Acropolis, 236–238, 238f, 239f, 246f, 260f, 322
administration/administrative system: Aztec Empire, 293–295; cultural factors and, 329–331; Inka Empire, 328; Pasa Qulqa, 201–204; seals and sealings, 326–329; storage practice, social organization and, 25–31
agency, 27, 52, 55, 321, 323, 324
agricultural communities, 22, 70, 330
agricultural cycle: female symbolism of, 211; storage for future, 215–216, 221
agricultural terraces, 172
agricultural uncertainty, 56
agriculture: dry farming, 199; inconsistent productivity of, 28; irrigation agriculture, 45, 98, 115, 129; Levantine, 70, 75; Palestinian, 70; rainfall agriculture, 44, 253; seals and, 44; silo complex and, 64–65; storage facilities for, 64–65, 67; storage for future, 318; wetland, 252–253
Agro-Pastoral Committee, 200
Akkermans, M. M. G., 326
Alaskan natives, 21
altepetl organization, 308–309
Amaziya: alternate views of storage system in, 77f; Area B1, 63–64, 64f; Area B2, 63f, 64–67, 64f; comparative table with Egyptian Chronology, 68t; domestic architecture, 63–64; economic control, 76–78; excavations at, 61–63, 62f; pottery at, 74f, 75–76; significance of, 69–71; Silos Compound, 64–69, 66t; storage pits, 65f
Andean abacus, 138
Andean storage system, Spanish colonial transformation of, 190–191
Andes, map of, 140f
anthropological archaeologists, methodology of, 19–20
Arensberg, Conrad M., 71
Armillas, Pedro, 306
Arslantepe, 52–55, 53f, 317, 327
audiencias: arrangements of, 145f; description of, 141–144, 328; spatial distribution of, 145; storerooms and, 145; types of, 143f
Axayacatl, Alonso, 298
Azcapotzalco, 307
Aztec Empire: administration of, 293–295; map of, 293–294; state system, 302–305; strategic provinces, 294–295; Tenochtitlan, 296–298; tribute exactions, 293–294
bajareque, 275
bala taxation system (Ur III), 94–95
Bandelier palace, 158f
Barba, Luis, 241
Batalla, Juan José, 300, 304–305
Berman, Merrick Lex, 308
bio-evolutionary theory, 27
Blanton, Richard, 33, 313, 321–322
botanical remains, 182–184, 183t
Brezine, Carrie, 193
Byrne de Caballero, Geraldine, 152
Cahokia settlement system, 22
calpixcacalli, 305
capital-centric, 308
Carrasco, Pedro, 295
Casma Valley: Inka Empire vs., 320, 327; map of, 112f; Pampa de las Llamas Moxeke, 113–119; Sechín Alto Polity, 111–115; Taukachi-Konkán, 122–124
cenotes, 279
centralization: of control mechanisms, 30–31; definition of, 29; economic, 332; political, 212, 251, 254, 255t, 258, 265; process of, 78; of raw materials, 236; within regulatory institutions, 50; of storage functions, 27, 42, 78; storage systems and, 54
ceramic figurines, 128f
Cerro Mamorco, 150
Cerro Santa Bárbara, 149
Chan Chan: map of, 140f; occupation of, 141; plan of, 142f; storage court, 155–157, 156f; storeroom distribution, 153–155; U-shaped structures, 141–144, 320
Charpin, Dominique, 42
Cheqoq Archaeological Project (CHAP), 181–182
Chimú state: administration, 141–147; audiencias, 141; recording systems, 15, 135; storerooms, 153–161
Chiswell, Coreen E., 162
chultuns, 271, 279–281, 280f, 281f
Classic Maya, 259–264. See also Maya area
Clavijero, Francisco Javier, 300–302
climate change, 28
Codex Mendoza, 293
collca, 191
comestibles: storage of, 130; value of, 117–118
community-level storage, 190, 220
comparison, methodology of, 20
complex storehouse. See storehouses/storerooms
comptroller role at Tepe Gawra, 50, 52, 320
control: centralized leadership, 30–31, 130; definition of, 27; of foodstuffs, 24; by Maya elites, 253–254; power vs., 27; of raw materials, 245; square-room units as emblem of, 124–126; storage strategies as, 253
core questions in archaeology, 19, 25, 313
craft goods, control of, 24
cultural traditions, 26
culture: definition of, 25; nationality vs., 25; society vs., 25–27, 29
Cuzco: botanical remains, 182–184, 183t; ceramic assemblages, 181–182; map of, 175f; political economy, 173–175; regional storehouses, 184–185; storage architecture, 180f, 184; Type 1 structures, 176, 177f; Type 2 structures, 177f, 178–179
de las Casas, Gino, 193
DeBoer, Warren, 22
decentralized storage systems, 264–265
Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft (DOG), 99
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 297
distribution of storerooms in Andes, 155–157, 162
domestic storage, 174, 176, 275–278
domestication of plants and animals, 22
Donnan, Christopher B., 155
dual evolution, concept of, 33
dual organization of storage, 21–22
Dumbarton Oaks, 294
Durán, Diego, 307
è.dub.ba, 42
Egyptian colony system, 325–326
“El arte verbal en las canciones ritu ales quechuas de Rapaz‘ (Ciudad), 206–207
elites: control by, 22, 27, 215; def nition of, 23; food storage and, 71; intermediate, 23, 217–218, 221; Maya, 253, 259, 324; political, 265
Encarnación, Victor Gallardo, 193
Englund, Robert, 88
equality sharing, 46
Estrada, Arturo Ruiz, 192
Falcón-Huayta, Victor, 193
Fara, 99
Farfán, Edgar Cento, 193
Faustino, Nelly, 193
feasting, 23
Feinman, Gary, 33
Fink, Lisa, 21
Fiske, Alan Page, 30
Flannery, Kent, 29
food insecurity: Andean views of, 168–172; mitigating risks of, 167
food-getting strategies, 21
foodstuffs: bulking of, 257–258; control of, 24; description of, 216; in Mesoamerica, 317–318
Frangipane, Marcella, 31, 44, 219
Fried, Morton, 71
Fuchs, Peter, 123
funerary practices, 32, 44–45, 229, 246–247, 281
Gallardo, Toribio, 197f
ga-num, 42
gastro-politics, 103
Gazit, Dan, 75
Gonzales, Rosa Choque, 193
González, Norberto, 247
González-Holguín, Diego, 168–170
Gophna, Ram, 75
grain storage. See also storehouses/storerooms; at Arslantepe, 41f, 52–55, 323; in Aztec Empire, 304; facilities, 40–41; in Fara, 99–102; granary supervisor, 93, 96; ka-guru, 93, 96; positioning, 85
grain storage practices, Mesopotamia, 94–96
Gran Chimú, 159
Greater Mesopotamia: Arslantepe, 52–55; environmental context of, 43–44; funerary practices, 44–45; rainfall agriculture, 44; Sabi Abyad, 44; seals and sealings, 43–44; sites, 43f; Tepe Gawra, 45–52; Uruk-Warka, 55–56
Grill Building, Xochicalco, 240–241
Guerrero, 229
Guevara Carazas, Luis, 182, 183
Halif Terrace, 69
Harris, Marvin, 321
Hastorf, Christine A., 151
“heating‘ process in Maya storage, 260–261
heterogeneity: agency and, 52; centralization and, 332; control, 27; environmental, 272; in Mesopotamia, 97; social structure, 30, 33; of societies, 23, 322–323, 327; storage representing, 33; at Uruk, 55–56
hierarchical relations: administrative, 185; of Andean culture, 330; of audiencias, 145–147; of balternos, 200–201; in Casma Valley, 320; as core of state society, 23, 103; evolution of, 324; food distribution and, 170, 172; of Maya elites, 265; nested households, 90; Professions List from Uruk, 23; at Rapaz, 209–210; roundels and, 224; at Sechín Alto site, 111–113; at Tel Erani, 71–72, 76; at Tenochtitlan, 307; in Tupicocha, 191; varayo-style, 200; at Xochicalco, 16, 235, 244, 264
Hoekstra, Rik, 308
Hoffman, Brian, 23
horizontal egalitarian systems, 31–32, 34t, 44–45, 56, 316
House of the Masks, 282
“household‘ as representation of Mesopotamian institutions, 90
Huaca A mound, 115–117, 116f, 118f, 125, 125f
Huamachuco: Inka storage structures, 149–151; map of, 140f; storeroom locations, 148f
Huánuco Pampa, 140f, 147–148, 184
Huaycochea Núñez de la Torre, Flor de María, 176, 181
human cultural development, 19–20
human evolution and storage, 20–25
human figurines, 127–129, 128f
i.dub, 42
images used as qualifiers in Andean accounting, 139
information-recording systems, 135–139, 144
Inka Empire: administrative system, 328; Casma Valley vs., 320, 327; colonial system, 326; Cuzco, 173–175; domestic storage, 174; Imperial Period, 175–184; Machu Qollqa, 178–179; map of, 169f; political economy, 172–174; provincial storehouses, 172–173, 184; qollqa structures, 171–173; risk management, 167, 186; road systems, 172–173; rural storage facilities, 174; urbanism, 332
Inka storage structures: botanical remains, 182–184, 183t; ceramic assemblages, 181–182; contents of, 181; in Cuzco region, 176; distribution of, 179–181; at Huamachuco, 149–151, 152; at Huánuco Pampa, 147–148, 152; in Jauja area, 151–152
Inka Yupanque, 174
institutional ranking, definition of, 22
intermediate elites, 23, 217–218, 221
irrigation agriculture, 45, 98, 115, 129
ispinsira female role in Andean ritual, 202
Israel Antiquities Authority, 61
Jasaw Chan K’awil I, 263
Jemdet Nasr Period, 88
Johnson, Gregory, 322
Kaha Wayi, 189, 194–196, 195f, 197f, 201, 205, 211, 330
kamatsikuq male role in Andean ritual, 202
Kendall, Ann, 176
Kowalewski, Stephen R., 50
Krzanowski, Andresz, 192
Kuijt, Ian, 22
Kumun chakra community field, 200
La Blanca Acropolis, 282–285, 283f, 284f
La Ventilla Barrio, 223
Laboratorio de Investigaciones Arqueobotánicas del Perú (LIAP), 183
Larco Hoyle, Rafael, 139
leadership: centralization of, 30; exclusionary strategy, 33, 215, 218; regulating role of, 33; rights between followers and, 22–23; of Sechín Alto Polity, 115, 129–130; at Tepe Gawra, 50; transition of, 22
Macera, Pablo, 192
Machu Qollqa, 178–179, 182, 183
Mahler’s Palace, 263
Manzanilla, Linda R., 219, 236–237
Martin, Harriet, 100
Martinez, Hildeberto, 309
Matrícula de Tributos, 293
Maya area: ceramic assemblages, 331; domestic storage, 275–278; economic system, 272–274, 322; fiber containers, 277–278; highlands, 272; long-distance trade, 257; lowlands, luxury items, 273; map of, 252f; palaces, 274f, 282–285, 287–288; perishable buildings, 276–277; political economies of, 255–256; ponds and reservoirs, 279; rites and ceremonies, roadside storage buildings, 320–321; ruling classes, 272; storage problems, 318–319; Tikal, 251–254; use of offerings, 278; water storage, 278–281; wetland cultivation systems, 253
Maya elites, 253
Maya iconography, 282
medicinal plants, 216
Mesoamerica: in Late Classic Copan, 256; ruling class, 306–307; storage unit varieties, 317–318
Mesopotamia: Akkadian Period, 92–94; archaeological divisions, 87f; dependency model in, 98–103; Early Dynastic period, 89–92; grain storage facilities, 85; Jemdet Nasr Period, 88; Late Uruk Period, 87–88; map of, 43f, 86f; origins of, 28; sociopolitical landscape in 3rd millennium, 97; state formation and succession in, 96–98; storage containers, 317; Ur III Period, 94–96; urbanization process, 87. See also Greater Mesopotamia
Mesopotamian tokens, 223
Mills, Barbara, 32
the Moche, 155
Molina, Alonso de, 300
Montes, D. Melecio, 194
Moore, Jerry, 141
Morales-Puente, Pedro, 225
Morris, Craig, 147–149, 162, 184
Moxeke mound, 115
muchuy in Andes, definition of, 168
mujer divina, 202
Negev, 325
networks, 26
New World Chronology, 314t-315t
Nezahualcoyotl, 288
Nissen, Hans, 327
Ollantaytambo, 178
Oztoyahualco, 222
palaces: audiencias in, 145–146; Bandelier palace, 158f, 160t; Classic Maya, 259–264; in Early Dynastic period, 90–92; Inka, 155; Inka storage structures, 160t; as an institution in, 237; Maya, 274f, 287–288; Rivero palace, 159f; Sayil Palace, 262; at Tell Brak, 93f; at Tikal, 285; Tschudi palace, 146f; at Xochicalco, 236–238, 239f
Pampa de las Llamas-Moxeke: Huaca A mound, 115–117, 116f, 118f; plan of, 113–114, 114f; square-room units, 115–119, 120f; temple, 119
Pasa Qulqa: bag-lifter, 202–203; description of, 196–198; female domesticity, 211; photograph of, 195f; productive system, 198–201; ritualism of administration, 201–204; tinya drumsong in Andean ritual, 206–209
Pearson, Harry W., 71
personal wealth vs. state wealth, 256
Peters, Renata, 193
petlacalco in Tenochtitlan, 297, 304–305
pisiy, definition of, 168
Polanyi, Karl, 71
political centralization, 212, 251, 254, 255t, 258, 265
political economy and storage systems, 255t
polity: definition of, 26; Egyptian, 72–73; socially complex, 71–73
Poma de Ayala, Felipe Guaman, 138, 170, 190–191, 209
Popal Na, 256
Porter, Anne, 23
Postclassic Mesoamerican nobility, 306–307
pottery roundels, 223–225, 226f
power: authority symbols and, 124–126, 125f; definition of, 27
Protzen, Jean-Pierre, 184
qollqa storage structures (Inka), 171–173, 176, 185
quipu: definition of, 135–136; Inka officials with, 137f; standardization of, 138; structural characteristics of, 136; uses of, 136–138, 173
quipu house, 189, 192–194, 195f, 328
quipu specialist, 185
Radicati de Primeglio, Carlos, 138
Rapaz village: governance, 330; patrimonial buildings, 194–198; productive system, 198–201; quipu house, 189–190, 192; research project, 192–194; ritual precinct of, 194, 209–210
recording systems: quipu, 135–139; spatial patterning, 139; standardization of, 144
redistributive systems, 324
Rice, P., 272
Richardson, Seth, 97
risk and uncertainty: Andean concept of, 168–172; decline in, 45; Inkan concept of, 172–173, 186, 332; management strategies, 168, 186; mitigating, 167; perceptions of, 28
ritual: feasting as, 23; temple artifacts, 24–25
roadside storage buildings, 320–321
Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, María, 205
Rothman, Mitchell, 317
roundels in Teotihuacan, 223–225, 226f
Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de, 305, 307
Salomon, Frank, 206
San Andrés de Tupicocha, 191
San Martin Orange amphora, 219f
Santo Tomás, 170
sapçi o comun, Rapaz community, 190–191
Sayil Palace, 262
Scarborough, Vernon L., 279
Schmandt-Besserat, Denise, 223
Scott, James C., 98
seals and sealings: administrative mechanisms, 326–329; auditing with, 326; ceramic, 126–127; clay, 40, 48, 327; on cloth, 327–328; cylinder seal motifs, 89f; evolution of, 39–40; on people’s skin, 327–328; from Tepe Gawra, 40f; types of, 223
Sechín Alto Complex: ceramic stamp seals, 127f; human figurines, 127–129; plan of, 113f; site hierarchy, 112–113
Sechín Alto Polity: complexity of, 111–115; intrasite planning, 113–114; public construction, 114–115; storage within, 115–118
Seele, Enno, 302
Service, Elman, 316
silo complex: at Amaziya, 64–69, 66t; at Fara, 99–102, 102t; at Raqa’i, 324; storage capacity, 102t
Smith, Adam, 26
social stratification, 22
societal organizations, 321–326
societies: cultural factors and administration, 329–331; definition of, 26; ecological transformations, 28; evolution of, 29–30; horizontal egalitarian systems, 31–32; integration as key to formation, 29; organization of, 27–28; ranked, coordinated, 32–33; stratified, regulated, 33–34; vertical egalitarian systems, 32, 45–46
spaces for archival purposes, 54
square-room units in Andes: as emblem of control, 124–126; at Pampa de las Llamas-Moxeke, 113–119, 120f; at Taukachi-Konkán, 122–124
state storage vs. community-level storage, 190
state-level society, rise of, 19
Steinkeller, Piotr, 96
step typology, 316
Steward, Julian, 22
storage: as communal activity, 22; as control of raw materials, 20–21; correlation of organizational type, 34t; definition of, 20; forms of, 316–321; human evolution and, 20–25; as measure of societal relationships, 23; of noneconomic goods, 24–25; in southeast United States, 22
storage architecture, 179–181, 180f, 184
storage facilities, representation in codices, 300
storage pits, Amaziya, 65f
storage practice, social organization and administration, 25–31
storehouses/storerooms: archival purposes of, 54; as authority symbols, 331; with canals, 150f; classification of, 40–42; communal storage, 56; complex. See storehouses/storerooms decentralized storage systems, 264–265; distribution of, 155–157, 162; at Festòs and Arslantepe, 41f; foodstuffs, 239–244; grain, 239–244; as a granary, 40–41; luxury items, 273, 282–285; outside Tenochtitlan, 299–302; on piers, 150f; sealing mechanism, 39–42; shapes, 162; sign-in procedure, 56; Tenochtitlan, 297–298; terminology, 168–170; Type 1 storehouses, Cuzco region, 176; warehouses vs., 42; at Xochicalco, 239–244
storing as economic activity, 235
super-households as Mesopotamian state organization, 90
surplus production in domestic economies, 167
surpluses: concept of, 323–326; control of, 23–24; definition of, 254; development of, 22–23; generating, 257–258; provincial political economy, 185–186; redistributive systems, 324; social power and, 167; state risk-management strategies, 168
Tahn Te’K’inich, 282
Taukachi-Konkán, 122–124, 123f, 124f
Tel Tsaf storage patterns, 325
Tell Brak, 94
Tell Mozan, 94
temples, Pampa de las Llamas-Moxeke, 119
Tenochtitlan, 258, 296–298, 304, 318–319
Teopancazco compound, 221–225, 222f
Teotihuacan: craft production sectors, 217–218; description of, 215, 318; economic exchange network, 228–229; excavations at, 218–219; foreign amphorae, 220; heterogeneity at, 322; map of, 217f; neighborhood-scale storage, 220; obsidian blade exportation, 24; roundels as tortilla counters, 223–225; storage for agricultural cycles, 216; tokens, use of, 329; tortilla rations, 223–224, 227–228, 324
Tepe Gawra: equality sharing, 46, 48; storage units in, 46f; structural change, 50; temple, 51f, 52; vertical egalitarian systems, 323; White Room building, 47f; workshops, 48, 49f
textile production, 121f
theater-type censer, 225f
Tikal, 251–254, 257–259, 263, 279, 285, 318
tokens, use of, 43, 135, 138, 223, 329
Topoxté, 281
tortilla rations, 223–224, 227–228, 324
Treasury House, 330
tribute: definition of, 258–259; exactions, 293–294
tribute storerooms, 318, 324–325
Trojes granaries at Teotihuacan, 298, 298f, 299f, 300–302
Tschudi palace, 146f, 160–161, 161f
Tukapia, 201
Type 1 structures, Cuzco Inka, 176, 177f
Type 2 structures, Cuzco Inka, 177f, 184
Tyrakowski, Konrad, 302
Ubaid culture, 45
uncertainty. See risk and uncertainty
Upper Mantaro Archaeological Research Project, 151
urbanism, 332
Ur-nammu, 94
Urton, Gary, 155
Valentín-Maldonado, Norma, 228
vegetable gardens, domestic, 277
Velarde, 159
Velázquez-Castro, Adrián, 228
Verhoeven, Marc, 326
vertical egalitarian systems, 32, 34t, 45–46, 48, 316, 323–324
vertical organizations, 45
Vidal-Lorenzo, Cristina, 319
Vitelli, Karen D., 332
Wallace, Anthony F. C., 30, 322
warehouse vs. storehouses, 42
water storage, 287
Wesson, Cameron, 20
Western Temple, 52
Wilkinson, Toby, 26
Xauxa, 24
Xochicalco: Acropolis, 236f, 237, 238f, 239f; burial offering, 246–247; food storage, 239–244, 242t; goods, 245–247; graneros, 239–244, 244t; main plaza, 236f; map of, 238f; palace, 236–238; Plaza Principal, 243f; raw materials, 245–247; storage, 235–236, 322; Structure G4, 243–244
Yax Nuun Ahiin II, 263
yupana, Inka abacus, 138
Zapotitlán valley, 275
Zúñiga Arellano, Belem, 228