The Swift Programming Language by Apple-Inc. -- Read -- Imperial Library of Trantor

Index

Welcome to Swift About Swift A Swift Tour

Simple Values Control Flow Functions and Closures Objects and Classes Enumerations and Structures Protocols and Extensions Generics

Language Guide The Basics

Constants and Variables Declaring Constants and Variables Type Annotations Naming Constants and Variables Printing Constants and Variables Comments Semicolons Integers Integer Bounds Int UInt Floating-Point Numbers Type Safety and Type Inference Numeric Literals Numeric Type Conversion Integer Conversion Integer and Floating-Point Conversion Type Aliases Booleans Tuples Optionals If Statements and Forced Unwrapping Optional Binding nil Implicitly Unwrapped Optionals Assertions Debugging with Assertions When to Use Assertions

Basic Operators

Terminology Assignment Operator Arithmetic Operators Remainder Operator Floating-Point Remainder Calculations Increment and Decrement Operators Unary Minus Operator Unary Plus Operator Compound Assignment Operators Comparison Operators Ternary Conditional Operator Range Operators Closed Range Operator Half-Closed Range Operator Logical Operators Logical NOT Operator Logical AND Operator Logical OR Operator Combining Logical Operators Explicit Parentheses

Strings and Characters

String Literals Initializing an Empty String String Mutability Strings Are Value Types Working with Characters Counting Characters Concatenating Strings and Characters String Interpolation Comparing Strings String Equality Prefix and Suffix Equality Uppercase and Lowercase Strings Unicode Unicode Terminology Unicode Representations of Strings UTF-8 UTF-16 Unicode Scalars

Collection Types

Arrays Array Type Shorthand Syntax Array Literals Accessing and Modifying an Array Iterating Over an Array Creating and Initializing an Array Dictionaries Dictionary Literals Accessing and Modifying a Dictionary Iterating Over a Dictionary Creating an Empty Dictionary Mutability of Collections

Control Flow

For Loops For-In For-Condition-Increment While Loops While Do-While Conditional Statements If Switch No Implicit Fallthrough Range Matching Tuples Value Bindings Where Control Transfer Statements Continue Break Break in a Loop Statement Break in a Switch Statement Fallthrough Labeled Statements

Functions

Defining and Calling Functions Function Parameters and Return Values Multiple Input Parameters Functions Without Parameters Functions Without Return Values Functions with Multiple Return Values Function Parameter Names External Parameter Names Shorthand External Parameter Names Default Parameter Values External Names for Parameters with Default Values Variadic Parameters Constant and Variable Parameters In-Out Parameters Function Types Using Function Types Function Types as Parameter Types Function Types as Return Types Nested Functions

Closures

Closure Expressions The Sort Function Closure Expression Syntax Inferring Type From Context Implicit Returns from Single-Expression Closures Shorthand Argument Names Operator Functions Trailing Closures Capturing Values Closures Are Reference Types

Enumerations

Enumeration Syntax Matching Enumeration Values with a Switch Statement Associated Values Raw Values

Classes and Structures

Comparing Classes and Structures Definition Syntax Class and Structure Instances Accessing Properties Memberwise Initializers for Structure Types Structures and Enumerations Are Value Types Classes Are Reference Types Identity Operators Pointers Choosing Between Classes and Structures Assignment and Copy Behavior for Collection Types Assignment and Copy Behavior for Dictionaries Assignment and Copy Behavior for Arrays Ensuring That an Array Is Unique Checking Whether Two Arrays Share the Same Elements Forcing a Copy of an Array

Properties

Stored Properties Stored Properties of Constant Structure Instances Lazy Stored Properties Stored Properties and Instance Variables Computed Properties Shorthand Setter Declaration Read-Only Computed Properties Property Observers Global and Local Variables Type Properties Type Property Syntax Querying and Setting Type Properties

Methods

Instance Methods Local and External Parameter Names for Methods Modifying External Parameter Name Behavior for Methods The self Property Modifying Value Types from Within Instance Methods Assigning to self Within a Mutating Method Type Methods

Subscripts

Subscript Syntax Subscript Usage Subscript Options

Inheritance

Defining a Base Class Subclassing Overriding Accessing Superclass Methods, Properties, and Subscripts Overriding Methods Overriding Properties Overriding Property Getters and Setters Overriding Property Observers Preventing Overrides

Initialization

Setting Initial Values for Stored Properties Initializers Default Property Values Customizing Initialization Initialization Parameters Local and External Parameter Names Optional Property Types Modifying Constant Properties During Initialization Default Initializers Memberwise Initializers for Structure Types Initializer Delegation for Value Types Class Inheritance and Initialization Designated Initializers and Convenience Initializers Initializer Chaining Two-Phase Initialization Initializer Inheritance and Overriding Automatic Initializer Inheritance Syntax for Designated and Convenience Initializers Designated and Convenience Initializers in Action Setting a Default Property Value with a Closure or Function

Deinitialization

How Deinitialization Works Deinitializers in Action

Automatic Reference Counting

How ARC Works ARC in Action Strong Reference Cycles Between Class Instances Resolving Strong Reference Cycles Between Class Instances Weak References Unowned References Unowned References and Implicitly Unwrapped Optional Properties Strong Reference Cycles for Closures Resolving Strong Reference Cycles for Closures Defining a Capture List Weak and Unowned References

Optional Chaining

Optional Chaining as an Alternative to Forced Unwrapping Defining Model Classes for Optional Chaining Calling Properties Through Optional Chaining Calling Methods Through Optional Chaining Calling Subscripts Through Optional Chaining Linking Multiple Levels of Chaining Chaining on Methods With Optional Return Values

Type Casting

Defining a Class Hierarchy for Type Casting Checking Type Downcasting Type Casting for Any and AnyObject AnyObject Any

Nested Types

Nested Types in Action Referring to Nested Types

Extensions

Extension Syntax Computed Properties Initializers Methods Mutating Instance Methods Subscripts Nested Types

Protocols

Protocol Syntax Property Requirements Method Requirements Mutating Method Requirements Protocols as Types Delegation Adding Protocol Conformance with an Extension Declaring Protocol Adoption with an Extension Collections of Protocol Types Protocol Inheritance Protocol Composition Checking for Protocol Conformance Optional Protocol Requirements

Generics

The Problem That Generics Solve Generic Functions Type Parameters Naming Type Parameters Generic Types Type Constraints Type Constraint Syntax Type Constraints in Action Associated Types Associated Types in Action Extending an Existing Type to Specify an Associated Type Where Clauses

Advanced Operators

Bitwise Operators Bitwise NOT Operator Bitwise AND Operator Bitwise OR Operator Bitwise XOR Operator Bitwise Left and Right Shift Operators Shifting Behavior for Unsigned Integers Shifting Behavior for Signed Integers Overflow Operators Value Overflow Value Underflow Division by Zero Precedence and Associativity Operator Functions Prefix and Postfix Operators Compound Assignment Operators Equivalence Operators Custom Operators Precedence and Associativity for Custom Infix Operators

Language Reference About the Language Reference

How to Read the Grammar

Lexical Structure

Whitespace and Comments Identifiers Keywords Literals Integer Literals Floating-Point Literals String Literals Operators

Types

Type Annotation Type Identifier Tuple Type Function Type Array Type Optional Type Implicitly Unwrapped Optional Type Protocol Composition Type Metatype Type Type Inheritance Clause Type Inference

Expressions

Prefix Expressions Binary Expressions Assignment Operator Ternary Conditional Operator Type-Casting Operators Primary Expressions Literal Expression Self Expression Superclass Expression Closure Expression Implicit Member Expression Parenthesized Expression Wildcard Expression Postfix Expressions Function Call Expression Initializer Expression Explicit Member Expression Postfix Self Expression Dynamic Type Expression Subscript Expression Forced-Value Expression Optional-Chaining Expression

Statements

Loop Statements For Statement For-In Statement While Statement Do-While Statement Branch Statements If Statement Switch Statement Switch Statements Must Be Exhaustive Execution Does Not Fall Through Cases Implicitly Labeled Statement Control Transfer Statements Break Statement Continue Statement Fallthrough Statement Return Statement

Declarations

Module Scope Code Blocks Import Declaration Constant Declaration Variable Declaration Stored Variables and Stored Variable Properties Computed Variables and Computed Properties Stored Variable Observers and Property Observers Class and Static Variable Properties Type Alias Declaration Function Declaration Parameter Names Special Kinds of Parameters Special Kinds of Methods Curried Functions and Methods Enumeration Declaration Enumerations with Cases of Any Type Enumerations with Raw Cases Values Accessing Enumeration Cases Structure Declaration Class Declaration Protocol Declaration Protocol Property Declaration Protocol Method Declaration Protocol Initializer Declaration Protocol Subscript Declaration Protocol Associated Type Declaration Initializer Declaration Deinitializer Declaration Extension Declaration Subscript Declaration Operator Declaration

Attributes

Declaration Attributes Declaration Attributes Used by Interface Builder Type Attributes

Patterns

Wildcard Pattern Identifier Pattern Value-Binding Pattern Tuple Pattern Enumeration Case Pattern Type-Casting Patterns Expression Pattern

Generic Parameters and Arguments

Generic Parameter Clause Where Clauses Generic Argument Clause

Summary of the Grammar

Statements Generic Parameters and Arguments Declarations Patterns Attributes Expressions Lexical Structure Types

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