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Academy of Sciences 20, 89, 127, 215, 217, 225, 351, 385
Adams, John Quincy 17
Afanasiyev, Yuri 343
Afghanistan 16, 22, 100, 147, 154, 217, 220, 232, 244, 304, 307
Africa 20, 195, 249, 276, 278, 307, 342, 364, 375, 383
Aganbegyan, Abel 129–30
Akhmatova, Anna 223–5
Aksyonov, Vasily 328–9
Aleksandrov, Kirill 351
Alexander I 13, 30, 69–75, 89–91, 137, 139, 143–4, 165–7, 206, 245, 284, 305
Alexander II 56, 61, 74, 92, 108, 110, 112, 116, 119, 121, 137–8, 211, 248, 273, 373, 376
Alexander III 92, 171, 247, 255, 370
Alexander Nevsky 82
Alexander Nevsky seminary, St Petersburg 70
Alexei Mikhailovich (Tsar Alexis) 56–7, 74, 193
Alexis, Tsar see Alexei Mikhailovich
Allen, Richard V. 234
Andreyeva, Nina 344
Andropov, Yuri 100
Angola 20
Anisimov, Evgeny 354
Annenkov, Pavel 108
anti-Semitism see Jews, Jewishness
Apollinaire, Guillaume 189
Arbatov, Georgy 215
Archangel see Arkhangelsk
Aristotle (on democracy) 147–8
Article 58, Criminal Code of USSR 177, 181, 333
Askoldov, Alexander 172–4, 176–7, 179, 183, 186–8
Assembly of the Land see Zemsky sobor
Astrakhan 129, 223, 243, 303, 306
Aswan Dam 20
Austria-Hungary 94, 243, 293–7, 300–301
Habsburg Empire 198, 239, 255, 264, 295
autocracy 30, 48, 51, 53, 69–73, 90–94, 108, 111, 113, 115, 117–19, 136–44, 159, 165–6, 171, 194, 205, 211, 221, 373–4, 376
Avars 77
Avvakum 56–7
Babyi Yar 174
Baltic states 97, 264, 266, 278–9, 289–91
Lithuania, Lithuanians, Poland-Lithuania 82, 86, 114–15, 157, 201–2, 205, 238, 240, 243, 264, 303–6, 367
Basil II 46
Beevor, Antony 354
Belarus 47, 77–8, 80, 197, 240, 243, 259, 268, 349, 355
Belfrage, Sally 105
Berdichev (town), 176
Beria, Lavrenty 98, 185–6, 332, 337
Berlusconi, Silvio 379
Biden, Joe 1
Birobidzhan 260
von Bismarck, Otto 17, 72, 123, 132, 140–41, 143, 280, 287, 308
Black Sea 77–8, 89, 236, 243, 299–300, 306
Bogdanovich, Yuri 107
Böll, Heinrich 328
Bolshakov, Georgy 313
Bolsheviks, Bolshevism see Communist Party, communism
Borodino, Battle of 90
Brandt, Willi 342
Brexit 154
Brezhnev, Leonid; Brezhnev era 15, 44, 62, 99–100, 102, 127–8, 134, 144, 148, 186, 215, 217, 232, 266, 276, 314, 325–7, 348
British Civil Wars 162
Brown, Gordon 132
Bukharin, Nikolai 258
Bukovina 239
Bukovsky, Vladimir 133
Bulgakov, Mikhail 34
Bulganin, Nikolai 213, 330, 332
Bulgaria 26, 34, 79–80, 273, 287, 298–9, 306, 381
Bunin, Ivan 33
Byzantium 11, 26, 46–7, 78, 80, 83, 85, 169, 193, 196–7, 199, 204–5, 207, 222–3, 236–7, 306
Cameron, David 284
le Carré, John 147
Carter, Jimmy 217
Castle, William R. 315
Castlereagh, Viscount 284
Catherine I 88
Catherine II (the Great) 30, 70–71, 89, 92, 105
and reform 113, 136, 166, 170, 247
and revolution 15
and the West 203
Catholicism 11, 25–6, 56, 58, 80, 160, 193, 196, 198, 205, 237, 240, 246
Caucasus 76, 81, 200, 216, 223, 226, 243–4, 257, 262–3, 266–7, 309, 375
Chancellor, Richard 369
Charlemagne 237
Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) 160
Charles XII (the Great of Sweden) 304
Charlie Rose show 293
de Chateaubriand, François-René 23
Chechnya 244, 249, 251, 268, 304
Chernenko, Konstantin 100
Chernomyrdin, Viktor 64, 68–9, 74, 131, 135–6
China xxv, 19–20, 24, 40, 81, 191, 220, 224, 226, 238, 260, 270, 303–4, 315, 322, 366, 380
Christianization, Christianity see Catholicism, Orthodoxy
Chuds 78
Church Council see sobor
Churchill, Winston 37, 151, 213, 282–3, 312–13, 315
Civil War 16, 19, 68, 96, 124, 142, 172, 174–7, 186, 188, 259, 262, 275, 280, 282, 296, 322, 333, 351, 360, 376, 381
Clinton, Hillary 6, 7, 9, 151, 288, 293, 309
Cold War xxiv–xxv, 7, 15, 20, 22, 24–5, 28, 33, 35, 41, 82, 98, 100–101, 146–7, 185, 196, 198, 208, 212–13, 217–19, 231–2, 291, 307–8, 310, 362, 381–2
post-Cold-War 5, 9, 21, 155, 218, 241, 271, 286, 288–9, 301, 316, 342, 385
collectivization of agriculture see Stalin; see Ukraine
colour revolutions 288
Columbia University 372
Commissar, The see Askoldov, Alexander
Commissariat of Agriculture 322
Commissariat of Foreign Affairs 276–7, 290
Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) see security services
Commissariat of Nationalities 259
Commissariat of Social Welfare 275
Committee of Ministers 71–2
Communist Party, communism 29, 34, 42, 97–8, 126, 178, 182, 186, 206, 217, 232–3, 258–9, 261, 263, 265, 268, 280, 307, 312, 319, 327, 330, 336, 360, 362, 367–8
communist bloc see Eastern bloc
Communist Party of the Russian Federation 102, 131–3, 135, 310, 353
international anti-communism 21, 38, 232, 311, 313, 367
Concert of Europe 285
Congress for Cultural Freedom 310
Congress of People’s Deputies 128, 345
Congress of Vienna 90, 206–7, 243, 284–5, 305
Constantine (the Great) 11
Constantine IX (of Byzantium) 199
Constituent Assembly 68, 95–6, 124
constitutions, constitutionalism 67, 72–3, 90, 92–3, 108, 112, 116–19, 137–40, 143, 208, 210, 228, 374
Constitution of 1918 259
Constitution of 1936 125–6, 211
corruption xxiv, 43, 50–51, 68, 103, 135, 145, 149–51, 234, 250, 347, 365–6, 377–8
Cossacks 86, 224, 239–40, 247, 253–5, 265
Crimea 14–15, 42–4, 84, 102, 147, 236, 240, 243, 288–9, 297, 303, 306, 379
Crimean War (1853–6) 1, 16, 24, 56, 73, 91, 271, 285, 381
1954 transfer 264–5
Crusades, 223
Cuba 20
Bay of Pigs 310
Missile Crisis 38, 231, 313, 368,
2014 crisis 43–4, 102, 147, 287–8, 296, 379, 381
de Custine, Marquis 3–4, 22–6, 31, 33–4, 43–4
Czechoslovakia 196–7, 278–9, 282–3, 289, 342, 381
Dagestan 244
Daily Sketch 213
Danube 77
Defence of the Realm Act, UK 175
democracy 7, 10, 22, 29, 41, 43, 70, 95, 101–2, 106, 107–55, 175, 196, 271, 275, 284, 288, 295, 309, 356, 362, 365, 376, 383
de-Nazification 341–2
Derzhavin, Gavril 71
Diaghilev, Sergei 189
Director of National Intelligence 6
Disraeli, Benjamin 139–40
dissidents 34, 63, 133, 185, 209–10, 329, 345
Dmitriyev, Yuri 351–2
Dmitry Donskoi, Grand Prince 83, 222, 242, 366
Dnepropetrovsk 266
Dobrynin, Nikolai 57
Doctors’ Plot 213
Dolgan people 267
Don river 78
Doré, Gustave 15
Dostoevsky, Fyodor 60, 384, 386
dual belief 58
Dugin, Alexander 225
Dulles, John Foster 38
Duma
Boyar 114
Imperial Russia 93, 95, 113, 117–18, 138–9, 141, 145, 171–2
regional 154
Russian Federation 102, 119, 131–3, 353
Dzerzhinsky, Felix 163
Eastern bloc 38, 101, 183, 209, 216, 234, 287, 291, 307, 342, 362–3, 382
economy xxiii, 4, 12–13, 27, 52, 54, 56, 63, 66–7, 77, 90, 93–4, 98–100, 102, 129, 181–2, 211, 215, 219, 249, 251, 257, 271, 297, 301, 307, 339, 352, 360, 365–6, 368–71, 378
Ehrenburg, Ilya 334
Eisenhower, Dwight 38
Eisenstein, Sergei 206
elections see democracy
elections, uncompetitive
House of Representatives, US, and gerrymandering 151–3
Japan 152
Sweden 152
Elizabeth (Tsaritsa) 88
Eliot, George 385
Engels, Friedrich 124, 158, 210
Enlightenment 15, 60–61, 70, 74, 89, 113, 136, 143, 166, 170, 198, 208
Essence of Time movement 227
Estates General 115
Ethiopia 20
Eurasia 19, 49, 76, 78, 81, 144, 159, 183, 191, 202, 219–28, 232, 242, 244, 247, 249–50, 254, 256–7, 380
Eurasian union 225
Europe xxv, 2, 3, 5, 16–17, 19, 24–5, 33, 36, 38–40, 42, 49, 68, 71, 81, 83, 84–94, 105–6, 108–15, 117, 138, 142, 147–8, 160–62, 164, 168–9, 176, 237, 243–5, 247–52, 255–7, 269–74, 276–95, 298 300–307, 316, 320, 341, 354–56, 363, 366, 369–71, 375–80, 382–87
East and West 11–14, 26, 48, 52, 61, 65, 77, 80, 137, 183, 189–228, 233–4, 239, 266, 268, 276, 311, 314
European Union 9, 42, 196, 199, 226, 241, 284–6, 302, 316, 356, 379
Fadeyev, Alexander 333
‘False Dmitry’ 85
Fatherland Party 131
FBI 175
Fedor, Tsar 85
Filofei 204–6
Financial Times 208
Finland 77, 118, 157, 245–6, 259, 274, 290–91, 305, 351
Finns 78
First World War 21, 109, 138, 142, 145, 162, 172, 175, 290
aftermath of 18, 68, 94, 249–50
origins of xxv, 4, 17, 271, 294–302
and Russian Revolution 66, 119, 249, 372
Fletcher, Giles 13
Foer, Franklin 6
Foreign Affairs 37
France 4, 14–15, 17, 19, 22–5, 72, 80, 88–9, 91, 122, 137, 189, 196, 199, 229, 242, 246, 249, 256, 270–71, 273, 276, 277–8, 280–82, 285, 289–91, 295–8, 300, 303–6, 308, 310, 328, 341, 371, 380, 385, 386
Franck, Sebastian 13
Franco-Soviet agreement of 1935 281, 283
Frangulyan, Georgy 357
Frankfurter Zeitung 17
Freeman, Morgan 6
FSB see security services
Fuchs, Klaus 314
Fulton, Missouri 37
Galicia 237
Galicia-Volhynia 240
Gapon, Father 170
Georgetown University 312
Georgia 191, 216–17, 244, 251, 259, 263, 286, 288, 297, 350, 379
Germany, Germans, 4, 9, 12–13, 15–21, 24, 29, 36, 39, 51, 55, 67, 72, 83, 89, 94–5, 97, 111, 113, 140–41, 143, 147–8, 158, 160, 162, 176, 180, 182, 191, 196, 200–201, 207, 210, 212, 216, 218, 229–31, 234, 246, 260–61, 264, 266, 270–83, 287–92, 295–301, 304–5, 310, 312, 324–5, 328, 338, 340–42, 362, 367, 371, 381, 383–6
Ginzburg, Evgeniya 1, 319–20, 328
Glinka, Mikhail 29
Gnesin Music Institute, Moscow, 333
Godunov, Boris 54, 85, 86, 302
Golitsyn
Gallitzin 204
Prince Vasily 87
Goncharov, Ivan 317
Goncharova, Natalia 189–91
Gorbachev, Mikhail 41, 100–101, 105, 128, 134–5, 148, 163, 187, 209, 211, 225, 233, 276, 314, 321, 334, 346, 361–2, 369
Gordievsky, Oleg 34
Goremykin, Ivan 94
Gorer, Geoffrey 208
Gorky, Maxim 359
Goths 77
Graham, Lindsey 7
Granovsky, Timofei 208
Great Fatherland War see Second World War
‘Great Game’ 16–17
Great Patriotic War see Second World War
Great Terror (of 1936–8) 42, 59, 120, 125, 158, 164, 173–5, 177, 179–83, 261, 292, 319, 321, 324, 326, 331–2
aftermath, see Khrushchev
Greece, Greek, 25–6, 38, 77, 80, 137, 151, 153, 195, 196–7, 205, 290, 306
Grishin, Viktor 361
Guchkov, Alexander 145
Guillory, Sean 7
Gulag 58–9, 62, 97–9, 120, 154, 177, 181–2, 185, 224, 319, 332–5, 345–6, 351, 354
Gumilev, Lev 223–6
Gurowski, Ignatius 24
Gytha, daughter of Harold and husband of Vladimir 199–200
Habsburg Empire see Austria-Hungary
Haimson, Leopold 372
Haley, Nikki 8
Halle, Fannina 260
Hamburg 36
Harari, Yuval Noah 195
Harold, King of England 199
Harriman, Averell 37
Harvard University 43, 230–32, 234, 241
Healey, Denis 313–14
Henry VIII 160
Act of Supremacy 161
Herzen, Alexander 60, 167, 211
Hesychasm 193
Hiroshima 314–16
Hitler, Adolf 39, 67, 97, 147, 181, 279–80, 283–4, 289, 291, 368, 383
Holland see Netherlands
Holodomor see Ukraine
Hosking, Geoffrey 257
House of Representatives (United States) 152
human rights see rights
Hundred Years War 380
Hungary 77, 80–81, 154, 248, 287, 381
1956 uprising (revolution) 99, 381
see also Austria-Hungary
Huns 77
Attila 77
hybrid warfare 27–8, 269, 293, 310–11
Igor, Prince 79
Imperial Geographic Society 255
Indian Mutiny 244
indigenization see korenizatsiya
Indonesia 366
industrialization of USSR see Stalin
intelligentsia 33, 51–2, 58–63, 74, 91–2, 109, 134, 137, 142, 172, 214, 216, 241, 245, 247, 276, 327–8, 333–4, 353, 385
International Monetary Fund 310, 362
Iran see Persia
Iraq 147, 154, 284, 289, 311, 379
Northern Ireland, Troubles 151
Irtysh River 254–5
Islam 46, 58, 78, 80, 193, 198, 217, 223, 225
Italy 18, 137, 148, 198, 229–30, 271, 282, 296, 310
Abyssinia, bombing and sanctions 276
Ivan III (the Great) 83, 205, 238, 243
Ivan IV (the Terrible) 12, 51, 54, 72, 84, 86, 114, 192–3, 205, 223
and foreign merchants 201
war and conquest 243, 250, 254, 303, 306, 369
Ivan V 87
Ivan Kalita, Grand Prince 82
Ivanov, Sergei 7
Jagiellonian dynasty 82
James I 201
Japan 40, 148, 152, 270, 303, 315, 349
Russo-Japanese War 93, 106, 296–7, 304
Jefferson, Thomas 17
Jews, Jewishness 34, 46, 97–8, 143, 147, 174, 176, 183–4, 186–7, 204, 213, 224, 229, 239, 248, 257–8, 260
anti-Semitism 118, 213, 239, 248, 258, 262, 264, 266, 278, 320, 326, 334, 341
Judt, Tony 355–6
justice system see law
Kadets (Constitutional Democrats) 117–18, 138–9
Kalevala 245
Kalinin, Mikhail 126
Kalka River, battle of 81
Kalyaev, Ivan 171
Kamchadal 250
Karamzin, Nikolai 30, 73, 143, 230
Kasparaov, Garry 284
Kasyanov, Mikhail 145
Kazakhstan (Kazakh republic of USSR) 179, 218, 244, 248, 263, 267–8
Kazan 84, 164, 192, 223, 243, 319
Kelly, John 21
Kemerevo
Winter Cherry shopping centre fire 154
Kennan, George (Senior) 18, 36
Kennan, George Frost 35–44, 250, 289, 315
Kenya 249
Kerry, John, 284
KGB see security services
Khan Kochum 255
Khazars 78
Khodorkovsky, Mikhail 350
Khrushchev, Nikita 99, 100, 127, 128, 321
and Crimea 264–5
foreign affairs 38, 213, 217, 312
and history and memory 344, 346, 356
Secret Speech 19, 29, 98, 186, 263, 330–32, 336–40, 343
Thaw 62, 98, 185, 211, 328, 334–5
Kiev 30, 47, 78–80, 82–3, 85, 97, 113, 142, 173–4, 199, 200, 201–2, 205, 220, 237, 241, 243, 245, 262, 264–6
Kievan Rus 11, 46–7, 74, 79–83, 159, 192, 197, 199–200, 203, 235, 236–8, 240–41, 306
King, Pete 7
Kireyevsky, Ivan 207
Kirov, Sergei 179
Kissinger, Henry, 302
Klyuchevsky, Vasily 115–16, 136, 169, 369
Kolchak, Admiral 175
Kollontai, Alexandra 273–8, 280, 298, 317
Kolyma 319
Konchalovsky, Andrei 28
Korea, Koreans 154, 179, 261, 303, 315
korenizatsiya 260
kormlenie 237
Kosovo 147
Kosygin, Aleksei 215
Kovalevskaya, Sophia 384–7
Krivichians 78
Krupskaya, Nadezhda 338
Kshesinskaya, Mathilde 246
Kuban 262–3
Kulikovo, Battle of 83, 222, 366
Kundera, Milan 196–8
Kurakin, Prince Alexei 70
Kurginyan, Sergei 227
Kyiv see Kiev
de Lacy Evans, George 16
Larionov, Mikhail 189–90
Latin see Rome
Latin America 20, 38, 229, 251, 307, 310
Laval, Pierre 281
law 13, 25, 50, 54, 60–61, 66–7, 71–3, 89, 91, 93, 113, 117–18, 128, 130, 136–8, 141–2, 147–8, 150, 153, 160–62, 166, 196, 202, 208–10, 220, 233, 245–6, 249, 252, 256–7, 344–5, 373–6
law codes 54–6, 73–4, 80, 86, 114, 137, 164, 177
rule of law 61, 72, 73, 113, 130, 137, 148, 150, 202, 207, 232, 248, 345, 373, 375–6
Lenin, Vladimir, Leninism 28, 66–8, 95–7, 123–4, 130, 175, 184, 211, 246, 257–9, 262, 264, 280, 281, 330, 333, 336–9, 343–4, 360–62, 372
Leningrad see St Petersburg
Leningrad Affair 182
Leningrad State University see St Petersburg University
Leo III, Pope 237
Lermontov, Mikhail 223
Lermontova, Yulya 385
Liberal Democratic Party 132
Liberia 20
Limonov, Eduard 353
Literaturnaia gazeta 214
Locke, John 137
Lomonosov, Mikhail 88
Luther, Martin 160
Luxembourg 227
Lvov, Prince 95
Lvov (city) see Lviv
Lwow (city) see Lviv
Lyall, Robert 167
Mackinder, Halford 226
Magdeburg 162
de Maistre, Joseph 165
Malenkov, Georgyi 98, 186, 332
Malevich, Kazimir 191
Mandela, Nelson 342
Manifesto on Freedom of Conscience 57
von Manstein, Erich 341
Marshall Plan 38
Marx, Marxism 37, 39, 58, 66, 95, 97, 124, 135, 140, 158, 175, 181, 209–11, 234, 257, 273–4, 290, 333, 336, 338, 372
Massachusetts Bay Colony 202
Mazower, Mark 382–3
McCain, John 7
Mead, Margaret 209
Medinsky, Vladimir 32
Medvedev, Dmitry 7, 102, 133, 350–51, 365
Mennonites 55
Menshikov, Prince Alexander 69, 168–9
Metro newspaper 9
Metternich 283
Mikhail, Tsar 86
Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, Alexander 207
Mikhalkov, Nikita 28
Mikhalkov, Sergei 28
military colonies 166–7
Mill, John Stuart 137–8
Miloslavsky family 87
Sophia 87
Milyukov, Pavel 139
Minsk (Mensk) 82, 97, 236, 240, 243, 279
Moldova 239
Molotov 264, 276, 290–91, 312, 319, 332, 336–7, 345, 354
Mongolia 19
Mongols 11, 30, 58, 65, 68, 80–83, 114–15, 159, 193, 200, 220–21, 238, 242, 303, 349, 367, 381
Montesquieu 136
Morozov family 57
Moscow
capital of Muscovy 11, 12, 30, 47, 57, 65, 83, 85–7, 114, 136, 156–8, 193, 200–201, 205–6, 223, 238–9, 241–2, 246, 306, 358
imperial era 14, 24, 33, 57, 69, 88, 90, 93, 95, 169–71, 189–90, 207–8, 247, 254, 284, 307, 371, 374, 384
post-Soviet capital 47, 74, 131, 134–5, 162, 219, 268, 284, 286, 288–9, 316, 319, 328, 352, 354, 356, 362, 373, 376
Soviet capital 35, 36, 96–7, 101, 120–21, 125, 127, 173–4, 183–4, 187–8, 209, 213–14, 216, 232, 259, 264–5, 275, 281–2, 313, 320, 322–5, 333, 361
Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) 350
Moscow (State) University 88, 115, 142, 208
Munster 162
Muscovy Company 201
Mussolini, Benito 18
‘My Documents’ municipal offices 219
Nabokov, Vladimir 33
Napoleon 32, 73, 75, 89–90, 93, 123, 207, 284, 303, 305
Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon) 122
Napoleonic Wars 15, 23, 90–91, 166, 206, 243, 284–5
Narodnaya Volya see People’s Will
Naryshkin family 87
Nash, Walter 21
National Security Council (US) 232, 311
NATO 5, 9, 20, 41, 43, 98, 146, 196, 217, 234, 241, 269–71, 285–9, 297, 302, 314, 341, 362–3, 379, 382
Navalny, Alexei 135
Nemtsov, Boris 145–6
Nenets people 267
Netherlands 195, 201–2, 204, 369, 381
New Economic Policy 96–7, 177–8
New Statesman 214
New Zealand 21
Nezavisimaya gazeta 227
Nicholas I 22, 31, 73, 91, 167, 210, 306
and the intelligentsia 60
and law 74
and the Poles 15
visits England 16
Nicholas II 92, 171, 246, 254–5, 257, 370
and 1905 57, 93, 141, 143, 248
and First World War 94, 119, 138–9
Nixon, Richard 217
NKVD see security services
nomenklatura 129
Nord-Stream 2 gas pipeline 279
Novgorod 65–6, 78–9, 82–3, 113, 157–8, 165, 200, 237–9, 242–3
Novikov, Nikolai 136
Novorossiya (New Russia) 89, 166
nuclear weapons xxiv–xxv, 9, 41, 100, 185, 233–4, 268, 271, 289, 310, 312–3, 315, 362–3, 382
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 307
Obama, Barrack 146, 284, 314, 316
Obidova, Jahon 260–61
October Manifesto 93, 171, 248
Octobrist Party 145
OGPU see security services
Oleg, Prince 79
Olesha, Yuri 34
oligarchs xxiv, 8, 31, 102, 147, 311, 364, 377
Olympic Games
Beijing, 2008 286
Berlin, 1936 9
Melbourne, 1956 213
Moscow, 1980 232
Orthodoxy
Christianization of Kievan Rus 11, 26, 46–7, 74, 80, 222
Great Schism, 1054 11, 80, 193, 205
Old Believers 56–7
reform of Peter the Great 57, 71, 203
Ostrogoths 77
Ottoman Empire see Turkey
Our Home is Russia 131
Palaeologina, Zoe (Sophia) 205
Parliament (early-modern England) 115
patrimonialism 50–51, 231, 235
Pearl Harbor 269
People’s Freedom Party 145
People’s Will 107
Pereiaslav Council 265
perestroika 41, 101–2, 128–30, 134–6, 187, 209, 225, 241, 314, 343, 346, 362, 369, 376, 382,
Persia, Persian 77, 197, 244, 303
Iran 81, 220, 226, 307, 309, 311
Peskov, Dmitry 7
Peter I (the Great) (1682–1715) 30, 51, 69, 87, 385
reforms 54, 57, 88, 158, 166, 202–3, 370
and St Petersburg 88, 168–70, 349
‘Testament’ of 15
and the West 13, 88, 137, 201–2, 205, 207, 227, 242, 244, 370
Peter II 88
Peter III 89
Picasso, Pablo 215
Pipes, Richard 229–36, 293, 372
Plokhy, Serhii 241
Pobedonostsev, Konstantin 142–3, 247
Podesta, John 309
Poincaré, Raymond 298
Poland, 78
contemporary Poland 68, 198, 226, 240, 279, 287, 302
during Time of Troubles 47, 85–6, 116, 136, 239
martial law, 232
Partition and Russian rule 198, 243–6, 248–9, 251, 259, 305, 375
Poles and Great Terror 261
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 82, 86, 114–15, 157, 159, 201–2, 206, 238–40, 303–4, 306, 367, 381
and Second World War 97, 229, 231, 263–4, 278–9, 289–91
War of the Polish Succession 304
and western Ukraine 263–4, 266
Politico 7
Pope, Papal see Catholicism
Popova, Liubov 189
Popular Front governments 277
Pospelov, Pyotr 336
Pospelov Commission 337
Pozner, Vladimir 135
Pravda (newspaper) 336
Princeton University / Institute of Advanced Study 36, 41, 43
Princip, Gavrilo 294–5
Progressist Party 145
Progressive Bloc 138
Project 17 354
Prokopenko, Igor 32
Protestantism 58, 160, 161, 252
Prussia 72, 88, 140, 198, 202–3, 239, 243–4, 298, 304–5, 340
Franco-Prussian War 123
Przhevalsky, Nikolai 255
Pushkin, Alexander 37, 60, 63, 74, 91, 223
Pussy Riot 350
Putin, Vladimir
and China 19
and Donald Trump xxiii–xxiv, 5–10, 21, 27, 43, 279
early life 168, 185, 212–13, 215–16, 343
and history 287, 348–51, 356, 365
and Russian politics 29, 32, 44, 47, 51, 74, 102–3, 131–5, 144–5, 160, 225–7, 377
and security services 216–17
and Syria 308–9
and United States 48, 146, 269
quriltai 115
Radishchev, Alexander 33–4
Razgon, Lev 345
Razin, Stenka 86
Reagan, Ronald 100, 217, 232, 234, 293, 310
Reinsurance Treaty 17
Remnick, David 376
Renan, Ernest 340
Revolutions of 1848 3, 111, 122, 253
Rhodes, Ben 146
Rhos see Rus
Rice, Condoleezza 289
rights, human rights 51, 54–5, 68–9, 70, 72, 74, 92, 98, 99, 113, 116, 119, 129, 135, 136–8, 141–2, 146–8, 150–51, 154, 208–11, 219, 233, 237, 249, 265, 270, 273, 276–7, 311, 340, 344, 346, 374, 383
Riurik 78–9
Riurikid dynasty (House of Riurik) 26, 47, 85
Romania 183
Rome 11, 26, 80, 82, 160, 169, 195–7, 205–6, 238, 306, 356
rossiisky / russky 268
Rostov 237
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 198
Rublev, Andrei 83
rule of law see law
‘rural writers’ 144
Rurikid Dynasty 115
Rus 78–80
see also Kievan Rus
Russian republic within USSR 216–17
Russian Revolution
1905 57, 71, 93, 116–19, 138, 141, 175, 248
1917 18, 34, 44, 47, 51, 63, 66–7, 91–2, 95–7, 101, 117, 123–5, 129–30, 137, 144, 172–3, 175, 180, 187, 206, 230, 243, 246, 249, 256, 258–60, 262, 265, 272–8, 280–81, 292, 296, 307, 322–5, 328–30, 336–9, 343–4, 352, 354, 367, 372, 375
‘Stalin revolution’ 177–8
Russia’s Choice 131
Russkaya Pravda 80
Russo-Japanese War see Japan
Russophobia 2, 11, 14, 21–2, 33–4, 271
Ruthenians 239
Saakashvili, Mikheil 350
Said, Edward W., Orientalism 198, 223
St Basil’s Cathedral 88, 192, 194
St Petersburg
foundation of 88, 168–72, 202–3, 236, 242, 370
imperial capital 14, 24, 31, 33, 60, 70, 73, 92–3, 107, 145, 189, 207, 226, 241, 245, 246, 254, 273, 305, 371, 384
as Leningrad 129, 134, 179, 182, 212, 215, 223–4, 349
as Petrograd 67, 95–6, 274, 280
post-Soviet 303, 348–9, 351, 354
St Petersburg University 274
as Leningrad State University 128
St Sergius of Radonezh 193
Sainte-Barbe, Edward 23
Sakharov, Andrei 358
sanctions (post-2014) xxiv, 102, 365–6, 377
von Sanders, General Otto Liman 298
Saratov 118
Sarmatians 77
Sazonov, Sergei 298–9
Scheffer, Bob 293
Schroeder, Gerhard 379
Second World War 37, 42, 120, 162, 321, 343
course of 146, 216, 264, 272, 307, 313
memory of 332, 338, 347, 351, 354–5
post-war 98, 126, 149, 341, 376
secret police see security services
security services
KGB 34, 62, 99, 102, 146, 163, 188, 215–17, 288, 351
NKVD 120, 159, 173, 177, 179, 180–81, 319, 336
Sejm 115
Serbia 3–4, 79–80, 294–5, 299–301
serfdom 18, 50, 52–6, 63, 85–6, 89, 121, 165, 167, 208, 229, 252
emancipation 56, 61, 74, 92, 108, 112, 138, 373
Sergei Alexandrovich, Grand Duke, 1905 assassination of 171
Seventeen Moments of Spring 216
Shelest, Petro 265
Shepilov, Dmitry 264
Sheremetyev family 55
Shevchenko, Alexander 191
Shoigu, Sergei 131
Sibelius 245
Siberia 36, 58, 73, 76–7, 84, 102, 154, 158, 171–2, 185, 223, 243, 253–7, 298, 312, 346
Sigismund III 86
Skrypnyk, Mykola 265
Slavophiles 206–8, 223, 227, 241, 378
Slavs, East Slavic 4, 11, 26, 30, 65, 74, 77–81, 97, 113, 158, 181, 194, 206, 220, 221, 236–8, 241, 273, 278, 298–9, 303, 306, 363, 369
pan-Slavism 299
Sobchak, Ksenia 134
sobor (Church Council) 57
Stoglav Council 164
sobornost 208
Sobyanin, Sergei 356
‘social fascists’ 277
socialist realism 327, 358–61, 367
Socialist Revolutionaries 66, 117, 124
Sokolov, Vladimir 317
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 33–4, 62, 120–21, 144, 334–5, 344
sortition 153
South America see Latin America
sovereign democracy 131
Sovetskaya Rossiya 344
Sovremennik Theatre, Moscow 319–21
Spain 34, 77, 130, 181, 238, 249, 277, 281, 304–5, 383
Speransky, Mikhail (and ‘Speransky Conundrum’) 30, 69–75, 90–92, 108, 113, 117–18, 137, 139–40, 143–4, 194, 211, 373
Stalin, Josef, Stalinism, Stalin era 1, 12, 36, 42, 51, 58, 102, 160–61, 188, 216
1920s 96
1930s 97, 178, 210–11, 277, 360, 367–8
condemnation of in Secret Speech see Khrushchev
death and post-Stalin era 59, 62, 99, 106, 120, 184–7, 212, 266, 276
early life 244
and elections 124–8
Eastern bloc 306
foreign affairs 277–81, 290–92, 312, 314–15
and George Kennan see George Frost Kennan
Great Terror 28, 97, 158, 173–82
memory of see Khrushchev; 319–57
and Putin 216
Stasi 218
State Council
Nicholas II 117
State Department 37, 39, 288, 379
Steele, Christopher 6–8
Stepanova, Varvara 189
Stimson, Henry 314
Stolypin, Pyotr 93–4, 118, 141–2, 172
Stone, Oliver 287
streltsy 87
Suez Crisis 284
Sukhomlinov, General 298
Surikov, Vasily 87, 253–6, 360
Surkov, Vladislav 227
Suslov, Mikhail 327
Suslova, Nadezhda 385
swaddling 209
Sweden 13, 80, 82, 86, 88, 152, 157, 159, 168, 200–202, 239, 243, 245, 274–6, 303–6, 310, 370, 381, 385–6
Szamuely, Tibor, 48
Talleyrand 284–5
Tarkovsky, Andrei 28
Tatars 81, 84, 220–22, 224, 238, 243, 254–5, 260, 303
Taylor, A. J. P. 279–80, 283, 291, 308
Tchaikovsky, Pyotr 59
terrorists, terrorism
late-imperial 94, 107–9, 163, 171, 230, 273, 294
‘Testament of Peter the Great’ see Peter the Great
Third Section see security services
Thirty Years War 162
Three Emperors’ League 17
Thubron, Colin 1
Tikhon (Patriarch) 57
Tillerson, Rex 21
Time 284
Time of Troubles 85–6, 115–16, 159, 162, 200, 239, 303
Times, The 213
Tobolsk 243
de Tolly, Marshal Barclay 207
Tolstoy, Leo 59–60, 90, 110–11, 207, 223
Torkunov, A. V. 350
totalitarianism 39, 109, 125, 180, 231
trade unions 93, 126–8, 140, 233, 262
Trans-Siberian Railway 254
Trifonov, Yuri 58–9, 62–3, 322–30, 334, 343
Trotsky, Leon 66–8, 95, 124, 178, 210, 260, 337
Trotskyists 319
‘Truman Doctrine’ 38
Trump, Donald xxiii, xxiv, 5–10, 21, 27–8, 43–4, 48, 102, 147–8, 151, 270, 279, 289, 293, 296, 309, 311
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa) 342
Tuleyev, Aman 154
Turgenev, Ivan 28, 52–3, 55, 60, 62, 108–12, 115–16, 119, 121–2, 124, 130, 138, 384
Turkey 22, 218, 226, 275, 291, 380
Ottoman Empire 80, 85, 88, 91, 197, 238–40, 242, 247, 271, 273, 294, 296, 299–300, 303, 306, 370
Turkmenistan 58
Tyumen 243
Udmurtia 260
Ukhtomsky, Esper 255
Ukraine 7, 9, 43, 47, 58, 77–80, 102, 147, 197, 218, 226, 236, 241, 249, 268, 279, 284, 286, 288, 289, 293, 297, 302, 343, 379, 381
Ukrainian famine 178–9, 262–3, 338, 354
Ukrainian lands before 1917 86, 183, 191, 200, 224, 238–41, 243, 245, 247, 375
Ukrainian republic of USSR 96, 100–101, 235, 259, 261–2, 264–6, 335
Union of Right Forces 145
Union of Writers 62, 327–8, 333, 359
United Kingdom (Britain, England, Scotland) xxv, 2, 4, 8, 13, 14, 16–19, 31, 34, 58, 72–3, 84, 88, 91, 117, 137, 140, 151, 154, 158, 160–61, 170, 175, 199–201, 213, 216, 229, 242, 244, 249, 256, 268, 270–71, 273, 277–8, 280–83, 285, 289–91, 295–7, 299–300, 303–6, 308, 310, 312–13, 355–6, 378–81, 386, 393
Brexit 148, 154, 270, 302, 310, 378–9
United Nations 8, 148, 264, 268, 277, 285
United Russia (political party) 131
United States xxv, 2, 6, 7, 17–19, 25, 28, 31, 38–41, 71, 142, 146–7, 152, 154, 203, 212–13, 215, 227, 230, 232–3, 251–2, 264, 268–9, 274, 277, 284–5, 287, 292, 307–9, 311, 314, 316, 354–5, 368, 379, 381
Indian Appropriations Act (1851) 249
Washington Consensus, full-spectrum dominance, American Century 130, 271, 382
Urban II, Pope, 238
Uzbek republic of USSR 216, 267
Valuyev, Pyotr 247–8
Vanity Fair 7
Vansittart, Lord 282
Vasily (IV) Shuisky 86
Venezuela 20
Verney, Lady 1
Versailles, Treaty of 283, 296, 301
Ves 78
Viardot, Pauline 111
village commune 54, 94, 142, 167, 179, 207, 210–11, 217, 374
Vladimir (grand-duchy, city, province) 24, 70, 81, 83, 242
Vladimir the Great 11, 26, 46–7, 74, 79, 80, 236–7
Vladivostok 198
Vogules 250
Volga 56, 78, 81, 179, 220, 262–3
Volyn 237
VOOPIiK (All-Russian Society for the Preservation of Monuments of History and Culture) 62, 144
Voronezh 126
Vyacheslav, Prince 237
Wall of Grief 356–7
Warburg, Max 296
Warsaw Pact 99, 196, 215, 217, 287, 289, 314 see also Eastern bloc
Webb, Sidney and Beatrice 125
Werth, Alexander 2
Westerners 22, 206–7, 241, 378
‘whataboutism’ 146–7, 311, 382
Whitman, Walt 17
Wikileaks 309
Witte, Sergei 141, 248, 255, 371
Wolfowitz, Paul 232
workers’ insurance law of 1912 119, 141
Workers’ Opposition 275
World Cup of 2018 8–10, 218, 315
Xi Jinping 19
Yabloko Party 132–5
Yakovlev, Alexander 230, 346, 353, 356
Yakovlev, Yegor 343
Yaropolk, Prince 79
Yaroslav the Wise 80, 199, 237
Yavlinksy, Grigory 132–6
Yeltsin, Boris 64, 101–2, 131, 133–5, 145, 148–9, 310, 348, 353, 362, 364
Yezhov, Nikolai 185
Yukagirs 256
Zemsky sobor 85–6, 114–16, 156
zemstvos 92, 112–13, 121, 138, 374
Zhelyabov, Andrei 108
Zhenotdel 275