Democratizing Innovation (The MIT Press) by Hippel, Eric von -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Cover Halftitle Title Copyright Dedication Contents Acknowledgements Democratizing Innovation 1 Introduction and Overview

2 Development of Products by Lead Users

Many Users Innovate Lead User Theory Evidence of Innovation by Lead Users Innovation in Industrial Product User Firms Innovation in Libraries “Consumer” Innovation in Sports Communities Innovation among Hospital Surgeons Discussion

3 Why Many Users Want Custom Products

Heterogeneity of User Needs Evidence from Studies of User Innovation Evidence from Studies of Market Segmentation A Study of Heterogeneity and Willingness To Pay The Heterogeneity of Users’ Needs Willingness to Pay for Improvements Increased Satisfaction from Customization of Apache Discussion

4 Users’ Innovate-or-Buy Decisions

Users’ vs. Manufacturers’ Views of Innovation Opportunities Preferences Regarding Solutions Users’ Expectations Differing Legal and Regulatory Requirements Net Result An Illustrative Case Example: Installing Wiring in a Stressed-Skin Panel Example: Creating a Curved Panel Modeling Users’ Innovate-or-Buy Decisions Benefiting from the Innovation Process

5 Users’ Low-Cost Innovation Niches

The Problem-Solving Process Sticky Information How Information Asymmetries Affect User Innovation vs. Manufacturer Innovation Low-Cost Innovation Niches Discussion

6 Why Users Often Freely Reveal Their Innovations

Evidence of Free Revealing The Practical Case for Free Revealing Others Often Know Something Close to “Your” Secret Low Ability to Profit from Patenting Positive Incentives for Free Revealing Free Revealing and Reuse Implications for Theory

7 Innovation Communities

User Innovation Is Widely Distributed Innovation Communities Open Source Software Open Source Software Development Projects Development of Physical Products by Innovation Communities User-to-User Assistance

8 Adapting Policy to User Innovation

Social Welfare Effects of User Innovation User Innovation Improves Manufacturers’ Success Rates User Innovation and Provisioning Biases Public Policy Choices Intellectual Property Constraints on Product Modification Control over Distribution Channels R&D Subsidies and Tax Credits

9 Democratizing Innovation

The Trend toward Democratization Adapting to User-Centered Innovation—Like It or Not Manufacturers’ Roles in User-Centered Innovation Producing User-Developed Products Supplying Toolkits and/or Platform Products to Users Providing Complementary Products or Services Discussion

10 Application: Searching for Lead User Innovations

Searching for Lead Users Identifying Lead Users in Advanced Analog Fields Identifying Lead Users in Target Markets The 3M Experiment Methods Findings Discussion

11 Application: Toolkits for User Innovation and Custom Design

Benefits from Toolkits Repartitioning of Development Tasks The Functionality of Toolkits Learning through Trial and Error Appropriate Solution Spaces User-Friendly Tools Module Libraries Translating Users’ Designs for Production Discussion

12 Linking User Innovation to Other Phenomena and Fields

Information Communities The Economics of Knowledge National Competitive Advantage The Sociology of Technical Communities The Management of Product Development In Conclusion

Notes Bibliography Index