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A. de Tapia, Paula
Abello [de Stocking], Estéfana
Abila, Felipe
Abila [de Ramírez], Petra
Abila family
Acapulco, Mexico
Aculzingo, Mexico: mountain
village
Adams, John
“Adelita” dress
“Adiós, Mamá Carlota” (song)
Aguiar, Carlos
Aguilar, Antonio
Aguilar, Cristóbal
Aguilar, Ygnacio
Aguilar y Ríos, Martín
Aguirre, José Antonio
Aguirre, Martín
Alameda County, CA
Alamo, the
Alamos, Mexico
Alcatraz Island, CA: federal penitentiary on
Alcayaga, José
Alemany, Josep: archbishop of San Francisco
Alianza Hispano-Americana
Aliso Street, Los Angeles
Allen, Mr.: U.S. consul in Minatitlan, Mexico
Allison Ranch, CA: reaction to Lincoln’s assassination
Almada, Bartolomé E.
Almenares, Pedro
Almonte, Juan N.: mock testaments of
proclaims himself president of Mexico
supports French Intervention
Alta California (newspaper)
advertising in
editorials in
editorial on Maximilian’s execution
on hispanisms in English
Altamirano, Ignacio M.
Altar, Mexico
Alvarado, CA
junta in
Alvarado, Mariano
Alvarado y Ruiz, Francisco
Álvarez, Juan.
Alviso, Melitón
Alviso, Valentín
“A.M.” (pseudonym)
La Amarilla (store)
La América (newspaper)
American Flag (newspaper)
American Legion of Honor (Mexico)
Angostura, battle of. See Buena Vista, battle of
Antietam, battle of
Antillón, Florencio
Antioch, CA: Union Club in
Appomattox, Lee’s surrender at
Arcata, CA
Arellano, Jesús
Argentina
immigrants from
Arizona Territory
California Column sent to
Confederate plans to retake
Confederates retreat from
Native California Cavalry in
occupied by Confederates
transferred to United States by Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Armenta, María Ramona
Army of the East (Mexico)
Army of the Pacific (U.S.)
Arnaz, J. M.
Assembly of Notables (Mexico)
Associated Press
A Street, Marysville, CA
AT&T (corporation)
Atlantic American: definition and use of term
influenced by Latino culture in California
influence on Latino culture in California
legal classification of persons by race
Atlixco, Mexico
Austin, NV: junta in
Austrians in Mexico
Avila Adobe, Los Angeles
Axis Powers
Ayala, Pascuala
Ayala y León, Agustina
Ayón, Saturnino
Aztecs
Bailón, Luz
“Baja California, Republic of”
Baja California state, Mexico
Bale, Eduardo (Edward)
Baltimore, MD
Bancroft, Hubert H.
Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley
Banderitas, CA
Bandini [de Stearns], Arcadia
Banning, Phineas T.
Barreto, Ray
Barretto, Jacinto
Barton, James R.
“Batalla del Cinco de Mayo” (song)
“Battle Hymn of the Republic” (song)
Bauchet, Luis
Bauchet, Rafael
Bautista, Bartolo
Baylor, John R.
Bazaine, Achille François
Bear Flag Revolt
Bella Union Hall (Calaveritas, CA)
Benicia, CA: arrested Confederate sympathizers taken to
Company A of Native California Cavalry barracked at
memorial services for Lincoln
Berlin airlift
Bermúdez, María Rita
Bernales de Sánchez, Rosalía
Berreyesa, Santos
Berreyesa family
Berroa, Andrés
Bilderbeck, J. F.
Bilderrain, R
Black Decree
Blanco, Francisca
Blanco, Pedro
Blanerty, Juan
Boca de Piedras, Mexico
Bodega Bay, CA
Bolívar, Simón: memory invoked in Cinco de Mayo celebrations
Bolivia
immigrants from
Bolivia camp, CA
Booth, John Wilkes
Botello, Narciso
Bowron, Fletcher
Braceros
Brannan, Sam
Brannan Place, San Francisco
Brent, Joseph Lancaster: Confederate sympathies
friendship with Ygnacio del Valle
general in Confederate Army
member of Los Angeles Rifles
mentor of Ygnacio Sepúlveda
Brother Jonathan (steamship)
Brown, John
Brownsville, TX
Buchanan, James
Buckeye, Carlos
Buckeye, R.
Buena Vista, battle of
bullfighting
Bull Run, first battle of
second battle of
Burton, Henry S.
Bush, George W.
Cabezut, José María
Calabasas, AZ
Calaveras, CA
Calaveras County, CA
Calaveritas, CA
Calderón, Apolinario
Calderón Bridge, battle of
Calhoun, John P.
California: Atlantic Americans view as conquered territory
Confederate sympathizers in
enters Union as free state
majority of citizens support Union
pre-1848 state of Mexico (Alta California)
schools in
settled by Latinos in eighteenth century
transferred to United States by Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
California Column
California Constitution of 1849
California Gold Rush
Atlantic American immigration to California during
European immigration to California during
Latino immigration to California during
law and order during
California Indians
California Latino Medical Association
Californios
and U.S. race-based legal classifications
as junta members
become U.S. citizens under Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
culture
donate to Latino sword of honor
estimated population of in 1848
feelings towards Mexico
in Los Angeles
in Native California Cavalry
legal disregard of casta system
political activity
proposed relocation to Sonora, Mexico
settlement patterns in California
support Juárez’s government
support Lincoln’s reelection in 1864
support Union cause
volunteer to fight for Juarist cause
Californios’ companyn
Calpulalpan, battle of
Camarillo, Albert
Camarillo, Juan
“Los camotes” (song)
Camp Calaveras, CA
Camp Drum, Wilmington, CA
soldiers from celebrate end of Civil War
Camp Low, CA
Camp Merchant, CA
Campos, Abelina
Cárdenas, Eugenio
Carlota (settlement), Mexico
Carlson, Alvar W.
Carrillo, José
Carrillo, José Antonio
Carrillo, Juan José
Carrillo, Leo
Carrillo, R.
Carrillo, Ramón
Carrillo de Vallejo, Francisca Benicia
Carson City, NV: junta in
Casas, María Raquél
Casta system in Latin America
Castillo, Eutimio
Castillo, Gerardo López de
speeches at Cinco de Mayo celebrations, 104
unauthorized spending as financial trustee for Central Managing Junta
Castillón, Juan
Castro, Víctor
Castroville, CA: reaction to Lincoln’s assassination
Catholic religious observances
and juntas,
Catholic Standard (newspaper)
Cavazos Fuentes, Señor
Célis, E. F. de
Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture at UCLA
Central Managing Junta: announces fall of Puebla
establishment of
forwards collected donations to Juárez government
financial irregularities investigated
links to Latino militias
Central Valley of California
Cerro de las Campanas, Querétaro, Mexico
Cervantes, Guadalupe
Chacón, Rafael
Chacón [de Martorell], María
Chaffey College
Chancellorsville, battle of
Charleston, SC
Charlotte: burned in effigy
mocked in Spanish-language press in California
seeks aid in France
wife of Maximilian
Charros
Chávez, César
Chicano generation
Chicano movement
Chicanos/Latinos for Community Medicine
Chickamauga, battle of
Chihuahua, Mexico
Chihuahua state, Mexico
Chile
and Chincha Islands War
Chilean flag: displayed at Cinco de Mayo celebrations
displayed at Mexican Independence Day celebrations
Chilean immigrants: in California
in Native California Cavalry
in San Francisco
support Juarist cause in Mexico
Chilean Independence Day (September 18): celebrated in San Francisco
celebrated in Stockton
Chilean juntas
celebrate Chilean Independence Day
Central Managing Junta
fundraising
links with other juntas
locations of
philanthropy
Chincha Islands War
Chinese Camp, CA
junta in
Cholula, Mexico
Cienfuegos, Josefa
Cima, Juan
Cinco de Mayo holiday: academic study of
advertisements in newspapers
and Latino identity in California
celebration of in Hornitos, CA
celebration of in Los Angeles
celebration of in 1970s
celebration of in San Francisco
celebration of in Sonora, CA
celebration of in Virginia City, NV
created by Latinos in California in response to French Intervention and U.S Civil War
children’s roles in
comparisons with Mexican Independence Day
Chilean flag displayed at
comparisons with St. Patrick’s Day
control of celebrations changes hands
corporate sponsorship of celebrations
display of Mexican and United States flags at
during World War II
editorials on
first recorded celebration
George Washington invoked at
Grant invoked at
identity as an American holiday
institutional memory developed
juntas organize celebrations of
Lincoln’s memory invoked at
loss of memory of its origins
Mexico-centric themes
misunderstood as U.S. adaptation of Mexican holiday
not widely celebrated in Mexico
politics and
private celebrations of
sale of alcoholic beverages and
speeches
“summoning power” of
uncertainty over celebrating in 1863
Zaragoza’s memory invoked at
Civil rights movement
Civil War (U.S.). See United States Civil War
El Clamor Público (newspaper)
advertisements in
and Manuel Domínguez case
closes
correspondence in
editorials in
founded. See also Ramírez, Francisco P.
Clay Street, San Francisco
Clínica de la Raza, Oakland, CA
Club Patriótico Mejicano
Club Unionista Hispano-Americano de Lincoln y Johnson. See Hispanic-American Union Club of Lincoln and Johnson
Club Zaragoza: donations to the Mexican army
founded
fundraising
gendered language in bylaws
mutual aid society for Latina women
Coahuila state, Mexico
Cole, Cornelius
Colombia, United States of
immigrants from. See also New Grenada
Colorado (state)
Colorado River
Columbia, CA
Cinco de Mayo first celebrated in
Columbia University
College of Physicians and Surgeons
Comité Mexicano Cívico Patriótico de Los Angeles
Comité Mexicano de Festejos Cívicos
Comonfort, Ignacio
portrait displayed at Cinco de Mayo celebrations
Compañía Dramática del Liceo Mexicano (theatrical company)
Company A, 8th Regiment of Infantry (U.S.)
Company A, 1st Cavalry (U.S.)
Company A, Native California Cavalry (U.S.)
arrest Confederate sympathizers
deserters from
in Arizona Territory
mustered out
Company B, California Column (U.S.)
Company B, 1st Battalion of Mountaineers (U.S.)
Company B, Native California Cavalry (U.S.)
deserters from
in Arizona Territory
mustered out
pursue Mason and Henry gang
stationed at Camp Low
Company C, Native California Cavalry (U.S.)
mustered out
Company D, 1st Battalion of Veteran Infantry (U.S.)
Company D, Native California Cavalry (U.S.)
goes to Arizona Territory
mustered out
Company E, 1st Battalion of Mountaineers (U.S.)
Company I, 5th Regiment of Infantry (U.S.)
Confederate army
Confederate emigrants in Mexico
Confederate flag
Confederate outlaws: along U.S.–Mexican border
in California
Confederate States of America
defeated in Civil War
diplomatic overtures to France
diplomatic overtures to Britain
negotiations with Vidaurri
secede
Conservative Party (Mexico)
Constitution of Chilpancingo (Mexico)
Constitution of 1857 (Mexico)
Contra Costa County, CA
Contreras, Gregorio
Convention of London
Copperheads
equated with Confederates
Córdoba, Mexico
Coronado, Rafael
Coronel, Antonio F.
Coronel, Ygnacio
Corps Législative (French legislature)
Corral de Tierra, CA
Corwin, Thomas: U.S. ambassador to Mexico
Costa Rica
Cotton: and British textile industry
export embargoed by Confederacy
export embargoed by Union
Coulterville, CA
Le Courier de San Francisco (newspaper)
Covarrubias, José María
Covarrubias, Nicolás A.
Crabb, Henry A.
El Cronista (newspaper)
Cruz, C. L.
Cruz, Carlos
Cuba
revolution. See also Havana
Cuernavaca, Mexico
Cuevas, Amado
Culiacán, Mexico
“El Curioso” (pseudonym)
Curtis, James F.
Daily Herald and Mirror (newspaper)
The Dalles, OR: junta in
Daniel, John
Dashaway Hall, San Francisco
Dávila, Agustín
Dávila, Gerardo
Dávila, Pioquinto: background
member of Los Angeles Chilean junta
member of Los Angeles junta patriótica
participates in Cinco de Mayo celebrations
participates in Mexican Independence Day celebrations
Dávila, William
Davis, Jefferson
compared to Maximilian
rumors of attempted flight to Mexico
Day of the Dead (holiday)
DeCamp, E. A.
Declaration of Independence translated into Spanish
De la Colina, Rafael
De la Guerra, Antonio María
captain of Company C of Native California Cavalry
recruits for Native California Cavalry
De la Guerra, Pablo
Delano, CA: farm workers’ strike,
Delgado, Samuel
Del Valle, Reginaldo F.
award from the Liga Protectora Mexicana de California
background
political career
Del Valle, Ygnacio
Confederate sympathizer
friendship with Brent
friendship with Yndart
Democratic Press (newspaper)
Department of the Pacific (U.S. Army)
Derbec, Étienne, owner of L’Echo du Pacifique and El Éco del Pacífico
compensation for destruction of L’Echo’s presses
L’Echo’s presses destroyed
publishes Le Courier de San Francisco
support for French Intervention
supporter of the papacy
threatened by 1865 rioters
Día de los Muertos (holiday). See Day of the Dead
Díaz, José
Diocio de García, Donaciana
Division of the South (Mexican Army)
Doblado, Manuel: negotiates Preliminaries of Soledad
Mexican and U.S. flags displayed at memorial services for in California
Domingo, A.
Domínguez, Antonio J.
Domínguez, Frank
Domínguez, Justo
Domínguez, Manuel
Domínguez, Rafael (or Ralph J.)
Domínguez [de Orfila], María Antonia
Domínguez [de Watson], Dolores
Dorrego, Pedro C.
Las Dos Repúblicas (newspaper)
Downey, John G.: governor of California
raises troops for Union
Downieville, CA: junta in.
Dred Scott decision
Drum Barracks, CA. See Camp Drum, CA
Duarte, Nazario
Dupont Street, San Francisco
DuPy, Theodore J.
L’Echo du Pacifique (newspaper)
links to El Éco del Pacífico
presses destroyed
publication suppressed
supports French Intervention
supports Juarist and Union causes
El Éco del Pacífico (newspaper) (map)
articles reprinted in El Nuevo Mundo and La Voz de Méjico
correspondence in
editorials in
founded
links to L’Echo du Pacifique
opposes French Intervention
presses destroyed
publication suppressed
raises funds for Mexicans wounded in first battle of Puebla
rivalry with La Voz de Méjico
supports Confederate cause
supports French Intervention
survival of issues
Ecuador
immigrants from
Education in California:
bilingual
Eldredge, T. R.
Elfas, J.
El Fuerte, Mexico
Elizondo, José Buentello
El Mono Mine, CA
El Monte, CA
El Oso, CA
El Paso, TX
El Salvador: immigrants from
Emancipation Proclamation:
Confederate reaction to
published in Spanish translation
Emery, William
Empire State Restaurant
Escovedo, Coke
Espinosa, Guadalupe.
Espinoza, José
Estrella, Donato
La Estrella (newspaper). See Los Angeles Star (newspaper)
Estrella Company (theatrical company)
Estrella de Castillo, Amelia
Estrella de Chile (store)
La Estrella del Occidente (newspaper)
Eureka Theater (San Francisco)
European views of monarchy and republican government
Eyre, Edward E.
Fandango houses
Farragut, David
Federación de Clubes Zacatecanos
Federio, Andrés
Feliciana Mine, CA
Fierro, Felipe: letter to El Nuevo Mundo
member of San Francisco junta, 113
participates in Cinco de Mayo celebrations
president of Chilean Central Managing Junta
5th Regiment of Infantry (U.S.): part of California Column
Figueroa, Dionisia
Filibusters
association with slavery
term used for Confederates
Firearms: celebratory shooting of
First Battalion of Veteran Infantry (U.S.)
First Brigade of California Militia (U.S.)
1st Infantry of California Volunteers (U.S.)
1st Toluca Light Regiment (Mexico)
Fleury, Gerónimo
Flores, Gumersindo
Flores, J. Lino
Flores, Juan
Flores, Señor
Folsom Street wharf, San Francisco
Ford’s Theater, Washington, DC
Foreign Miners’ tax
resistance to
Forest Hill, CA: Chilean junta in
Forey, Elie-Frédéric
and siege and second battle of Puebla
Fort Fillmore, New Mexico Territory
Fort Guadalupe, Puebla, Mexico. See Guadalupe Hill, Puebla, Mexico: fort at.
Fort Humboldt, CA
Fort Jackson, LA, bombardment of
Fort Mason, Arizona Territory
Fort Mojave, Arizona Territory
Fort San Javier, Puebla, Mexico
Fort Santa Inés, Puebla, Mexico
Fort Sumter, SC: bombardment of
Fort Thorn, New Mexico Territory
Fort Yuma, Arizona Territory
Forty-Niners
4th Infantry (U.S.)
Fourth of July holiday
Fox, Louisa J.
Franklin, Benjamin
Freeman, M. J.
French Camp, CA: junta in
French Expeditionary Force
French Intervention in Mexico
begins
troop build-up
Fresno County, CA
“A friend of universal education” (pseudonym)
Fuentes, Señor
Fugitive Slave Act
Galindo, Matías
Gallardo, Aurelio
poetry by
Gamboa, J. A.
definition of term
Gándara, F.
Gándara, Manuel María
García, Apolinaria
García, Candelaria
García, María
García de Estrella, María de los Ángeles
García López Santaolalla, Agustín
García Morales, Governor
Garfias, Manuel
Gente de razón: definition of term
German Garden, Los Angeles
Gettysburg, battle of
Gettysburg Address
Gitchell, J. R.
Godoy, José A.: Mexican consul in San Francisco
gold discovered in California
Gold Rush. See California Gold Rush
Gonzáles, Francisco
Gonzáles, José E.
González, Gregorio: president of the Los Angeles junta
González, Gregorio, Jr.
González, Isabel
Gonzalez, Lilian Cook
González, Manuel
Gonzalez, Myrtle
González, Rafael H.: and founding of Placerville junta
reaction to Lincoln’s assassination
speech at Mexican Independence Day celebrations
speech at Cinco de Mayo celebrations
Gould, General: vice-chairman of the New England Soldiers’ Relief Association
Granizón, Carlos
Grant, Ulysses S
cheered at celebrations in Los Angeles
compared to Negrete
correspondence with Lee
criticism of after battle of Shiloh
invoked at Cinco de Mayo celebrations
portraits of
siege of Richmond
visited by Mariano G. Vallejo
Greaser Act
Greaser Gulch camp, CA
Greek Theater (Berkeley, CA)
Greene, Thomas Jefferson
Green Valley, CA: reaction to Lincoln’s assassination
Greenwood, CA
Greenwood Theater (Sonora, CA)
Griffin, John S.
Griswold del Castillo, Richard
Grizzly bear
as symbol of California
Guadalajara, Mexico
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of
contravention of its terms
formally ends Mexican-American War
transfers Mexican territory to the United States
Guadalupe Hill, Puebla, Mexico: fort at
Guadalupe Mine, CA: junta at
women’s junta at
Guanajuato, Mexico
Guanajuato [Mexico] Regenador (newspaper)
Guardia Hidalgo: Latino militia in Los Angeles
sponsors Cinco de Mayo ball in 1877
Guatemala
Guaymas, Mexico
Guerrero, Francisco, president of the Wilmington junta patriótica
Guerrero, Francisco de P. N.
Guerrero, J. D.
Guillén, Capt.
Guilman, Antonio
Guirado, Juan Francisco
brother-in-law of Downey
discharged from Native California Cavalry
enlists in Missouri cavalry regiment
first lieutenant of Company B, California Column
member of Jóvenes Hispano-Americanos
second lieutenant, Company D, Native California Cavalry
Guirado, Rafael
Guirado, Rafael C. (or Ralph C.)
Guirado [de Downey], María de Jesús
Gullimoque, NV: junta in
Los Gutiérrez, battle of
Guzmán, Andrés
Gwin, William McKendree
Haas, Lisbeth
Hall, Stuart
Half Moon Bay: junta in
Hamburger, M. A.
Haro, Jacinto
Harper’s Ferry, VA
Havana, Cuba
Havana El Siglo (newspaper)
Hayes, Benjamin I.
Hays, Eduardo (or Edward)
Henry, Jim (alias of Tom McCauley)
El Heraldo (newspaper)
El Heraldo de México (newspaper)
advertisements in
Hermosillo, Mexico
battle of
Hernández, Jesús
Hernández, J. M.
Herrera, Francisco
Herrera, Jesús
Herrera, Pedro María
Herrera, Susana
Hidalgo, Miguel: memory invoked in Cinco de Mayo celebrations
memory invoked in Mexican Independence Day celebrations
Higuera, J.
Hijar-Padrés colonial expedition
Hijos del pais. See Californios
Hill, Daniel A.
Hill, Ramón J.
background
elected to California State Assembly
political analysis for La Voz de Méjico
speeches
urges Latinos to vote for Lincoln in 1864
Hispanic-American Union Club of Lincoln and Johnson
Hispanisms in English
Hispano-Americanos, use of term
Holy Cross College (Worcester, MA)
Homestead Act of 1862
Honduras
Hornitos, CA
Atlantic American residents
Cinco de Mayo celebrations in
Copperheads in
first fraternal lodge in
founding of
junta in
junta provides legal aid
Latino militia in
shooting of Mexican flag
support for Lincoln’s reelection
U.S. and Mexican flags displayed at political rally in 1864
women’s junta in
Zaragoza mourned in
Hotel de la Aguila de Oro
Howard, Volney E.
Hubbard, Capt.
Huitzilopochtli
Hunter, Sherod
Hurd, Clayton A.
Hussmann, E.
Hussmann, H.
Ibarra, Filomeno
compares Cinco de Mayo to Mexican Independence Day
participates in Cinco de Mayo celebrations
participates in Mexican Independence Day celebrations
president of Los Angeles junta
speeches
The Iliad
Illyrien House (restaurant)
Immigration to California: Atlantic American
European
Latin American
post–Gold Rush
Instituto Patriótico (school)
Irish Club for Lincoln and Johnson
Islas, Jesús
Iturbide, Agustín de
sword of
Jackson, CA: Chilean junta in
Jackson Street, San Francisco
Jalisco state, Mexico
Janos, Mexico
Janssens, Agustín
“J.D.” (pseudonym)
Jefferson, Thomas
Jenny Lind, CA
Jewett, Tomás
Jiménez, Marcelino E.: captain of Company B, Native California Cavalry
leads arrest of Confederate sympathizers in Green Valley, CA
lieutenant of Company A Native California Cavalry
Jimeno, Porfirio
captain of Company B, Native California Cavalry
pursues deserters
J. M. Chapman (ship)
Jofre, J.
John L. Stephens (steamship)
Johnson, Andrew: vice-presidential candidate in 1864
portrait of (as president) displayed at Cinco de Mayo celebrations
Josephine (ship)
Jóvenes Hispano-Americanos
Juárez, Benito
and War of the Reform
anniversary of birth commemorated
attempts to negotiate with Triple Alliance
background
California juntas support his continuance in office in 1865
challenges Vidaurri’s loyalty
cheered at celebrations in Los Angeles
compared to Lincoln
execution of Maximilian and supporters
flees Mexico City in 1863
memory invoked at Cinco de Mayo celebrations
portraits of
postpones 1865 elections
president of Mexico
recognized as Mexican president by California Latinos
reelection controversy in 1865
statement of democratic ideals
suspends payment on Mexico’s foreign debt
temporary capitals
terms in office
Juárez, Cayetano
Juarist cause identified with Union cause
Judas: burned in effigy on Good Friday
burning as political satire
Junta Central Directiva. See Central Managing Junta
Juntas chilenas. See Chilean juntas
Junta Colonizadora de Sonora
juntas patrióticas: and justice for Latinos in California
and the Latino sword of honor
as source of demographic data
as communications network
Chileans in
composition of membership
contributions acknowledged by Mexican government
create public memory of first battle of Puebla
die out in early 20th century
do not celebrate Cinco de Mayo in 1863
estimated number of members
formation of
fundraising by
inclusiveness of
in Mexican California
inspired by first battle of Puebla
lists of donors to
locations of (map)
organize celebrations of Cinco de Mayo
organize celebrations of Mexican Independence Day
origins in Mexico
philanthropy
procedures for founding
provide leadership experience for Latinos
relationship with Spanish-language press in California
support Juárez’s continuation in office in 1865
support Juárez’s government against the French
tensions in
women as members
juntas patrióticas de señoras
founding of
fundraising by
locations of. See also Club Zaragoza
Jurado, Hipólito
Kays, James C.
KMQA-FM (radio station).
Korean War
Lafayette, CA: Union Club in
Lafayette Hotel, Los Angeles
Lafferty, John: lieutenant of Company B, Native California Cavalry
L.A. Fiesta Broadway.
La Golondrina Club
Lake Merritt, CA
Lamadrid, Francisco de
Lancha Plana, CA
Land Commission
Land Law of 1851
Laporte, CA
La Providencia (hacienda)
Lariats
Larra, Mariano José de
Las Cruces, New Mexico Territory
Latina women: demonstrations of support for Juarist cause
donate to Latino sword of honor
in business
married to Atlantic Americans
recognized for patriotism. See also Juntas patrióticas de señoras
Latino: use of term
Latino cavalry: from New Mexico Territory. See also Native California Cavalry
Latino Medical Student Association
Latino physicians
Latinos in California: and legal system
and Mexican presidential election of 1865
biculturalism
bilingualism
businesses
Civil War veterans
colonial race-based classifications of
Confederate sympathizers among
cultural development of
demography of
ethnic terms for
feelings towards Mexico
French sympathizers among
historiography of
identity of
immigration, waves of
in Korean War
in militias
in Union Army during Civil War
in Vietnam War
in World War I
in World War II
learn English
literacy of
majority support abolition of slavery
majority support Union cause in Civil War
marriage patterns
pan-Latino influences in California
political activity
prejudice against by Atlantic Americans
reactions to Atlantic American prejudice against them
reactions to Lincoln’s assassination
secondary migration within California
segregation
support Juárez’s government
support Lincoln’s reelection in 1864
volunteer to fight for Juárez’s government
Latino sword of honor
and death of Zaragoza
criticism of
description of
disposition of in Mexico
donations for
making of
lost
on public display
Rodríguez suggests making
sent to Mexico
use of term
“Latin-Yankee”
“Latin-Yanquí”
Laviaga, Pablo
Leal, Juan Nepomuceno: president of Marysville junta
Lee, Robert E.
correspondence with Grant
defends Richmond, VA, in 1862
invades Maryland
Seven Days Battles
surrenders at Appomattox
León, José
León, Juan
Leonard, J.F
Lewis, Charles
La Libertad (restaurant)
Liceo, Altagracia
Liga Protectora Mexicana de California
gives award to R. F. del Valle
organizes Cinco de Mayo event in 1919
Lincoln, Abraham
assassination of
cheered at Latino celebrations
compared to Juárez
Confederate sympathizers’ reactions to his assassination
election of in 1861
emancipation of the slaves
Gettysburg address
Latino reactions to his assassination
meets M. G. Vallejo
memorial services in California
memory invoked at Cinco de Mayo celebrations
memory invoked at Mexican Independence Day celebrations
portrait of
portrait displayed at Cinco de Mayo celebrations
praised in international press
reelected
reelection campaign of 1864
refuses to recognize Southern states’ secession
Lincoln and Johnson Club of Los Angeles
Lincoln Park, Los Angeles
London
López, Estanislao
López, F.
López, J.
López, José: Chilean immigrant
López, José, member of Los Angeles junta
López, José: president of the Los Angeles junta
López, José Antonio: private in Company D, Native California Cavalry
López, José Romualdo
López, Juan
López, Pedro
López, Santiago
Lorencez, Charles Ferdinand Latrille, count of
and first battle of Puebla
in political satire
Lorenzana, José
Loreto Hill, Puebla, Mexico: fort at
Los Angeles, CA
celebrates end of Civil War
celebrations of Cinco de Mayo
celebrations of Mexican Independence Day in
celebratory customs
Chilean junta in
Confederate sympathizers in
demographics
election rally in 1864
French sympathizers in
immigrants from Sonora state (Mexico) arrive in
in post–Civil War period
individual Latinos volunteer to fight for Juárez
militias in
Mexican immigrants reshape Cinco de Mayo holiday
Plaza
reactions to second battle of Puebla
religious observances
schools
second—eneration Latinos in
Spanish- language newspapers (see also El Clamor Público)
third-generation Latinos in
women’s junta in
Los Angeles El Amigo del Pueblo (newspaper)
editorials in
Los Angeles La Bandera Mejicana (newspaper)
Los Angeles County
elections in
enlistment for Native California Cavalry in
law and order in
Los Angeles County Board of Education
Los Angeles County Supervisors
Los Angeles La Crónica (newspaper): advertisements for Cinco de Mayo events
advertisements in
Los Angeles Fiesta Broadway
Los Angeles Guards
Los Angeles junta
and Latino volunteers to fight the French
Atlantic Americans in
before 1862
Californios in
ceases to function
celebrates Cinco de Mayo
celebrates Mexican Independence Day
composition of membership
Europeans in
formed
fundraising for Mexican army during French Intervention
Indians in
largest in CA
loses “summoning power” of Cinco de Mayo
members in later Latino civil rights organizations
offices of
reactions to second battle of Puebla
second-generation Latinos join
supports Juárez’s continuance in office in 1865
Los Angeles Lancers
Los Angeles News (newpaper)
Los Angeles Rifles
Los Angeles Star (newspaper)
correspondence in
Los Angeles State Normal School
Los Angeles Times
Los Pinos, New Mexico Territory
Lovett, William E.
Loya, J. de
Lummis, Charles
lynching
MacDowell, Irvin
dismissed from command after first battle of Bull Run
suppresses publication of L’Echo de Pacifique and El Éco del Pacífico
Madrid, Spain
Madrid La Democracia (newspaper)
Magdalena, Mexico
Main Street, Los Angeles
Malo, T. R.
Mancillas, Antonio
and Latino identity
and recruitment in U.S. to fight the French in Mexico
and Velázquez case
and volunteers from California to fight the French in Mexico
apology for Mexican-only invitation
compares Cinco de Mayo to Mexican Independence Day
congratulates Latinos on political activity
disapproves of newspaper American Flag
editor of La Voz de Méjico
editorial on Cinco de Mayo
identifies Union cause with Juarist cause
Mexican flags displayed in his offices
on Confederates
on Copperheads
on filibusters
on Latino brotherhood
on Mexican patriotism
on shooting of Mexican flag in Hornitos, CA
on slavery
publishes Declaration of Independence in Spanish
reports San Francisco riots in 1865
supports Juarist cause
supports Lincoln’s reelection
supports Union cause
urges boycott of French businesses
urges Latino U.S citizens to vote for Lincoln in 1864
Manzo de Cavazos, Francisca
Mare Island, CA (U.S. naval base)
María de Jesús
Mariposa, CA
Mariposa County, CA
Mariposa Creek, CA
Markleeville, CA: memorial services for Lincoln
Márquez, Leonardo
Martigez, Jesús
Martinez, CA: junta in
Union Club in
Martínez, J.
Martínez, José
Martínez, Nicolás
Martínez, Paz
Martínez, Ramón
Martorell, Juan Vicente
background
member of Hornitos junta
participates in Cinco de Mayo celebrations
Marysville, CA
election rally in 1864
junta formed
junta in
Latino militias in
Mexican Independence Day celebrated in
militias in
support for Union cause
women’s junta in
Marysville Appeal (newspaper)
Marysville Band
Marysville Mexican Lancers
Marysville Rifles
Marysville Union Guard
Mason, John
Massachusetts
Matamoros, Mexico
Matamoros de Izucar, Mexico
Matheson, Mr.
Maximilian
Alta California editorial on his downfall
and withdrawal of French troops from Mexico
burned in effigy in Contra Costa County
burned in effigy in Los Angeles
burned in effigy in San Francisco
captured at Querétaro
compared to Jefferson Davis
downfall
execution of
named emperor of Mexico
reactions to in California
reign
supporters of in California
welcomes Confederate emigrants
Maximiliano y la doctrina de Monroe (comedy)
Mayfield, CA
Mazatlan, Mexico
Mazón, Donaciano: president of Virginia City, NV, junta
reaction to Lincoln’s assassination
McCauley, Tom. See Henry, Jim
McClellan, George: Peninsula Campaign
presidential campaign of 1864
McCrellish, Frederick
McGinnis, E. T.
McLain, George P.
McLean, Mr.
Meade, George
Medián, Emiliano
Medrano, Rosa
Mejía, Braulio
Mejía, Tomás: captured at Querétaro
court-martialed and executed with Maximilian
La Mejicana (restaurant)
Meléndez, Marcos
Mellus, Francis
Melones, CA
Méndez, Vicente
Mendoza, Eligia
Merced River camp, CA
junta in
Merrimac (ironclad ship)
Mesilla, New Mexico Territory
Mestizo, definition of term
Metropolitan Theater (San Francisco)
Mexican-American War
Mexican Army
recruitment for in United States
Mexican-British relations
Mexican-Chilean relations
Mexican-Confederate relations
Mexican Congress
Mexican costume. See “Adelita” dress
charros
Mexican flag
design of
displayed at Cinco de Mayo celebrations
displayed at Mexican Independence Day celebrations
displayed at La Voz de Méjico’s offices
displayed with U.S. flag in U.S. election rallies in 1864. See also French Intervention in Mexico
“Mexican from the Hinterland” (pseudonym)
Mexican Home Town Associations
Mexican Independence Day (September 16): celebrated in Los Angeles
celebrated at New Almaden mine
celebrated in San Francisco
celebrated in Sonora, CA
comparisons with Cinco de Mayo holiday
display of Mexican and U.S. flags at
George Washington invoked at celebrations of
Giuseppe Garibaldi invoked at celebrations of
Juárez invoked at celebrations of
juntas organize celebrations of
Lincoln invoked at celebrations of
Miguel Hidalgo invoked at celebrations of
Simón Bolívar invoked at celebrations of
Zaragoza invoked at celebrations of
La Mexicanita (school)
Mexican Lancers. See Marysville Mexican Lancers
Mexican national anthem: sung at Cinco de Mayo celebrations
Mexican Patriotic Club (San Francisco). See San Francisco, junta in
Mexican Patriotic Club (Virginia City, NV). See Virginia City, NV, junta in
Mexican Revolution
Mexican-Spanish relations
Mexican-United States relations
Mexico: independence from Spain
bandits and partisans outside of
bishop of
Confederate newspaper in
French withdraw from
Mexican sword of honor for Zaragoza
news of first battle of Puebla reaches
newspapers
occupied by the French
Mexico City El Monitor (newspaper)
Milca, C. E.
Militias
bonds for
all-Atlantic American
all-French
all-Latino
Atlantic American and Latino
Latino militias’ connections with juntas
Latino militia members’ names rarely published
participate in Cinco de Mayo celebrations
participate in Mexican Independence Day celebrations
status of Latino militias in California
Minatitlan, Mexico
Minerva: as symbol of California
Miramón, Miguel: captured at Querétaro
court-martialed and executed with Maximilian
Mississippi
Mojica, Dolores
Mokelumne Hill, CA
Chilean junta in
Mokelumne River
Monitor (ironclad ship)
Monitor (newspaper)
El Monitor Republicano (newspaper)
Monroe Doctrine
Monroy, Joaquina
Montaño, A.
Monterey, CA
memorial services for Lincoln
Monterey County, CA
Monterrey, Mexico
Monterrey [Mexico] Ranchero (newspaper)
Montesinos, José
Montezuma
Montgomery Street, San Francisco
Mora, Ángel
Mora, Tomás
Moreno, José: confrontation with J. R. Pico
prefect of Altar and Magdalena, Mexico
threatens to attack Fort Mason
Moreno, Nicolás
Mormon Gulch, CA. See Tuttletown, CA
Mormons
Morning Call (newspaper)
Morning Post (newspaper)
Mott, Thomas D.
Mountain Meadows massacre
Mount Diablo, CA: junta in
Mulato, definition of term
Munday, Lt.
Muñoz, Sergio
Murillo, Martín
Murphy’s Camp, CA
Chilean junta in
musicians
mutualista
Nadeau Hall (Los Angeles)
Nahl, Charles Christian.
Nahl, Hugo.
Napa, CA: alleged Secessionists in
election rally in 1864
junta in
Napa County, CA
Napoleon III
and Confederacy
in political satire
motives for French Intervention
mentioned in Mexican poetry
replaces Lorencez with Forey
withdraws French forces from Mexico
Naranjo, Francisco
Native California Cavalry
and Confederate sympathizers
celebrate end of Civil War
deserters from
ethnic composition of
formed
mustered out
return to California
Navarro, Diego
Navarro, Ramón Gil: and Foreign Miners’ tax
compared to Grant
Nerio, Trinidad
Neva (ship)
Nevada
juntas in
Nevada City, CA: election rally in 1864
New Almaden, CA
celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in
celebrations of Mexican Independence Day in
Chilean junta in
French sympathizer in
junta formed
junta in
Latino militia in
memorial services for Lincoln
mercury mining in
“Spanishtown” in
support for Juarist cause
women’s junta in
New England Soldiers’ Relief Association
New Grenada. See also Colombia, United States of
Newmark, Harris
New Mexico Territory
California Column sent to
Confederates retreat from
links with California
occupied by Confederacy
transferred to United States by Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
New Orleans
New Orleans, battle of
New Orleans Crescent (newspaper)
New Orleans Delta (newspaper)
New San Pedro, CA. See Wilmington, CA
News Letter (newspaper)
newspapers: nature of in the nineteenth century
New Virginia Colony, Mexico
New York, state of
New York City
New York La Crónica (newspaper)
New York El Cronista (newspaper)
New York El Porvenir (newspaper)
New York Sanitary Commission of Volunteer Surgeons
New York Times
Niagara Falls, NY
Nicaragua
Nicholas I
No más mostrador (drama)
Noriega, María
Nuevo León state, Mexico
El Nuevo Mundo (newspaper)
and laws printed in Spanish
advertisements in
comments on El Éco del Pacífico articles
correspondence in
editorials
founded
identifies Juarist cause with Union cause
links with juntas
prints Declaration of Independence in Spanish
prints list of military captives taken at Querétaro
reports J. R. Pico detained in Mexico
reports Lincoln’s assassination
reports Maximilian’s execution
reports Union victory in Civil War
reprints Alta California’s editorial on Maximilian’s execution
reprints English-language newspaper articles in translation
rivalry with La Voz de Méjico
supports Juarist cause
supports Union cause. See also Ramírez, Francisco P.; Vigil, José María
Núñez, Ramón
Oakland, CA
Oaxaca, Mexico
Oaxaca state, Mexico
O’Brien, Michael
Occidental (newspaper)
Occidental College
Ochoa, Martina
“Ode to the Homeland” (poem)
Ogazón, Pedro
O’Horan, Tomás
“Old Brazilian” (pseudonym)
Olivas, B.
Olivas, F.
Olson, Culbert
Olvera Street, Los Angeles
La Opinión (newspaper)
Oregon
juntas in
Oregon (steamship)
Orendain, Hipólita
Orfila, Antonio
Orizaba, Mexico
Orizaba Proclamation
Orizaba (steamship)
Orosco y Castelo, Facundo
Oroville, CA: election rally in 1864
Ortega, Jesús González: and Mexican presidential election of 1865
brings relief troops to first battle of Puebla
chief justice of Mexican Supreme Court
defends Puebla during siege and second battle
monument to in Los Angeles
portrait displayed at Cinco de Mayo celebrations
surrenders Puebla
Ortega, Y.
Ortega [de Hill], Rafaela Sabina Luisa
Osburn, William B.
Osuna, Agapito
Pacheco, Romualdo: and Velázquez case
California state senator
California state treasurer
idea for Native California Cavalry
Pachecoville, CA
election rally in 1864
Pacific Navigation Company
Pacific Street, San Francisco
Páez, Adán
Páez, José
Páez, Josefa
Palmieri, Eddie
Panama
Paraguay
Paris, France
Payot, Henry
Peace Democrats. See Copperheads
Peninsula Campaign
Pérez, Antonio
Pérez, Antonio G.
Pérez, Ignacio I.
Peru
immigrants from
Peruvian flag: displayed at Cinco de Mayo celebrations
displayed at Mexican Independence Day celebrations
Pesqueira, Ignacio, governor of Sonora state, Mexicon
rejects Confederate demands
seeks refuge in United States
Petaluma, CA: memorial services for Lincoln
Phelps, T. G.
Philadelphia, PA
Philharmonic Hall, San Francisco
Pico, Andrés: asked to form Native California Cavalry
commander, 1st Brigade of California Militia
commands Californios’ company
Pico, José Ramón
captain of Company A, Native California Cavalry
confrontation with Moreno
major of Company A, Native California Cavalry
pursues deserters
recruits for Native California Cavalry
rumored detained in Mexico
uses own funds to equip Native California Cavalry
Pico, Juan
Pico, Pío, last Mexican governor of California:
participates in Los Angeles junta activities
Piedras Negras, Mexico
Pinole, CA: junta in
Pinto, Ismael
Placer County, CA
Placerville, CA
Chilean junta in
election rally in 1864
junta formed
junta in
memorial services for Lincoln
poder convocatorio. See Cinco de Mayo holiday, “summoning power” of
Polk, James K.
Pony Express
Pope, John
El Porvenir (newspaper)
Potomac River
Potts, A. W.
Preliminaries of Soledad
violation of
Presidential Guard (Mexico)
Prim, Juan: Spanish general
“Pronunciamiento de Orizaba.” See Orizaba Proclamation
property taxes, introduction of in California
Prudhomme, C. J.
Puebla [de los Ángeles], Mexico: bishop of
cathedral
declares allegiance to Juárez government
first battle of
first battle of as perceived by Latinos in California
French casualties at second battle of
historiography of first battle of
memory of first battle of
Mexican prisoners after second battle of
news of first battle of Puebla spreads in California
reactions in California to news of first battle
reactions in California to news of second battle
siege and second battle of
Puebla de Zaragoza. See Puebla [de los Ángeles]
Querétaro, Mexico
Quintero, Julián
racial classifications: in Latin America
in United States
Ramírez, Francisco: grandfather of Francisco P. Ramírez
Ramírez, Francisco P.
and English language
and ethnic terms for Latinos
and Manuel Domínguez case
and publication of laws in Spanish
and San Francisco junta membership dispute
background
Cinco de Mayo speeches
closes El Clamor Público
democratic ideals
early career as newspaperman
editor of El Nuevo Mundo
founds El Clamor Público
honorary member of Los Angeles Guards
identifies Juarist cause with Union cause
linguistic abilities
on Confederates
on education
on filibusters
on juntas
on Maximilian
on slavery
publishes Declaration of Independence in Spanish
relocates to Sonora state, Mexico
rivalry with Vega
role in juntas
state translator
supports Juarist cause
supports Union cause. See also El Clamor Público, El Nuevo Mundo
Ramírez, Juan María
Ramírez, Pascual
Ramírez, Ramón
Ramonet, Francisco G.
Ramos, José de la Cruz
Rancho El Chino, battle of
Rancho La Goleta, CA
Rancho Palos Verdes, CA
Rancho San Vicente, CA
Randall, A. G.
R. B. Gray and Co.
R. de Cuevas, Dolores de
Red Bluff, CA: junta in
Redona, José
lieutenant, Company D, Native California Cavalry
Redona, José S.
Reese River, NV: junta in
Rendón, Alejo
Rentería, José: co-editor of La Voz de Méjico
Rentería, José: Latino wounded and captured in Mexico
Republican Party
Restaurante Aguila de Oro, San Francisco
Restaurante Mejicano, San Francisco
Reyes, Juan
Richmond, VA
Confederate capital
siege of in 1864. See also Peninsula Campaign
Rifleros de Los Angeles
Rio Bravo
Rio Grande
Roblet: French bugler at first battle of Puebla
Rocha, Antonio
Rocky Mountains
Rodríguez, Manuel E.
cites articles on Civil War from international press
controversy over commemorating Zaragoza’s death
editor of La Voz de Méjico
editorial comments
editorial comments on juntas
editorial on Emancipation Proclamation
editorial on expected siege of Puebla in 1863
identifies Juarist cause with Union cause
on Cinco de Mayo celebrations
on Confederate sympathizers
on Confederates
on France
on Spanish language
president of San Francisco junta
recognizes patriotism of Latina women
reports first battle of Puebla
reports formation of juntas in California
reports reactions in California to first battle of Puebla
reports reactions in California to second battle of Puebla
reports second battle of Puebla
urges formation of junta in San Francisco. See also Latino sword of honor
Rodríguez, Petra
Rogers and Villalón, jewelers:
Rojas, José María
Rojo, Manuel Clemente
Romario, Rosario
Romero, Matías: meets with Lincoln
Mexican ambassador to the United States
Mexican foreign minister
and M. G. Vallejo’s visit to Washington, DC
Romo de Velasco, Refugio
Rosea, Antonio
Rough and Ready, CA
Ruiz, Alejo
Ruiz, José
Ruiz, Petra
Ruiz, Prudencia
Ruiz de Burton, María Ámparo
Russia
Russian Hill, San Francisco
Sacramento, CA
Chilean junta in
election rally in 1864
enlistment in U.S. armed forces at
junta formed
junta in
memorial services for Lincoln
Sáenz, Pedro
Salas, L.
Salazar, Ignacio
Salazar, Rodolfo
Saligny, Alphonse Dubois, count of
French ambassador to Mexico
in political satire
role in French Intervention
Salinas, Vidal
salsa music
Saltillo, Mexico: temporary headquarters of Juárez government
San Andreas, CA
junta in
memorial services for Lincoln in
San Andrés, CA. See San Andreas, CA
San Benito County, CA
San Blas, Mexico
Sánchez, Bernardino
Sánchez, D.
Sánchez, Francisco
Sánchez, George J.
Sánchez, José Antonio: recruits for Native California Cavalry
political activity
Sánchez, J. Ramón
Sánchez, Manuel
Sánchez, Tomás.
San Diego, CA: schools in
San Fernando, CA
San Fernando, pantheon of (Mexico)
San Francisco
Chilean central junta in
Chileans in
Chilean Independence Day celebrated in
Cinco de Mayo holiday celebrated in
demographics
English-language newspapers
enlistment for Juarist forces at
enlistment for Native California Cavalry in
enlistment for U.S. armed forces at
fires
French sympathizers in
international port of entry to California during Gold Rush
Latino militia in
Latino militia participates in 1864 election rally
Latino-owned businesses
memorial services for Lincoln
Mexican Independence Day celebrated in
Mexican women boycott French merchants
police
Presidio
riots following Lincoln’s assassination
schools
Spanish-language newspapers (see also: El Éco del Pacífico, La Voz de Méjico, and El Nuevo Mundo)
U.S. and Mexican flags displayed at political rally in 1864
U.S. armed forces stationed at
San Francisco Bay
San Francisco Bay Area
San Francisco Board of Education
San Francisco Bulletin (newspaper)
San Francisco College
San Francisco La Crónica
advertisements in
editorials
San Francisco Industrial Exhibition
San Francisco junta
composition of membership
dispute over membership
formed
participates in memorial services for Lincoln
supports Juárez’s continuance in office in 1865
San Gabriel, CA
mission
San Joaquin, CA
San Joaquin Valley, CA
San José, CA
enlistment for Native California Cavalry in
junta in
women’s junta in
Zaragoza mourned in
San Juan Bautista, CA
Chilean junta in
junta in
junta requests vote in 1865 Mexican presidential election for Mexican citizens resident in California
San Juan Capistrano, CA
San Leandro, CA
1864 election rally in
junta in
San Lorenzo, CA
San Luis Obispo, CA
junta formed
junta in
San Luis Obispo County, CA
San Luis Potosí, Mexico
San Martín Tesmelucan (church), Mexico
San Miguel Atlautla, Mexicon
San Pablo, CA: Chilean junta in
San Pascual, battle of
San Pedro, CA: port of
San Ramon, CA: Union Club in
San Salvador, El Salvador
Santa Ana, CA
junta in
Santa Barbara, CA
militia in
no junta during French Intervention
schools in
Presidio
support for Lincoln’s reelection
Santa Barbara County: elections in
enlistment for Native California Cavalry in
Santa Barbara County Court of Sessions
Santa Barbara La Gazeta (newspaper). See Santa Barbara Gazette
Santa Barbara Gazette (newspaper) (map)
Santa Barbara Guards
Santa Clara County, CA
Santa Cruz, José
Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz County), CA
Santa Cruz (Mariposa County), CA
Santana, Carlos
Santiago Canyon (CA)
Saragossa Guard. See Zaragoza Light Guard
Saturday Review (magazine)
Second Texas Rifles (C.S.A.)
Seferino
Sepúlveda, Juan [Capistrano]
captain of Los Angeles Lancers
treasurer of Wilmington junta
Sepúlveda, Juan María
Sepúlveda, Ralph
Sepúlveda, Ygnacio
captured at Querétaro and imprisoned
career
Confederate sympathizer
early release due to U.S. diplomatic intervention
French sympathizer
magistrate in Maximilan’s government
relationship with Brent
returns to Los Angeles
Sepúlveda [de Guirado], Ester
Sepúlveda [de Redona], María Fermina
Sepúlveda family
Seven Days Battles
Seward, William H.
Shasta, CA
Shiloh, battle of
Sibley, Henry H.
Sierra Nevada, CA (mountain range): foothills of
Sigala, Matías
Siglo XIX (newspaper)
Silva, Jesús
Silva, Manuel
Silva, María
Silvas, José Librado
Silver City, NV: junta in
Silvestre
Silvia, Francisco
Sinaloa state, Mexico
16th Artillery Battalion Band (U.S.)
Slaughter, General
slavery: abolition of in Latin America
abolition of in Mexico
Confederates secede to maintain it as an institution
in United States
Latinos support abolition of in the United States. See also Lincoln, Abraham, emancipation of the slaves
Smith, Bernardo
Sociedad Hispano-Americana: ceases to function
celebrates Cinco de Mayo in Los Angeles in 1910
foundation of
Sociedad Patriótica Chilena in New Almaden. See New Almaden, Chilean junta in
Sociedad Patriótica Mejicana. See San Francisco junta
Sociedad Voluntaria del 4 de Septiembre de 1861
Solano, Basilio
Solorzano, Pablo
“El sombrero blanco” (song)
Somosa, Agustín
Sonoma, CA
junta in
memorial services for Lincoln
Vallejo home in
Sonoma County, CA
Sonora, CA
Cinco de Mayo celebrations in
firemen take part in Mexican Independence Day celebrations
immigrants from Sonora state (Mexico) settle in
junta in
Latino militia in
Latino miners in
Latino-owned businesses
Mexican Independence Day celebrations in
Velázquez case
women’s junta in
Sonora desert
Sonora Restaurant
Sonora state, Mexico
attempted conquest by Walker
emigration to California from during Gold Rush
plans to relocate California Latinos to. See also Pesqueira, Ignacio
Sonora Union Democrat (newspaper)
Soto, Rosaura
Soto, Sancha
South Carolina
Southern Rifles
Spain
Spanish-American War
Spanish language: anglicisms in
in education
1864 presidential campaign in
in California
mandated publication of laws in
translations of Civil War news into
unifying factor in Latino culture
use of in business
Spanish-language media in California: advertisements for Cinco de Mayo events
advertisements in
and 1864 presidential election
and volunteers from California to fight the French in Mexico
anticipate second battle of Puebla
as communications medium
as advocate for Latino issues
as source for population data
as source for Latino cultural life
caution in discussing Latino militias
caution in discussing Latino volunteers going to fight in Mexico
circulation of
cite articles on Civil War from international press
correspondence in
editorials in
editorials on Cinco de Mayo
editorials on Civil War
editorials on French Intervention
editorial comments on reprinted articles in
ethnic terms for Latinos in
identify Juarist cause with Union cause
in early 20th century
in 1980s
influence
links with juntas
on Cinco de Mayo celebrations
on Jefferson Davis
on national morale
poetry published in
political analysis in
print dispatches
publication of laws in
quote Mexican newspapers
report Civil War
report filibustering
report first battle of Puebla
report reactions to first battle of Puebla
report reactions to second battle of Puebla
report second battle of Puebla
reprint articles from other newspapers
support democratic ideals
urge Latinos to vote in U.S. elections
use Associated Press articles in translation. See also El Amigo del Pueblo; El Clamor Público; El Éco del Pacífico; El Heraldo de México; Los Angeles La Crónica; Los Angeles Star; El Nuevo Mundo; La Opinión; San Francisco La Crónica; Santa Barbara Gazette; La Voz de Méjico
“Spanishtown”
at New Almaden, CA
Splivalo, Agustín G.: president of Hispanic-American Union Club of Lincoln and Johnson
Springfield, IL
squatters
Stanislaus, CA
Stanley, Edward
State of Maine (steamship)
Stearns, Abel
St. Mary’s College, Baltimore, MD
Stockton, CA
junta in
memorial services for Lincoln
Stockton Street, San Francisco
Stockton Times (newspaper)
El Sudamericano (newspaper) (map)
Sumner, Edwin V.
Sutter Creek, CA: Chilean junta in
The Synapse (newspaper)
Talamantes, José Dámas
Tapia, Francisco
Tapia, Santiago
Target (corporation)
Telegraph Hill, San Francisco
Tenochtitlan: legend of founding
Tepic, Mexico
Terpsichore Hall, San Francisco
Texas
occupied by Confederacy
Republic of
Third Street, Marysville, CA
3rd Toluca Light Regiment (Mexico)
Tienda Española (store)
Topolobampo, Mexico
Tostado, Luis A.
Trinidad
Triple Alliance
Tubac, Arizona Territory
Tucker and Co.
Tucson, Arizona Territory
Tujunga Pass, CA
Tuolumne County, CA
Tuolumne County Court
Tuolumne River
Turnverein Hall, San Francisco
Tuttletown, CA
Twist, W. W.
Ukiah, CA
“Un Californio” (pseudonym)
Union Brass Band of Los Angeles
Union cause identified with Juarist cause
Union Clubs
Union Franco-Américaine (newspaper)
Union Party. See Republican Party
Unionville, NV
United Farm Workers movement
United States armed forces
patrol San Francisco after 1865 riots
United States army band
United States Census, as source for population data
definition of “Hispanic”
list of Hispanic surnames
undercounts in
United States Civil War
begins
confusing news reports
early years of
national morale during
United States Constitution
United States flag
displayed at Cinco de Mayo celebrations
displayed with Mexican flag in U.S. election rallies in 1864
displayed at Mexican Independence Day celebrations
United States–French relations
United States neutrality laws during Civil War
United States Post Office
United States State Department
United States Supreme Court
United States War Department
University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Irvine
University of California, Los Angeles
University of California Medical Center, San Francisco
“Un Mejicano” (pseudonym)
Ureta de Berna, Juana
Urquides [de Guirado], Vicenta
Utah Territory
Utah War
Vaca, Estipula
Valdez, J.
Valdez, Julián
Valenzuela, Cesaria
Valenzuela [de Pico], Juana
Valle, Benito
Vallecito, CA
Chilean junta in
Vallejo, CA
Vallejo, Mariano Guadalupe
acquaintance with Grant
and juntas
commander of Mexican forces in California before 1848
concern for proper design of Mexican flag
continuing ties to Mexico
donates Mexican flag to La Voz de Méjico’s offices
meets Lincoln
patriotic U.S. citizen
trip to Mexico City
trip to Washington, DC
uses influence to have son Uladislao sent home
Vallejo, Platón: education
joins New York Sanitary Commission of Volunteer Surgeons
medical practice after the war
studies medicine at Columbia University
surgeon at Mare Island naval base
treats wounded during Civil War
Vallejo, Uladislao
and capture of Maximilian at Querétaro
captured and sent home ill
donates to Latino sword of honor
returns to Mexico with Vega
serves in Mexican army
serves in Presidential Guard (Mexico)
Vallejo family
donate to Latino sword of honor
Valles, Señor
Varela, Ygnacio
“Varios Mejicanos” (collective pseudonym)
Vega, Plácido: and juntas
and El Nuevo Mundo
and Velázquez case
as Juárez’s personal envoy to California
correspondence of
former governor of Sinaloa state
in San Francisco
returns to Mexico with arms and Californio volunteers
disputes with Ramírez
Velasco, M.
Velázquez, Ramón
Venezuela
Ventura, CA: election rally in 1864
French sympathizer in
Veracruz, Mexico
Vermeule, T. L.
Veytia, Justo
and Foreign Miners’ tax
arrival in California
“V.G.” (pseudonym)
Vidal, Gregorio
Vidaurri, Santiago: allies with Confederacy
captured in Mexico City
challenged by Juárez
editorial on
executed
flees to Texas
governor of Coahuilla and Nuevo León states
negotiations with Confederacy
plays Juárez’s government off against Confederacy
returns to Mexico
serves in Maximilian’s government
smuggling
Vietnam War
protests against
Vigil, José María
Cinco de Mayo speech
editor of El Nuevo Mundo
vigilantes
Vignes, Louis
Villagoy, Jesús
Villalobos, Señor
Villalón, Juan V.
Villalón, Señor
Villanueva de Williams, Jesús
Villegas, Señor
Virginia
Virginia City, NV
celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in
junta in
junta’s hall in
junta’s reaction to Lincoln’s assassination
Latinos volunteer to fight for Juarist cause
memorial services for Lincoln
women’s junta in
Visalia, CA
memorial services for Lincoln
Volante (ship)
La Voz de Chile (newspaper)
La Voz de Chile y de las Republicas Americanas (newspaper)
La Voz de México (newspaper)
advertisements in
and Mexican presidential election of 1865
and recruitment for Juarist forces
and Velázquez case
comments on El Éco del Pacífico articles
coordinates fundraising for Latino sword of honor
correspondence in
editorials
founded
links with juntas patrióticas
offices of
on Cinco de Mayo
prints Mexican government’s acknowledgments of juntas’ contributions
prints military dispatches
reports Civil War
publishes Emancipation Proclamation in Spanish
publishes Hill’s political analysis
reports first battle of Puebla
reports founding of Los Angeles women’s junta
reports irregularities in Central Managing Junta’s audit
reports Lincoln’s assassination
reports Lincoln’s reelection
reports Maximilian’s downfall
reports second battle of Puebla
reprints articles from Mexican newspapers
reprints editorial on Vidaurri
reprints English-language newspaper articles in translation
retracts Mexican-only invitation
rivalry with El Éco del Pacífico
rivalry with El Nuevo Mundo
supports Juarist cause
supports Lincoln’s reelection
supports Union cause. See also Mancillas, Antonio
Rodríguez, Manuel E
Waite, James Alonzo
Walker, William
Walton, John
Wansylvanin, María Ermita
War Democrats
War Department (U.S.)
War of the Reform
Warren, William C.
Washington, DC
Washington, George
memory invoked in Cinco de Mayo celebrations
portrait displayed at Cinco de Mayo celebrations
Washington District, Alameda County, CA
Washington (state)
Washington Street, San Francisco
Washington Times (newspaper)
Waterloo, battle of
Watson, James
Watsonville, CA
Weekly California Express (newspaper)
Wells Fargo
West End Hotel
West Point, CA
White House
Whittier, CA
Who Would Have Thought It? (novel)
Williams, Manuelita
background of
The Willows (amusement park)
Wilmington, CA
Californios in junta in
junta formed
junta in. See also Camp Drum
Wilmington Journal (newspaper)
Wilson, Carmelita
women’s juntas. See Juntas patrióticas de señoras
World War I
World War II
Wright, George C.
Wyke, Charles: British ambassador to Mexico
“X.C.” (pseudonym)
Yaqui Indians
in Native California Cavalry
Ybarra, Gerónimo
Ybarra, Ylario
Yndart, Ulpiano
Yorba, B. A.
Yreka, CA
junta in
Yuba County, CA
Zacatecas state, Mexico
Zaragoza, Ignacio
at first battle of Puebla
compared to Bolívar
compared to Washington
controversy over commemorating his death
death of
memory invoked at Cinco de Mayo celebrations
portraits of
posthumous tributes to
sword of honor made for him in Mexico. See also Latino sword of honor
“Zaragoza Anthem”
Zaragoza Light Guard
members of in Marysville junta
Zaragoza Restaurant
zouaves