abolitionists, 12, 13, 14, 131–32, 135–36, 144, 164–82, 197–99
Abraham (freedom seeker), 122
Adams, Abigail, 135
Adams, John Quincy, 161
Africa, enslaved people seek return to, 19, 23-27, 49, 159
Africa and African survival, 6-7, 9, 13-14, 18-31, 50-51, 53, 72, 73-75, 96-97, 101, 101–2, 103, 115, 133, 230–31, 233–34
African American “inferiority,” 9–12
African American Mysteries (escape network), 169–70
African Americans, free, 6-7, 36, 55, 84, 91, 164–82, 187–88, 215–17
voting rights and, 232
African drums, 50, 95, 96, 96, 101, 101
Alcey (house servant), 77
Aleck (enslaved person), 56
Alfred (enslaved person), 59
American Indians, 17-19, 31, 114–15, 133–34, 136, 214
American Revolution, 28, 35, 36, 133–46, 147
Amistad (ship), 5, 159–61, 160
Appeal to the Slaves of the United States (Walker), 165–69, 166
Baines, Eliza, 128
Ball, Charles, 28
Bibb, Henry, 47, 51, 113, 131, 132
Bingey, Anthony, 113
Black, Leonard, 45
Blackburn, Thornton (and wife), 169
Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, The (Gutman), 53-54
Black Reconstruction in America (Du Bois), 7
Bowles, J., 178
Boxley, George, 154
Bradley, Benjamin, 80
Brown, Henry “Box,” 123–24, 125, 125
Brown, John (abolitionist), 180, 181, 203
Brown, John W. (enslaved person), 66
Brown, William Wells, 51, 131, 203
Burgess, John W., 10
Burroughes, George, 128
Byrd, Richard, 103
Cabot, John, 17
Callahan, Thomas, 54
Cartwright, Samuel A., 10
Catlin, George, 115
Catton, Bruce, 11
Charlotte (enslaved person), 59
Christophe, Henri, 142–43, 146
Cinqué, Joseph, 159–61, 160, 168–69
Civil War, US, 7, 10, 94, 109, 132, 185-221, 210, 213. See also Union army
Clarke, Milton, 131
Cobb, Howell, 204
colonial life and politics, 17-19, 22, 29, 73, 133–38
Columbus, Christopher, 17
Confederacy, 7, 185–89, 191–93, 204–8, 211–13
conservative politics, modern-day, 1-3, 8nn1–2
Copeland, John, 181
Craft, William, 44, 58-59, 127, 131
Cragston, Arnold, 179
Creole (ship), 161
Cresswell, Nicolas, 108
critical race theory (CRT), 1, 8n1
Davis, Jefferson, 10
Declaration of Independence, 133, 136, 137, 138, 145
Delia (enslaved person), 48
Deslondes, Charles, 163
Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 142–43, 146
Dickson, Moses, 106
divide-and-rule policy, 67-68, 134, 139
Douglass, Frederick, 14, 35-36, 37, 53, 56, 65, 66-67, 72-73, 74, 84-86, 85, 91, 99, 107–8, 129, 131, 181, 200-201, 203, 205, 222, 226
Douglass, Margaret, 64
Doyle, Patrick, 121
Drake, Philip, 28
Drayton, Thomas, 36
Du Bois, W. E. B., 7
Dunmore (lord), 137
education
for enslaved people, 6, 64-65, 227–29, 228, 230–31, 231
modern-day, on slavery and racism, 1-4, 8nn1–2
emancipation, 153, 189, 191, 198-201, 204–6
Eustis, Frederick A., 79
Fannie (enslaved person), 63
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 208
Forten, Charlotte, 201
Frank (enslaved person), 89
Freedom’s Journal, 165
French Revolution, 28, 134, 138–43, 141, 142, 147, 162–63
Fugitive Slave Laws, 114, 130, 170–72, 176
Garnet, Henry Highland, 168, 169, 203, 220
Garrison, William Lloyd, 167–68
“General” (freedom seeker), 130
Glenn, James, 134
Gooding, James H., 226
Grace (enslaved person), 61
Granson, Milla, 64
Grant, Ulysses S., 215
Grimké, Sarah and Angelina, 41-42, 119
Haitian Revolution. See San Domingo
“Ham and Eggs” (code name for Black agent), 128
Hamilton, Alexander, 136
Harris, Addie, 187
Hatcher, Jordan, 88
Hayden, Lewis, 171
Heard, William, 53
Helper, Hinton, 37
Henson, Josiah, 44-45, 59, 129–30
Herndon, Tempe, 58
Higginson, Thomas W., 94, 174, 200-202, 202, 209
Hispaniola. See San Domingo
history, distortions of, 9–13, 40-41
Holmes, Robbin and Polly, 176
Horace (enslaved person), 81
Howe, Samuel Gridley, 129
Hugo, Victor, 181
Indigenous people, 2, 6, 17, 18-19, 115. See also American Indians; Native Americans
Jack (enslaved person), 87
Jacob (enslaved person), 89
Jacobs, Harriet, 58
James (enslaved person), 87
Jefferson, Thomas, 2, 56, 80, 136, 137, 138, 144
Jennings, Fannie, 55
John (enslaved person), 67
Jones, Alexander, 196
Jones, Betty, 47
Jones, William Peel, 124
Juliet (freedom seeker), 120
Kate (enslaved person), 64
Katz, Bernard, 3
King, Susie, 64-65, 109–10, 118, 132, 212, 227, 229
Lane, Hester, 56
Langston, Charles, 175
Langston, Lucy, 61
Lánu (Saramaka leader), 31
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 19
Leary, Lewis Sheridan, 181
Lewis, Cudjo, 71
Lewis, Jane, 178
Lewis, Lawrence (wife of), 159
Liberator (publication), 168
Lincoln, Abraham, 7, 181, 185–86, 196–99, 203–4, 206–7, 208, 212, 226, 229, 233
Little, John (and wife), 124
Logue, Cherry, 59
Louis (enslaved person), 174–75
Louisiana Native Guards, 192–93
Louisiana Territory, 143
Louverture, Toussaint, 139–43, 146, 148, 155, 163, 179
Lowell, James Russell, 181
Lundy, Benjamin, 167
Lydia (enslaved person), 51-52
Madison, James, 147
Manuel (formerly enslaved person), 91
maroon colonies, 6, 29-31, 30, 115–16, 124, 126, 163, 195
Mason, Biddy, 176
Maybank, Sandy, 81
McCarthyism, 1
Meade (bishop), 98
Mosley (enslaved person), 185–86
Nalle, Charles, 175
Native Americans, 6, 28, 114–15, 117, 133–35, 161, 191, 214. See also American Indians
as enslaved people, 17-19, 29-31
New York Times. See Olmsted, Frederick Law
Norfleet (enslaved person), 63
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 41, 43, 69, 71, 90, 118, 178
Otis, James, 135
Ovando, Nicolás de, 28
overseers, 10, 40-41, 43, 47-48, 58-59, 66-68, 71-72, 76, 87-97, 98, 107, 113, 126, 130–31, 136, 187
Paine, Thomas, 135
Parker, William, 122, 131–32, 172–73, 173
Personal Liberty Laws, 176
Phillips, Wendell, 197
Phipps, Benjamin, 158
Picquet, Louisa, 61
Pierce (enslaved person), 67
Price, John, 175
Prosser, Gabriel, 5, 103, 150–53, 162, 163, 220
Purvis, Robert, 128
Quarles, Ralph, 61
Quivers, Emanuel, 87
racism, modern-day views on, 2-3, 4
Ransom, John, 211
Reed, John C., 58
Remus and Patty (freedom seekers), 122
Reynolds, Kim, 2
Right-wing politics, 1-2, 8nn1-2
Robin (enslaved person), 76-77
Romeo (freedom seeker), 120
Ross, Harriet, 54
Russell, William H., 40-41, 148
San Domingo (Hispaniola), 5, 28-29, 138–45, 140, 142, 155, 163
Sarah (enslaved person), 76
Saramaka people, 31
Saxton, Rufus, 192
Scott, Dred and Harriet, 11-12, 92-93
Seminoles, 6, 115–17, 116, 191
Sherman, William T., 215–16, 218
Silas (enslaved person), 100
Sims (freedom seeker), 176
“slave-hunting,” 114, 114, 123, 123, 171–72, 176, 191
slavery and enslaved people
abuse, sexual, 48, 58-61, 66-67
baptism, 96
communication, 48, 95, 96, 122, 177
conditions, 35-36, 38-39, 39, 42, 50-65, 66-79, 144–45, 161–62
deception, 40-41, 45, 47, 66, 122, 124, 125, 128, 132, 195, 218–19
dogs to hunt enslaved people seeking freedom, 29, 117, 122–23, 178
drivers on plantations, 68
education, 6, 64-65, 227–29, 228, 230–31, 231
education on, modern-day, 1-4, 8nn1–2
escape, 5-6, 10, 17-31, 27, 44, 52, 52, 54, 67, 71, 72, 76-77, 91, 113–32, 121, 178–79, 185-201, 218–19
fires, 68, 73-75, 76, 186, 187
food, 25, 26, 27, 27, 38, 53, 83-84
informers in communities of enslaved people, 67-68
justifications, 9–10, 37-38, 203–4
laws of slavery, 35-37, 38-39, 51-52, 114, 130, 145, 159, 163, 170–77, 179, 187–88
marriage and family, 43, 44-45, 48, 49, 50-65, 52, 55, 57, 60, 62
music, 25-26, 47, 94–110, 96, 101
northern slavery, 35, 82, 82, 156, 156
“pattyrollers” (patrols), 37, 68, 69, 75, 118, 212
production, 35, 69-70, 72, 80-82
profits from slavery, 22, 37-39
religion, 6-7, 20-21, 22, 50, 94–110, 99, 155, 156, 157–58, 165, 192
resistance and revolts, 5-6, 17-31, 24, 27, 68-69, 78, 91-92, 103–4, 105, 106, 116, 116, 134, 140, 140–41, 141, 156, 156, 158, 160, 160, 172, 172, 174–75, 185–86, 191-92, 212–13, 217, 220–21
revolts, American Revolution and, 133–46, 147
revolts, nineteenth-century, 147–63
sale and auction, 39, 39, 44-45, 46, 55-56, 59, 71
“seasoning” of enslaved people, 28
songs, 61, 94–110, 173, 201–2, 221, 223
speculators in enslaved people, 18, 37
stealing as a form of resistance, 68-69
“stimulant and reward money,” 89–90
trade, international, 20, 20-23, 24, 27, 153, 163
Union army and, 7, 54, 94, 187–94, 190, 193, 194, 196, 200, 200, 204–18, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 213, 218, 221, 221–34, 224–25, 228
warfare and, 5
Smalls, Robert, 51, 56-57, 195–96
Sons of Liberty, 136
Statue of Freedom in Capitol, 82-83
Stevenson, Thomas, 227
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 45, 129
Sue (freedom seeker), 120
Sukie (enslaved person), 59
Supreme Court, US, 11-12, 92, 159, 161
Sweeny, John, 226
Taíno Arawak, 143
Tamar (freedom seeker), 124
Tanner, Alethia, 56
Tanner, Phoebe, 54
Taylor, Edward, 40
Taylor, Susie King. See King, Susie
Thompson, John, 100
Tredegar Iron Company, 81-82, 87
Tubman, Harriet, 14, 54, 104–6, 105, 130–31, 132, 175, 178, 222
Turner, Nat, 104, 156, 156–59, 158, 162–63, 168–69, 179, 220
Union army, 7, 54, 94, 187–94, 190, 193, 194, 196, 200, 200, 204–18, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 213, 218, 221, 221–34, 224–25, 228
Vasa, Gustavus, 21
Verrazzano, Giovanni da, 17
Vesey, Denmark, 5, 103, 104, 154–55, 162, 163, 168–69, 203, 220
Walker, David, 164–69, 166, 220
Washington, Booker T., 53
Washington, George, 80, 137, 151, 159
Washington, George (Black soldier), 229
Weld, Isaac, 80
West Indies, 17, 19, 28-29, 61, 144. See also San Domingo
White, Garland, 223
white nationalism, 1
Whitney, Eli, 80
Wiley, Jacob, 54
Wilkins, Fred, 171
Williams, W. B., 187