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Index
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Foreword to the eighth edition
Foreword: how paraoptometric assistants and optometry students can benefit from this textbook
Foreword: challenges for opticianary
Preface
List of contributors
List of reviewers
Acknowledgments
Dedication
Section One: Basic sciences
Chapter 1: Anatomy of the eye
Surface anatomy
Tear film
Cornea
Sclera
Uvea
Angle structures
Lens
Vitreous
Retina
Optic nerve
Visual pathway
Ocular muscles
Summary
Chapter 2: Physiology of the eye
Alignment of the eyes
Looking straight ahead (fixation)
Locking images (fusion)
Eye movements
Looking toward a close object
Seeing in depth
Focusing at near (accommodation)
Transparent pathway for light
Retinal images
Intraocular pressure
Tears
Color vision
Chapter 3: Optics
Physical optics
Geometric optics
Spherical aberration
Chromatic aberration
Cylinders
Transposition
Practical aspects of optics
Optical Illusions
Chapter 4: Pharmacology
General principles
Complications of locally administered drugs
Prescription writing
Autonomic drugs
Drugs that lower intraocular pressure
Anesthetics
Antiallergic and antiinflammatory agents
Contact lens solutions
Stains
Side effects of systemic medication
Chapter 5: Microbiology
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Other microbes
Clinical indications for smears and cultures
Taking smears
Making a stain
Specimen collection for culture
Other AIDS to identify organisms
Summary
Section Two: Clinical practice
Chapter 6: Office efficiency and public relations
How to make patients happy
The telephone
Scheduling appointments
Booking the arriving patient
The reception room
Running late
Making future appointments
Financing
Recall cards
Automated voice machines
Filing
Electronic Medical and Health Records
Office equipment
Personal qualities for improved office efficiency
Improving the patient experience through service recovery*
Secretarial duties
Handling the ophthalmologist’s schedule
Handling sales representatives
Handling mail
Medical ethics
In the physician’s absence
AIDS in public relations
Patient surveys
Publicity
Advertising
Summary
Chapter 7: History taking
Organization of a history
History procedure
General information
Chief complaint
History of present illness
Past health, medications and allergies
Family history
Tips in history taking
Summary
Chapter 8: Preliminary examination
Vision assessment
Measurement of glasses
Accommodation
Convergence
Color vision
Depth perception
External examination
Examination of the ocular muscles
Instillation of eye drops and ointment
Ophthalmoscopy
Visual fields
Summary
Chapter 9: Understanding ophthalmic equipment
Equipment Used for Refraction
Equipment Used to Detect Muscle Imbalance
Instruments Used to Determine Power of Lenses
Instruments Used to Examine the Interior of the Eye
Instruments Used to Study the Anterior Segment of the Eye
Instruments Used to Examine the Angle Structures of the Eye
Instruments Used to Assess the Cornea
Instruments Used to Determine Tear Flow
Instruments Used to Measure Intraocular Pressure (Tonometer)
Special Instruments
Computerized Corneal Topographic Analysis
Diagnostic Ultrasound: A-Scan and B-Scan
Radioactive Phosphorus
Electroretinography
Lasers
Summary
Chapter 10: Refractive errors and how to correct them
Emmetropia
Ametropia
Refractometry and refraction
Retinoscopy
Autorefractors*
Subjective refining of refraction
Anisometropia
Aphakia
When to refract after cataract surgery
Presbyopia
Complaints: how to anticipate them
Glass checks and how to handle them: 12 key points
Summary
Chapter 11: History of spectacles
Antiquity
The beginning
Early eye glasses
Rivet spectacles
Manufacture
The frame
Scissors spectacles and fork glasses
Single lenses and monocles
Spring spectacle frames
Temple pieces and curved earpieces
Lorgnettes
Goggles and sunglasses
Glasses in the far east
Summary
Chapter 12: Facts about glasses
History
Frames
Dispensing spectacle frames
Lenses
Production of prescription lenses
Care of glasses
Chapter 13: Rigid contact lenses: Basics
Development
Optics
How the corneal contact lens works
Terminology
Designs
Patient examination
Fitting corneal contact lenses
Evaluating contact lenses
Insertion and removal techniques
Care
Evaluating the fit
Adjustments
Problems associated with overwearing contact lenses
Uses
Summary
Chapter 14: Soft contact lenses
History of Hydrophilic Lenses
Advantages
Disadvantages
Patient Evaluation
Manufacture
Inventory Versus Diagnostic Lenses
Lens Inspection
Disinfection
Cleaning
Insertion and Removal Techniques
Taco Test
Precautions for Wear
Wearing Schedules
Thin and Ultrathin Lenses
Correction of Astigmatism
Medical Uses
Extended-Wear Lenses
Disposable Lenses
Innovations in Design
Contact Lenses in Industry
Special Occupations
Common Questions and Answers
Role of the Ophthalmic Assistant
Chapter 15: Advanced techniques in soft and rigid contact lens fitting
Abnormal symptoms and signs
Follow-up keratometry
Special lenses
Correction of high astigmatism
Role of corneal topography
Manufacturing and modification
Gas-permeable lenses
Hydrogel tinted contact lenses
Recommendations for selection of rigid or soft contact lenses
Chapter 16: Managing a contact lens practice
Patient management
Planning
Understanding your organization
Finances
Marketing
Advertising
Staff development
The contact lens practice staff
Office equipment and space
Ongoing care
Chapter 17: Visual fields
Preliminary procedures
Facilities for field testing
Confrontation test
Perimeters
Measuring a field on the perimeter
Charts
Special perimetric techniques
Normal visual field
Pathologic defects in the visual field
Contraction of the visual field
Hysterical visual field
Summary
Chapter 18: Automated visual field testing
Differences between manual and automated perimeters
Understanding threshold
Threshold testing
Frequency doubling (FDT)
Units of measure
Automated perimetry: basic rules of testing
Analysis software and printouts
Summary
Chapter 19: Ocular injuries
Diagnosis of ocular injury
Conjunctival and corneal foreign bodies
Intraocular foreign bodies
Contusion of the eyelids: black eye
Contusions of the globe
Penetrating eye injuries
Lacerations of the lids
Fractures of the orbit
Chemical injuries
Injuries caused by sports
Injuries caused by radiant energy
Prevention of traumatic injuries to the eye
First-aid care by the ophthalmic assistant
Computed tomography (CT) scans
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Chapter 20: The urgent case
Ocular emergencies
Urgent case: to be seen within the hour
Urgent case: to be seen the same day
Priority case: to be seen within days
Summary
Chapter 21: Common eye disorders
Conjunctiva
Cornea
Eyelids
Lacrimal apparatus
Chapter 22: Common retinal disorders
Retinal artery occlusion
Retinal vein occlusion
Diabetic retinopathy
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinopathy of prematurity
Retinoschisis
Retinal breaks
Retinal detachments
Central serous chorioretinopathy
Changes in the retina from concussion
Foreign body in the eye
Eclipse burns of the retina
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
Ocular manifestations of common SYSTEMIC diseases
Infectious diseases of the retina and choroid
Malignant melanoma
Fluorescein angiography
Chapter 23: Glaucoma
Classification
Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Primary Open-Angle or Chronic Glaucoma
Secondary Glaucoma
Congenital Glaucoma
Diagnosis
Treatment
Management of the Patient by the Ophthalmic Assistant
Summary
Chapter 24: Examination of the newborn, infant and small child
Approach to parent and child
Vision assessment
External examination
Instillation of eye drops
Refraction
Retina and optic nerve examination
Common pediatric disorders
Chapter 25: Maintenance of ophthalmic equipment and instruments
Applanation tonometer
Noncontact tonometer
Lensmeter
Keratometer
Slit-lamp biomicroscope
Phoropter (Fig. 25-4)
Projector
Section Three: Surgical techniques
Chapter 26: Aseptic technique and minor office surgery
Aseptic technique
Minor office surgery
Complications during and after office surgery
Summary
Chapter 27: The operative patient
Arrangements for the operation
Preparing the child and parent for surgery
Preparing the adult for major ocular surgery
Eye surgery
Types of anesthesia
Chapter 28: Highlights of ocular surgery
Strabismus surgery
Cataract surgery
Glaucoma surgery
Retinal detachment surgery
Vitreous surgery
Laser surgery
Corneal transplantation
Eyelid surgery
Pterygium removal
Dacryocystorhinostomy
Enucleation and evisceration
Eye dressings
Summary
Chapter 29: Assisting the surgeon
Bedside ophthalmic assistant
Operating room assistant
Amoric environment
Care and handling of surgical instruments
Operating room microscope
Ethical behavior of the ophthalmic assistant
Medicolegal tips
Chapter 30: Lasers in ophthalmology
Laser theory
Pumping and spontaneous emission
Stimulated emission
Types of lasers and their clinical use
Safety in the laser clinic
Future applications of laser technology
Chapter 31: Ambulatory surgery
Ambulatory surgery centers
Tips on medical / legal protection
Preparation for admission
Admission for surgery
Postoperative recovery
Summary
Chapter 32: Refractive surgery
Basic principles of refractive surgery
Photorefractive keratectomy, phototherapeutic keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis
Additional procedures
Surgery: patient selection, counseling and examination
Summary
Chapter 33: Corneal collagen cross linking in the management of ectatic diseases
Keratoconus
Pellucid marginal degeneration
Corneal ectasia post-lasik
Development of CXL
Basic research on safety of CXL
Technique of CXL
Contraindication to CXL
Clinical outcomes of CXL
Topographically linked ablation
Intrastromal corneal rings
Potential future advances in CXL
Summary
Chapter 34: Wavefront aberrations and custom ablation
Section Four: Ocular imaging
Chapter 35: Optical coherence tomography
The technician’s role
Normative databases
Progression analysis
Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration
Exudative age-related macular degeneration
Other macular abnormalities
Vitreomacular traction
Glaucoma
Keratoconus screening
Refractive surgery
Corneal pathologies
Summary
Chapter 36: Computerized corneal topography
Introduction and basics
Clinical uses
Corneal topography analysis in refractive surgery
Corneal topography and contact lens fitting
Keratoconus
Summary
Chapter 37: Specular microscopy
Specular microscope
Endothelial specular photomicrography
Chapter 38: Diagnostic ultrasound
General considerations and conventional ultrasound diagnoses
Ultrasound biomicroscopy
Section Five: Special procedures
Chapter 39: Ocular motility and binocular vision
Evaluation of strabismus
Retinal correspondence
Amblyopia
Eccentric fixation
Treatment of strabismus
Summary
Chapter 40: Ophthalmic photography
Photographic terms
Digital imaging
External photography
Photo slit-lamp biomicrography
Goniography
Endothelial specular photomicrography
Fundus photography
Fluorescein angiography
Video recording
Image presentation
Summary
Chapter 41: Visual aids for the partially sighted
Factor of age
Low-vision optical devices
Optical aids
Types of magnifying devices (Figs 41-2 to 41-5)
Lighting
Nonoptical visual aids
The partially sighted child
Selection of a visual aid
Section Six: Community ocular programs
Chapter 42: Blind persons in the modern world
Blindness defined
Partial sight and blindness
Recent vision loss
Total blindness
The blind child
Rehabilitation
Available aids
Chapter 43: Art and the eye
El Greco (1541–1614)
The eyes of the impressionists
CLAUDE Monet (1840–1926)
Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890)
Edgar Degas (1834–1917)
Camille Pissarro (1830–1903)
Mary Cassatt (1844–1926)
Summary
Dedication
Chapter 44: Reading problems in children
Whose problem is it?
Terminology
Act of reading
Types of slow readers
Characteristics of the child with a reading disability
Role of brain and eye dominance
Neurologic factors
Educational considerations
Problems at home
Conditions that are confused with a learning disability
Treatment
Clinical tests
Summary
Chapter 45: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Special situations
Final thoughts
Section Seven: Expanded roles in eye care delivery
Chapter 46: Computers in ophthalmic practice
Computer basics
Computer components
Computer tasks
Computer-controlled ophthalmologic equipment
Special ophthalmologic applications
Summary
Section Eight: Role of assistants in eye care
Chapter 47: Allied health personnel in ophthalmology
Clinical Roles for Ophthalmic Medical Personnel
Education of Ophthalmic Medical Personnel and the Certification Process
The Certification Process of Ophthalmic Medical Personnel
Government Recognition of Ophthalmic Training and Certification Programs
Recertification
Ophthalmic Medical Personnel Subspecialty Areas in the Jcahpo Family
Ophthalmic Medical Personnel Allied With Jcahpo
Independent Allied Health Personnel In Visual Science
The Future of Allied Health Personnel in Ophthalmology
Chapter 48: Ophthalmology ethics
Introduction
Informed consent
Confidentiality
Truth telling
Boundary issues
Multiculturalism
Vulnerable populations
Pediatric ethics
Futility
Medical error
Impaired physicians and ophthalmic professionals
Resource allocation
Research ethics
Innovation
Genetics ethics
Advertising
Fee splitting
Medical industry
Cosmetic surgery
Financial issues
Trainees in patient care
Resolution of ethical dilemmas
Chapter 49: Ophthalmic allied health personnel: scope of practice
Introduction
Allied health personnel
Defining scope of practice
Licensure and certification
Determining the scope of practice for ophthalmic assistants
Insurance risk and malpractice
Privacy practices
Ethics and scope of practice
Summary
Chapter 50: Testing of ophthalmic skills
Introduction
Certification examinations
Knowledge-Based examinations
Skill-Based examinations
Summary
Chapter 51: The development of ophthalmic assistants in North America
Introduction and History
Nature of the Work
Working Conditions
Chapter 52: Assisting in the international community and in the prevention of blindness
Introduction
VISION 2020
Latin America
Sub-Saharan Africa
North Africa and the Middle East
South and South-East Asia
Ophthalmic Assistants Elsewhere
Summary
Acknowledgments
Appendices
Glossary*
Supplementary resources
Index
Instructions for online access
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