862. [chap. 24]
πρό (prep.). A preposition used with the genitive case that indicates either a spatial position in front of something or a temporal location earlier than another point • (prep. + gen.) before, in front of; earlier than, before. (NT 47; LXX 251) CL, 297; BDAG, 864. [chap. 24]
πρόβατον, ου, τό (noun). A grass-eating animal with a thick, wool coat and cared for by a shepherd (i.e., a sheep); metaphorically, people under the care of a leader, such as a king or pastor • sheep. (NT 39; LXX 296) CL, 298; BDAG, 866. [chap. 20]
πρός (prep.). A preposition most commonly used with the accusative case to indicate destination or goal (“to, toward”), but occasionally with the genitive (“in the interest of”) or dative (“at, near”) case • (prep. + acc.) to, toward, with; (prep. + gen.) in the interest of; (prep. + dat.) at, near. (NT 700; LXX 3,338) CL, 301; BDAG, 873. [chap. 9]
προσέρχομαι (verb). To approach a person, move toward someone/something; to approach a deity in worship, fellowship, or prayer • I come/go to, approach. (NT 86; LXX 113) CL, 303; BDAG, 878. [chap. 15]
προσευχή, ῆς, ἡ (noun). A petition addressed to deity; a place where such petitions are regularly offered (in the NT usually a synagogue, though also informal locations) • prayer; place of prayer. (NT 36; LXX 115) CL, 303; BDAG, 878. [chap. 26]
προσεύχομαι (verb). To address a deity in prayer (a general term for presenting requests, worship, etc.) • I pray. (NT 85; LXX 107) CL, 303; BDAG, 879. [chap. 15]
προσκυνέω (verb). To do obeisance to, prostrate oneself before; to express in attitude or gesture one’s complete dependence on, submission to, or reverence of a high authority figure (human or divine) • I do obeisance to, prostrate myself before, welcome respectfully; I worship. (NT 60; LXX 229) CL, 305; BDAG, 882. [chap. 27]
προσφέρω (verb). To bring someone/something to someone; to present an offering or gift to someone • I bring (to); I offer, present. (NT 47; LXX 161) CL, 306; BDAG, 886. [chap. 31]
πρόσωπον, ου, τό (noun). The front part of the head; personal presence (many idiomatic uses, especially with prepositions; see the lexicon); the outer surface of something • face, appearance; person; surface, countenance. (NT 76; LXX 1,297) CL, 307; BDAG, 887. [chap. 23]
προφητεύω (verb). To reveal hidden information (in Scripture this is typically through divine revelation, but it can refer to other agency); to foretell the future • I prophesy, foretell. (NT 28; LXX 117) CL, 308; BDAG, 890. [chap. 7]
προφήτης, ου, ὁ (noun). A person who expounds matters transcending normal insight or awareness, known only by special revelation (in the NT almost always an OT or Christian prophet, rarely a non-Christian, polytheist; in the LXX usually a “true” prophet, but also used of “false” prophets); by metonymy, the writing of a prophet or sometimes the OT as a whole • prophet; the Prophets (NT 144; LXX 328) CL, 308; BDAG, 890. [chap. 4]
πρῶτος, η, ον (adj.). Having primary position in a sequence, either temporally, numerically, or in prominence • first, earlier. (NT 155; LXX 223) CL, 309; BDAG, 892. [chap. 6]
πτωχός, ή, όν (adj.). In a needy, impoverished condition; deficient in quality or worn out • poor; shabby; beggar (subst.). (NT 34; LXX 124) CL, 310; BDAG, 896. [chap. 10]
πῦρ, πυρός, τό (noun). Combustion that produces light and heat • fire. (NT 71; LXX 540) CL, 311; BDAG, 898. [chap. 23]
πῶς (adv.). An interrogative adverb that inquires as to the manner or way in which something is by requesting information or clarification, expressing surprise, criticism, or deliberation; an exclamatory marker • how? how! (NT 103; LXX 129) CL, 312; BDAG, 900. [chap. 16]
ῥῆμα, ατος, τό (noun). That which is said (typically oral instead of written, ctr. λόγος; many English variations possible due to context); that which can be spoken about • word, saying; a matter, thing, event. (NT 68; LXX 548) CL, 314; BDAG, 905. [chap. 23]
σάββατον, ου, τό (noun). The seventh day of the week in Israel’s calendar (“Sabbath”); the period of seven days divided by the Sabbath (usually pl.) (“week”) • Sabbath; week. (NT 68; LXX 130) CL, 316; BDAG, 909. [chap. 24]
σάρξ, σαρκός, ἡ (noun). The material that covers the bones of a human or animal body (“flesh”); the physical body; a living being with a physical body; humans as physical beings; an immaterial aspect of a person viewed as a source of or subject to sinful desires (ethical use) • flesh, body; sinful nature. (NT 147; LXX 215) CL, 318; BDAG, 914. [chap. 11]
σεαυτοῦ, ῆς (pron.). A pronoun that makes a reflexive, second-person reference to a person; a reflexive pronoun (second person; never occurs in nominative case or in neuter, so lexical form is genitive; cf. first person, ἐμαυτοῦ; third person, ἑαυτοῦ) • yourself. (NT 43; LXX 218) CL, 318; BDAG, 917. [chap. 10]
σημεῖον, ου, τό (noun). A distinctive indication or confirmation by which something is known (in the NT this word often refers to a miracle, but it should not usually be translated as such; cf. δύναμις and τέρας) • sign, indication; (miraculous) sign, portent. (NT 77; LXX 120) CL, 319; BDAG, 920. [chap. 18]
σήμερον (adv.). A temporal adverb indicating reference to the present day (though day is not necessarily defined in strict, twenty-four-hour terms) • today. (NT 41; LXX 290) CL, 320; BDAG, 921. [chap. 20]
Σίμων, ωνος, ὁ (noun). A personal name of multiple people in both the OT and NT, most commonly in the NT of the apostle Simon Peter • Simon. (NT 75; LXX 80) CL, 321; BDAG, 924. [chap. 23]
σκηνή, ῆς, ἡ (noun). A temporary, movable shelter • tent, hut, booth, tabernacle. (NT 20; LXX 434) CL, 322; BDAG, 928. [chap. 19]
σκότος, ους, τό (noun). The absence of light; ignorance in moral or spiritual matters (metaphorical) • darkness. (NT 31; LXX 120) CL, 323; BDAG, 932. [chap. 31]
σοφία, ας, ἡ (noun). Knowledge that makes possible skillful activity or performance, the capacity to understand and to act prudently as a result • wisdom, skill. (NT 51; LXX 254) CL, 324; BDAG, 934. [chap. 28]
σπείρω (verb). To sow seeds, plant a field by sowing; to scatter abroad (LXX) • I sow (seeds), plant; I scatter, disperse. (NT 52; LXX 62) CL, 325; BDAG, 936. [chap. 27]
σπέρμα, ατος, τό (noun). The source from which something is propagated, both plants (seed) and animals or humans (semen); the product of propagation collectively (of animals or humans) • seed, semen; offspring, children, posterity, descendants. (NT 43; LXX 280) CL, 325; BDAG, 937. [chap. 29]
σταυρόω (verb). To cause to undergo crucifixion; to execute by fastening to a cross • I crucify. (NT 46; LXX 2) CL, 327; BDAG, 941. [chap. 33]
στόμα, ατος, τό (noun). The body part used for eating and speaking/creating sounds (either human or animal); the opening (or edge) of an object analogous to the body part • mouth, jaws; edge. (NT 78; LXX 489) CL, 329; BDAG, 946. [chap. 22]
σύ (pron.). Personal pronoun, second-person singular nominative • you (sg.). (NT 1,069; LXX 10,692) CL, 330; BDAG, 949. [chap. 4]
σύν (prep.). A preposition used with the dative to indicate association or connection • (prep. + dat.) with. (NT 128; LXX 233) CL, 336; BDAG, 961. [chap. 10]
συνάγω (verb). To bring together as a group (either people or things) • I gather/call together, assemble. (NT 59; LXX 377) CL, 336; BDAG, 962. [chap. 16]
συναγωγή, ῆς, ἡ (noun). An assembly or collection of things or people; a place where people assemble; in the NT, the Jewish synagogue (where Jews assembled for worship) or a place where Christians assembled; the people who gathered in such a place (Jews or Christians) • assembly, collection; synagogue, meeting/assembly place; congregation. (NT 56; LXX 228) CL, 336; BDAG, 963. [chap. 27]
συνίημι (verb). To grasp the significance of something • I understand, comprehend. (NT 26; LXX 117) CL, 341; BDAG, 972. [chap. 33]
σῴζω (verb). To rescue from a hazardous situation, from sickness, or from spiritual/eternal death • I save, deliver, heal. (NT 106; LXX 363) CL, 345; BDAG, 982. [chap. 22]
σῶμα, ατος, τό (noun). A structured physical unit viewed as a whole, whether human, animal, plant, etc.; a unified group of people, in the NT often Christian believers as a whole, both living, dead, and yet to be • body. (NT 142; LXX 136) CL, 345; BDAG, 983. [chap. 11]
σωτηρία, ας, ἡ (noun). Deliverance/rescue from harm, whether from physical danger or from spiritual death and condemnation • deliverance, rescue, salvation. (NT 46; LXX 160) CL, 346; BDAG, 985. [chap. 32]
τέ (particle). An enclitic particle that marks a close relationship between sequential states or events, or between coordinate nonsequential items (often combined with other particles or conjunctions) [see CL] • and (so), so, and likewise. (NT 215; LXX 277) CL, 348; BDAG, 993. [chap. 17]
τέκνον, ου, τό (noun). The offspring of human parents without specific reference to sex or age; plural may refer collectively to descendants from a common ancestor; one who is dear to another (not related genetically) • child, descendant. (NT 99; LXX 314) CL, 349; BDAG, 994. [chap. 8]
τέλος, ους, τό (noun). A point of time that marks the end of a period or process; the goal toward which something is being directed; the name for an indirect revenue tax, either a toll or customs duties • end, termination; goal, outcome; tax, (customs) duty. (NT 40; LXX 165) CL, 350; BDAG, 998. [chap. 20]
τέσσαρες (adj.). The number four • four, 4. (NT 41; LXX 224) CL, 350; BDAG, 1000. [chap. 12]
τηρέω (verb). To maintain in a secure state by maintaining custody or by perpetuating a state or activity; to conduct oneself in obedience to instruction or law • I keep watch over, guard, preserve; I observe, keep. (NT 70; LXX 37) CL, 352; BDAG, 1002. [chap. 27]
τίθημι (verb). To put or place something in a particular location; to assign someone to a task or position; to cause someone or something to undergo a change in condition • I put, place; I appoint, assign; I make, consign. (NT 100; LXX 558) CL, 352; BDAG, 1003. [chap. 32]
τιμή, ῆς, ἡ (noun). The amount at which something is valued; a high level of respect • price, value; honor, esteem. (NT 41; LXX 77) CL, 352; BDAG, 1005. [chap. 20]
τις, τι (pron.). A pronoun that refers to an unspecified person or thing (an indefinite pronoun, enclitic) • someone, anyone; something, anything (neut.). (NT 525; LXX 319) CL, 353; BDAG, 1007. [chap. 12]
τίς, τί (pron.). A pronoun that introduces a question (an interrogative pronoun) • who? what? which? why? (NT 555; LXX 1,530) CL, 353; BDAG, 1006. [chap. 12]
τοιοῦτος, αύτη, οῦτον (adj.). Similar to some person or thing already mentioned in a context (used either as an adj., pron., or subst. and may be correlative with ὅστις, οἷος, or ὥσπερ) • such, of such a kind, such as this; such a person/thing (subst.). (NT 57; LXX 82) CL, 354; BDAG, 1009. [chap. 27]
τόπος, ου, ὁ (noun). A spatial area, whether a specific named locality or a general reference; the location for an object or activity, etc. • place, location, space. (NT 94; LXX 613) CL, 355; BDAG, 1011. [chap. 16]
τότε (adv.). A temporal adverb that specifies sequence (A then B) or refers to a specific time (either past or future) • then, at that time, when. (NT 160; LXX 293) CL, 355; BDAG, 1012. [chap. 6]
τρεῖς (adj.). The number three • three, 3. (NT 68; LXX 376) CL, 356; BDAG, 1014. [chap. 12]
τρίτος, η, ον (adj.). Third in a series; a third part of something (subst.); for the third time (adv.) • third; third part (subst.); third time, thrice (adv.). (NT 56; LXX 179) CL, 356; BDAG, 1016. [chap. 27]
τυφλός, ή, όν (adj.). Unable to see; lacking understanding (metaphorical); a person who cannot see or understand (subst.) • blind; blind person. (NT 50; LXX 25) CL, 358; BDAG, 1021. [chap. 28]
ὕδωρ, ὕδατος, τό (noun). The liquid we know as water; a body of water; metaphorically of life-giving salvation • water. (NT 76; LXX 675) CL, 360; BDAG, 1023. [chap. 23]
υἱός, οῦ, ὁ (noun). Male offspring (human or animal), or by extension, someone closely related (not necessarily by birth) or characterized by some quality • son, descendant, offspring, child, or (if context allows) person. (NT 377; LXX 5,190) CL, 360; BDAG, 1024. [chap. 2]
ὑμεῖς (pron.). Personal pronoun, second-person plural nominative of σύ • you (pl.). (NT 1,840; LXX 3,335) CL, 360; BDAG, 949 (σύ). [chap. 4]
ὑπάγω (verb). To proceed from a position, be on the move in a particular direction; to leave someone’s presence • I go; I depart, go away, leave. (NT 79; LXX 2) CL, 361; BDAG, 1028. [chap. 14]
ὑπάρχω (verb). To be present; to come into being; what belongs to someone (subst. neut. ptc.) • I am, exist; property, holdings, possessions (subst.). (NT 60; LXX 157) CL, 361; BDAG, 1029. [chap. 16]
ὑπέρ (prep.). A preposition used with either the genitive (benefit, replacement, cause, or interest) or accusative (extent beyond) cases • (prep. + gen.) in behalf of, for, in place of, because of, about; (prep. + acc.) above, beyond, over. (NT 150; LXX 427) CL, 362; BDAG, 1030. [chap. 10]
ὑπό (prep.). A preposition used with the genitive to indicate agent or cause, or with the accusative to indicate a lower position • (prep. + gen.) by; (prep. + acc.) under, below. (NT 220; LXX 498) CL, 364; BDAG, 1035. [chap. 10]
ὑποτάσσω (verb). To place under/below, either under the authority of or appended in a document (LXX) (act.); to become subject to (pass.); to subject oneself to, obey (mid.) • I subject, subordinate (someone else) (act.); I append, attach (LXX) (act.); I become subject to (pass.); I submit, obey (mid.). (NT 38; LXX 28) CL, 367; BDAG, 1042. [chap. 27]
φανερόω (verb). To cause to be in a condition that makes observation or knowledge possible • I reveal, disclose, make known/visible. (NT 49; LXX 1) CL, 369; BDAG, 1048. [chap. 25]
Φαρισαῖος, ου, ὁ (noun). A member of a religious and political Jewish party at the time of Jesus characterized by strict observance of the Mosaic law as understood by the scribes • Pharisee. (NT 98; LXX 0) CL, 370; BDAG, 1049. [chap. 8]
φέρω (verb). To move something from one place to another by either carrying it or otherwise causing it to move; metaphorically, to carry something (positive or negative); to bring about a yield, be productive (of plants) [numerous other less common uses; see BDAG and MLS] • I carry, transport, lead, bring; I endure; I produce, yield, bear. (NT 66; LXX 290) CL, 370; BDAG, 1051. [chap. 27]
φεύγω (verb). To seek safety by fleeing from a place or situation; to avoid something due to danger • I flee, escape; I avoid, shun. (NT 29; LXX 250) CL, 370; BDAG, 1052. [chap. 19]
φημί (verb). To convey one’s thinking through speech or writing; to clarify or explain what one means [In the LXX and NT this word occurs almost entirely as ἔφη (3rd sg. aor. act. ind.) or φησίν (3rd sg. pres. act. ind.).] • I say, affirm; I mean. (NT 66; LXX 74) CL, 371; BDAG, 1053. [chap. 33]
φιλέω (verb). To have a special interest in and high regard and affection for someone or something; to indicate that affection by a kiss [Originally the more common word in older forms of Greek, but in Koine is often replaced by and synonymous with ἀγαπάω; see LN §25.43; BDAG, 1056.] • I love, like; I kiss. (NT 25; LXX 32) CL, 372; BDAG, 1056. [chap. 21]
φίλος, η, ον (adj.). Characterized by having a special interest in and close relationship with another person (i.e., not a casual acquaintance); one who has a close, friendly relationship with another person • friendly, loving, dear; friend (subst., as almost always in the LXX and NT). (NT 29; LXX 187) CL, 373; BDAG, 1058. [chap. 31]
φοβέω (verb). To scare (someone), make (someone) afraid (act.; rare in the LXX, not found in the NT); to be afraid, fear (mid.); to have profound respect for a person or for God due to awe (mid.); to be frightened (by someone or something) (pass.) • I scare, make afraid, frighten (act.); I fear, am afraid (mid.); I reverence, fear, am in awe (mid.); I am frightened (by) (pass.). (NT 95; LXX 460) CL, 374; BDAG, 1060. [chap. 30]
φόβος, ου, ὁ (noun). A feeling of need to escape from or avoid a threat, anxiety generated by a threatening circumstance; a profound feeling of respect or reverence for an authority, especially for God • fear, terror, fright; reverence, respect, awe. (NT 47; LXX 199) CL, 374; BDAG, 1062. [chap. 30]
φυλακή, ῆς, ἡ (noun). A place for detaining a prisoner; a sentry station with its guards; a period of time during which guards are on duty • jail, prison, cell; guard post; watch (of the night) (i.e., a period of time). (NT 47; LXX 121) CL, 377; BDAG, 1067. [chap. 30]
φυλάσσω (verb). To carry out the duties of a sentry/guard; to protect something so that it remains intact; to diligently observe a command/law • I guard, watch; I protect; I observe, follow. (NT 31; LXX 464) CL, 377; BDAG, 1068. [chap. 30]
φυλή, ῆς, ἡ (noun). A community of people, either a large group, such as a sociopolitical entity, or more commonly a subgroup with a common ethnic heritage • nation, people; tribe. (NT 31; LXX 444) CL, 377; BDAG, 1069. [chap. 33]
φωνέω (verb). To utter or give out a sound intended to attract attention (human or otherwise); to summon someone to come • I call/cry (out), speak loudly; I summon, invite. (NT 43; LXX 24) CL, 378; BDAG, 1071. [chap. 29]
φωνή, ῆς, ἡ (noun). Any type of sound or auditory effect; the ability to produce a sound • sound, noise, voice. (NT 139; LXX 633) CL, 378; BDAG, 1071. [chap. 7]
φῶς, φωτός, τό (noun). The physical agent that stimulates the sense of sight to make things visible (“light”); a source of light; metaphorically of various situations that can be illustrated with illumination • light. (NT 73; LXX 176) CL, 378; BDAG, 1072. [chap. 23]
χαίρω (verb). To experience joy or contentment in a particular circumstance or event; to express a polite social greeting upon meeting someone or at the beginning of a letter (impv. or inf.) • I rejoice, am glad/cheerful; Greetings! Hello! (NT 74; LXX 87) CL, 379; BDAG, 1074. [chap. 26]
χαρά, ᾶς, ἡ (noun). The emotion of gladness that comes as a result of circumstances; a deep-seated contentment based on faith in God’s promises despite circumstances • joy, delight. (NT 59; LXX 44) CL, 380; BDAG, 1077. [chap. 32]
χάρις, ιτος, ἡ (noun). A disposition marked by generosity, frequently unmotivated by the worth of the recipient; a response to such generosity; with reference to God, divine favor or work for the benefit of others at no cost to them • grace, favor, kindness; thanks, gratitude. (NT 155; LXX 164) CL, 381; BDAG, 1079. [chap. 11]
χείρ, χειρός, ἡ (noun). The body part at the end of the arm containing fingers (“hand”; occasionally of an animal, e.g., a dog’s paw); one component of that part (i.e., “finger”) or occasionally the entire member, arm as a whole; that which may be produced with the hand (“handwriting”) (numerous metaphorical uses, esp. in the LXX) • hand, finger; handwriting. (NT 177; LXX 1,943) CL, 382; BDAG, 1082. [chap. 11]
χιλιάς, άδος, ἡ (noun). A group of one thousand (collective noun) • (group of) a thousand. (NT 23; LXX 340) CL, 382; BDAG, 1084. [chap. 19]
χρεία, ας, ἡ (noun). That which is necessary or needed, but not necessarily possessed; an activity to which one is assigned (LXX) • need, necessity, lack; assignment, mission, (military) action. (NT 49; LXX 55) CL, 383; BDAG, 1088. [chap. 30]
Χριστός, οῦ, ὁ (noun). Expected fulfiller of the hopes of Israel for an end-time deliverer; also sometimes used almost as a personal name for Jesus • Messiah, Christ. (NT 529; LXX 51) CL, 384; BDAG, 1091. [chap. 2]
χρόνος, ου, ὁ (noun). A period/span of time (time during which); a particular point of time (time at which) • period of time, time; occasion. (NT 54; LXX 141) CL, 385; BDAG, 1092. [chap. 28]
χώρα, ας, ἡ (noun). Dry land (in contrast to the sea); the territory of a nation or a smaller geographical area; open country (in contrast to the city); land used for agriculture • land; country, region, place; countryside; field. (NT 28; LXX 247) CL, 386; BDAG, 1093. [chap. 31]
χωρίς (adv.). An adverb that indicates a situation occurs by itself, separately from other factors; also used as a preposition with the genitive • separately, apart, by itself (adv.); without, apart from (prep. + gen.). (NT 41; LXX 20) CL, 386; BDAG, 1095. [chap. 20]
ψυχή, ῆς, ἡ (noun). The quality of physical life without which a body cannot function, that which animates a body; that which is integral to being a person, the seat and center of the inner human life • life; soul, (inner) self. (NT 103; LXX 976) CL, 388; BDAG, 1098. [chap. 8]
ὧδε (adv.). Adverb of place with reference to relative nearness; can also have temporal implications referring to a present circumstance • here, in this place; in this case. (NT 61; LXX 89) CL, 388; BDAG, 1101. [chap. 18]
ὥρα, ας, ἡ (noun). Period of time as one division of a day, a term used roughly as our “hour” (both having various degrees of precision); an undefined time reference that may be relatively short; a particular time when something is to happen • hour, occasion, moment, time. (NT 106; LXX 74) CL, 389; BDAG, 1102. [chap. 3]
ὡς (particle). A particle used in very diverse ways (adverb, conjunction, comparative particle), typically indicating some similarity or comparison [see BDAG or CL for details] • as, like; when, after, while; (so) that, how; in order to; about, approximately (with numerals). (NT 504; LXX 1,965) CL, 389; BDAG, 1103. [chap. 17]
ὥστε (conj.). A conjunction that introduces a result clause, either coordinate or subordinate; sometimes “intended result” = purpose • for this reason, therefore; so that, that; in order that. (NT 83; LXX 182) CL, 390; BDAG, 1107. [chap. 8]