accent discrimination, 78, 84, 94, 128; definition of, 167
Acuña, Rodolfo, and nationalism, 69
affirmative action, 130–135; and class, 119; critique of, 131–132; defense of, 132; definition of, 167; and white privilege, 91
African Americans: and environmental justice, 116–118; and home ownership, 116, 117, 119
Afrocentrism, definition of, 167
Aguilar v. Avis Rent a Car System, Inc., 106
Alfieri, Anthony, and stories in clinical lawyering, 53
Americanization, definition of, 167
amicus brief, definition of, 167
antiessentialism, 10–11; and Latinos, 93. See also essentialism/antiessentialism debate
anti-Semitism, definition of, 167
antisnitching campaigns, 62; definition of, 167
apartheid, definition of, 167
Arizona: and English only laws, 128–129; and high school ethnic studies programs, 68–69, 129; and laws against undocumented people, 129
Aryan race, definition of, 168
Asians: and critical legal theory, 3, 94–96; model minority stereotype, 94; and whiteness, 82
assimilation, 66–70; definition of, 168
aversive racism, definition of, 168
Avis. See Aguilar v. Avis Rent a Car System, Inc.
Aztlan, 69
Bakke, Alan, and affirmative action, 38, 131
barrio, definition of, 168
Bell, Derrick, xv, 4, 6, 9, 22–24, 35, 38, 45, 48, 68, 104, 108, 140
Bell Curve, The, and affirmative action, 131–132
bicultural education, definition of, 168
bilingualism, definition of, 168
binary paradigm of race: definition of, 168; historical harms of, 80–82. See also black-white binary
biological view of race, definition of, 168. See also race
biracial identity: definition of, 168. See also multiracial
birthright citizenship, definition of, 168
black exceptionalism. See exceptionalism
black judges, and racial injustice, 12, 46
Black Lives Matter, 124
Black Panthers, definition of, 168
black rage, definition of, 168
black-white binary, 77–84, 93; consequences of, 80–83; definition of, 169.
black women, and dilemma of intersectionality, 59–61
book banning, in Tucson school district, 68–69
Border Patrol, definition of, 169
borderlands, definition of, 169
box checking, 83. See also racial fraud
bracero programs, definition of, 169
broker class, definition of, 169. See also minority middle managers
Brown v. Board of Education, 9, 22–24, 29, 130
Buffalo Soldiers, 82
buying a car, 2
California, and Proposition 187, 82
campus speech codes, definition of, 169. See also hate speech
capitalism, 135–136; definition of, 169. See also class; economic democracy; hypercapitalism
Carbado, Devon, 6, 74, 106, 154
Carino v. University of Oklahoma, 84
categorical thinking: and identity, 140; and intersectionality, 58–64; and race, 21, 32–33, 79, 140–141; and whiteness, 85. See also black-white binary
Chicanos/Chicanas, definition of, 169
Chin, Vincent, 94
Chinese Exclusion Acts, 81; definition of, 169
citizenship, racial qualification for, 86–88
Civil Rights Acts, definition of, 169
civil rights discourse, and critical race theory, 3, 5–6. See also liberalism; rights
civil rights movement, definition of, 170
class, 106–107; and affirmative action, 133–135; definition of, 170; intersection of race and, 115–120; theory of, 115–116
classism, and beggar story, 19–20
classroom exercises, 35, 37, 70, 92, 109, 142, 160
coalition politics, 83–84; definition of, 170; and globalization, 117, 136–137
Cochran, Johnny, 53
cognitive dissonance, definition of, 170
Cold War, 23; definition of, 170
colonialism: definition of, 170; effect on globalization, 136; legacy of, 136–137
color blindness, 8–9; and affirmative action, 130–135; and the Constitution, 26; definition of, 170; and judging, 12, 26–28; and racial remedies, 26–28
color consciousness in judicial decisions, 26–28
color imagery, 85–86; definition of, 170
Commonwealth v. Local Union 542, International Union of Operating Engineers, 12, 46
conservative(s): and affirmative action, 131–132; agenda, 30; campaigns, 104, 114; definition of, backlash, 170
contradiction-closing cases, 38; definition of, 170
corrido, definition of, 171
countermajoritarianism, definition of, 171
counterstorytelling, 49–50; definition of, 171; power of, 50–53; about racial subordination, 48–49. See also legal storytelling and narrative
covering, 74
crime: defining, 120–121; white collar, 50, 121
criminal justice system, and minorities, 120–124
critical legal studies: and critical race theory, 5, 158; definition of, 171
critical race feminism, 96; definition of, 171
critical race masculinism, definition of, 171
critical race theory: and activism, 8, 105–106; and affirmative action, 119–120; and charge of anti-Semitism, 103; and class, 115–120; and color blindness, 27–28; and conservative campaigns, 104, 114; and context, 65; and critical legal studies, 5; criticism of, 102–109; and critique of merit, 103–104, 132–135; definition of, 3, 171; and economic democracy, 108; in education, 7, 173; and empirical analysis, 142–144; and ethnic studies, 6; and feminism, 5; front-burner issues of, 114–140; future of, 152–161; and identity, 106–108, 140–142; and interest convergence, 20–24; internal critique of, 104–108; and legal indeterminacy, 5; and legal storytelling, 44–54; and liberalism, 5, 6, 22, 26–31, 64–65; and material determinism, 20–24, 81–82; and nationalism, 67–69; origins of, xv–xvii, 3–4; and philosophy, 8; principal figures in, 6–7; and racial realism, 20–24; relations within, 106–108, 140–142; and relationship to previous movements, 5–6; and relevance outside U.S., 108–109; and revisionist history, 25–26; and social construction of race, 9, 21; spin-off movements of, 3–4, 7–8; and spread to other countries, 8, 108–109; and structural determinism, 31–39; tenets of, 8–11; themes of, 19–39; and theory, 105–106
critical white studies, 85–92
critique of liberalism. See liberalism, critique of
critique of merit. See merit, critique of
critique of rights. See rights, critique of
cultural defense, definition of, 171
culture of poverty. See poverty
cummings, andré, 7
cumulative voting, 139; definition of, 171. See also voting
darkness, associated with evil, 86
Dawes Act, 81
deconstruction, definition of, 171
Delgado, Richard, xv, 4, 26, 50, 102, 157
deportation, definition of, 172
desegregation, definition of, 172
determinism, definition of, 172. See also material determinism; structural determinism
differend, 51–52
differential racialization, 9–10, 74–80; definition of, 172. See also racialization
discourse, definition of, 172
discrimination: accent, 78, 84, 94, 128, 167; definition of, 172; difficulty of intersectional claim of, 59–63; failure of colorblind programs to redress, 65, 119–122; housing, 115–116, 117; and legal storytelling, 50–51; proxy, 93; reverse, 91, 183; statistical, 121; workplace, 59–62, 106, 144, 185. See also oppression
disenfranchisement, definition of, 172; felon, 124, 139, 155. See also voting
diversity, definition of, 172
double consciousness, 46, definition of, 172
double minorities, 65
dreamers, 93; definition of, 172
Driver, Justin, 108
driving while black, definition of, 173. See also racial profiling
Du Bois, W. E. B., and double consciousness, 46
Dudziak, Mary, 23–24
economic democracy, 108, 156. See also class
economic determinism. See material determinism
education, critical race theory in: definition of, 173; development of, 7
empathic fallacy, 33–35; definition of, 173
empathy, 33–35, 48; and sentencing, 35
empirical analysis, and racial oppression, 142–144
employment discrimination. See discrimination: workplace; Title VII
English-only movement: definition of, 173; statutes, 128–129
environmental justice movement, 116–118
epithets, definition of, 173. See also hate speech; racial insults
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), definition of, 173
Equal Protection Clause, 130; definition of, 173
equality, colorblind, 8
erasure, definition of, 173
essentialism, 63–64; definition of, 173
essentialism/antiessentialism debate, 63–66. See also antiessentialism
ethnicity, definition of, 174
eugenics, definition of, 174
Eurocentrism, definition of, 174
European Americans, and whiteness, 88–89
“everything must change at once,” 91
exceptionalism: black, 79; and coalitions, 83; definition of, 174
exclusion of minority scholarship, 102–103
false consciousness, definition of, 174
Farber, Daniel, and critique of critical race theory, 54, 102–104
farmworkers’ movement, definition of, 174
feminism, and critical race theory, 5. See also critical race feminism
First Amendment: definition of, 174; and speech rights, 29, 106, 125–126, 128–129
formal equality, definition of, 174
Fourteenth Amendment, definition of, 174
Gallo. See People ex rel. Joan Gallo v. Acuna
gangs, 121–122
gay bashing, definition of, 174
gay/lesbian (LGBT) or queer legal theory, 96–97, definition of, 175
Gertner, Judge Nancy, 123
globalization, 135–137; and possibility of worldwide worker coalitions, 136–137
Gómez, Laura, 6
Gotanda, Neil, 6
greaser, definition of, 175. See also hate speech
green card, definition of, 175
Greene County boot camp, 28
Grutter v. Bollinger, 131, 135, 143
Harlan, Justice John: and the Chinese, 82; and dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson, 26–27, 130
Harvard Law School, xv
hate crime, definition of, 175
hate speech, 33–34, 125–128; and Aguilar v. Avis Rent a Car System, Inc., 106; and campus climate, 127; definition of, 175; on the Internet, 127–128; jurisprudence in Canada, 125–126; and Monteiro v. Tempe Union High School District, 38–39; remedies for, 125–126; and Taylor v. Metzger, 26, 80, 126–127; and Words That Wound, 26
hegemony, 46–47; definition of, 175
heterosexism, definition of, 175
Higginbotham, Judge Leon, 12, 46
hip-hop theory: and criminal law, 124; definition of, 175
Hirabayashi v. United States, 93–94
hiring quotas, definition of, 175
Hispanic, definition of, 175
homeostasis, and law reform, 38
homophobia, definition of, 175
hydra, two-headed, of race, 90
hypercapitalism, 108, 136. See also capitalism
hypodescent, definition of, 175
idealists: and identity, 140–142; and social construction of race, 9, 21; and strategies for law reform, 25–26
identity, 10–11, 107–108, 140–142; definition of, 176
ideology, definition of, 176
illegal alien, definition of, 176
immigrant analogy, definition of, 176
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), definition of, 176
immigration: activism, 93; enforcement, 129; law and policy, 86–88, 137–138; and probable cause laws, 93; reform, definition of, 176; and whiteness, 86–89
imperialism, definition of, 176
Implicit Association Test (IAT), 13; use of, 143
implicit bias, 13, 143–144; definition of, 176
indeterminacy, legal, 5; definition of, 176
Indian Appropriation Act, 81
Indian removal, definition of, 176
indigenous movements: and people’s rights, 3; and resistance to hypercapitalism, 136–137
initiative process, definition of, 176
integration, definition of, 177
interest convergence, 9, 20–24, 48; critique of, 108; definition of, 177; and demographic shift, 154; and Derrick Bell, 22–24, 108
internal colonialism, 69; definition of, 177; and location of biohazards, 116
internment, definition of, 177. See also Japanese Americans
interracial. See multiracial
intersectionality, 10–11, 58–63, 96; and claims for discrimination, 59–61; definition of, 177; of race and poverty, 119; and women’s studies, 159
Japanese Americans: internment of, 83, 94–95; and reparations, 95; and whiteness requirement for citizenship, 86–88
Jersey Heights Neighborhood Ass’n v. Glendening, 117–118
Jim Crow laws, definition of, 177
Johnson, Kevin, 6
Johnson, Lyndon (Pres.), 131
judicial review, definition of, 177
jury nullification, 122; definition of, 177
Kang, Jerry, 6
Kennedy, Randall, and critique of critical race theory, 102–103; response to, by critical race scholars, 103
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 130
Korematsu v. United States, and NAACP, 83
Ku Klux Klan, definition of, 177
Kuhn, Thomas, 51
language rights, 125–129
LatCrit theory, 3, 93; definition of, 178
Latino/a critical legal theory. See LatCrit theory
Latinos/Latinas: and black-white binary, 78, 82, 93; definition of, 178; and identity, 141; issues, 92–93; and nationalism, 68–69; and nativism, 93
law reform: and counterstorying, 48; and homeostasis, 38; idealist strategies for, 25–26, 140–141; and legal research tools, 32–33; materialist strategies for, 25, 140, 141
Lawrence, Charles, 6, 106, 157
lawyering for social change, 36–37
legal concepts and categories, 32–33
legal doctrine, definition of, 178
legal realism, 126; definition of, 178
legal research tools, as hindrances to law reform, 32–33
legal storytelling and narrative, 11, 44–54; in court, 52–53; critique of, 53–54; definition of, 178; interpretations of, 44–45; power of, 50–53; use of, 45–46, 50–51. See also counterstorytelling; narratives and narrative theory
legitimacy, definition of, 178
lesbian legal theory. See gay/lesbian (LGBT) or queer legal theory
Levit, Nancy, 7
LGBT legal theory. See gay/lesbian (LGBT) or queer legal theory
liberalism: critique of, 22, 26–31, 64–65; definition of, 178
look-to-the-bottom strategy, 27
López, Gerald, 7
López, Ian Haney. See Haney López, Ian
Lowell High School (San Francisco, Calif.), and admissions, 83
LSAT (Law School Admissions Test), 132, 135, 143; and stereotype threat, 142–143
Lyotard, Jean-François, 51–52
majoritarianism, definition of, 178
Manifest Destiny, definition of, 178
maquiladoras, 136; definition of, 178
marketplace of ideas, definition of, 179
Martinez, George, 51
Marxism, definition of, 179
material determinism, 9, 20–24, 81. See also interest convergence
materialists: and nationalism, 67–68; and revisionist history, 25; and strategies for law reform, 25, 140, 141; and white self-interest, 21–22
Matsuda, Mari, xv, 6, 106, 127, 157
McIntosh, Peggy, and white privilege, 90
melting pot, definition of, 179
merit: critique of, 103–104, 132–135; definition of, 179
mestizos/mestizas, definition of, 179
Mexican Americans: effect of U.S. war with Mexico on, 81; and other white policy, 82, 83
microaggressions, 1–3, 144; definition of, 179
Middle Easterners, 4, 115; stereotypes of, 10, 52
migrant worker, definition of, 179
mindset, 50, 77; definition of, 179
minority middle managers, 83, 154–155. See also broker class
miscegenation, definition of, 179
mixed race. See multiracial
model minority myth, 94; definition of, 179
Monteiro v. Tempe Union High School District, 38–39
Montoya, Margaret, 6
multiculturalism, definition of, 179
multiple consciousness, 63; definition of, 179
multiracial: and the Census, 71–72, 93, 141; definition of, category, 180; definition of, person, 180; identity, 71–72, 141, 152–153
Muslims, animus against, 4, 24, 82, 115
NAACP: and Korematsu v. United States, 83; Legal Defense Fund and Brown, 22
NAFTA, 136; definition of, 180
narratives and narrative theory, 34–35, 44–54; in court, 52–53; and the differend, 51–52; and mindset, 50. See also legal storytelling and narrative
nationalism, 66–70; black, 66–68; definition of, 180; Latino, 68–69
nativism, 93; definition of, 180
naturalization: definition of, 180; and race cases, 86–89
negrophobe, definition of, 180
neocolonialism, definition of, 180
nomos, and narrative theory, 49
normative, definition of, 180
Obama, Barack (Pres.), xix, 24, 26, 30, 51, 89, 104
one-drop rule, definition of, 180
Onwuachi-Willig, Angela, 6
Operation Wetback, definition of, 180
oppression: economic, 13, 107–108, 136; hydra of, 90; and implicit bias, 144; and intersectionality, 58–59; and social change, 63–64; and social dominance theory, 144; and stereotype threat, 142–143; and voice of color, 11. See also discrimination
Ozawa. See Takao Ozawa v. United States
paradigm, 51; black-white, 77–84; definition of, 181
passing, 69; definition of, 181
patriarchy, definition of, 181
People ex rel. Joan Gallo v. Acuna, 121–122
performative identity, 74, 162–163
perspectivalism: definition of, 181; and intersectionality, 62; and white transparency, 91
plenary power doctrine, and immigration, 137; definition of, 181
Plessy v. Ferguson, 26–27, 82, 130
police and policing, 120–121, 129; and community relations, 124; and probable cause laws, 93; racial profiling, 121–122
politics of identification, 62
politics of respectability, 62
populist movement, definition of, 181
Posner, Judge Richard: and critique of legal storytelling, 54; and paradigm shifts, 51; and racial preferences, 28
postcolonial studies, and globalization, 137
postmodernism, definition of, 181
postracial, 26, 30, 104, 115; definition of, 181
poststructuralism, definition of, 181
poverty, 115–120; intersection of race and, 119
power: and demographic shift, 152–161; between lawyer and client, 52–53; and shape of knowledge, 77–97
prejudice, definition of, 181
principle of involuntary sacrifice, definition of, 181
prisons and prison building, 123–124
privilege, definition of, 182
profiling, definition of, 182. See also driving while black; racial profiling
property interest in whiteness, 86; definition of, 182
public-private distinction, definition of, 182
push-pull theory of migration, definition of, 182
queer-crit. See gay/lesbian (LGBT) or queer legal theory
race, 49; biological view of, 168; and black-white binary, 77–84; and body image, 142; and class, 115–120; definition of, 182; intersection of, and poverty, 119; social construction of, 9, 21, 184; traitor, definition of, 182
racial depiction. See stereotype(s)
racial epithets. See hate speech
racial fraud and box checking, definition of, 182. See also box checking
racial insults, 26, 80; and emotional distress, 80, 126–127. See also hate speech
racial profiling, 121, 122–123
racial progress and retrenchment, 81–84
racial realism, 20–24; definition of, 183. See also interest convergence
racial reform: and conservatives, 30–31; strategies for, 25–26, 64–66
racialization, definition of, 182. See also differential racialization
racism: and beggar story, 19–20; color-blind remedies for, 8–9, 26–28; definition of, 183; and innocence, 91–92; kinds of, 31–32; and microaggressions, 1–3, 144; ordinariness of, 8; quantity of, 11–13
realists. See materialists; racial realism
reasonable racist, definition of, 183
Reconstruction, definition of, 183
redistricting, definition of, 183
redlining, definition of, 183
Regents of University of California v. Bakke. See Bakke, Alan
reparations, 52; definition of, 183
restrictive covenants, definition of, 183
reverse discrimination, 91; definition of, 183. See also affirmative action
revisionist history, 25–26; definition of, 183
rights: critique of, 28–30, definition of, 171
Rosen, Jeffrey, and critique of critical race theory, 53
Ross, Tom, 7
Ruiz v. Hall, 128–129
rule of law, definition of, 183
Samaha v. Wash. St. Dept. of Tran., 144
Sander, Richard, and critique of affirmative action, 133
SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test), 116, 132
segregation, definition of, 184
sentencing guidelines, 123–124
separate but equal, 130; definition of, 184
separatism, definition of, 184. See also nationalism
serving two masters, 36–37
Shelby County v. Holder, 139–140
Sherry, Suzanna, and critique of critical race theory, 55, 102–104
Sidanius, Jim, and social dominance theory, 144
silencing: cure for, 50–52, 66; definition of, 184
Simpson, O. J., verdict, 53
social construction of race. See race: social construction of
social dominance theory, 144
social justice. See racial reform
social well-being of minority groups, 12–13
standardized testing: and class, 116; critique of, 116, 132–133
standing, definition of, 184
State v. Buggs, 49
status quo, definition of, 184
Steele, Claude, and stereotype threat, 142–143
stereotype(s): definition of, 184; of racial groups, 10, 34, 52
stereotype threat, 142–143; definition of, 184
stigmatization, definition of, 184
stock stories: about African Americans, 47; definition of, 184. See also legal storytelling and narrative
stories and storytelling. See legal storytelling and narrative
structural determinism, 31–39; definition of, 184
subordination, definition of, 185
sweatshop, 136; definition of, 185
Takao Ozawa v. United States, 87–88
Taylor v. Metzger, 26, 80, 126–127
Tea Party movement, 89
terra nullius, definition of, 185
three-strikes-and-you’re-out case, 122–123
Title VII, definition of, 185
Trail of Tears, definition of, 185
transparency: definition of, 185; of whiteness, 91–92
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 93
triangulation, politics of, 115
tribal sovereignty, definition of, 185
triumphalism, critique of, 5
Tucson, Arizona: Latino studies program banned, 68–69
Tushnet, Mark, and critique of legal storytelling, 54
unconscious racism, definition of, 185
undocumented worker, definition of, 185
United Nations, and index of social wellbeing, 13
United States: demographics of, xix, 152–153; effect of economic downturn on minorities in, 114–115; immigration policy of, 137–138; and war with Mexico, 80
United States of America v. Leviner, 123
University of California at Berkeley, and admissions, 84
University of California at Davis Medical School, and affirmative action, 131
University of Chicago, xiii–xv
U.S. Department of Justice, and school desegregation, 23–24
U.S. Department of State, and race relations, 23
Valdes, Francisco, 6
vigilante, definition of, 185
Virginia v. Black, 160
voice: of color, 11, 102; definition of, 186
voting, 139–140; cumulative, 139; and felon disenfranchisement, 124, 139, 155; and stringent requirements, 140
WASP, definition of, 186
Weinstein, Judge Jack B., and empathy, 35
welfare, 118
White, Lucy, and stories in clinical lawyering, 53
white privilege, 89–91; and standardized testing, 134–135
white studies. See critical white studies
white(s): identification of other groups with, 82, 83; and Plessy v. Ferguson, 26–27; supremacy groups, 89
whiteness: definition of, 186; and immigrant groups, 86–89; and innocence, 85–86, 91–92; legal definition of, 87–88; normativity of, 86, 91; as a property interest, 86, 186
Wildman, Stephanie, 7
Wittmer v. Peters, 27
Yamamoto, Eric, 6
Yoshino, Kenji, 74