Introduction
On definition, J. Riley-Smith, What Were the Crusades? (London; many edns since 1977); G. Constable, ‘The Historiography of the Crusades’, Crusaders and Crusading in the Twelfth Century (Farnham 2008); C. Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades (London 1998); idem, The Debate on the Crusades (Manchester 2011); on narratives, structures and analysis of the movement, C. Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (London 2006); idem, How to Plan a Crusade: Reason and Religious War in the High Middle Ages (London 2015); H. E. Mayer, The Crusades (Oxford 1988); N. Housley, Fighting for the Cross (London 2008); A. Jotischky, Crusading and the Crusader States (Harlow 2004); J. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History (London 1987 and edns to 2014); in addition on ideology, F. H. Russell, The Just War in the Middle Ages (Cambridge 1975); C. Erdmann, The Origin of the Idea of the Crusade, trans. from 1935 German original M. W. Baldwin and W. Goffart (Princeton 1977); on the legend of Charlemagne, M. Gabriele, An Empire of Memory (Oxford 2011); on crusade institutions, J. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Madison 1969); A. Bysted, The Crusade Indulgence: Spiritual Rewards and the Theology of the Crusades c. 1095–1216 (Leiden 2015); on Jews and the crusades, R. Chazan, European Jewry and the First Crusade (Berkeley 1987); idem, God, Humanity and History: The Hebrew First Crusade Narratives (Berkeley 2000); on women, S. Edgington and S. Lambert, Gendering the Crusades (New York 2002); N. Hodgson, Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative (Woodbridge 2007); on criticism, M. Aurell, Des chrétiens contre les croisades (Paros 2013); E. Siberry, Criticism of Crusading 1095–1274 (Oxford 1985); P. Throop, Criticism of the Crusades (Amsterdam 1940).
Chapter One
In general, see New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. IV, ed. D. Luscombe and J. Riley-Smith (Cambridge 2004). On Islam and the Near East, New Cambridge History of Islam, ed. M. Cook (Cambridge 2010); J. P. Berkey, The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East 600–1800 (Cambridge 2003); The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol. I: Islamic Egypt 640–1517, ed. C. F. Petry (Cambridge 1998); P. M. Cobb, The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades (Oxford 2014); C. Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh 1999); A. C. S. Peacock, Early Seljuk History: A New Interpretation (London 2010), and idem, The Great Seljuk Empire (Edinburgh 2015); on environment, R. Ellenblum, The Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean: Climate Change and the Decline of the East 950–1072 (Cambridge 2012); on trade, R. S Lopez and I. W. Raymond, Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World (New York 1955); E. Ashtor, Economic and Social History of the Near East in the Middle Ages (London 1976); S. Goitein, A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza (Berkeley 1967–88); P. Frankopan, The Silk Roads. A New History of the World (London 2015), chaps 7 and 8; R. D. Smith, ‘Calamity and Transition: Re-imagining Italian Trade in the Eleventh-Century Mediterranean’, Past and Present, 228 (2015), 14–56; on Spain, H. Kennedy, Muslim Spain and Portugal (London 1996); D. Wasserstein, The Caliphate on the West (Oxford 1993); idem, The Rise and Fall of the Party Kings: Politics and Society in Islamic Spain 1002–1086 (Princeton 1985); on Byzantium, Oxford History of Byzantium, ed. C. Mango (Oxford 2002); Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500–1492, ed. J. Shepard (Cambridge 2008); M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025–1204 (London 1984); K. Cigaar, Western Travellers to Constantinople: The West and Byzantium 962–1204 (Leiden 1996); P. Frankopan, The First Crusade: The Call from the East (London 2012); on the Normans in southern Italy, G. Loud, The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest (London 2000); on Fatimid influence on Norman Sicily, J. Johns, Arabic Administration in Norman Sicily (Cambridge 2002).
Chapter Two
The First Crusade was then and is now one of the most heavily studied episodes of European medieval history. The scholarly literature is commensurately vast. What follows is anglophone, general, and inevitably highly selective. On context and narrative, C. Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (London 2006). On the Muslim background and response, C. Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh 1999), and P. M. Cobb, The Race for Paradise (Oxford 2014). On the western European contribution, with the stress on piety, J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London 1986) and The First Crusaders 1095–1131 (Cambridge 1997). J. France’s essay ‘Patronage and the Appeal of the First Crusade’ on recruitment, Colin Morris’s on ‘Peter the Hermit and the Chroniclers’ and Jonathan Shepard’s ‘Cross-Purposes: Alexius Comnenus and the First Crusade’ in J. Phillips, ed., The First Crusade: Origins and Impact (Manchester 1997), provide important interrogations of the evidence. A distinctive take, emphasising the apocalyptic dimension, is J. Rubinstein, Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade and the Quest for the Apocalypse (New York 2011). A gallant attempt at material sociological analysis is C. Kostick, The Social Structure of the First Crusade (Leiden 2008). The best military account is J. France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade (Cambridge 1994). Planning is discussed in C. Tyerman, How to Plan a Crusade: Reason and Religious War in the High Middle Ages (London 2015). Some important insights into logistics are contained in the contributions in J. H. Pryor, ed., Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the Crusades (Aldershot 2006), and on contemporary attitudes and historiography in M. Bull and D. Kempf, Writing the Early Crusades: Text, Transmission and Memory (Woodbridge 2014). The Byzantine perspective is explored in P. Frankopan, The First Crusade: The Call from the East (London 2012), and using a wider lens, J. Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades (London 2003). For the 1096 anti-Jewish attacks, R. Chazan, European Jewry and the First Crusade (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1987). For the memorialisation of the First Crusade, N. L. Paul, To Follow in Their Footsteps (Ithaca, NY 2012).
Chapter Three
For overviews, apart from the general histories already cited, M. Barber, The Crusader States (London 2012); A. Jotischky, Crusading and the Crusader States (Harlow 2004). On the Jerusalem nobility, J. Riley-Smith, The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1174–1277 (London 1973); S. Tibble, Monarchy and Lordships in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099–1291 (Oxford 1989); H. E. Mayer, The Crusades (2nd edn Oxford 1988), and his many articles, e.g. ‘Studies in the History of Queen Melisende’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 26 (1972), 95–182. For Antioch, T. Asbridge, The Creation of the Principality of Antioch 1098–1130 (Woodbridge 2000); A. D. Buck, The Principality of Antioch and its Frontiers in the Twelfth Century (Woodbridge 2017); for Edessa, obliquely, C. MacEvitt, The Crusades and the Christian World of the East: Rough Tolerance (Philadelphia 2008); for Tripoli, K. J. Lewis, The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century (London 2017); see also N. Morton, The Field of Blood: The Battle for Aleppo and the Remaking of the Medieval Middle East (New York 2018). For the settlement debate, J. Prawer, Crusader Institutions (Oxford 1980) and The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (London 1972), and the major revision by R. Ellenblum, Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge 1998). B. Hamilton, The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church (London 1980), can be supplemented by Jotischky and MacEvitt above. For Muslim reactions, as well as C. Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh 1999), A. Mallett, Popular Muslim Reactions to the Franks in the Levant 1097–1291 (Farnham 2014). The cultural mix has been a theme of B. Z. Kedar, for example his collected papers The Franks in the Levant (Aldershot 1993). An indicative selection of papers may be found in East and West in the Crusader States, ed. K. Cigaar et al. (Louvain 1996); Occident et Proche Orient, ed. I. Draelants et al. (Louvain 2000); and The Crusades and the Near East: Cultural Histories, ed. C. Kostick (London 2011). For the most obvious symbol of Frankish power, H. Kennedy, Crusader Castles (Cambridge 1994), and R. Ellenblum, Crusader Castles and Modern Histories (Cambridge 2007). For art, J. Folda, The Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land 1098–1187 (Cambridge 1997). A usefully full bibliography can be found in Barber, Crusader States.
Chapter Four
As in Chapter Three, see M. Barber, The Crusader States (London 2012); A. Jotischky, Crusading and the Crusader States (Harlow 2004); C. Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (London 2006); P. M. Cobb, The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades (Oxford 2014). On the Military Orders, M. Barber, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge 1994); J. Riley-Smith, The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant c. 1070–1309 (Basingstoke 2012); A. Forey, The Military Orders from the Twelfth to the Fourteenth Centuries (Basingstoke 1992). On the Second Crusade, J. Phillips, Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom (New Haven and London 2007), but cf. A. Forey, ‘The Second Crusade: Scope and Objectives’, Durham University Journal, lxxxvi (1994), 165–75, and G. Loud, ‘Some Reflections on the Failure of the Second Crusade’, Crusades, 4 (2005), 1–14. On the Muslim ‘revival’ and unification, C. Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh 1999); P. M. Holt, The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517 (London 1986); N. Elisséef, ‘The Reaction of Syrian Muslims after the Foundation of the First Latin Kingdom’, Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria, ed. M. Shatzmiller (Leiden 1993), pp. 162–72, and Nur al-Din: Un grand prince musulman de Syrie au temps des croisades (Damascus 1967); and S. Humphreys, ‘Zengids, Ayyubids and Seljuks’, New Cambridge Medieval History, IV, ii, ed. D. Luscombe and J. Riley-Smith (Cambridge 2004), pp. 721–52; on Saladin, A.-M. Eddé, Saladin, trans. J. M. Todd (Cambridge, MA 2011); M. Lyons and D. Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War (Cambridge 1982); on Islamic thought, J. Berkey, The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800 (Cambridge 2003). On Outremer’s defence, H. Kennedy, Crusader Castles (Cambridge 1994); S. Tibble, Monarchy and Lordships in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099–1291, and the classic R. C. Smail, Crusading Warfare 1097–1193 (Cambridge 1956). For Outremer and the west, J. Phillips, Defenders of the Holy Land: Relations between the Latin East and the West 1119–1187, for a study in commitment; for memorialisation, N. Paul, To Follow in Their Footsteps (Ithaca, NY 2012), and C. Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusade (London 1998).
Chapter Five
Besides general works already cited, for Outremer politics pre-1187, B. Hamilton, The Leper King and His Heirs (Cambridge 2000); on Hattin, J. France, Hattin (Oxford 2015); for the chief players during the Third Crusade, M. Lyons and P. Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War (Cambridge 1982); A.-M. Eddé, Saladin (Cambridge, MA 2011); J. Gillingham, Richard I (London 1999); there is no modern scholarly work dedicated to the Third Crusade, but it is dealt with in previously cited general studies and now in part by J. D. Hosler, The Siege of Acre 1189–91 (London 2018); on planning, recruitment and logistics, C. Tyerman, How to Plan a Crusade: Reason and Religious War in the High Middle Ages (London 2015). On the development of the ideology and liturgy of the crusaders’ cross, see now M. C. Gaposchkin, Invisible Weapons: Liturgy and the Making of Crusade Ideology (Ithaca, NY 2017). On the remaking of the crusade, C. Tyerman, ‘Ehud’s Sharpened Sword’, God’s War (London 2006), pp. 477–500; on the German Crusade, G. Loud, ‘The German Crusade of 1197–98’, Crusades, 13 (2014), 143–71.
Chapter Six
On the Near East in the thirteenth century, P. M. Holt, The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century until 1517 (London 1986); C. Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh 1999), esp. chap. 4; R. S. Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193–1260 (Albany 1977); M. Chamberlain, ‘The Crusader Era and the Ayyubid Dynasty’, Cambridge History of Egypt, ed. C. F. Petry, vol. I (Cambridge 1998), R. S. Humphreys, ‘Ayyubids, Mamluks and the Latin East in the Thirteenth Century’, Mamluk Studies Review, 2 (1998); R. Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250–1382 (Carbondale 1986); N. Christie, Muslims and Crusaders (London 2014), chap. 7. On thirteenth-century eastern crusades, M. Angold, The Fourth Crusade (Harlow 2003); D. Queller and T. Madden, The Fourth Crusade (Philadelphia 1997); J. M. Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade 1213–1221 (Philadelphia 1986); M. Lower, The Barons’ Crusade (Philadelphia 2005); W. C. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade (Princeton 1979); P. Jackson, The Seventh Crusade (Aldershot 2007); C. Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (London 2006), chaps 15–17, 18, 19, 22–4. On the development of planning and logistics, C. Tyerman, How to Plan a Crusade: Reason and Religious War in the High Middle Ages (London 2015).
Chapter Seven
For accessible accounts of medieval Spain, A. MacKay, Spain in the Middle Ages: From Frontier to Empire 1000–1500 (London 1977); H. Kennedy, Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of Al-Andalus (London 1996); R. Fletcher, Moorish Spain (London 1992); B. Reilly, The Medieval Spains (Cambridge 1993); P. Linehan, Spain 1157–1300: A Partible Inheritance (Oxford 2008); and, for the later Middle Ages, J. N. Hillgarth, The Spanish Kingdoms 1250–1516 (Oxford 1976–8), and generally, N. Housley, The Later Crusades: From Lyons to Alcazar 1274–1580 (Oxford 1992), chaps 9 and 10. On the taifa period, D. Wasserstein, The Rise and Fall of the Party Kings (Princeton 1985); R. Fletcher, The Quest for El Cid (London 1990). On the Reconquest, B. Reilly, The Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain 1031–1157 (Cambridge 1992); J. F. O’Callaghan, Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain (Philadelphia 2003); and a classic teleological account by R. Menéndez Pidal, The Cid and His Spain (trans. London 1934, 1971 of España del Cid, Madrid 1929); but now cf. A. J. Kosto, ‘Reconquest, Renaissance and the Histories of Iberia c. 1000–1200’, European Transformations, ed. T. F. X. Noble and J. Van Eugen (Notre Dame 2012), pp. 93–116. On sources, P. Linehan, History and the Historians of Medieval Spain (Oxford 1993), and the useful collection of early Reconquest texts, The World of El Cid, ed. S. Barton and R. Fletcher (Manchester 2000). On papal bulls and ideology, J. Goñi Gaztambide, Historia de la bula de la cruzada en España (Vitoria 1958); J. Muldoon, Popes, Lawyers and Infidels (Liverpool 1979). A starting point for the Military Orders is A. Forey, The Military Orders (London 1992), pp. 23–32, and bibliography, pp. 253, 257, 258, 260; his article ‘The Military Orders and the Spanish Reconquest’, Traditio, 40 (1984). On wider perspectives, B. Kedar, Crusade and Mission: European Approaches Toward the Muslims (Princeton 1984); B. Catlos, The Victors and Vanquished: Christians and Muslims of Catalonia and Aragon (Cambridge 2004); F. Fernández-Armesto, Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonisation from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic 1229–1492 (London 1987).
Chapter Eight
The best introduction in English remains E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades (2nd edn London 1997); for background, B. and P. Sawyer, Medieval Scandinavia (Minneapolis 1993); for the wider context, R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe (London 1993). Narratives can be found in W. Urban’s quartet, The Livonian Crusade (Washington DC 1981); The Prussian Crusade (Lanham 1980); The Samogitian Crusade (Chicago 1989); The Baltic Crusade (2nd edn Chicago 1994). There has been a recent revival of interest in the Baltic crusades, not least from Scandinavian scholars, in numerous collections of essays, for example, Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier 1150–1500, ed. A. V. Murray (Aldershot 2001); Crusading and Chronicle Writing on the Medieval Baltic Frontier, ed. M. Tamm et al. (Farnham 2011). On conversion, N. Blomkvist, The Discovery of the Baltic (Leiden 2005). On papal policy, I. Fonnesberg-Schmidt, The Popes and the Baltic Crusades 1147–1254 (Leiden 2007). The ideological background is sketched by F. Lotter, ‘The Crusading Idea and the Conquest of the Region East of the Elbe’, Medieval Frontier Societies, ed. R. Bartlett and A. MacKay (Oxford 1989), pp. 267–306. For Denmark as a ‘crusading state’, the work of K. V. Jensen, esp. ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade: The Formation of a Crusader State?’, The Second Crusade, ed. J. Phillips and M. Hoch (Manchester 2001), pp. 164–79. On the Teutonic Knights, another W. Urban narrative, The Teutonic Knights (London 2003); more recent and scholarly, The Teutonic Order in Prussia and Livonia, ed. R. Czaja et al. (Cologne 2015); for their decadence, M. Burleigh, Prussian Society and the German Order (Cambridge 1984), and, generally, idem, ‘The Military Orders in the Baltic’, New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. V, ed. D. Abulafia (Cambridge 1999). S. Turnbull, The Crusader Castles of the Teutonic Knights (London 2003–4), has not entirely speculative illustrated reconstructions. The environmental context and consequences are being reassessed by field research currently being conducted under Professor Aleks Pluskowski of Reading University; see A. Pluskowski, The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade: Holy War and Colonisation (Abingdon 2013). For Baltic crusaders, W. Paravicini, Die Preussenreissen des europäischen Adels (Sigmaringen 1989–95); for English involvement, see T. Guard, Chivalry, Kingship and Crusade (Woodbridge 2013).
Chapter Nine
In general the work of N. Housley, The Italian Crusades (Oxford 1982); ‘Crusades against Christians’, Crusade and Settlement, ed. P. Edbury (Cardiff 1985); The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades (Oxford 1986); The Later Crusades (Oxford 1992), chap. 8; Religious Warfare in Europe 1400–1536 (Oxford 2002). On the papacy, R. Rist, The Papacy and Crusading in Europe 1198–1245 (London 2009). For political crusades, E. T. Kennan, ‘Innocent III and the First Political Crusade’, Traditio, XXVII (1971), and ‘Innocent III, Gregory IX and Political Crusades’, Reform and Authority in the Medieval and Reformation Church, ed. G. F. Lytle (Washington, DC 1981). For papal ideology, J. Riley-Smith, What Were the Crusades? (London 1992); J. R. Strayer, ‘The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century’, History of the Crusades, gen. ed. K. Setton, vol. II (Madison 1969). For different nuances, C. J. Tyerman, ‘The Holy Land and the Crusades of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries’, Crusade and Settlement, ed. P. Edbury (Cardiff 1985); The Invention of the Crusades (London 1998); God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (London 2006). On the Cathars and Albigensian crusades, M. Barber, The Cathars (London 2000), and, for a decent narrative, J. Sumption, The Albigensian Crusade (London 1978); for the vigorous arguments over Catharism, Cathars in Question, ed. A. Sennis (Woodbridge 2016). On criticism, see the contrasting P. Throop, Criticism of the Crusade (Amsterdam 1940), and the more apologist E. Siberry, Criticism of Crusading 1095–1274 (Oxford 1985), but now the robust M. Aurell, Des Chrétiens contre les croisades (Paris 2013), and H. E. Mayer, The Crusades, trans. J. Gillingham (Oxford 1988), pp. 320–1.
Chapter Ten
On Louis IX, J. Richard, St Louis: Crusader King of France, trans. J. Birrell (Cambridge 1992); J. Le Goff, St Louis (Paris 1996); M. C. Gaposchkin, The Making of St Louis (Ithaca, NY 2008); M. Lower, ‘Conversion and St Louis’ Last Crusade’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 58 (2007), 211–31, and The Tunis Crusade of 1270 (Oxford 2018); W. C. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade (Princeton 1979). On the crusades post-1274, S. Schein, Fideles Crucis: The Papacy, the West, and the Recovery of the Holy Land 1274–1314 (Oxford 1991); A. Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land (Aldershot 2000); C. Tyerman, The Practices of Crusading (Farnham 2013), articles I–V and IX; N. Housley, The Later Crusades (Oxford 1992), esp. chap. 1. Still useful, A. S. Atiya, The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages (London 1938); on Cyprus, P. W. Edbury, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades 1191–1374 (Cambridge 1991); on trade embargos, S. Stantchev, Spiritual Rationality: Papal Embargo as Cultural Practice (Oxford 2014); in general, K. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant (Philadelphia 1976), vol. I. On the Mongol context, P. Jackson, The Mongol and the West 1221–1410 (London 2005), and The Mongols and the Islamic World (London 2017).
Chapter Eleven
For the western crusade perspective, N. Housley’s The Later Crusades (Oxford 1992), Religious Warfare in Europe 1400–1536 (Oxford 2002) and Crusading and the Ottoman Threat (Oxford 2012) are crucial. Also useful are the collected essays he has edited, Crusading in the Fifteenth Century (Basingstoke 2004), Reconfiguring the Fifteenth-Century Crusade (Basingstoke 2017), and his edited Documents on the Later Crusades 1274–1588 (Basingstoke 1996). For a recent Pontic and Danubian perspective, A. Pilat and O. Cristea, The Ottoman Threat and Crusading on the Eastern Border of Christendom during the 15th Century (Leiden 2018). On papal policy, B. Weber, Lutter contre les Turcs: Les formes nouvelles de la croisade pontificale au xve siècle (Rome 2013), and on embargos, S. K. Stantchev, Spiritual Rationality: Papal Embargo as Cultural Practice (Oxford 2014); on Burgundy and the crusade, J. Paviot’s article in Crusading in the Fifteenth Century and his Les Ducs de Bourgogne, la croisade et l’Orient (fin de XIVe siècle–XVe siècle) (Paris 2003); on crusade liturgy, A. Linder, Raising Arms: Liturgy in the Struggle to Liberate Jerusalem in the Later Middle Ages (Turnhout 2003); on the end of the crusade, G. Poumarède, Pour finir avec la croisade (Paris 2004); on ideas and polemics, N. Bisaha, Creating East and West: Renaissance Humanists and the Ottoman Turks (Philadelphia 2004); J. Hankins, ‘Renaissance Crusaders’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 49 (1995), 111–207; C. Tyerman, The Debate on the Crusades (Manchester 2011), and God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (London 2006), chaps 25 and 26; now on Mézières, Philippe de Mézières and his Age, ed. R. Blumenfield-Kosinski and K. Petkov (Leiden 2011), and, as an example of his work, C. W. Coopland’s translation Letter to King Richard II (Liverpool 1975); on Burgundy, J. Paviot, Les ducs de Bourgogne, la croisade et l’Orient (Paris 2003); on the Ottomans, C. Kafadar, Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State (Berkeley 1995); C. Imber, The Ottoman Empire 1300–1650 (Basingstoke 2009), and his edited volume of documents, The Crusade of Varna 1443–45 (Aldershot 2006); for Byzantium, D. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium 1261–1453 (Cambridge 1983), J. Harris, The End of Byzantium (London 2010); in general, the pioneering A. S. Atiya, The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages (London 1938), is more than an antiquarian curio; on the Hospitallers of Rhodes, A. Luttrell, The Hospitallers of Rhodes and their Mediterranean World (Aldershot 1992).
Chapter Twelve
For details and some relevant discussion, N. Housley, The Later Crusades (Oxford 1992); Crusading and the Ottoman Threat 1453–1505 (Oxford 2012); essays in his edited volume Crusading in the Fifteenth Century (Basingstoke 2004); especially Religious Warfare in Europe 1400–1536 (Oxford 2002); and ‘Indulgences for Crusading 1417–1517’, in Promissory Notes on the Treasury of Merits, ed. R. Swanson (Leiden 2006); J. Goñi Gaztambide, Historia de la bula de la cruzada en España (Vitoria 1958); for factual details, K. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant 1204–1571 (Philadelphia 1976), which ranges beyond the eastern Mediterranean; J. Paviot, ed., Les projets de croisade. Géostrategie et diplomatie européen du XIVe au XVIIe siècle (Toulouse 2014); G. Poumarède, Pour finir avec la croisade. Mythes et réalités de la lutte contre les Turcs au XVIe et XVIIe siècles (Paris 2004); J. W. Bohnstedt, The Infidel Scourge of God: The Turkish Menace as Seen by German Pamphleteers of the Reformation Era (Philadelphia 1968); M. J. Heath, Crusading Commonplaces: La Noue, Lucinge and Rhetoric (Geneva 1986); for some early modern ideas, C. Tyerman, The Debate on the Crusades (Manchester 2011), chap. 2.
Chapter Thirteen
For crusades historiography, C. Tyerman, The Debate on the Crusades (Manchester 2011); G. Constable, ‘The Historiography of the Crusades’, in his Crusaders and Crusading in the Twelfth Century (Aldershot 2008); J. Richard, ‘National Feeling and the Legacy of the Crusades’, Palgrave Advances in the Crusades, ed. H. Nicholson (Basingstoke 2005); N. Housley, Contesting the Crusades (Oxford 2006); R. Ellenblum, Crusader Castles and Modern Histories (Cambridge 2007); for modern impact, E. Siberry, The New Crusaders (Aldershot 2000), and ‘Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’, Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, ed. J. Riley-Smith (Oxford 1995); on Jewish memory, R. Chazan, European Jewry and the First Crusade (London 1987); on Islam and the crusades, C. Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh 1999); E. Sivan ‘Modern Arab Historiography of the Crusades’, Asian and African Studies, 8 (1972); P. Cobb, The Race for Paradise (Oxford 2014); and now articles in Part IV, ‘Cultural Memory’, in Remembering the Crusades and Crusading, ed. M. Cassidy-Welch (London 2017).