Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Ananda Ranga Pillai (Nayiniyappa’s nephew), 88, 167; as chief broker, 52–54, 149; death of, 150; diary of, 28, 38, 67, 145, 149–51, 208n38; Dumeslier and, 67; on Jeanne Dupleix, 192n29; on Joseph Dupleix, 90–91; Guruvappa and, 133; Kanakarâya Pedro Mudali and, 150; mansion of, 167–70, 168, 169; on Nayiniyappa, 30–31; regional network of, 129–30; statue of, 168, 169
Ananda Ranga Ravichandran, 167–70, 169
Annales school, 201n1
Aranha, Paolo, 200n90
Arasaratnam, Sinnappah, 180n9
Arlanden, 135
Arokianathan, S., 191n10
Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor, 26
banians (commercial agents), 180n9
Beauvollier de Courchant, Joseph, 54, 163
Bellecombe, Guillaume de, 164
Bengal, 5, 25, 27, 52; brokers of, 181n9; French outpost in, 109, 209n78; Hindus of, 139; language of, 77; tribunal of, 198n36
Benton, Lauren, 96
Black Town, of Pondichéry, 13, 162
Bonnan, Jean Claude, 100
Bosher, John, 184n2
Bouchet, Jean Venant, 36–38, 61, 77–78, 148; on catechists, 137, 139–40; on Malabar Rites, 116–17
Bournier, Philippe, 193n45
Brimnes, Niels, 119
British India, 5, 6, 8, 12, 127; legal systems in, 100. See also English East India Company
brokers, 23–27, 123–26, 163; archives of, 149–51; of Bengal, 27, 181n9; of Ceylon, 52; of Chandernagore, 52, 90; corruption among, 180n9, 181n12; as cultural intermediaries, 5–6; dynasties of, 48–49, 52–56; hierarchy among, 181n9; Jesuit view of, 35; of Madras, 24, 27–28, 36, 46–47, 60, 180n9; names for, 24; networks of, 35, 189n54; polyglotism of, 13, 17–18, 73–75, 79–81, 191n9
Bruno, Claude, 61
Calichetty, 88
Capuchins, 13, 155; archives of, 148; Jesuits and, 4, 14–15, 39, 116–17, 134, 149; Malabar Rites controversy of, 112, 115–16; polyglotism of, 75, 77
caste, 52, 104–5, 129, 149–50, 187n20; kinship and, 64, 186n12; marriage and, 66–67
Castro, Jeanne de, 60
catechists (religious intermediaries), 24, 35, 62–64, 125, 137–41; kinship networks of, 65–69; polyglotism among, 75–79
Chakrabarti, Shubhra, 25, 27, 181n9
chambres de justice, 10, 176n39
Chandernagore, 5, 8, 52, 77; brokers of, 52, 90; map of, 9; tribunal of, 198n36
Charrad, Mounira M., 185n3
Chatterjee, Indrani, 186n11
Chaudhuri, Indranarayan, 52
Chaudrie court, 80, 98–101, 197n24, 198n36
China, 8, 75, 100; Madras and, 81, 100
Chinese Rites controversy, 15, 115–16
Clark, Steve, 201n1
Clive, Robert, 74
Cohen, Paul, 191n9
Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 6–7, 59, 89–90, 99, 188n52
colonialism, 2–4; absolutism and, 164–65, 211n5; brokers and, 27; capitalism and, 7; kinship networks and, 49–51; legal regimes of, 96–101, 118–20; success narratives of, 22–23
Compagnie des Indes orientales, 2–3, 110–14; archives of, 17, 21–22, 145–49; creation of, 6–7; financial instability of, 8–10, 184n75; gift-giving rituals of, 36; governing by, 40–43, 116, 147; Jesuits and, 41; kinship networks and, 59, 125; restructuring of, 43. See also St. Malo Company
comptoirs (trading posts), 8, 9, 26, 127, 145
conseil de guerre, 196n15
conseil de la marine, 40, 45, 178n58, 209n77
Conseil Supérieur. See Superior Council
Courchant, Joseph Beauvollier de, 54, 163
coutumes (legal codes), 99, 197n20
Criminal Ordinance of 1670, 83–84, 99, 103–4
Cuperly, François, 60, 113, 146–47
Daughton, J. P., 15
Delavigne, M., 61
Desan, Suzanne, 186n11
Desprez, Mari, 61
d’Orléans, Philippe, 2
dubashes, 24, 180n9, 181n12, 190n7. See also brokers
Dulaurens, M., 150
Dulivier, Pierre, 29–30, 131; Hébert and, 41–42, 61, 114, 156–57, 209n77; Nayiniyappa and, 36, 102
Dumas, Pierre: as governor, 88–89, 204n51; as procureur général, 118
Dumeslier, M., 67
Dupleix, Jeanne, 60, 79, 192n29
Dupleix, Joseph, 28, 59, 79, 90–91, 211n8
Dutch colonies, 5, 6, 8, 127; Ceylon as, 74; Pondichéry and, 13, 75
Dutch East India Company, 12, 177n45
École des Jeunes de langues, 89–90
English East India Company, 7, 12, 177n45, 178n56; brokers of, 25, 27, 181n9; financial strength of, 184n76.
See also British India
Esprit de Tours, Père, 77, 134, 148
Fabian, Johannes, 76
Farge, Arlette, 167
France, 43; Francophone policies of, 74–75; law courts of, 98; North American colonies of, 98, 100, 103, 195n2; War of Spanish Succession and, 8–9, 176n38; Wars of Religion in, 38. See also Compagnie des Indes orientales; Louis XIV
Ghosh, Durba, 188n36
Goa, 9, 26, 75, 175n33, 178n56
Gobalakichenane, M., 208n38
godparentage, 48, 59–61, 132. See also kinship
Greenblatt, Stephen, 126
Gregory XV, pope, 115
Guadeloupe, 98
Gupta, Ashin Das, 27
Guruvappa, 51–52, 164; almsgiving by, 134; as chief broker, 52, 53; Christian conversion of, 2, 132, 134, 171n4, 188n35; death of, 53, 133, 134; French name of, 2, 132; Hébert and, 131, 135; Order of Saint Michel awarded to, 2, 133, 164; Paris trip of, 123, 124, 131–36, 141–42, 151; widow of, 56–59, 134, 188n38
Halde, J. B. du, 65
Hardencourt family, 60
Haynes, Douglas, 36
Hébert, Guillaume André, fils, 52, 61–62, 151–52; arrest of, 157–58; indebtedness of, 112, 153–54; Nayiniyappa’s death and, 93, 130; Nayiniyappa’s trial and, 108, 143
Hébert, Guillaume André, père, 3–4, 40–43, 182n40; archives of, 143–44, 155–61; on castes, 186n12; charges against, 108–9, 113–114, 156–57; Dulivier and, 41–42, 61, 114, 209n77; enmity toward Nayiniyappa by, 3–4, 31–34, 40–41, 61–62, 105–6, 151–52; as godparent, 60–61; Guruvappa and, 131, 135; Jesuits and, 53, 62, 156; La Morandière and, 113–14, 158, 160; La Prévostière’s and, 109, 118, 157–59; Lazare Moutiappa and, 53, 54; Manuel Geganis and, 83, 84; Nayiniyappa’s trial and, 93, 106–9, 143, 152; reparations paid by, 52, 95, 132; Saint-Malo Company and, 43–47; successor of, 99, 118; Tiruvangadan and, 112, 128–29, 154–55
hundis (promissory notes), 88, 194n77
Île Bourbon (Réunion), 8, 126–27, 145, 156
Île de France (Mauritius), 8, 126–27, 145
imperialism. See colonialism
Irschik, Eugene, 187n23
Jaster, Daniel, 185n3
Jesuits, 64–67, 115; archives of, 147–48; Capuchins and, 4, 14–15, 39, 116–17, 134, 149; catechists of, 62–63, 66–67, 125, 137–41; founding of, 64; Hébert and, 53, 62, 156; kinship networks of, 64–69, 125; legal maneuvers by, 115–19; Malabar Rites controversy of, 112, 115–16, 148; Manuel Geganis and, 136–37; Nayiniyappa and, 29, 31–40, 53, 114; on Nayiniyappa’s punishment, 106–7; polyglotism of, 75–79
Judde, M., 135
Kanakarâya Pedro Mudali, 53–55, 123; Ananda Ranga Pilai and, 150; assassination attempt by, 131; as chief broker, 35, 37, 53, 54, 129, 163–64; complaints against, 158; death of, 54, 167; Guruvappa and, 135; Guruvappa’s widow on, 58; Manila trip of, 135; Nayiniyappa’s trial and, 83; polyglotism of, 74; successor of, 167; Tiruvangadan and, 154–55
kinship, 48–51, 186n11; caste and, 64, 186n12; godparentage and, 48, 59–61, 132; networks of, 35, 59–61, 189n54; religious conversion and, 63–69; terminology of, 187n27
La Farelle, Chevalier de, 78
La Haye, M. de, 55
La Morandière, Nicolas François Le Noutre de, 62; appeals by, 110–13; Hébert and, 113–14, 158, 160; on Nayiniyappa’s punishment, 105, 108
languages. See polyglotism
Lapotre, M., 153
La Prévostière, Sieur de, 61, 99, 209n78; Hébert and, 109, 118, 157–59; as procureur général, 106, 109
Lazare Moutiappa, 53
Le Gac, Père, 138
Legou, M., 105
Le Roux, Joseph François, 85–86, 101, 152
Leyreit, George Duval de, 133
Louis XIV, French king, 6–7, 10, 34, 43, 98, 115–16
Louis XV, French king, 2, 40, 132, 164
Macao, 129
Madras, 21, 49, 127–29, 189n54; brokers of, 24, 27–28, 36, 46–47, 60, 180n9; China and, 81, 100; kinship networks of, 149, 189n54; map of, 9; Pondichéry and, 128–29
Madurai, 9, 15, 65, 76–78, 106, 200n90
Mahé, Bertrand François, 80
Makund, Kanakalatha, 180n9
Malabar Rites controversy, 15, 112, 115–17, 148, 200n90
Maldives, 8
Maleiappen, Peter, 204n56
Manucci, Niccolaò (or Manouchi), 60, 189n60
Manuel Geganis (Tamil interpreter), 62–63, 82–86, 124; as catechist, 136; polyglotism of, 73, 74; travels to France of, 124, 136–37, 141–42
Marcara Avachintz, Martin di, 26–27, 181n15, 186n14, 190n3; Nayiniyappa and, 27
Marine Council. See conseil de la marine
Martin, François, 14, 53, 60, 113
Martin, Pierre, 65, 76–78, 137–38
Martinique, 98
Mauduit, Père, 140
Maurepas, Comte de, 40
Mauritius (Île de France), 8, 126–27, 145
Mautort, Chevalier de, 190n7
MEP. See Missions étrangères de Paris
Merrick, Jeffrey, 186n11
Merwick, Donna, 207n22
métis, 198n36
Minakchiamal, 65
missionaries, 3, 74–75, 124–25; in the Americas, 178n56; archives of, 147–49; commercial interests and, 13–16; conflicts among, 14–15; Conseil de Marine and, 178n58; kinship ties and, 63–69; Nayiniyappa and, 109–10, 114–19; polyglotism of, 74–79. See also specific orders, e.g., Jesuits
Missions étrangères de Paris (MEP), 4, 14, 87, 110–15; archives of, 144, 146–47, 207n25; Guruvappa and, 124; Guruvappa’s widow and, 56–59; Hébert and, 41; Malabar Rites controversy of, 112, 115–16; polyglotism and, 75; seminary of, 77, 131–32
Morrissey, Robert, 189n55
Moutiappa (Jesuit catechist), 62–63
Moutiappa (Nayiniyappa’s son), 51–52, 54, 57–58
Moutiappa, Lazare (Tanappa Mudali’s son), 53
Moutou, David, 190n7
Mughal empire, 10, 26, 42, 60, 90, 166
multilingualism. See polyglotism
Muthu Vijaya Thiruvengadam Pillai, 208n38
Nalachetty, 107
Nayiniyappa, 27–31, 128, 153; almsgiving by, 36–39; Ananda Ranga Pillai on, 30–31; appeals of, 32–34, 61, 99, 104–5, 109–13, 155; archives of, 143–44, 151–53; caste of, 187n20; charges against, 31–32; in the Chaudrie court, 80; as chief broker, 1–2, 21, 30–31, 35, 51, 165–66; death of, 2, 93, 130–31; exoneration of, 2, 52, 93, 118–19, 132, 156; Héberts’ enmity toward, 3–4, 31–34, 40–41, 61–62, 105–6, 151–52; Jesuits and, 29, 31–40, 106–7, 114; judges of, 105–8; Marcara and, 27; MEP and, 109–10, 114; punishment of, 1–2, 21, 106–8; Saint-Malo Company and, 43–47; sons of, 1–2, 51–52; street named after, 170; successor of, 35; trial of, 54–55, 93–109, 114–18; whipping of, 1, 21, 101, 107–8
Neild-Basu, Susan, 180n9
Nobili, Roberto di, 76
Noël, Erick, 203n51
Nyons, M. de, 155
Ogborn, Miles, 145
Order of Saint Michel, 2, 133, 164
Ordinance of 1670, 83–84, 99, 103–4
Orléans. See d’Orléans, Philippe
Owensby, Brian, 102
Pagden, Anthony, 174n21
Parangipettai (Porto Novo), 9, 129–30
Paranguis (“Europeans”), 137, 140
Paris, 2–3, 22, 89–90, 123–24, 131–37
Parker, David, 94
Pautrichecli, 187n32
Peabody, Sue, 204n51
Pearson, Michael, 26
Pedro Mudali. See Kanakarâya Pedro Mudali
Phélypeaux, Jérôme, Comte de Pontchartrain, 30, 156, 188n52
Phélypeaux, Louis, Comte de Pontchartrain, 188n52
Pillai “family,” 2, 52–56, 203n32
Piri, Nicolas, 193n46
Plessy, Battle of (1757), 74
polyglotism, 13, 17–18, 127; of brokers, 24, 27, 73–75, 79–81, 191n9; of lawyers, 100; of missionaries, 74–75
polysynody, 40
Pondichéry, 128–29; British destruction of, 168; Dutch control of, 3, 75; fort of, 11, 12; law courts of, 80, 97–101, 197n24, 198n36; maps of, 9, 11; population of, 12, 38; segregation in, 13; Tamil name of, 8; White Town of, 13, 162, 168; worker rebellion in, 31, 105
Pontchartrain, Jérôme Phélypeaux, Comte de, 30, 156, 188n52
Pontchartrain, Louis Phélypeaux, Comte de, 188n52
Porto Novo (Parangipettai), 9, 129–30
Portuguese colonies, 6, 8, 127; Padroado in, 115, 200n104. See also Goa
Portuguese language, 73–74, 81–85
Pratt, Mary Louise, 201n1
Pritchard, James, 211n5
Propaganda Fide (Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith), 115, 201n104
Puduchery. See Pondichéry
Québec. See New France
Ramanada, 4, 89, 116–17, 131, 132; appeals of, 110, 112–13, 136, 155
Rangappa Thiruvengadam Ananda Ranga Pillai, 208n38
Ravichandran, Ananda Ranga, 167–70, 169
Réunion (Île Bourbon), 8, 126–27, 145
Revel, Jacques, 167
Ricci, Matteo, 76
Roques, Georges, 141
Rothman, Natalie, 211n118
Rothschild, Emma, 185n5
Sacaria, Pedro, 60
Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (Propaganda Fide), 115, 201n104
Saint Michel, Order of, 2, 133, 164
Schneider, David, 185n6
Seignelay, Marquis de, 188n52
slavery, 13, 51, 97, 106, 135, 177n51
Sood, Gagan D. S., 99
sovereignty, 3, 5–8, 16, 22–23, 42, 49, 93–96, 164–66
Stephen, S. Jeyaseela, 208n38
St. Malo Company, 4, 43–47, 61, 146, 158. See also Compagnie des Indes orientales
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 174n24
Superior Council (or Sovereign Council), 29, 97–101, 129, 156, 193n53; archives of, 145–48; missionaries and, 115, 116; in New France, 98, 195n2
Surat, 8, 26, 141; Hindus of, 139; map of, 9
Tachard, Guy, 26, 41, 53, 77, 139, 204n55
Tanapachetty, 88
Tanappa André Mudali, 53
Tessier de Queralay, Jean Jacques, 87, 110, 114, 146–47; Guruvappa and, 131–32; Malabar Rites controversy and, 112
Tiruvangadan (Nayiniyappa’s brother-in-law), 28, 132; appeals of, 110–13; archives of, 153–55; arrest of, 4, 153–54; Courchant on, 54, 163; Hébert and, 112, 128–29, 153–55
Tiruvangadan (Tiruvangadan’s grandson), 52, 151
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 119–20
Tournon, Thomas Maillard de, 116–17
Trivellato, Francesca, 207n22
Trouillot, Michel Rolph, 22, 211n118
Tunisia, 185n3
Van Kley, Dale, 114
Van Zyll, Marie Gertaude, 204n51
Veera Nayakar, 208n38
Vellala caste, 52
Vendôme, Paul, 77
Vijaya Tirouvengadapillai, 208n38
Voltaire, 97
War of Spanish Succession, 8–9, 176n38
Wenzel, Éric, 195n2
White Town, of Pondichéry, 13, 162, 168
widows, 188n38. See also Guruvappa, widow of
Wood, Laurie M., 196n10
Zeigenblag, Bartholomaüs, 204n56