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Index
BOOK CONTENTS INTRODUCTION THE ANCIENT WORLD 700 BCE–250 CE
Everything is made of water • Thales of Miletus The Dao that can be told is not the eternal Dao • Laozi Number is the ruler of forms and ideas • Pythagoras Happy is he who has overcome his ego • Siddhartha Gautama Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles • Confucius Everything is flux • Heraclitus All is one • Parmenides Man is the measure of all things • Protagoras When one throws to me a peach, I return to him a plum • Mozi Nothing exists except atoms and empty space • Democritus and Leucippus The life which is unexamined is not worth living • Socrates Earthly knowledge is but shadow • Plato Truth resides in the world around us • Aristotle Death is nothing to us • Epicurus He has the most who is most content with the least • Diogenes of Sinope The goal of life is living in agreement with nature • Zeno of Citium
THE MEDIEVAL WORLD 250–1500
God is not the parent of evils • St. Augustine of Hippo God foresees our free thoughts and actions • Boethius The soul is distinct from the body • Avicenna Just by thinking about God we can know he exists • St. Anselm Philosophy and religion are not incompatible • Averroes God has no attributes • Moses Maimonides Don’t grieve. Anything you lose comes round in another form • Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi The universe has not always existed • Thomas Aquinas God is the not-other • Nikolaus von Kues To know nothing is the happiest life • Desiderius Erasmus
RENAISSANCE AND THE AGE OF REASON 1500–1750
The end justifies the means • Niccolò Machiavelli Fame and tranquillity can never be bedfellows • Michel de Montaigne Knowledge is power • Francis Bacon Man is a machine • Thomas Hobbes I think therefore I am • René Descartes Imagination decides everything • Blaise Pascal God is the cause of all things, which are in him • Benedictus Spinoza No man’s knowledge here can go beyond his experience • John Locke There are two kinds of truths: truths of reasoning and truths of fact • Gottfried Leibniz To be is to be perceived • George Berkeley
THE AGE OF REVOLUTION 1750–1900
Doubt is not a pleasant condition, but certainty is absurd • Voltaire Custom is the great guide of human life • David Hume Man was born free yet everywhere he is in chains • Jean-Jacques Rousseau Man is an animal that makes bargains • Adam Smith There are two worlds: our bodies and the external world • Immanuel Kant Society is indeed a contract • Edmund Burke The greatest happiness for the greatest number • Jeremy Bentham Mind has no gender • Mary Wollstonecraft What sort of philosophy one chooses depends on what sort of person one is • Johann Gottlieb Fichte About no subject is there less philosophizing than about philosophy • Friedrich Schlegel Reality is a historical process • Georg Hegel Every man takes the limits of his own field of vision for the limits of the world • Arthur Schopenhauer Theology is anthropology • Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach Over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign • John Stuart Mill Anxiety is the dizziness of freedom • Søren Kierkegaard The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles • Karl Marx Must the citizen ever resign his conscience to the legislator? • Henry David Thoreau Consider what effects things have • Charles Sanders Peirce Act as if what you do makes a difference • William James
THE MODERN WORLD 1900–1950
Man is something to be surpassed • Friedrich Nietzsche Men with self-confidence come and see and conquer • Ahad Ha’am Every message is made of signs • Ferdinand de Saussure Experience by itself is not science • Edmund Husserl Intuition goes in the very direction of life • Henri Bergson We only think when we are confronted with problems • John Dewey Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it • George Santayana It is only suffering that makes us persons • Miguel de Unamuno Believe in life • William du Bois The road to happiness lies in an organized diminution of work • Bertrand Russell Love is a bridge from poorer to richer knowledge • Max Scheler Only as an individual can man become a philosopher • Karl Jaspers Life is a series of collisions with the future • José Ortega y Gasset To philosophize, first one must confess • Hajime Tanabe The limits of my language are the limits of my world • Ludwig Wittgenstein We are ourselves the entities to be analyzed • Martin Heidegger The individual’s only true moral choice is through self-sacrifice for the community • Tetsuro Watsuji Logic is the last scientific ingredient of philosophy • Rudolf Carnap The only way of knowing a person is to love them without hope • Walter Benjamin That which is cannot be true • Herbert Marcuse History does not belong to us but we belong to it • Hans-Georg Gadamer In so far as a scientific statement speaks about reality, it must be falsifiable • Karl Popper Intelligence is a moral category • Theodor Adorno Existence precedes essence • Jean-Paul Sartre The banality of evil • Hannah Arendt Reason lives in language • Emmanuel Levinas In order to see the world we must break with our familiar acceptance of it • Maurice Merleau-Ponty Man is defined as a human being and woman as a female • Simone de Beauvoir Language is a social art • Willard Van Orman Quine The fundamental sense of freedom is freedom from chains • Isaiah Berlin Think like a mountain • Arne Naess Life will be lived all the better if it has no meaning • Albert Camus
CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY 1950–PRESENT
Language is a skin • Roland Barthes How would we manage without a culture? • Mary Midgley Normal science does not aim at novelties of fact or theory • Thomas Kuhn The principles of justice are chosen behind a veil of ignorance • John Rawls Art is a form of life • Richard Wollheim Anything goes • Paul Feyerabend Knowledge is produced to be sold • Jean-François Lyotard For the black man, there is only one destiny and it is white • Frantz Fanon Man is an invention of recent date • Michel Foucault If we choose, we can live in a world of comforting illusion • Noam Chomsky Society is dependent upon a criticism of its own traditions • Jürgen Habermas There is nothing outside of the text • Jacques Derrida There is nothing deep down inside us except what we have put there ourselves • Richard Rorty Every desire has a relation to madness • Luce Irigaray Every empire tells itself and the world that it is unlike all other empires • Edward Said Thought has always worked by opposition • Hélène Cixous Who plays God in present-day feminism? • Julia Kristeva Philosophy is not only a written enterprise • Henry Odera Oruka In suffering, the animals are our equals • Peter Singer All the best Marxist analyses are always analyses of a failure • Slavoj Žižek
DIRECTORY GLOSSARY CONTRIBUTORS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS COPYRIGHT
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