Papacy
Gregory VII 1173–85
(Anti-pope Clement 1080–1100)
Victor III 1086–7
Urban II 1088–99
Paschal II 1099–1118
Gelasius II 1118–19
Calixtus II 1119–24
Honorius II 1124–30
Innocent II 1130–43
(Anti-pope Anacletus 1130–38)
Celestine II 1143–4
Lucius II 1144–5
Eugenius III 1145–53
Anastasius IV 1153–4
Hadrian IV 1154–9
Alexander III 1159–81
Lucius III 1181–5
Urban III 1185–7
Gregory VIII 1187
Clement III 1187–91
Celestine III 1191–8
Innocent III 1198–1216
Honorius III 1216–27
Gregory IX 1227–41
Celestine IV 1241
Innocent IV 1243–54
Alexander IV 1254–61
Urban IV 1261–4
Clement IV 1265–8
Gregory X 1271–6
Innocent V 1276
Hadrian V 1276
John XXI 1276–7
Nicholas III 1277–80
Martin IV 1281–5
Honorius IV 1285–7
Nicholas IV 1288–92
Celestine V 1294
Boniface VIII 1294–1303
Benedict XI 1303–4
Clement V 1305–14
John XXII 1316–34
Benedict XII 1334–42
Clement VI 1342–52
Innocent VI 1352–62
Urban V 1362–70
Gregory XI 1370–78
Urban VI 1378–89
(Avignon Clement VII 1378–94)
Boniface IX 1389–1404
(Avignon Benedict XIII 1394–1423)
Innocent VII 1404–6
Gregory XII 1406–15
Alexander V 1409–10
John XXIII 1410–15
Martin V 1417–31
Eugenius IV 1431–47
(Anti-pope Felix V 1439–49)
Nicholas V 1447–55
Calixtus III 1455–8
Pius II 1458–64
Paul II 1464–71
Sixtus IV 1471–84
Innocent VIII 1484–92
Alexander VI 1492–1503
Pius III 1503
Julius II 1503–13
Leo X 1513–21
Hadrian VI 1522–3
Clement VII 1523–34
Julius III 1550–55
Marcellus II 1555
Paul IV 1555–9
Germany
(*denotes also Holy Roman Emperor)
Henry IV* 1056–1106
Henry V* 1106–25
Lothar VII* 1125–37
Conrad III 1138–52
Frederick I* 1152–90
Henry VI* 1190–97
Philip of Swabia 1198–1208
Otto IV* 1198–1214
Frederick II* 1212–50
Conrad IV 1250–54
(Contested rule 1247–73)
Rudolf I 1273–91
Adolf of Nassau 1292–98
Albert I 1298–1308
Henry VII* 1308–13
Louis IV* 1314–47
Charles IV* 1346–78
Wenzel 1378–1400
Rupert 1400–10
Sigismund* 1410–37
Albert II (I of Hungary) 1438–9
Frederick III* 1440–93
Maximilian* 1493–1519
Charles V* 1519–55
Byzantine Empire
Alexius I 1081–1118
John II 1118–43
Manuel I 1143–80
Alexius II 1180–83
Andronicus I 1183–5
Isaac II 1185–95; 1203–4
Alexius III 1195–1203
Alexius IV 1203–4
Nicholas 1204
Alexius V 1204
Latin Empire of Constantinople:
Baldwin I 1204–5
Henry 1205–16
Peter of Courtenay 1217–18
Robert of Courtenay 1221–8
Baldwin II 1228–61
John of Brienne (co-emperor) 1231–7
Michael VIII 1261–82
Andronicus II 1282–1328
Andronicus III 1328–41
John V 1341–7, 1354–77, 1379–90, 1390–91
John VI 1347–54
Andronicus IV 1376–9
John VII 1390
Manuel II 1391–1425
John Vlll 1425–48
Constantine XI 1448–53
France
Philip I 1060–1108
Louis VI 1108–37
Louis VII 1137–80
Philip II 1180–1223
Louis VIII 1223–6
Louis IX 1226–70
Philip III 1270–85
Philip IV 1285–1314
Louis X 1314–16
John I 1316
Philip V 1316–22
Charles IV 1322–8
Philip VI 1328–50
John II 1350–64
Charles V 1364–80
Charles VI 1380–1422
Charles VII 1422–61
Louis XI 1461–83
Charles VIII 1483–98
Louis XII 1498–1515
Francis I 1515–47
William I 1066–87
William II 1087–1100
Henry I 1100–1135
Stephen 1135–54
Henry II 1154–89
Richard I 1189–99
John 1199–I2I6
Henry III 1216–72
Edward I 1272–1307
Edward ll 1307–27
Edward III 1327–77
Richard II 1377–99
Henry IV 1399–1413
Henry V 1413–22
Henry VI 1422–61
Edward IV 1461–70, 1471–83
Henry VI 1470–71
Edward V 1483
Richard III 1483–85
Henry VII 1485–1509
Henry VIII 1509–47
Edward VI 1547–53
Mary I 1553–8
Elizabeth I 1558–1603
Sicily
Roger I 1062–1101
Simon 1101–5
Roger II 1105–54
William I 1154–66
William II 1166–89
Tancred 1189–94
William III 1194
Henry I (VI of Germany) 1194–7
Frederick I (II of Germany) 1197–1250
Conrad I (IV of Germany) 1250–54
Conrad II (Conradin) 1254–8
Manfred 1258–66
Charles I 1266–85 (Naples only 1282–5)
Naples:
Charles II 1285–1309
Robert I 1309–43
Sicily:
Peter I (III of Aragon) 1282–5
James I (II of Aragon) 1285–96
Frederick II 1296–1337
(these kingdoms continued independent until the sixteenth century)
Castile
Ferdinand I 1036–65
Sancho II 1065–72
Alfonso VI 1072–1109
Urraca 1109–26
Alfonso VII 1126–57
Sancho III 1157–8
Alfonso VIII 1158–1214
Henry I 1214–17
Ferdinand III 1217–52
Alfonso X 1252–84
Sancho IV 1284–95
Ferdinand IV 1295–1312
Alfonso XI 1312–50
Peter I 1350–69
Henry II 1369–79
John I 1379–90
Henry III 1390–1406
John II 1406–54
Henry IV 1454–74
Isabella 1474–1504
Ferdinand V (II of Aragon) 1475–1516
as Spain:
Charles I (V of Germany) 1516–56
Philip II 1556–98
León
Ferdinand I 1037–65
Alfonso VI 1065–1109
(1109–57 as Castile)
Ferdinand II 1157–88
Alfonso IX 1188–1230
Ferdinand III 1230–52
(from 1252 as Castile)
Sancho I 1063–94
Peter I 1094–1104
Alfonso I 1104–34
Ramiro II 1134–7
Petronilla and Ramon Berenguer 1137–62
Alfonso II 1162–96
Peter II 1196–1213
James I 1213–76
Peter III 1276–85
Alfonso III 1285–91
James II 1291–1327
Alfonso IV 1327–36
Peter III 1336–87
John I 1387–96
Martin I 1396–1410
Ferdinand I 1412–16
Alfonso V 1416–58
John II 1458–79
Ferdinand II 1479–1516
(from 1516 as Castile/Spain)
Hungary
Ladislas I 1077–95
Coloman 1095–1116
Stephen II 1116–31
Bela II 1131–41
Geza II 1141–62
Stephen III 1162, 1163–72
Stephen IV 1162–3
Bela III 1172–96
Emeric 1196–1204
Ladislas II 1204–5
Andrew II 1205–35
Bela IV 1235–70
Stephen V 1270–72
Ladislas III 1272–90
Andrew III 1290–1301
Wenceslas III 1301–4
Otto of Bavaria 1304–8
Charles Robert 1308–42
Louis I 1342–82
Mary, 1382–6, 1386–7
Charles II 1385–6
Sigismund 1387–1437
Albert I 1438–9
Ladislas IV 1439–44
Ladislas V 1444–57
Matthias Corvinus 1458–90
Ladislas VI 1490–1516
Louis II 1516–26
Ottoman Empire
Osman d. 1326
Orkhan 1326–62
Murad I 1362–89
Bayezid I 1389–1402
(Interregnum civil wars 1403–13)
Mehmed I 1413–21
Murad II 1421–51
Mehmed II 1451–81
Bayezid II 1481–1512
Selim I 1512–20
Suleiman I 1520–66
Selim II 1566–74
Jerusalem
Godfrey of Bouillon 1099–1100
Baldwin I 1100–1118
Baldwin II 1118–31
Fulk 1131–43 and Melisende 1131–52
Baldwin III 1143–63
Amalric 1163–74
Baldwin IV 1174–85
Baldwin V 1185–6
Guy of Lusignan 1186–92; with his wife Sybil 1186–90, daughter of Amalric
Isabel I 1192–1205; with Conrad I 1192; Henry 1192–7; Aimery 1197–1205
Maria 1205–12
John of Brienne 1210–25
Isabel II 1212–28; with Frederick (II of Germany) 1225–8
Conrad II (IV of Germany) 1228–54
Conrad III (Conradin) 1254–68
Hugh I (III of Cyprus) 1268–84
John 1284–5
Henry I (II of Cyprus) 1285–1324
Bohemund 1098–1105
Tancred regent 1101–3, 1105–8; prince 1108–12
Roger of Salerno 1113–19
Baldwin II of Jerusalem 1119–26, 1130–1
Bohemund II 1126–30
Fulk of Jerusalem 1130–36
Raymond of Poitiers 1136–49
Constance 1149–53, 1161–3
Raynald of Châtillon 1153–61
Bohemund III 1163–1201
Bohemund IV 1201–16, 1219–33
Raymond Roupen 1216–19
Bohemund V 1233–52
Bohemund VI 1252–68
Tripoli
Raymond IV of Toulouse, I of Tripoli 1102–5
William-Jordan 1105–9
Bertrand 1109–12
Pons 1112–37
Raymond II 1137–52
Raymond III 1152–87
Bohemund IV of Antioch 1187–1233
Bohemund V 1233–52
Bohemund VI 1252–75
Bohemund VII 1275–87
Edessa
Baldwin I of Boulogne 1098–1100
Baldwin II of Le Bourcq 1100–18
Joscelin I of Courtenay 1119–31
Joscelin II 1131–50
(Joscelin III titular count 1150–88)
Valois dukes of Burgundy
Philip the Bold 1363–1404
John the Fearless 1404–19
Philip the Good 1419–67
Charles the Rash 1467–77