acquisition, principle of, 150–153, 157–158, 173, 208
Locke on, 174–178
See also Lockean proviso
Acton, J. E. E. D., 125
aggregative principle, 209–210
aggression, 32–34
Alchian, A., 21, 261n, 339n9, 345n11, 346n18
Allen, W. A., 339n9
anarchist, and protective association, 120–129, 130–131
Anarchist theory, 4–6
why condemns state, 51–53
anarchy, see State of nature
animals:
moral treatment of, 35–47
Kantian position on, 39–40
utilitarian position on, 39–41
eating of, 36–38
Appropriation. See acquisition, principle of; Lockean proviso
arbitrariness, moral relevance of, 213–227
Arrow, K., 261n, 298n, 301n, 351n2
Ashcroft, Richard, 336n10
association, 299
stability of, 299–306
Aumann, R., 300n
Barkai, H., 352n9
Bedau, H., 344n14
Berlin, I., 347n41
Bittker, B., 344n2
blackmail, 85–86
Blanc, L., 250
Bohn-Bawerk, E. von, 348n11
border-crossing. See boundary, moral
Boulding, J., 336n7
boundary, moral, 57–59
crossing not prohibited, 163–171
crossing prohibited, 71–73
boycott, 17, 194n, 292–293, 322–323
Brozen, Y., 336n9
Buber, M., 352n7
Calabresi, G., 338n6
Chamberlain, Wilt, 161–163, 164n
parents’ rights over, 38–39, 287–291
and the framework for utopia, 330
Chomsky, N., 345n6
Cohen, M., 23
compensation, 57–59, 63–65, 71–73
makes boundary crossing permissible, 63–71
and risk, 75–78
right to exact, 135–137
See also compensation, principle of
compensation, principle of, 78–79, 81–84, 86–87, 114–115
introduces patterning, 345n14
and preventive restraint, 142–147
and protecting others, 110–115
and providing liability insurance, 115
constraints, moral side, 28–35, 46n47, 294
absolute nature of, 30n and animals, 35–42, 45–47
based upon, 48–51
contract-like view of, 137–138
different from goals, 28–30, 46n
formal argument leading to, 33–34
and property rights, 171
rationale, 30–33
and rights, 28–29
and redistribution, 172–173
state violates, 51–52
copyright, 141
current time-slice principles, 153–155, 208
Dales, J. H., 81n
Debreu, G., 300–301n
demoktesis, 290
hypothetical genesis of, 280–290
Demsetz, H., 261n, 346n18, 350n5
desert, 154, 159, 215–217, 224–226, 237–238
design devices, 312–317
deterrence, 56–93
and utilitarianism, 61–62
Deutsch, K., 20
Diamond, M., 353n13
different principle:
application to macrostructure, 204–207
egalitarian, 210–212
not neutral, 192–197
in microcases, 167n
reasonable terms for social cooperation, 189–197
as rule of thumb for rectification, 231
differences, and the framework for utopia, 309–317
disadvantages, 81–83, 86–87, 114–115
and preventive restraint, 143–146
distributive justice, 149–231
and arbitrariness, 213–227
entitlement theory of, 149–182
micro and macro situations, 204–207
problem created by social cooperation, 183–189
Rawls’ theory of, 183–231
special theory of, 219
term not neutral, 149–150
See also entitlement theory; justice in holdings; patterned principles
dominant protective association (agency):
as de facto monopoly, 108–110
and destruction of other agencies, 121–129
formation, 15–18
as virtual monopoly, 17
as state, 22–25, 51–53, 110, 113–118, 118–119
and independents, 54–56
and power, 134–140
and procedural rights, 96–108
prohibiting private enforcement of justice, 96–108, 101–110
protecting others, 110–115
special rights, 101–102, 108–110, 133–134
See also protective association
double jeopardy, 136–137
egalitarian principles:
and the difference principle, 210–213, 222–226
and envy, 240–246
overturned by liberty, 164
and workers’ control, 251
emigration:
from a community under the framework, 330
from country with patterned principles, 173–174
in possible worlds model, 229–309
end-result principles, 153–155
and original position, 198–204
and sources of income, 170–171
end-state principles. See end-result principles
enforcement of rights and justice, 12, 14–15, 24
See also private enforcement of justice
entitlement theory, 149–182, 186, 194, 198–204, 219–220, 225–226, 230–231, 236–238, 247
versus end-result principles, 153–155
entitlements, non-superficial, 206–207
and equality, 232–233
and marginal productivity, 188
and natural assets, 255–256
non-organic and aggregative, 209–210
not distributed according to desert, 217
not patterned, 207–208
versus patterned principles, 155–160
three principles of, 150–153
compared to other notions, 239–240n
and Rawls’ theory, 215–229
and self-esteem, 239–246
equality, 232–235
and the difference principle, 210–213, 222–226
and envy, 239–246
and equal political power, 271–273
or opportunity, 235–239
and self-esteem, 243–245
See also egalitarian principles
equilibrium process, 21–22
evolution:
and filter devices, 314–317
and invisible-hand explanation, 314–315, 317
exchange:
dividing benefits of voluntary, 63–65, 84, 86
economists’ explanation of, 64–65n
and labor theory of value, 260–261
and social cooperation, 186–187
and treating people as ends, 31
voluntary, 150–153, 157–158, 188n, 262–265
experience machine, 42–45
experimentation, utopian, 307, 312, 312–317, 329, 332–333
explanation:
potential, 7–9
under determined by data, 278
unified, and patterned principles, 220–221
See also fundamental explanation; invisible-hand explanation; hidden-hand explanation
exploitation, Marxian view of, 253–262
extensive state:
and distributive justice, 231
and injustices, 231
use by powerful, 272
violates rights, 140
See also demoktesis
externalities:
internalizing, 280–281
principle of, 90–95
family, and patterned principles, 167–168
fear:
existence of, 69–71
and non-global emotion, 70
and prohibition, 65–71, 72–73, 105, 339n13
Feinberg, J., 343n10
Fiacco, A., 29n
filter devices, 21–22, 312–318
financing state:
lottery, 25n
retributive penalties, 62n
Fletcher, G. P., 63n
framework for utopia, 307–325, 329–334
as common ground, 317–320
differences and, 309–317
and complexity, 312–317
and differing tradeoffs, 312
and libertarian theory, 320–323
and minimal state, 333–334
See also fairness, principle of
Frey, F., 20
Fried, C., 76–77
“from each . . . ,” 159–160
fundamental explanation, 6
illumination of, 8
and invisible-hand, 19
of political realm, 7–9
Gardener, M., 342n2
genetic engineering, 315n
George, H., 175
Gierke, O., 350n1
Ginsburg, L., 314n
goals, moral, 28–30, 46n, 172–173
Godwin, W., 5
Goffman, E., 338n4
Goldfarb, R., 349n21
Hahn, F., 301n
Hanson, N. R., 335n1
Harcourt, G. C., 346n20
Hart, H. L. A., 74, 90–93, 337n15, 339n12, 340n1, n2, n3
Hartley, L. P., 348n8
Hayek, F. A., 21, 158–159, 173, 180n, 218, 334n3, n4, 336–337n13, 346n28, 351n7
Hempel, C. G., 7, 335n1, 350n4
Herrnstein, R., 20
hidden-hand explanation, 19–20
historical principles, 152–160, 199–204
love as historical relationship, 167–168
Hockman, H. M., 340n21
Hohfeld, W., 175
holdings, see justice in holdings; acquisition of holdings; transfer of holdings
Hurwicz, L., 298n
enforcing justice, 54–56, 109–110
private enforcement of justice, 88–90
indexical expressions, and moral principles, 29, 278, 350n4
inequality, Rawls on, 188–189, 195, 197n
innocent shield, 35
innocent threat, 34–35, 228n11
invisible-hand explanations, 18–22, 336–337n13
examples of, 20–21
of marketplace, 18
of money, 18
satisfying quality of, 18–19
of the state, 22–25, 52, 118–119
See also invisible-hand process
invisible-hand process:
and coordination games, 140
de factor monopoly, 115
and macro states, 74
as social compact, 131–132
See also invisible-hand explanation
Jacobs, J., 20
Justice in holdings, 150–153, 157–160
See also entitlement theory
Kant, I., 32, 228, 337n4, 338n1
Katz, J. J., 342n7
Kessell, R., 337n16
Kim, J. 8n
Kirzner, I., 255, 346n19, 349n18
Krader, L., 341n13
Krantz, D., 349n20
Kristol, I., 344n4
Krystofiak, T., 338n10
labor theory of value, 253–262
Lancaster, K., 341n4
Laslett, P., 350n8
Leary, T., 244n
legitimacy of state, 17, 133–137, 139–140
Levene, H., 315n
Lewis, D., 343n14
Lewontin, R. C., 315
liability:
acting without insurance for, 78–79
of corporations, 133
publicly provided insurance for, 115
of state’s agents, 133
libertarian constraints:
analog to nonaggression among nations, 34
formal argument leading to, 33–34
libertarian theory:
disagreements within, 141, 331
and framework for utopia, 320–323
and maintenance of macroratio, 315n
and surrounding an individual, 55n
writers on, 335–336n4
liberty, upsets egalitarian principles, 164
See also rights
Lipsey, R., 351n4
Locke, J., 9–12, 17–18, 54, 58, 131–133, 137–138, 153, 174–178, 225, 287–291, 335n1, 336n10, 338n5, 340n6, 341n1, 342n8, 343n8, n9, 350n7–n9
Lockean proviso, 55n, 175–182, 270n, 289–290, 323
Lucas, J. R., 351n1
Machlup, F., 336n9
MacKay, J. H. 345n6
MacMahon, A., 353n13
Madow, W., 20
Mandel, E., 349n15
manna-from-heaven model, 198, 219
Marcuse, H., 352n12
marginal product, 157, 187–188n, 188, 194n
and possible worlds model, 301–302, 304–305
market:
coordinates actions, 163–164
provides meaningful work, 248–250
workers’ controlled factories in, 250–253
Martin, J. J., 335n4
Marx, K., 188n, 253–262, 273n, 349n12–n14
McCormick, G., 29n
meaning of life, and moral theory, 50–51
meaningful work, 246–250
means, using people as, 31–32, 46–47, 71
and Rawls’ theory, 228–229
Melamed, D., 338n6
methodological individualism, 22
Michelman, F., 81n
minimal state, 26–28
nonneutral, 272–273
reduces manipulation of state, 272
and ultra minimal state, 26–27, 113–115, 119
and utopia, 333–334
See also night-watchman state; ultraminimal state; dominant protective association
Minogue, K., 169n
Mishan, E. J., 339n15
money, invisible-hand explanation of, 18
monopoly and protective services, 17
monopoly on force:
condemned by anarchist, 51–52
as condition for state, 23–24
de facto, 108–110
had by dominant protective association, 113, 115–118
Moral theory:
and arbitrariness, 213–227
and consistency arguments, 277–279
and indexical expressions, 29, 278, 350n4
and meaning of life, 50–51
role of examples in, 37–38, 277–279
and structure of moral view, 29n, 46n
task for, 9
See also constraints, moral-side
Nagel, E., 374n41
natural rights:
Hart’s argument for, 91–93
and risk, 74–78
the tradition on procedural rights, 101
Nelson, L., 338n11
Newman, P., 339n8
night-watchman state, 25, 26–27
See also minimal state
normative sociology, 247–248
Nozick, R., 86n, 99n, 267n, 337n1, 342n2, 345n10, n13, 346n32, 349n20, n22, 350n3, 352n10
Oppenheimer, F., 350n2
opting out, 173–174, 290, 321–323
organic principle, 209–210
original position:
and arbitrariness of natural assets, 226–227
embodies process argument but can’t lead to fundamental process principle, 207–209, 196–197n, 211, 214
focus on person, 190
iterated, 212–213
limited to selecting end-result principles as fundamental, 198–204
Orwell, G., 39
Owen, R., 316
pacifism, 99n
paternalism, 14
and communities, 324
connected with reasons, 27, 34, 58–59, 67–68n, 109
and framework for utopia, 320–321
patterned principles, 155–160, 218–224
and the difference principle, 208–210
and emigration, 173–174
and entitlements, 167
and the family, 167–168
and focus on recipients, 168
and principle of compensation, 345n14
requiring redistribution, 168, 170–174
sufficient conditions for being, 209–210
and unified explanations, 220–221
upset by liberty, 160–164, 219–220
and voluntary transfers, 232–233, 249, 252, 265–268
Peter Principle, 21
Plato, 205
political philosophy, 3
and aggression, 32
fundamental question of, 4
relation to moral philosophy, 6
political theory, 6–9
pollution, 79–81
Popper, K., 352n7
Portia, 55n
possible worlds model. See utopia, possible worlds model
preemptive attach, 126–129
preventive restraint, 142–146
Principle VII:
and egalitarianism, 211
and pacifism, 98–99n
and rule of necessity, 63
prisoner’s dilemma, 124
private enforcement of justice, 24, 135–140
anarchist condemns, 51–52
prohibition of, 88–90, 110, 142–143
and risk, 105–108
productive activity. See exchange, productive
prohibition:
and boundary crossing, 59, 71–73
and fear, 65–71
on joining protective association, 120–129
of last component needed for wrong, 127–129, 143
and neutrality, 272–273
and non-global nature of fear, 70
of private enforcement of justice, 88–90, 110–113
of risky acts, 73–87
of unreliable private enforcement of rights, 96–110
property:
considerations favoring, 177
and pollution, 79–81
property rights, 171–172
and externalities, 280–281
in persons, 172, 228–229, 281–290
and redistribution, 167–173
and rights of others, 269–270
protection:
anarchist condemns monopoly in, 51–52
and dominant protective association, 24–25, 110–115
protective associations, 12–15
as business, 13
outlaw agency, 17
and private “retaliation,” 15
and retributive payments, 62n
rights of, 89–90
See also dominant protective association
proviso. See Lockean proviso
See also paternalism
public goods, 21
See also fairness, principle of
public wrongs, 67
punishment:
right to, 106–107, 135, 137–140
See also retribution; deterrence; procedural rights
Raiffa, H., 342n3
Rashdall, H., 179n
Rawls, J., 90, 93, 167n, 183–231, 239–240n, 337n2, n5, 340n1, n4, 344n1, 345n12, 346n16, n21–23, n25, n26, n29–30, n33–38, n40, n42, 348n4, n43–47, 351n3, n5
Rawls’ theory of justice, 183–231 See also difference principle; original position; end-result principles; inequality
rectification, principle of not redistributive, 27, 152–153, 173, 208, 230–231
in community and nation, 321–323
connected with reasons, 27
and liability insurance, 115
and minimal state, 25, 113–115
and patterned principles, 168
and philanthropy, 265–268
and property in persons, 172, 226, 228–229
and property rights, 167–173
protection of others, 144
Rembrandt, 258
rent control, 270–271
responsibility:
bucket theory of, 130
degree of, 60–63
in political realm, 100
Rawls on, 214
and self-defense, 62–63
rights:
for compensation, 135–137
and epistemic considerations, 106–107
with hooks, 264–265
and hypothetical histories, 292–294
in Locke’s state of nature, 10
to life, 179n
and moral constraints, 28–29
protection against violation, 27–28
to punish, 137–140
and Sen’s argument, 164–166
risk, 73–78
in capitalist and socialist society, 255–256, 260–261
and preemptive attack, 126
and preventive restraint, 142–146
and private enforcement of justice, 88–90, 105–108
See also compensation, principle of
Roberts, A., 336n11
Rodgers, J. D. 349n21
Rothbard, M., 81n, 86n, 336n4, 338n2, 343n12, 344n15
Rousseau, J. J., 350n6
sacrifice:
of individual, 32–33
and utilitarianism, 41
Scarf, H., 300n
Schelling, T. C., 20, 198, 335n2, 342n4, 344n14
Schoeck, H., 348n8
Schumpeter, J., 262
self-defense:
against innocent person, 35, 62–63, 102
and preemptive attack, 126–129
and protective agencies, 121–129
in war, 100
self-esteem, 239–246
Seligman, M., 339n10
Seuss, Dr., 340n23
Sharp, G., 336n11
Singer, I. B., 336n5
Singer, P., 338n11
Slobodkin, L., 20
social compact, 131–132
social cooperation:
and constant-sum game, 228–229
difference principle, 189–197
and equality, 223
and groups, 193–195
and individual, 21
and justice, 183–189
social products, 95
socialism, 163, 231, 250–251, 253, 261, 321n, 325
Spooner, L., 335–336n4
state:
and anarchist, 51–53
and dominant protective association, 22–25, 110, 113–118
extent, 117
inconveniences of, 11n
invisible-hand explanation of, 118–119
legitimacy of, 17, 133–137, 139–140
origin, 5–6
and prisoner’s dilemma, 124
and private enforcement of justice, 142–143
and special rights, 51–52, 276
within state of nature, 133
in world of certainty, 140–142
See also minimal state; ultraminimal state; extensive state; nonneutral state
and derivation of extensive state, 280–290
inconveniences of, 11
and the prisoner’s dilemma, 124
procedural rights in, 56
and prohibition of risky acts, 74–76, 89
and protective agency, 131–133
State-of-Nature Theory, 3–9
Sweezy, P., 258
Talmon, J. L., 351n6
Tandy, F., 336n4
Tannehill, M. and L., 336n4, n11
Tawney, R. H., 348n7
taxation of earnings, 169–172, 265–268
Thidwick, the big-hearted Moose, 269–270
Tocqueville, A. de, 328
transfer, principle of, 150–153, 157–158, 207–208
Tribe, L., 340n5
Tristan, F., 316
Tucker, B., 335–336n4
ultraminimal state, 26–28, 119
proponent of, 27–30
from state of nature, 52
See also minimal state
utilitarianism:
and animals, 39–41
and deterrence theory, 61–62
as end-state, 153–155, 199, 208
not process principle, 208
and rights, 28–29
and usual precepts of justice, 202
utopia, 297–334
dual conception of, 332
ends of utopian theorists, 328–331
framework for, 307–325, 329–334
means for getting, 326–328
process substituted for ends, 332
results, 331–333
three types, 319–320
and utopian experimentation, 307, 312, 312–317, 329, 332–333
worlds model, 297–309
See also framework for utopia
Vlastos, G., 346n9
Vonnegut, K., 348n5
Warren, J., 316
Weber, M., 23, 117–118, 337n14
welfare economics, 154–155
and rights, 164–166
Williams, B., 233–235, 348n2, n3
Wisdom, J., 169n
Wittgenstein, L., 95
Wohlstetter, R., 21
Wolff, R. P., 345n12
workers’ control, 250–253
Zablocki, B., 352n8