Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Abbt, Thomas, 190, 195, 196–204, 244, 272n2; Herder and, 201–2, 206; Lessing and, 197; Moser and, 185, 197, 200, 202; patriotism and, 200, 243; Seven Years’ War and, 203; see also specific works
Académie Royale des sciences et belles-lettres, 278n12
Academy competitions, 226
Adam (biblical figure), 9, 25
Aesthetic experience, 9, 10, 62, 67–68, 158–65; aesthetic judgment and, 11; authorship and, xiv; beautiful soul and, 146–47; contemplation and, 11; disinterested interest and, xvi; mindfulness and, 24; Strasbourg Cathedral and, 52; Townsend on, 251n3; universality of, xxvi
Aesthetic judgment, xiii, 30; aesthetic experience and, 11; beauty and, 32, 40; disinterested interest and, 74; Kant and, 27, 32; originality and, xiv; Townsend on, 251n3; universal validity of, xiv
Aesthetics, see specific topics
Aesthetic subjectivity, xv
Allgemeine Betrachtung über die Triebe der Thiere hauptsächlich über ihre Kunsttriebe (H. S. Reimarus), 33
“Die Alpen” (Haller), 41–43
Animals: automatism and, 29, 254n18; behavioral patterns of, 29, 33–34; classificatory approach to, xix; instinct and, xvii, 2–3, 28–29, 33–39; species change and, 45–48
Anthropocentric teleology, 47
“Antique Matters (Antikes)” (Goethe), 59–60
Antiquity, 182; ancient artifacts, 59; classical, 51, 54, 200
Arndt, Johann, 79, 85, 87; Bible and, 17, 24; contemplation and, 73–74; dogma and, 25; Fall of Adam and Eve and, 9; Pietism and, 7; spiritual exercises and, 7, 70, 73; teleology and, 17–18; verbal emblems and, 8, 10–12, 19–20, 24–25; see also specific works
Art, 72; architecture and, 65–66; as autonomous entity, 1; form of, 258n8; function of, 158–65; Greek, 59, 212–13, 215; intelligent design and, 147; mirroring function of, 69; public and, 212–18; religion and, 147–48; as techne, 58; as unique original, 68; value of, 5
Artistic production, xv, 38, 75
Attention, practices of, 5–7, 25
“Attention and the Values of Nature in the Enlightenment” (Daston), 6
Augustine, 70, 78, 178, 263n17; Bible and, 235; conversion and, 80, 121, 179, 235, 238; J. E. Petersen and, 106
The Author, Art, and the Market (Woodmansee), 1
Authorial independence, 167
Authorship, see specific topics
Autobiography, xviii, 79, 81, 89–91, 177; of J. E. Petersen, 82–83, 93–107; “Profession of Faith of a Savoyard Vicar” as, 118, 124; spiritual, xv, 110
Baumgarten, Alexander, 5, 249n2
Beauty, 36, 39, 71, 75–76; aesthetic judgment and, 32, 40; disinterested interest and, 27; language and, 44; line of, 47; in nature, 38, 40–42, 47–49, 75, 146; poetry and, 41–44
Behavioral patterns, 75; of animals, 29, 33–34
Beherzigungen (Moser), 197
Bible, xxiv–xxv, 87, 269n7; Arndt and, 17, 24; Augustine and, 235; Moser and, 150; J. E. Petersen and, 100–1, 103; revealed religion and, 149–58; scholarship on, 148; study groups, xvi, 86
Blumenbach, Hans, xix, 40
Bourignon, Antoinette, 88–89
Breitinger, Johann Jakob, 42, 43
Briefe zur Beförderung der Humanität (Herder), 185
Cambridge Platonists, 251n3
Censorship, 186, 208; bourgeois public sphere and, 183; by Duke of Saxony, xvii, 239; by Frederick III, 242; public gatherings and, xv; Rousseau and, 139; self-censorship, 223
Christianity, 78, 91, 100, 112–13; Arndt and, 20–21, 24–25; Arnold and, 88; communion and, 123; confession and, 79; conscience and, 54; dogma of, 9–10; Germany and, 195; Goethe and, 171–72; Lessing and, 234–38; meditational practice and, 71; nature and, 48; original sin and, xvii, xxvi, 9–10, 32; orthodoxy, xviii; J. E. Petersen and, 103; Pietism and, 86–87; profession of faith and, 120; secularism and, xxv; see also Bible; On True Christianity; specific denominations
Collegia pietatis, 86, 91
Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de, 29, 33, 214
Confessional discourse, 79, 177, 246; Goethe and, 141; Pietism and, 80, 83, 91, 105–6; popularization of, xv; subjectivity and, 142
“Confessions of a Beautiful Soul” (Goethe), xv, 143–47, 178
Conjectures on Original Composition (Young), 2, 53
Conjectures on the Beginning of Human History (Kant), 37
Contemplation, 2, 12, 23, 27; aesthetic experience and, 11; Arndt and, 73–74; attention practices and, 5, 25; beauty and, 39; disinterested interest and, 36–37; Herder and, 11; human nature and, 51; nature and, 122; Pietism and, 19; pleasure and, 32; Shaftesbury and, 11; Strasbourg Cathedral and, 62, 69
Contest of Faculties (Kant), 242
Contrat social (Rousseau), 139
Conversion narratives, 90; Pietist, 82; secularization of, 110
Criticism and Crisis (Koselleck), 247n1
Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 227
Culture, 39, 52, 148; book, xvi; of confession, 79; French, 164; German, 164, 211; Greek, 208, 215; Hebrew, 209; of mondanité, 264n20; oral, 183, 220; preprint, 208; print, 208, 220; Roman, 210; salon, xxii, 126–27, 179, 264n20; of sensibility, 103, 105; written, 220
Daston, Lorraine, 6–7, 18
Debate, xviii, 182, 225–27, 240; Bible study groups and, xvi; public, 87, 128, 183, 225; rational, 223; theological, xxiv–xxv, 85
De l’esprit des lois (Montesquieu), 198
Devotional literature, 1, 70
Dilherr, Johann Michael, 249n6
Discourse Networks (Kittler), 247n1
Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (Rousseau), 30, 37, 112
Discours sur les sciences et les arts (Rousseau), 129
Disinterested interest, 1–3, 39; aesthetic experience and, xvi; aesthetic judgments and, 74; beauty and, 27; contemplation and, 36–37; Kant and, 11, 25, 74, 124; moral sentiment and, 31; pleasure and, 37; Shaftesbury and, 27–28, 74–75
Dogma, 124, 148, 149; Arndt and, 25; conversion narratives and, 82; in everyday experience, 10; profession of faith and, 109
“Do we still have the Public and the Fatherland of the Ancients?” (Herder), 205
Duclos, Charles Pinot, 131
“Dying for One’s Fatherland” (Abbt), 201
Educated journalistic press, 276n2
Education, 142; aesthetic, 144; “Profession of Faith of a Savoyard Vicar” and, 113, 124
“The Education of the Human Race” (Lessing), 153, 156
Eisenstein, Elizabeth, 247n1
Emblems, 249n6; Baroque, 11, 19–20, 22, 250n8; devotional, 16; verbal, 8–13, 20, 22–25; visual, 8, 11–13, 19–20, 22–23
Enlightenment, see specific topics
Enlightenment and Community (Redekop), 184
The Enlightenment Bible (Sheehan), xxiv
Essai sur l’origine des connaissances humaines (Condillac), 214
“An Essay on Man” (Pope), 6
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 2
Final ends, models of, xiv
Formations of the Secular (Asad), xxv
“Fragments of an Unnamed Author (Fragmente eines Ungenannten)” (Lessing), xviii, 233, 241, 242
Francisci, Erasmus, 249n6
Francke, August Hermann, 86
General Reflexions on the Drives of Animals, especially on their Technical Drives and Skills (H. S. Reimarus), 33
Georgics (Virgil), 44, 48
Germany, xxi, xxiii; Bible in, xxv; Christianity and, 195; culture of, 164, 211; language of, 190, 205, 211–12, 277n12; nationalism of, 187, 205; original genius in, 2; patriotism in, 195, 200; public sphere of, 184
Gleim, Johann Wilhelm Ludwig, 188, 272n2
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, xvii–xviii, 73, 82, 158–65, 235, 257n1, 267n1; architecture and, 63–64; authorship and, xxi, 82, 179; beautiful soul and, 143–47; Bible and, 81, 148, 149–58; biblical stories and, 270n9; Catholic Church and, 148; as celebrity author, xiii; Christianity and, 171–72; confessional discourse and, 141; Diderot and, 164–65; dissertation of, 159; edification and, 65; form of art and, 258n8; French literature and, 163–64; genius and, 62; Herder and, 163; literary productions of, 167–68; Mohamed and, 167–68, 171; nature and, 38, 40, 48–49; prophets and, 170; revealed religion and, 149–58; Rousseau and, 81, 164–66; species change and, 45–47; spiritual autobiography and, xv; Voltaire and, 164, 166; Wandering Jew and, 167–68, 173; Winckelmann essay by, 52, 59; see also specific works
Ground of the soul, 249n2
Harsdörffer, Johann Georg, 249n6
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 144
“Heidnisches” (Goethe), 60
Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 28, 61–62, 72, 190, 195, 243–45, 249n2; Abbt and, 201–2, 206; animals and, xvii; art and, 212–18; contemplation and, 11; critical public and, 220; Goethe and, 163; invisible church and, xxvi, 275n10; language and, 27, 36, 38; live audience and, xxiv; nationalism and, 205, 217; original genius and, 56–58, 76; philosophical schools and, 213; print technology and, 209; public and, 205–7, 210–13; public of literature and, xvi, xviii, 186; Shakespeare and, 52, 55–57, 76; teleology and, 56; Volk and, 275n8; see also specific works
Historie der Wiedergebohrnen (History of the Born-Again, Reitz), 89, 91, 92
Human nature, 142; contemplation and, 51; Hobbes and, 27; Kant and, 25
Hutcheson, Francis, 27, 30
Imagined Communities (Anderson), xxiii
Impartial History of the Church and of Heresy (Arnold), 88, 91
“Inquiry Concerning Virtue and Merit” (Shaftesbury), 30
Instinct, xv, 75; animals and, xvii, 2–3, 28–29, 33–39; Kant and, 36–38; language and, 36; memory and, 29; moral sentiment and, 30–32
Interdisciplinary institutes, 221
Journal publications, 221
Judeo-Christian tradition, 81
Kant, Immanuel, xiii, 28, 87, 183, 244–45, 248n7, 251n3, 255n1; aesthetic judgment and, 27, 32; beauty and, 40, 71; critical public and, 220, 222–29; disinterested interest and, 11, 25, 74, 124; genius and, 257n8; human nature and, 25; innovation and, 58; instinct and, 36–38; original genius and, 58; Pietism and, 74; public sphere and, 242; republic of letters and, 184, 186, 240; sensus communis and, xvi; taste and, 31; teleology and, xx; Woodmansee and, 1; see also specific works
Kittler, Friedrich, 247n1
Klettenberg, Susanne von, 172, 191
Klinger, Friedrich Maximilian, 167, 169
Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, 150, 190
Koselleck, Reinhart, 247n1
Landfester, Ulrike, 269n7
Language, 35–38, 151, 162; beauty and, 44; development of, 214; French, 163, 278n12; German, 190, 205, 211–12, 277n12; Herder and, 27, 36, 38; instinct and, 36; Latin, 220–21, 223–24, 237; public and, 208–12; shared, 208
Laugier, Marc Antoine, 64, 66
Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold, 167, 169
Le Roy, Charles Georges, 29, 33, 34
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, xviii, 75, 156, 245–46, 272n7, 279n29; Abbt and, 197; animals and, xvii; Christianity and, 234–38; critical public and, 220, 229–35; Haller and, 43; Jesus Christ and, 232, 234–35, 236; nature and, 38, 40–41, 43–45; public and, 203–4; reason and, 231; H. S. Reimarus and, 236, 241; republic of letters and, 240; Seven Years’ War and, 188–89, 274n24; teleology and, 48–49, 153; see also specific works
Letters Concerning the Newest Literature, 188–89
Letters for the Promotion of Humanity (Herder), 185
Lettre à M. d ‘Alembert (Rousseau), 112
Lettre sur la musique françoise (Rousseau), 136–37, 138
Literature, 110–11; confessional, 261n20; devotional, 1, 70; entertainment, 1; French, 163–64; meditational, 7–8; public and, 212–18; public of literature, xvi, xviii, 186, 216–18, 244–45; wisdom, xiv
Lully, Jean-Baptiste de, 130–31
“Mahomeds Gesang” (Goethe), 167
Medieval mysticism, 249n2
Meditation, 72; of Arndt, 8, 71; Pietist practices, xv, 11, 19; Protestant literature, 7–8
Meditationes Sacrae (Gerhard), 8
Mirroring function, of art, 69
“The Moralists” (Shaftesbury), 252n9
Moral sentiment: disinterested interest and, 31; instinct and, 30–32; teleology and, 30
Moser, Friedrich Carl von, 190–96, 203, 244, 272n2; Abbt and, 185, 197, 200, 202; Bible and, 150; Blitz on, 189–90; Pietism and, 191; Seven Years’ War and, 196, 200
Nathan der Weise (Nathan the Wise, Lessing), 234
Nature, xix, xx, 2–3, 18, 75; beauty in, 38, 40–42, 47–49, 75, 146; Bosheit (evil nature), 230; Christianity and, 48; contemplation and, 122; as divine creation, 247n7; Lessing and, 38, 40–41, 43–45; moral authority of, 6; order of, 166, 248n7, 253n11; “Profession of Faith of a Savoyard Vicar” and, 122; Rousseau and, 38; trust in, 33; see also Human nature
“Die neue Melusine” (Goethe), 160, 162
Nonliterary conventions, 119
Observation: cultural practices of, 9; of natural phenomena, 6–7
“On Dying for the Fatherland” (Abbt), 196–98
“On Obedience” (Moser), 192
On True Christianity (Arndt), 9, 71, 74, 79, 85; cultural influence of, 7; editions and translations of, 7, 249n7; emblems and, 16, 19–20, 22, 24; nature and, 18; Riga edition of, 8, 11–12, 17, 24; spiritual exercises and, 70
The Order of Things (Foucault), xix, xx
Original genius, xiii, xvi, 1–3, 51, 73; in Germany, 2; Goethe and, 59; Herder and, 56–58, 76; historical context of, 56; Kant and, 58; models of, 52, 61; Storm and Stress poets and, 63; Young and, 2, 53, 55, 76
Originality, xxi, 61, 92; aesthetic judgment and, xiv; genius and, 51; Kant and, 58; Storm and Stress poets and, 53; stranger within and, 54
Ortmann, Adolph Dietrich, 272n2
“Pagan Matters” (Goethe), 60
Pallas, Peter Simon, 247n7
Patey, Douglas Lane, 256n1
Patriotisches Archiv (Moser), 190, 196
Petersen, Johanna Eleonora, 80, 82–83, 89, 93–107, 177; Augustine and, 106; Bible and, 100–1, 103; childhood of, 94–100; Christianity and, 103; engagement of, 100–2; Jesus Christ and, 95
Phenomenology (Hegel), 144
Pia Desideria or the Heartfelt Desire for a God-pleasing Betterment of the True Evangelical Church Together with Some Simple Proposals Aiming Thereto (Spener), 7, 85–88
Pietism, xvi, xxiv–xxv, 146, 229; Arndt and, 7; Christianity and, 86–87; confessional discourse and, 80, 83, 91, 105–6; confessional literature of, 261n20; contemplation and, 19; conversion narratives, 82; individual experience and, 85–93; Kant and, 74; meditational practices of, xv, 11, 19; Moravians and, 144–45; Moser and, 191; J. E. Petersen and, 93–107; reading culture of, 79; tolerance and, 202
Pietismus und Aufklärung (Gierl), xxiv
Pleasure: aesthetic, 5; contemplation and, 32; disinterested interest and, 37; mathematics and, 31–32, 37; taste and, xiii
“Pleasures of the Imagination” (Addison), 11
Poetry and Truth (Goethe), xv, xvii, 141, 148, 168, 179, 269n7; Bible and, 149; Confessions (Rousseau) and, 81; Spinoza and, 174–75; turning point of, 159–60
Populärphilosophie, 277n7
The Practice of Christian Prayer and Meditation (La Pratique de l’oraison et méditation chrétienne, Labadie), 85
Presence, production of, 158–65
“Profession of Faith of a Savoyard Vicar” (Rousseau), xv, 83, 107, 110, 114; as autobiography, 118, 124; communion and, 123–24; confession and, 115–17, 119; education and, 113, 124; Nicene Creed and, 119–20; nonliterary genres and, 110–11; reception of, 112; setting in, 122; voice in, 115, 117, 118
“Prometheus” (Goethe), 167
Protestant Church: attention practices and, 7; Gospel of John and, 235; meditational literature of, 7–8; Seven Years’ War and, 187, 189; Spener and, 85–87
Public sphere, xv, xxi–xxiii, 276n2; bourgeois, xxi, 181, 183; German, 184; Kant and, 242; representational, 181; “What Is Enlightenment?” and, 87
Public Sphere (Habermas), 218
“Das Publikum” (Moser), 190, 192
Purposiveness, models of, xiv
Pygmalion (Rousseau), 165
Querelle des Bouffons, 136
Ramler, Karl Friedrich, 272n2
Reales Publikum (real public), 210, 224
Reill, Peter Hanns, xix, xx
Religion, see specific topics
Religion Within the Limits of Pure Reason (Kant), 242
Representational public sphere (repräsentative Öffentlichkeit), 181
Res publica literaria, 220
The Rise of the Public (Melton), xxiii
Romans, 201; culture of, 210; mythology of, 53; pietas and, 66
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, xvii–xviii, 32, 78–82, 106–10, 177–79; arrest warrant for, 112; audiences of, 126–40, 264n24; as celebrity author, xiii; censorship and, 139; confessional subjectivity and, 241; Goethe and, 81, 164–66; Klinger and, 169; music and, 135; nature and, 38; oral confession and, 263n17; pitié and, 30; Rococo imagery and, 266n35; volonté général and, xxii; Voltaire and, 263n20; see also specific works
Scientific community, 221
Scrivener, Christian, 249n6
Secularization, 75, 159; confession and, 123; of conversion narrative, 110; Émile and, 83; Lessing and, 234
Sensibility, culture of, 103, 105
Sensuous experience, 71–72
“Sensus Communis: An Essay on Wit and Humour” (Shaftesbury), 197
Seven Years’ War, 184–86, 204, 271n2, 272n11; Abbt and, 203; Catholic Church and, 187; context of, 187–90; imagined community and, xvi; Lessing and, 188–89, 274n24; Moser and, 196, 200; Protestant Church and, 187, 189
Shaftesbury (Anthony Ashley-Cooper), xviii, 37, 197, 251n3, 252n9; animals and, xvii; contemplation and, 11; disinterested interest and, 27–28, 74–75; moral sentiment and, 30–32; order of nature and, 253n11; original sin and, 27, 32; prayer and, 27; sensus communis and, 198, 203; virtue and, 144; see also specific works
“Songs of a Grenadier” (Gleim), 188–89
Speaking, as private person, 223–25
Spinoza, Baruch, 149, 168, 234; authorship and, 171; Poetry and Truth and, 174–75; Wandering Jew and, 173
Spiritual autobiography, xv, 110
Spiritual Experiences, of Sundry Beleevers. Held forth by them at severall solemne meetings (Powell), 89
Storm and Stress poets, 73, 167–69, 171; original genius and, 63; Young and, 53
Subjectivity, xiv, 109; aesthetic, xv; architecture and, 63; confessional, 241; confessional discourse and, 142
Talent (ingenium), 53, 59
Taste, 76, 251n3, 257n8; French, 63, 130; moral sentiment and, 31; pleasure and, xiii; as sensus communis, 244; social distinction and, xiii, 11, 39
Teleology, 33, 38, 39, 45, 75; anthropocentric, 47; Arndt and, 17–18; Herder and, 56; Kant and, xx; Lessing and, 48–49, 153; moral sentiment and, 30; natural religion and, 155
Theory of Colors (Goethe), 62, 268n1
Thomasius, Christian, 227
Transformation of the Public Sphere (Habermas), xxi
Treatise on the Origin of Language (Herder), 36
“Über die Herrnhuter” (Lessing), 229, 233
Unparteiisches Kirchen- und Ketzerhistorie (Arnold), 88, 91
The Vicar of Wakefield (Goldsmith), 163
“Vom Tode für das Vaterland” (Abbt), 196–98
Vom Verdienste (Abbt), 197
Von dem deutschen National-Geist (Moser), 195
Von deutscher Baukunst (Goethe), 52, 62, 69, 72, 73
Wagner, Heinrich Leopold, 167, 168
Weltweisheit (worldly wisdom), 227, 232
“What Is an Author?” (Foucault), xx
Wieland, Christoph Martin, 144, 167
Wilhelm of Schaumburg Lippe, 196
Wolff, Caspar Friedrich, 247n7
Young, Edward, 57, 64, 256n1; innovation and, 55; local genius and, 54; original genius and, 2, 53, 55, 76; self-knowledge and, 54; Storm and Stress poets and, 53; stranger within and, 59; vegetable genius and, 56, 76
Zedler, Johann Heinrich, 271n12
Zedlers Universallexikon, 155