VICTOR VERSTER PRISON
DECEMBER 1988–FEBRUARY 1990
On the evening of 7 December 1988 Nelson Mandela was taken from his hospital ward at Constantiaberg MediClinic and driven to Victor Verster Prison, about an hour away. The destination was the bungalow of a former prison warder and it had modern furnishings, a large garden, and a swimming pool. Warrant Officer Jack Swart, who had first encountered Mandela in the early days on Robben Island, was instructed to cook for him and run the house.
Swart recalls that Mandela was not restricted in the number of letters he could write while he was at Victor Verster Prison but he remembers three boxes containing ‘hundreds of letters’ that were not given to him.67
The next morning Mandela was visited by the minister of justice, Kobie Coetsee, armed with a housewarming gift – a case of wine. He told Mandela that it had been decided that he would be held in the house so that he could continue the discussions he had begun with government officials in 1986.
The talks with the ‘working group’ continued apace. The schedule depended on a request to meet from either the government team or from Mandela, who would communicate through the commanding officer of the prison.68 The meetings were not negotiations, but rather an attempt by Mandela to get to a point where the ANC and the government could eventually negotiate about the end of apartheid. They were later described technically, as ‘talks about talks’. He used these discussions with the officials to arrange the release of the remaining six Rivonia Trial colleagues still in prison. The oldest, Govan Mbeki, had been freed in November 1987 and Denis Goldberg was released in 1985.
While prospective visitors still had to apply to see him, and their applications were still sometimes rejected by the authorities, Mandela had many visits from his wife, Winnie Mandela, their children, and grandchildren and other family members as well as friends and comrades. His letters were similarly less controlled and they assumed the role of an instrument for him to reach back into the world he seemed increasingly likely to inhabit again.
In 1988 Mac Maharaj, his comrade from Robben Island, had been infiltrated back into South Africa as part of an underground strategy, called Operation Vula, to smuggle MK operatives into South Africa in case the government did not negotiate in good faith. Maharaj devised a method for Mandela to communicate from the prison to Oliver Tambo and other ANC leaders in exile. He informed Mandela’s attorney Ismail Ayob of a nickname they had arranged before Maharaj’s release from prison and told him to refer to it on one of his visits. This signalled to Mandela that Ayob was conveying a message from Maharaj. The first one was a tiny rolled-up note the size of a matchstick. It asked him to participate in a secret exchange of messages that would be hidden inside a book cover. Mandela agreed. In this way, Mandela and the organisation were able to share information on the discussions he was having with the government team.69
A mark of Nelson Mandela’s character was his determination to stick at his law studies. Forty-five years after he first enrolled at the University of the Witwatersrand as a twenty-four-year-old, he received notification that he had passed his LLB. As the years dragged on in prison and after weathering obstacles designed to grind down his will to continue with his studies, continue he did. Finally, at the age of seventy, knowing that it was highly unlikely that he would ever practise as a lawyer again, Mandela learned that he would indeed graduate with a law degree.
To Professor W. J. Hosten, University of South Africa
Student no: 240-094-4
23 December 1988
Prof W.J. Hosten,
Dean of the Law Faculty,
Unisa,
P.O. Box 392.
Pretoria
0001
Dear Prof Hosten,
I thank you for your letter of 5 December 1988 in which you advise that I have completed the LL.B degree.
It was fitting that you should be the first to congratulate me on this achievement. I firmly believe that, without your support, my request for exemption from the languages would probably not have succeeded. The accomplishment will certainly strengthen my ties with Unisa,i and will enable me to join the scores of men and women, inside and outside South Africa, whose ability to serve their respective communities has been considerably enhanced by obtaining this degree.
Kindly convey my thanks tothe Faculty Board and to the Registrar (Academic and Student Affairs), to Prof Wiechers for his complimentary press comments, to Prof P.A.K le Roux, who provided me with prescribed literature, and all the lecturers who guided me so well in my studies.
Yours sincerely,
[Signed NRMandela]
To Archie Gumede,i friend and comrade
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
10 January 1989
Dear Qwabe,ii
The wish to join family and friends outside prison burns ever so strongly every hour of the day. But release from incarceration does not appear to be round the corner. There is, however, the remote possibility that, from my present quarters, I may see you and others. Meantime, I send fondest regards and best wishes to you, your family, to George,iii Diliza (Senior),iv Curnick,v Thabekhulu and everybody.
Yours sincerely,
Madiba
Phakathwayo Archie Gumede,
c/o Louis Bar & Restaurant.
P.O. Box 96,
CLERNERVILLE
3602
To Archbishop Desmond Tutu and his wife, Leah Tutui
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
17.1.89
Leah & Mpiloii
I was not at all surprised to receive your get-well card when I was a patient at the Tygerberg Hospital.iii You are widely known as a couple who care for others, and who have served our people and country with remarkable courage and humility. My speedy and complete recovery has been due to the excellent treatment I received from my medical team, nurses and friends. For very obvious reasons your message played a special role in that recovery.
Fondest regards and best wishes to you, Trevoriv and family, and to his sisters.
Sincerely,
[Signed NRMandela]
To Rev Austen Massey, general secretary, Methodist Church of South Africa
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
17.1.89
Rev Austen Massey,
General Secretary, Methodist Church of South Africa
114 Rissik St,
Braamfontein,
Johannesburg.
2001.
Dear Moruti,i
The six thousand rands I received from you enabled me to meet pressing financial commitments. My family responsibilities extend beyond my wife, children and grandchildren.
During the 26 years of my incarceration the inability to respond meaningfully to deserving appeals for financial help has indeed been a harrowing experience for me. The grant by the church made it possible for me to provide this help.
Please give my sincere thanks and best wishes to the church.
Sincerely,
[Signed NRMandela]
Victor Verster Prison, Private Bag X6005, Paarl South, 7624
Mangosuthu Buthelezi, a long-time friend of Nelson Mandela and former member of the ANC Youth League, founded the Inkatha National Cultural Liberation Movement in 1975. Initially close, the two organisations drifted apart over Buthelezi’s embrace of the homeland system which the ANC was opposed to. Inkatha was in favour of non-violent change while the ANC had its own armed wing. Thousands of South Africans were killed in violence between the two groups which was later found to have been fomented by the apartheid regime.
To Mangosuthu Buthelezi,ii president of Inkatha
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
3 February 1989
Dear Shenge,iii
I thank you for the warm and well-considered telex message you sent me on behalf of King Zwelithiniiv and Inkatha on the occasion of my seventieth birthday. I also received your letter of 26 August 1988 in which you wished me a speedy recovery from illness, and in which you outlined your efforts both locally and abroad to secure the release of political prisoners in South Africa.
Apart from your telex and a telegram from Mrs Helen Suzman,i hundreds of similar messages came from well-wishers in the country and from different parts of the world. Although none of these actually reached me, I requested O.Rii to thank these friends on my behalf. It is partly the unswerving support of such men and women, and partly the progress and achievements made by our organisation within and outside the country which has given political prisoners so much strength and hope.
I hope you will readily accept that it is not easy from my present quarters to comment freely and fully on the sentiments you so eloquently expressed in the abovementioned correspondence. It is sufficient to state that your persistent demand for the unconditional release of political prisoners, and your refusal to negotiate with the government until that demand is fully met, is a stand which I have always welcomed as a positive contribution to the liberation struggle in this country.
Obviously, my fervent hope is to see, in due course, the restoration of the cordial relations which existed between you and O.R.,iii and between the two organisations in the seventies. One of the most challenging tasks facing the leadership today is that of national unity. At no other time in the history of the liberation movement has it been so crucial for our people to speak with one voice, and for freedom fighters to pool their efforts. Any act or statement, from whatever source, which tends to create or worsen divisions is, in the existing practical situation, a fatal error which ought to be avoided at all costs.
Far more information than I possess at the moment is required before I can blame any of the parties involved in the deplorable conflicts now taking place in certain parts of Natal.iv All the same, I consider it a serious indictment against all of us that we are still unable to combine forces to stop the slaughter of so many innocent lives.
The struggle is our life and, even though the moment of victory may not be at hand, we can nevertheless make the freedom fight either immensely enriching or absolutely disastrous. In my entire political career few things have distressed me as to see our people killing one another as is now happening. The entire fabric of community life in some of the affected areas has been seriously disrupted, leaving behind a legacy of hatred and bitterness which may haunt us for years to come. It is a matter which requires the urgent attention of all freedom fighters regardless of political affiliation. Nothing will please me more than to know that my concern and appeal has not fallen on deaf ears.
Once again, I thank you and the King and Inkatha for the inspiring message.
My best wishes to you and Mdlunkulu.i
Yours sincerely,
Madiba
To Elaine Kearns, a matron who took care of him in Tygerberg Hospital
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
14.2.89
Dear Elaine,
My transfer from the Tygerberg Hospital to Constantiaberg MediClinic,ii and from there to this place, interfered with the smooth flow of correspondence. As a result, your letter of 8 November only reached me last week. I never received the post card you sent from London.
I know just how disappointing it will be for you to learn that your efforts and message were fruitless. But I must assure you that I am equally sorry to have missed it. Your letter has, however, made up for all that. I also got your lovely Christmas card for which I thank you.
With regard to health, you are entitled to know that last month I was visited by your Chief Medical Superintendent, Dr Strauss, and Prof De Kock. After they had examined me and other medical data, they felt that the infection had completely cleared and the lung fully expanded. They accordingly stopped the treatment. You will probably recall that after draining the liquid from the affected lung my weight dropped to 68 kg. Now it fluctuates between 75 and 76 kg. I feel so well that I could challenge for the heavyweight boxing championship of the world.
It pleases me to know that you enjoyed your overseas trip, and that you learnt a lot from the Burns Conference. That knowledge will benefit not only you but your patients as well. You are, however, silent on your Katmandu [sic] friend. I hope the disaster affected neither herself nor any of her relations.
I am also pleased to note that you still remember the legend, and that you wish for better luck next time. I ought to remind you that you are one of those who need no luck to lean on, since good fortune is written all over your person. What make[S it] so frugal in putting into practice the vital lessons entailed in that legend? Thrift, especially on the part of a young lady, is a virtue; taken to extremes, however, many people may equate it with self-denial and misery as dangerous as anorexia. What you require is not only to remember the moral of the legend, but to put it into practice.
Under normal conditions I would reprimand you severely [and] insist that you normalise your situation. But it would be highly improper, to say the least, to thrash out such matters on this piece of paper. It may well be that there will be time enough for that.
Meantime do assure Matrons Jansen and Orphen and Sister de Waal, as well as the young ladies who helped in looking after me, that I also think of them. Did Sister De Waal write her examinations?
Fondest regards and best wishes to you and your Mum.
Sincerely,
[Signed NRMandela]
[Envelope]
Matron Elaine Kearns, 38 Fourie Str.,
BELLVILLE
7530
To Dumani Mandela, his grandson and his eldest daughter Makaziwe’si son
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
28.2.89
My dear Mzukulu,ii
I am told that you are doing well at school, and that you are particularly good in Mathematics. This subject is very difficult but very important. If you always get the best marks and pass well in the end, you will always have a good job wherever you may be.
I believe that you are also doing well with the trumpet. Perhaps in your letter you will tell me who teaches you music, and whether you have any music book to guide you. Exercise is also very good. Taking part in sport like running, swimming and tennis will keep you healthy, strong and bright. But swimming is also a very dangerous sport. You must have a good coach and never swim in the absence of the coach until you have mastered the hobby.
Please tell your Mum that I got her letter and that I spent years trying to persuade Uncle Kgathoiii to go back to school. There is absolutely nothing more I can now do. Books, clothing and videos will not be allowed. Buying and sending them will be a waste of money, as they will not be given to me.
I have recovered from illness and I now feel well and strong. The other matters mentioned in Mum’s letter will be discussed when she visits the country next June.iv I miss you, Tukwini and Kwekuv very much and look forward to seeing you one day.
My love and best wishes to you all.
Affectionately,
Khuluvi
[Envelope]
Mr Dumani Mandela,
108 University Apartments,
Amherst,
Massachusetts,
01002
U.S.A.
To Kwedi Mkalipi, friend and former Robben Island prisoner
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
28.2.89
Dear Dlamini,i
I was more than relieved to hear that you and the two Nyawuzas,ii cousin Grace Matsha and Inspector Ndamase, were of great help to my niece, Zukiswa, for which I am very grateful. She was a complete stranger to C.T.iii and, without that assistance, it would have been impossible for her to get to Tygerberg Hospital. To all of you I say Nangomso!iv
We were all happy to learn that Zeph,v Harryvi and Zwelakhevii had been released. I managed to send all of them welcome cards. Harry and Zwelakhe received theirs, but I have no feedback as far as Zeph’s card is concerned.
Progress is disturbingly slow on the question of the installation of Buyelekhayaviii in his father’s position. I invited my grand nephew, General Zondwa Mtirara, to visit me and on 31 December 1987 I discussed the matter with him in Pollsmoor Prison. Like his late father, Bambilanga,ix he was cooperative, pointing out during the discussion, that he was merely acting for Buyelekhaya. I then requested him to bring Chief Mvelelix along so that we could finalise the matter. He never returned.
Last December I was visited by Brig. T. Matanzima,xi who fully supported Buyelekhaya’s claim; we worked out a strategy. He is, however, encountering formidable problems and it would appear that if the present court action – which I have been trying to prevent – fails, nothing concrete will emerge until we are over there in [the] flesh. Contrary to what many people think, that moment is, in my view, far, far away.
But let me conclude by expressing the hope that you are now happily married and that you and your beloved are contributing generously towards the country’s manpower. Fondest regards and best wishes.
Sincerely,
Madiba
[Envelope]
Mr Kwedi Mkalipi, c/o Mrs Grace Matsha,
5 Sandile St.,
LANGA.
7455
To Eddie Daniels,i friend and former Robben Island prisoner
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
28.2.89
Dear Danie,
I have received several unforgettable messages from you, the latest on 24 February 1989. My difficulty has always been the fact that none of your cards bore your address, a difficulty which I ultimately resolved by addressing this note care of Dullah.ii Rest assured that you and Eleanoriii will always be in my thoughts, hoping that one day Winnie and I will be able to picnic together with you. Fondest regards and best wishes.
Sincerely,
Dalibhunga
Mr Eddie Daniels,
c/o Advocate Dullah Omar,
31 Mabel Rd.,
Rylands Estate, ATHLONE.
7764.
To Rev Allan Boesak,i anti-apartheid leader
1355/88: NELSON MANDELA
28.2.89
Dear Alan [sic],
The solid support I have received from you and Dorothyii generally, and particularly during my illness, gave me the strength and confidence required for complete recovery. The medical treatment was stopped towards the end of last month, and I again feel on top of the world. I am sincerely grateful to both of you, and you will always be in my thoughts. Meantime I send you my love and best wishes.
Sincerely,
Uncle Nelson
To Amina Cachalia,iii friend and comrade
1335/88: Nelson Mandela
28.2.89
Dear Aminaben,iv
You and Yusufv must apply without delay for a visiting permit. Both of you visited me last July, and I do not anticipate problems from the Department of Prisons. We must sort out a problem which will be very demanding on your love and on Yusuf’s experience. If you cannot both undertake the journey, I will be happy to spend an hour or two with one of you.
You will be happy to know that according to the doctors attending to me, I have completely recovered from the illness, and the medical treatment was stopped towards the end of last month. Fortunately, the bacteria was detected at an early stage before there were any spots or lesion in the lung, and before the condition had become infectious. The lung has now fully expanded, and breathing clean air far from the pollution of the cities has considerably benefited my health.
Zamii and family visit me often, and I hope she will be able to spend a few days here when certain problems will hopefully have been resolved.
Meantime, while I miss you two very much and look forward to seeing you soon. Love and best wishes.
Sincerely,
Nelson.
Victor Verster Prison, P/B X6005, Paarl South, 7624
[Envelope]
Mrs Amina Cachalia,
P.O. Box 3265.
JOHANNESBURG.
2000
To Sipho Sepamla,ii South African poet and novelist
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
4.4.89
Dear Sipho,
A few years ago the radio relayed some striking verses from your pen, and I was indeed very sorry that my current circumstances do not allow me to acquire any of your publications.
Some time last year you briefly appeared on television and I was happy to see you in [the] flesh at last. Of course, your poetry has cut deep into the hearts of many people, known and unknown to you, inside and outside the country. You will readily appreciate it when I say I envy them for the privilege of being able to read your works.iii
You, Don Mattera,i Oswald Mtshali,ii Mongane Serote,iii Mziwakheiv and Nomsa Mbuli,v and the constellation of budding muses across the country are in my thoughts. I look forward eagerly to meeting you someday when I will be able to thank you face to face for your impressive contribution on the occasion of the Seventieth birthday.
Meantime, I send you and your family my fondest regards and best wishes.
Yours sincerely,
Madiba
[Envelope]
Mr Sipho Sepamla,
c/o Zamila Ayob,
P.O. Box 728,
JOHANNESBURG
2000
To Candie Lawless, a nurse who took care of him at Constatiaberg MediClinic
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
4.4.89
Dear Candie,
I have been expecting your letter ever since my discharge from the Constantiaberg MediClinic.vi I am indeed very happy that it has come at last.
I am even more pleased to hear that you and Trevor are engaged. My warmest congratulations! I am sure he will make a fine husband; a source of lasting happiness and security to you. If he had not proposed by now, I would have urged you to seize the bull by its horns and propose to him. After all, the acceptance of the principle of the equality of the sexes gives you that right when the young man drags his feet.
From your sketch it would seem that the engagement ring will be very special, and Trevor’s salary increase should be able to cover the price without difficulty. Again, my warmest congratulations!
I am very sorry to hear about Kitty’s death. But that is the way of life, and it is far better to be realistic and to accept what has happened. My deepest sympathy to you and Trevor.
The clinic will miss you very much, as they regarded you as one of their best sisters. But I will rejoice with you if you find your new job rewarding. I will be holding thumbs for you.
Meantime, I send my fondest regards and best wishes to you, Trevor, Dara, Tami (whose success in the exams delighted me), Kim and your parents.
Sincerely,
[Signed NRMandela]
To Sir Robin Renwick, British Ambassador c/o commissioner of prisons
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
10 April 1989
Commissioner of Prisons
Cape Town
I would appreciate it if you would be good enough to pass the attached copy of the letter addressed to the British Ambassador to the Minister of Justice for publication.
[Signed NRMandela]
The Ambassador
British Embassy
Pretoria
NELSON MANDELA
10 April 1989
Sir Robin Renwick
British Ambassador
Cape Town
Dear Sir Renwick,
Press reports on 10 April 1989 indicate that I wrote a letter to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher to thank her for the positive work she was doing on the South African issue.
I must point out in this regard that I neither wrote such a letter nor dictated it to any attorney as alleged in the reports. If I had wanted to express my views on Mrs Thatcher’s work, or on the policy of the British Government on any specific matter, I would have preferred to do so in the course of a face-to-face discussion with you in person.
Meanwhile I am happy to request you to pass my very best wishes to the Prime Minister.i
Yours sincerely,
[Signed NRMandela]
To Mike Tyson,ii American heavyweight boxing champion
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
10.5.89
Dear Champ,
It pleased me and my family very much to learn that the Central State Universityiii has awarded you an honorary doctorate, an honour which is rightly deserved. Please accept our warmest congratulations.
We must also thank you for the pair of boxing gloves which you sent to mark my 70th birthday.
It is such messages of solidarity which has enabled me and scores of others to remain so strong and full of hope throughout these trying times.
Fondest regards and best wishes,
Sincerely,
[Signed NRMandela]
[Envelope]
Dr Mike Tyson
Heavyweight Boxing Champion of [the] World
c/o President Arthur E Thomas
Central State University
WILBERFORCE, OHIO 45384
USA
To Rev Frank Chikane, secretary-general of the South African Council of Churches
1355/88: NELSON MANDELA
10.5.89
Moruti wa sechaba,i
My grandson, Mandla,ii has asked me to raise a scholarship for his maternal cousin, Grace Foolo (15 years), 1373 B Mfolo Villages, P.O. Iketlo, 1805. She is presently in Form III at the Holy Cross High School, Diepkloof.iii Her mother, who was a single parent, died under very tragic circumstances a few years ago. She now lives with her granny at the above address. She (granny) is struggling to educate a daughter who is now in Form IV at the same school. I would appreciate it if the South African Council of Churches could be good enough to provide the scholarship.
It is possible that the granny has already paid Grace’s school fees for this year. If that is the case and you are, nonetheless, in a position to assist, I would suggest that you consider reimbursing her for that amount.
. . . Meanwhile I send you fondest regards and best wishes.
Sincerely,
Ntateiv
To Mrs E. N. Mbekeni, a cousin
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
10.5.89
Bayethe!i
Recently I had a series of interesting coincidences. On 27 April 1989 I received letters from three different nurses, all of whom are doctors’ wives. Tellyii was not one of them. About a week later a young lady I call “granddaughter” wrote and told me that her friend, Noelene, with whom she was sharing a flat, had decided to move to Plettenberg Bay.iii It was only the second time I had heard that name. That very day I read in the press about the wife of a well-known diplomat whose name is also Noelene. On 4 May 1989 I was visited by a prominent leader and friend from Natal, Mr Harry Gwala,iv with two companions, one of whose first name is Linda.v A few hours before their arrival, the radio in two separate bulletins mentioned the name Linda twice, one a South African and the other an American. In your letter you told me that you and inkosivi will soon be in Cape Town, you to attend a girl’s [sic] guide meeting, he to see cardiologist Dr. le Roux. Dr. le Roux is also my cardiologist, and has been attending to me since 1979. I need hardly explain that I attach no significance whatsoever to coincidences of this nature, but they are nevertheless, rather interesting.
In dealing with purely family matters, I must let you know that my late sister left three daughters, Nomfundo, who is nursing at the Umtata Hospital and the breadwinner of the family; Ntonto (± 40 years) and Zukiswa (± 32). The last two left school after passing Std VI. At the beginning of last year they informed me that they wanted to go back to school and asked me to raise funds for this purpose, which I managed to do. This year they are in Std X,vii but in view of their poor academic background, I doubt if they will be able to make it in the November examinations. But I am, nevertheless, encouraging them in their desire to improve their education.
They want me to get them part-time employment in Cape Town, which I can do without much difficulty. But I have advised them against doing so. The travelling expenses from Umtatai to Cape Town, shuttling between their residence and work place, and the high cost-of-living in the Mother City will swallow up a large portion of whatever wages they earn. I will accordingly be happy if u-Mhlekaziii Wongaiii could get them part-time work in Umtata or surrounding areas for the June and December holidays.
With regard to your visit to this place, it will take me quite some time to cool down. It was easily one of the happiest moments in my life as a prisoner. I had not seen Umhlekazi for more than 30 years,iv and it was unbelievable that we were again together at last. He has always been a very kind and warm person, and I was not surprised when he left me literally swimming in wealth on prison standards. It was equally pleasing to know that all the good things I have heard about you over the years were no exaggeration. You complement him fully both in nature and charm.
Although you outlined your background we, however, did not go deep into your family affairs. I am interested to know about the late Wabana Makawula’s house. At Healdtownv he was very popular as a sportsman, an all-rounder who played in the institution’s first soccer and cricket teams. Would it be one of his sons who is now Paramount Chief? If so, do advise him that if he ever visits C.T.vi I would be happy to see him. Please give him my best wishes and provide me with his full names.
By the way, you will be happy to know that immediately after seeing you off at the end of the visit, I walked into the bathroom and picked up a fat five rand note. I sealed it in an envelope and locked it up in my suitcase for luck.
Lastly, I have written this note to you despite your request that I should reply directly to Umhlekazi. As you well know, he is a man who takes things easily and who hardly ever rushes unnecessarily. I feared that if I carried out your request, it may take quite some weeks, and even months, before he showed you the note. Love and best wishes to you, Mhlekazi and the children.
Sincerely,
Madiba
PS. It was fortunate that Mhlekazi never got involved in the Bantustan politics. This is one reason why his name and reputation is still as clean and respected as when I last saw him.
I am happy to learn that you are attending to the writing of the history of Thembuland, and that Mr Kusei will also be involved. An influential and knowledgeable person from each of the Thembu lines should be brought in.
I never got your get-well cards. It is always safer to send all letters addressed to me by registered position [sic].
Madiba
[Envelope]
Nkosikazi E.N. Mbekeni
Emampondweni Store,
P.O. Box 111
TSOLO
UMTATA
To Helen Suzman,ii opposition member of Parliament
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
22 May 1989
Dear Helen,
The consistency with which you defended the basic values of freedom and the rule of law over the last three decades has earned you the admiration of many South Africans.
A wide gap still exists between the mass democratic movementiii and your partyiv with regard to the method of attaining those values. But your commitment to a non-racial democracy in a united South Africa has won you many friends in the extra-parliamentary movement.
Allow me to hope that you will continue to enjoy good health for years to come, that in the days that lie ahead your voice will be heard throughout the country, free from the constraints which parliamentary convention imposes.
Fondest regards and best wishes to you and your family.
Sincerely,
Nelson
[Envelope]
Mrs. Helen Suzman M.P.,
Parliament.
Cape Town.
Nelson Mandela’s name was read out on Wednesday 17 May, 1989 at a graduation ceremony of the University of South Africa, the world’s largest correspondence university. He could not stand and be capped for his achievement. He was still incarcerated at Victor Verster Prison outside the city. But the fact that his name was read out at all signalled a South Africa that was changing, as a country that would soon welcome him back.
To Richard Maponya,i businessman and friend
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
Victor Verster Prison,
P/B X6005,
Paarl South,
7620.
3 February 1989
28 6 89
Dear Richard,
It is almost 30 years since the day when you held a roaring party for us at the end of the 1960 state of emergency.i Be assured that that gesture, and others that followed it, will not easily be forgotten. In fact, you and Marinaii have often been in my thoughts during the 27 years of my imprisonment. I look forward to seeing you in Soweto one day when I will be able to shake your hand very warmly. Meanwhile I send you my very best wishes. Regards to Dr. Sam Motsuenyaneiii and family.
Sincerely,
Nelson
Mr Richard Maponya
Soweto
To Acting Paramount Chief Mdayelwa Mtirara, his cousin
[Translated from isiXhosa]
1335/88: Nelson Mandela
Victor Verster Prison,
P/B X6005,
Paarl South,
7620.
4.7.89
Ngubengenka,iv
I am delighted to hear that the Thembu clan have concluded the long drawn out issue of the installation of Buyelekhayav as the rightful heir to the throne.
The repatriation of exiled Buyelekhaya should be handled with care and sensitivity. He must be allowed the time to learn the ways of his people while at the Royal Homestead.i We urgently need to discuss this matter in detail. I hope you will make all the necessary arrangments to come and visit me so that we can discuss this matter further.
Best regards,
Sincerely,
Dalibunga
Acting Paramount Chief Mdayelwa Mtirara
The Royal Place
Sithebe
Bityi, Umtataii
TRANSKEI
On 5 July 1989 Mandela was taken from prison to meet President P. W. Botha. It was a cordial visit with the man preceded by his fearsome reputation, even amongst his government colleagues, as the ‘Great Crocodile’.
He was the third head of state of South Africa since Mandela had been arrested. H. F. Verwoerd who was assassinated in 1966 had been replaced by B. J. Vorster who was in turn replaced by P. W. Botha. By the time Mandela was released there was a new president, F. W. de Klerk.
While in prison on Robben Island, Mandela and his comrades had learned of Botha’s assent to power in the National Party. When they were in Pollsmoor, Botha announced a tricameral parliament to include Indians and so-called coloureds – a move Mandela saw through: ‘This was an effort to lure Indians and Coloureds into the system, and divide them from Africans. But the offer was merely a “toy telephone”, as all parliamentary action by Indians and Coloureds was subject to a white veto. It was also a way of fooling the outside world into thinking that the government was reforming apartheid.’70
Mandela noted in his prison calendar on 5 July 1989 that he had a meeting with a ‘Very Important Person. No politics discussed.’ While they did not discuss politics, Mandela impressed Botha with his knowledge of Afrikaner history. His years of studying Afrikaner history, culture, and language had paid off.
To the commissioner of prisons
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
17.7.89
Personal and Confidential
Commissioner of Prisons,
Pretoria.
I trust that the photographs taken on July 5, 1989 will not be published or distributed without consulting the parties involved.i I hope to have a further discussion with you on this matter in due course.
I am also happy to advise you that on July 14 I had the opportunity of briefing my colleagues from Pollsmoor and Robben Island on the latest developments. Unfortunately, and because the occasion was also a birthday, we did not have enough time to complete our discussion. I would accordingly appreciate it if you would allow us further meetings at your convenience.
I also wish to be advised whether I should now accept that my colleague, Mr Walter Sisulu,ii will not be released before September 6.
On July 4 the Minister of Justice touched on the question of Mr Oscar Mpetha,iii another colleague of mine. He is now very busy with the elections and is unlikely to give attention to matters of this kind. I would appreciate it if you would remind him.
[Signed NRMandela]
To Tim Wilson, son-in-law of Advocate Bram Fischeri
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
Victor Verster Prison,
P/B X6005,
Paarl South,
7620.
23.7.89
Dear Tim,
The significance of an institution lies not merely in the size of its buildings, staff or budget, but mainly in the quality of its service to the community. On this standard the Alexandra Health Centreii is a unique project in more senses than one.
For one thing, it brings hope where there was despair, and even life where death would have triumphed. Its independence from government control, the diversity of its benefactors, its goals and range of activities all make it an effort of far-reaching potential; an example of what would happen in the new South Africa we are all striving to build.
Sixty years of community service is an appropriate occasion for celebration, and I send the Centre my congratulations and best wishes.
I spent some exciting years in Alex in the early forties,iii and the mere mention of that famous township makes me more than nostalgic. I intend visiting the place at the earliest opportunity when better times return.
Meantime, I think of you, Ilseiv and Ruthv with warm regards,
Sincerely,
Uncle Nelson
To Adelaide Tambo,i friend, anti-apartheid activist, and the wife of Oliver Tambo, ANC president and Mandela’s former law partner
14.8.89
Proposed telegram to Mrs Tambo –
Winnie and I deeply shocked by Oliver’s illness. Wish him a speedy and complete recovery. You and children much in our thoughts.
Love
To Makhi Jomo Dalasile
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
14.8.89
Dear Makhi,
I had a pleasant discussion with Chief Zanengqeleii on 8 August and I found him warm and wise.
Seeing him reminded me of the late Chief Sakhela,iii who was good to me even after my arrest in 1962. Sakhela was a worthy descendant of the great Dalasile, who became a people’s hero when some traditional leaders of his time chose to crawl on their bellies. Perhaps one day I may be able to give you interesting details in this regard. For the present it is sufficient to say that Dalasile is a martyr on whom the country’s youth can fruitfully model their own lives.
From what is said above you will readily agree, I hope, that the world is full of people with natural leadership qualities. The traditional leaders, who led the independence struggle from the 17th century, were such men.
But times have changed and education has become a very powerful weapon in the struggle to produce a well-developed person. That is why I was so happy when I heard that you were doing your B. Jurisiv this year. I wish you the best of luck.
Fondest regards to you and all your fellow students.
Sincerely,
Tatai Madiba
[Envelope]
Mr Makhi Jomo Dalasile,
University of Transkei,
Private Bag
UMTATAii
To Rev Abel Hendricks, former president of the South African Methodist Church, and his wife, Frieda
1355/88: NELSON MANDELA
Victor Verster Prison,
P/B X6005,
Paarl South,
7620.
15.8.89
Dear Abel & Frieda,
I learnt with deep shock of the tragic death of your beloved son, Andrew, and I send you my deepest sympathy. Winnie and I would have preferred to be at your side to give you support as Andrew’s remains are laid to rest. But, as you know, this cannot be. I must, however, assure you that you are much in our thoughts. Once again, our sincere condolences!
Sincerely,
Nelson
To Archbishop Desmond Tutu and his wife, Leah Tutui
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
21. 8. 89
Dear Desmond & Leah,
You are so busy travelling in and out of the country that few people would expect you to find time for other people’s hopes and despairs, dreams and frustrations, joys and celebrations; yet this is one of the roles you play so well. Many thanks for the flowers and good wishes.
Religion has throughout the centuries and in all countries been one of society’s most powerful forces, and it may well be that it will always be so. But there are men and women who have the capacity to make it more relevant than ever before.
Achievements, great and small, will always be acknowledged whether by means of prizes or simple awards. Some people decline such honours, while others accept and then use them selfishly. But there are still others who get them as a result of selfless service to the community, and who tend to use them as an effective instrument in our striving for justice and human dignity. Trevor and sistersii will know very well who we have in mind.
The South African churches have made a substantial contribution to the struggle for real change in this country, and the Church of the Provinceiii has pride of place in that historic line-up. Its consistency and forthrightness on national issues inspires us all. The Durban Resolution of 31 May to 7 June 1989iv has given me strength and hope beyond words.
I also felt much honoured to be invited to become a patron of the William Wilberforce Council and to receive their coveted tie. I hope you will thank the Council on my behalf.
Lastly, I must inform you that on several occasions in the past, I requested the Department of Prisons to allow you to visit me, all without success. But now I have the hope that such a visit is a definite possibility. Its exact timing will, however, be a subject of very special consideration.
We will keep our fingers crossed.
Fondest regards and best wishes.
Sincerely,
Madiba.
P.S. Stanley’s death deeply shocked me and I hope you will be able to pass my condolences to his family.
[Envelope]
The Most Reverend Desmond M. Tutu
Bishopscourt,
CLAREMONT, CAPE
700
To Adelaide Tambo,i friend, anti-apartheid activist, and the wife of Oliver Tambo, ANC president and Mandela’s former law partner
1355/88: NELSON MANDELA
21.8.89
Kgaitsedi,ii
The telegram I sent on 15 Aug., care of Mary,iii must have reached you by now. It was a relief to learn from the media, as well as from Ismail,iv that O.R’sv illnessvi was not so serious as was first reported, and I hope he will soon be back at his desk.
But it seems to me that certain precautions should immediately be taken to ensure that his daily workload is made manageable, and with adequate midday rest every day.
It will be absolutely useless for anybody, yourself included, merely to urge O.R. to take things easy. He is totally incapable of doing so on his own. As you know, I have repeatedly urged him in the past to be careful, an appeal, I am sure you and Thembivii have also made.
Unless the National Executiveviii advises differently I would suggest that, from now on, you stay and travel around with him to ensure that these precautions are strictly observed. This will naturally be an expensive exercise, but it is the only way to ensure that the doctor’s instructions are carried out. Whatever you and O.R. think about this suggestion, I would appeal to you to inform the N.E.i of my views.
Lastly, I want you to know that I badly miss you, O.R., the children and other comrades, to whom I send my best wishes.
Love,
Sincerely,
Nelson.
To J. N. & Radhi Singh, friendsii
1334/88: NELSON MANDELA
21.8.89
Dear J.N. and Radhi,
Many thanks for the birthday telegram. Spending the day with almost the whole family was a momentous occasion in more senses than one. The numerous messages from friends gave the occasion a special dimension.
You talk of imminent freedom? I am no prophet, but it is my prerogative to express serious doubts. You will be wise to try to visit me here as others are doing.iii
Meantime I send you my love and best wishes.
Sincerely,
Nelson
[Envelope]
Mr. J.N. Singh,
23 Elwork Rd.
Durban
To Mary Benson,i friend, author, journalist, and anti-apartheid activist
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
21.8.89
Dear Mary,
It was very, very difficult, if not altogether impossible, for me to write to you from Pollsmoor. The more I failed to reach you, the more I missed you. But now there is some hope that this letter will reach you, and that the correspondence which fizzled out during the last few years will start flowing again. May I say the ball is now in your court?
Many thanks for the beautiful birthday card with its warm message. It was nice to have the family around – the children, a daughter-in-law, 9 grandchildren, 1 great grandson and Zami,ii of course. Maki’siii husband, Isaac, Zeniiv and family, and a great grandson were unable to attend. Nevertheless it was a memorable occasion, I wished you were here to add some touch to the get together.
I expect that the longer Mandlav remains at boarding school the more he will develop the aptitude for vivid description. It may well be that even the mere fact of visiting this area will stimulate that talent. It is, as you rightly say, a place of beautiful scenery. Some of the surrounding areas are beyond words.
Lord Anthony Barbervi of the famous Eminent Persons Group,vii promised me a book – the story of his escape from a German prison camp during the last war. The turn of events before they left South Africa may have compelled him to change his mind. Do remind him and also tell him that I still think of him.
It is rather ironic that you should tell me about the heatwave over there when we are freezing in the Boland. Indeed “God fulfils himself in many ways”.
Francesviii is apparently just like you; she has touch and I like her painting. A painter is undoubtedly good if he can convey to a layman like myself so clearly. Please give her my congratulations and David my warm regards. With love.
Sincerely,
Nelson
To Helen Joseph,i his friend
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
21.8.89
Our dear Helen,
I was sorry to hear that your application to visit me and two other friends has been turned down for the umpteenth time. What an unforgettable moment it would have been to welcome you here. And to lunch together as in the olden days. I will again make representations from this side for a special visit from you. It may well be that by spending some hours with you your longevity will rub off on me. Meantime, I thank you for the wonderful birthday telegram. Love and best wishes.
Sincerely,
Nelson
To Cyril Ramaphosa,ii trade union leader and activist
21.8.89
Dear Cyril,
You wear the mantle of labour leader exceedingly well. Your skill and caution in handling complicated and delicate problems have earned you the respect of friend and foe alike.
Comrade James Motlatsiiii and other leaders of the National Union of Mineworkers complement your leadership very well.
It is indeed a source of both pride and humility to be associated with a trade union whose roots are firmly planted in our soil, but whose outlook is global.
July 18i is an important day in the family album. Your impressive card and magnificent message add a new dimension to it, for which I thank you.
Please accept my very best wishes.
Sincerely,
Madiba
Cyril Ramaphosa
c/o Attorney Ayob and Associates
P.O. Box 728
JOHANNESBURG
2000
To Amina & Peter Frenseii
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
21.8.89
Dear Amina & Peter,
You have brought Mqhekezweni and all the sweet memories of my childhood right into Victor Verster.iii I can literally cut the feeling of nostalgia with a knife. Few things convince me that the universe is fast ageing more than the dilapidated condition of the once stately buildings of the Mqekezweni of my childhood. A lot of history lies locked up in those silent walls. Perhaps one day we will be able to drive down to Umtataiv together; it will then be comparatively easy for me to tell you from where I really come. Meanwhile I send you my love and best wishes. Many thanks for the birthday greetings.
Sincerely,
Nelson
To the commissioner of prisons
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
11.9.89
Commissioner of Prisons
Pretoria
The release of the following prisoners, all of whom are serving sentences of life imprisonment, will be widely appreciated:i
1. Kathrada, Ahmed,
2. Mhlaba, Raymond,
3. Mlangeni, Andrew,
4. Motsoaledi, Elias,
5. Sisulu, Walter.ii
All of them were sentenced in June 1964, and all of them are now more than 60 years of age, Mr Sisulu having turned 77 last May and Mr Mhlaba 70 last February.
6. Mr Wilton Mkwayiiii was sentenced in December 1964. Although he was arrested after the above persons had already been convicted, he is for all practical purposes a co-accused, the only difference being that he escaped the police net when the others were arrested in July 1963.
7. *Messrs Meyiwa and Mdlalose, both of whom are held in Robben Island, were released in the Seventies after each had served eight years. They were again arrested and this time sentenced to life imprisonment together with Mr Harry Gwala,iv who was released last year on medical grounds.
8. Mr Jeff Masemola,i presently held in Diepkloof,ii was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1963. All his co-accused have been released, some of them as far back as four years ago. But the Department of Prisons continues to hold him in spite of his poor state of health and age.
I should add that the release of one or a couple of these men only will no longer have any significance.
If you grant this request, as I hope you will, then I would like to see them before they are released. I can see Mr Masemola immediately after he is released.
[Signed NRMandela]
*The full names are
Matthews Meyiwa
Zakhele Mdlalose
[In another hand]: Oscar Mpetha – added on request of Mr Mandelaiii
To Frieda Matthews,iv friend and widow of his university professor Z. K. Matthews
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
18.9.89
Dear Rakgadi,v
Although you have not heard from me for several months you are always in my thoughts, hoping that you are keeping well and that the children and grandchildren are progressing. If my silence has surprised and even shocked you, I will ask you to bear in mind that I have missed you and your informative letters very much. It may well be that by the time you get this letter your birthday will have passed, that the sweetness of the cake and taste of the champagne will have been forgotten. Nevertheless, I hope it will be the happiest birthday in you life. Love and best wishes!
Sincerely,
Nelson
To Kepu Mkentane,i friend
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
18.9.89
Dear Kepu,
Last month I received a telegram from Kiniii reporting the death of Leo Sihlali.iii I immediately sent a condolence telegram followed by a letter. I hope these were received. I assume that Kini was either his wife or child.
As you know, a large number of people have visited me during the last eight months. From your area came the Joyi brothers, Xobololo, Fadana, Advocate Phathekile Holomisa, Chief Ngangomhlala Matanzima and his brother, the brigadier who frightened you when he knocked on your door earlier this year, Stella Sigcau, my sisters, nieces, and of course, the children and grandchildren.iv
I also spent a whole day with Chief Zanengqele Dalasile of AmaQwati, and he impressed me very much. He is smart and well-informed and he briefed me well on a variety of important matters. He is your neighbour and the visit made me think of you and the children, and to wonder just how you spend your time these days.
Do you know Connie Njongwev at Matatiele? You share common virtues. Both of you are dependable, good correspondents, quick to respond with sentiments which leave one with much hope. I have corresponded with Connie and her late husband, Jimmy, since the Sixties, just as I have done with you and Kent, and I am always happy to hear from all of you.
Fondest regards and best wishes!
Sincerely,
Nelson
[Envelope]
Mrs Kepu Mkentane,
P. O. Box 13,
ENGCOBO.
TRANSKEI
To Connie Njongwe,i friend
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
Victor Verster Prison,
P/B X6005,
Paarl South,
7620.
18.9.89
Our dear Connie,
A heavy work load during the last eight months forced me to delay writing to you. As you know I have since the sixties written to you at least every year in May to let you know that you and the children are often in my thoughts.
The workload is being heavier every day, but this time I simply decided to push aside everything and attend to you. I hope you and the children are in good health and that the business is really flourishing.
You are probably well aware that many people from all over the country are visiting Victor Verster, and should you also wish to come over, you would be more than welcome. Your visit would be a memorable event giving me, as it would, the opportunity to see whether age has made any impression on you. I doubt it, and it may well be that you still look so strong and well that people who see you for the first time may think that you are the eldest sister of Zweli and Phathi.i
You would be free to come together with Kepu Mkentane from Engcobo, if you so wish. She and her late husband, Lincoln,ii are like you and Jimmyiii to me, and I have received Christmas cards from them since the sixties, a practice which Kepu has maintained to the present day. My nephew, Brigadier Themba Matanzima, of the Transkei Defence Force will arrange the visit for you. Please do not hesitate to approach him; he is a good young man. His home telephone number is 24523 and office 25946.
Fondest regards and best wishes!
Sincerely,
Nel
[Envelope]
Mrs Constance Njongwe
P.O. 122
Matatiele
4730
To Mamphela Ramphele,iv friend and academic
1335:/88: NELSON MANDELA
18.9.89
Dear Mamphela,
A train of staggering coincidences hit Victor Verster after your visit, so much so that I have since wondered whether coincidences are coincidences.
You were here on 10 September. That same evening there was a television programme on successful women – Marina Maponya,v Lindi Myeza,vi Ronel Erwee,vii Mafuna, Tshabalala and, believe it or not, the down-to-earth Mamphela.
Among the issues you raised in the course of our conversation was that of sexism. In that TV programme, men’s prejudice against women became the central issue.
That should have been enough to illustrate the fact of undesigned occurrences, but that was not to be. Soon after your departure I browsed through the draft on the ethnography of the children when the Star Nation Weekly was delivered. There on the centre page was an article on the education of children in South Africa. Sue Valentine commented on the remarks of Anglo-America’s Michael O’Dowd at a C.S.I.R.i conference in Pretoria. He touched on aspects raised in the draft, and the similarity of approach was quite striking.
Then Nandiii brought me your message containing sentiments I was on the point of conveying to you. Here telepathy may have been at work. But it is indeed reassuring that the world has crawled or is crawling out of the superstitions of previous centuries. Otherwise many gurus would accept purely fortuitous occurrences for causal connections.
Your sense of modesty ought not to be compromised by the observation that the draft is a scholarly work. It is made even more impressive by the skill and experience of a perceptive researcher who speaks as an insider.
I had occasion to reflect on the paper in bed, and I was not at all flattered when I recalled that during the two decades I spent on the Rand before my arrest, the only hostel I ever visited was the Denver Men’s Hostel twice; on both occasions for political meetings.
The paper on the challenges of transformation is equally impressive in its relevance and fresh thinking. It is a pleasure to read it. The remarks on page eight are likely to upset some vested interests. Nevertheless, these are observations worth making.
I would have liked you, Professors Herbert Vilakaziiii and Frances Wilson,iv as well as others, to advise me on a matter which may assume some importance soon. But from experience I am convinced that Frances and Herbert will not be allowed.
Perhaps when you want a bit of rest from your academic work, another visit may be arranged.
Meantime I think of you and the boys.
Love and best wishes,
Sincerely,
Ntatei
[Envelope]
Dr. Mamphela Ramphele,
Department of Social Anthropology,
University of Cape Town,
Rondebosch.
7700
To Rashid & Ayesha Kola, friendsii
Dear Rashid & Ayesha,
You may have forgotten me by now, but during the last 27 years I have often thought of you and your tidy apartment in Jeppe.iii
When I last saw Ayesha she was carrying life in her body and she looked radiant and lovely. She had to. After all she was, and still is, Rashid’s wife, one of the most impressive young men in that city those days.
I hope he still plays cricket and that the tasty breyani and roti, which Ayesha can prepare so well, have not given him a paunch as yet, at least. I look forward to seeing you one day, although that may not be so near as many people think. Meanwhile, I would like you to know that you are in my thoughts, and that I have forgotten none of your hospitality. May you be blessed with the best in life.
Fondest regards,
Sincerely,
Nelson
Rashid & Ayesha Kola,
c/o Attorney Ismail Ayob,
P.O. Box 728
Johannesburg.
2000
To the secretary, Post and Telecommunications Workers Association (POTWA),i trade union
25.9.89
Secretary
P.O.T.W.A.
Dear Qabane,ii
Your terrific birthday message considerably strengthened feelings of optimism and hope, and forcefully highlighted your concern for the well-being of those who think and act like Potwa.
Fondest regards and best wishes.
Sincerely,
Madiba
Secretary, P.O.T.W.A,
c/o/ Attorney Ismail Ayob,
P.O. Box 728,
Johannesburg
2000
To Fatima Meer,iii friend and comrade
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
28.9.89
Dear Fathu,iv
Your letters of 7 and 14 September were delivered to me only yesterday, and the nature of the issues you raise in the correspondence demands a prompt reply.
I fully agree with Iqbal’si suggestion that the services of Mr Geoffrey Bindmanii should be retained.
With regard to the publication of the local edition, I enclose for your attention authority empowering you to choose the publisher. Unfortunately, my information on the Madiba Trust is very scanty, but I will respect your decision if you nonetheless consider it wise to publish under it. Would IBRiii not be better able to undertake it? In my opinion distribution by the CNAiv would be a good arrangement.
I suspect, ben,v that you easily forget that you are still fairly young and wide awake. You have no reason whatsoever to behave like a sexagenarian. We discussed Anant’svi offer to make the film and I expressly assured you that I accept the offer.vii Iqbal can draw up a formal acceptance document if one is required.
Sidney Potierviii is a super-star and it would be a shot in the arm for him to act in the film. But he is probably very rich now to accept our offer. I am making an application to the Department of Prisons for you and Iqbal to visit me. But, as you know, it may take quite some time before we get a reply.
The new cover for the South African edition looks impressive and I am happy with it. I would have preferred that we renew the contract with Skotaville.ix But bearing in mind your views on the matter I would suggest that either the Institute for Black Research or the Madiba Trust or any other agency of your choice should handle publication.
As far as legal representation is concerned, Krishx has already done a lot of good work and I suggest that he should represent us in this matter.
Unfortunately, I have no information on the significance of the words “authorised version”. But if this will contribute to the success of the project then I sanction the suggestion both for the overseas and local editions.
Love and best wishes.
Sincerely,
Nelson
To Madanjit & Marjorie Kapitan, proprietors of Kapitan’s Indian restaurant, Johannesburg
[Registered letter dated 89.9.28]
Madanjit & Marjorie Kapitan,
c/o Attorney Ismail Ayob.
P.O. Box 728
Johannesburg.
2000
Dear Madanjit & Marjorie,
I learn with sorrow that your famous Oriental Restaurant in Kort Street is closing down.
During the last 27 years we have lost so many dear friends and so many noted buildings, that I sometimes fear that by the time I return, the world itself will have disappeared. There are many palates and tummies inside and outside the country which will justifiably be outraged by the disastrous news.
But I will always think of the Restaurant, and particularly of you, with fond memories. My best wishes.
Sincerely,
Nelson
To Winnie Mandela,i his wife
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
9.10.89
Darling Mum,
Thanks very much for the smart suit. I will certainly wear it on the occasion you mentioned.i Again, many thanks! I would, however, appeal that no further articles of clothing should be sent. I have more than you would find in the best retailers in your city.
Daluxolo gave me the report on the funeral. I worked hard on this and surrounding matters, and I am sometimes tempted to believe that if I had not literally pestered every key figure in that part of the country, that historic day would never have come.
With regard to the building of the house at Qunu,ii I hope Mdayelwa has been informed that I do not want any financial contribution from any person, no matter who he may be, towards the house. All I want from them is their co-operation in securing the ground for the building.
Makgathoiii underwent an operation at Tygerberg on 6 October and will probably be discharged today.
We are busy with Zindzi’siv passport which will also include the three children.v I have also asked for one for Fathuvi and I am keeping my fingers crossed. Although I am presently handling a number of very sensitive issues, I will also make enquiries about yours. I would be very happy if you could travel abroad, provided the trip is properly sanctioned by the family here at home. . . . Love.
Affectionately,
Madiba
To the commanding officer, Victor Verster
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
9.10.89
The Commanding Officer
Victor Verster Prison
Attention: Brig Keulder
A rapidly increasing weight has induced me to cut out lunch and the afternoon snack. I have explained the matter to the medical staff, who are monitoring various aspects of my health on a regular basis.
In addition, I have opted for white sugar, for purposes of variety, which is bought out of my own funds.i
[Signed NRMandela]
During his talks with government in prison, which he hoped would lead to eventual negotiations with the ANC, Mandela had repeatedly called for the release of other prisoners. In particular he wanted the remaining five of his Rivonia Trial colleagues out of prison before he could be freed, along with ANC prisoners Oscar Mpetha, Wilton Mkwayi and Jafta Masemola of the PAC. (See his letter from 11 September 1989, page 545.)
De Klerk made an announcement on television on 10 October 1989. Mandela had been visited by his imprisoned comrades, Walter Sisulu, Ahmed Kathrada, Andrew Mlangeni, and Raymond Mhlaba,ii that day, at the end of which he said, ‘Chaps, this is goodbye.’ Then, instead of being returned to prison, the four of them were given dinner at Victor Verster Prison while a television set was brought in. There they watched the announcement of their impending freedom. Five days later they were free.
To the commissioner of prisons
[Typed]
COMMISSIONER OF PRISONS
In my letter dated 11 September 1989 I have made representations for the release of certain of my colleagues. I have today been informed that the Government has decided to approve the release of the following eight colleagues:
Ahmed Kathrada
Raymond Mhlaba
Andrew Mlangeni
Elias Motsoaledi
Walter Sisulu
Wilton Mkwayi
Jeff Masemola
Oscar Mpethai
It is my hope that their release will contribute to the creation of a climate that will be conducive to peaceful development and to normalising the situation in our country. As previously stated I have not raised the question of my release.
[Signed NRMandela]
10.10.89
To the commissioner of prisons
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
16.10.89
The Commissioner of Prisons
Pretoria
Dear General Willemse,
The fruitful meeting between some leaders of the Mass Democratic Movement and the writer hereof on 10 October 1989 has highlighted the urgency of similar meetings with leaders from other regions.ii
The meeting on 10 October will most certainly be followed by intensive countrywide discussions, and similar meetings with the writer, provided they are held soon, may facilitate a common approach to some of the problems discussed with the officials on the same date.
Your early response will be appreciated.
With kind regards,
[Signed NRMandela]
To Sheikh Nazeem Mohamed,i leader of the Muslim Judicial Council
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
21.8.89
Dear Shaikh Nazeem,
The Muslim Judicial Councilii is one of South Africa’s most powerful organisations, and which is committed to the winning of human rights for all our people. During the 27 years of our imprisonment, we have been considerably inspired by its material and spiritual support. Your warm birthday message has given me and my family much strength and comfort. Please accept my warm regards and best wishes,
Sincerely,
Nelson
[Envelope]
Sheikh Nazeem Mohamed,
P.O. Box 4118,
Cape Town.
8000
To Rev T. S. N. Gqubule,i friend, clergyman, and scholar
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
23.10.89
Ngubengcuka,ii
You have been in my thoughts all along, especially after Nobandlaiii informed me a few years back of your visit to Brandfortiv together with EKMv and others.
I am aware of the delegation you led to the former State Presidentvi to demand the release of political prisoners.
You must be as pleased, as are all of us, with the release of my eight colleagues. The event is undoubtedly an important move which, I hope, will in due course be followed by even more significant developments.
I am also aware of your application to visit me and I was indeed very disappointed when it was turned down. I also made efforts from this side to see you, without success. But the climate for such a visit has improved somewhat, and I would suggest that you apply again.
I hope the young man overseas,vii as well as Thandeka,viii are keeping well.
Fondest regards and best wishes to the family, E.K.M., L.D. and D.H.
Yours very sincerely,
Madiba
[Envelope]
Rev. T.S.N. Gqubule,
John Wesley College,
P.O. Box 2283,
Pietermaritzburg.
3200
To Ntiski Sisulu, granddaughter of Walter Sisulu, his friend, comrade, and a former fellow prisoner, and his wife Albertinai
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
23.10.89
Dear Ntsiki,
I told your Grandma when she visited me recently that I had answered your letter. After she left I decided to check, and found that I had made a mistake. In fact I had not written to you. Please excuse me for the delay.
In your letter you wrote: “You’ve too many things on your mind . . .” Perhaps that is the reason why I forgot. Next time I will try to reply soon.
Your Grandpa, Walter, receives treatment for blood pressure. You must remind him to have it tested regularly. He should also continue his exercises on the bicycle at least about four times a week, and your Grandma ought to join him. Will you telephone and give them that message?
In conclusion, I want you to know that I was very happy to get your letter. I know just how busy you are with your school work, and it was good for you to find time to write to me. I hope I will see you when I also return.
Meantime I think of you.
Love and best wishes!
Sincerely,
Uncle Nelson
[Envelope]
Ntsiki Sisulu
Saint Mark’s College,
P.O. Box 373,
JANE FURSE
1085
To Len & Beryl Simelane,i daughter and son-in-law of Walter Sisulu, his friend, comrade, and a former prisoner, and his wife Albertinaii
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
2.11.89
Dear Len & Beryl,
You have often been in my thoughts during these past years, but I have thought of you and the children almost daily since 10 October 1989, when the announcement was made that your Uncle,iii Walter, and seven others would be released. It is to be hoped that this important development has brought joy and relief to all of you. Love and best wishes.
Sincerely,
Uncle Nelson
Len & Beryl Simelane,
P.O. Box 308
CLERNAVILLE
3602
To Chief Zonwabile Sandile Mtirara, a relative
6.11.89
Ngubengcuka,iv
My sister, Mabel,v informs me that you have unlawfully impounded her cows, and you are refusing to return them. You dismiss her pleas by saying that the matter has been handed over to lawyers. I am pleading with you to return her property immediately, and settle the lawyers’ fees.
I do not expect you to act like a shameless coward, worse still by taking pleasure in my current situation. More painful, grandson of Jongintaba,vi is that my family suffers under your watch.
I hope that my request will be well received and that the matter will be resolved in a just and amicable manner. I was delighted by the recent visit by the abaThembu chiefs and council. However, I was disappointed by your conspicuous absence.
Regards and greetings to Queen Nozozile, Princess Ntombizodwa and to your wife.
Yours sincerely,
Dalibunga
[Envelope]
Chief Zonwabele Sandile Mtirara
The Royal Place,
Mqhekezweni.
P.O. Bityi
UMTATAi
Transkei
To Fatima Meer,ii friend and comrade
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
6.11.89
Dear Fatu,
I wish to confirm that your biography Higher than Hope is the only biography with which I have collaborated and that I am unaware of any other published biography relating to me.iii
I further confirm that I wrote an autobiography in prison in the 70s, but I do not know the whereabouts of the manuscript.iv
Love and best regards,
Sincerely,
Nelson
To the commissioner of prisons
[Typed]
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
22-01-90
General WH Willemse
Commissioner of Prisons
PRETORIA
Dear General Willemse
Please find attached a photostat of an article from the newspaper UMAFRIKAi of 11 November 1989, together with an English translation.
The article fully confirms the concern expressed to Ministers Kobie Coetseeii and Dr Gerrit Viljoeniii on 10 October 1989.iv It is to be hoped that everything will be done to ensure the release of the four fellow prisoners at earliest possible convenience. As in previous cases, it would be appreciated if arrangements are made for them to visit these premises before they are released.
With kind regards,
NELSON MANDELA
UMAFRIKA
Nov 11, 1989
IT IS ABSOLUTELY QUIET ABOUT THOSE (PRISONERS) FROM NATAL WHO WERE LEFT BEHIND WHEN THE SISULUS WERE RELEASED
By Fred Khumalo
At a time when the country rejoices at the release of six ANC leaders, who were freed two weeks ago, one of the most prominent families of Mpumalanga, Hammarsdale,i did not fully rejoice because its head was not released. He is still serving a sentence of life imprisonment in Robben Island.
The family, which is still under a dark cloud is that of Matthews Makholeka Meyiwa, who was born at Hammarsdale, and who is a veteran of the ANC and the South African Congress of Trade Unions. He has already served 23 years at the famous island, and he was also a member of the Natal Region of Umkhonto weSizwe, on which Mr Harry Gwala and Joseph Masobiya Mdluli also served.
“The release of the leaders of the ANC has pleased us, as it has done to the country as a whole, but that event reminded us that our own father is still incarcerated. This development has saddened us a great deal,” said Mrs Sylvia Hlalelani, a Mazondi.
“The release of Mr Sisulu reminded me of the poor state of health of my husband when I last visited him in June this year.” Continues Mrs Meyiwa, who is born at Nadi. According to her when she last saw her husband he was experiencing such severe stomach pains that he could hardly move. Pains were written clearly across his face.
Mr Meyiwa was first arrested in July 1963 for terrorism. He was sentenced to eight years on 28 February 1964. He did most of his sentence in Robben Island before he was released in 1972.
He was arrested again in 1975 with Mr Harry Gwala of Pietermaritzburg, Mr Joseph Masobiya Mdluli of Lamontville, Mr Zakhele Mdlalose of Hammarsdale and six others from different parts of Natal. All of them were sentenced to life imprisonment.ii
The trial of Mr Meyiwa and co-accused was a very different one, because of them complaining of persecution by the police. The authorities continued to deny this allegation, but the truth became plain when Mr Masobiya Mdluli died at the hands of the police in March 1976. Mrs Meyiwa spoke about her husband with whom they have six children.
(There follows several paragraphs which deal mainly with Meyiwa’s background prior to the arrest.)
Mr Humphrey Meyiwa (31) who is completing his teachers course at the Primary Teacher’s Diploma at Mpumalanga College of Education says “to grow without a father was indeed an extremely heavy burden on my mother and to us all her children. My mother had the difficult responsibility of bringing us up – she was both our mother and father, an almost impossible task in the case of a family which is as big as ours.”
Mrs Meyiwa says that hope had always been there that her husband would be released, but it died away when there was not even mention of him when Mr Harry Gwala, a co-accused, was freed.
Real joy will come to the Meyiwa family the day the head of the family is released without restrictions, concluded Mr Meyiwa who spoke with a dignified but worried tone.
Other persons who were sentenced to life imprisonment and who are still held in Robben Island are Anthony Mfene Xaba (56),i Zakhele Elphas Mdlalose (65),ii Vusumzi John Nene.iii
But the longest serving life imprisonment prisoner who was sentenced 27 years ago, is Dr Nelson Mandela.
As 1989 rolled to an end, rumours of Mandela’s release from prison began to grow daily. They had already reached a new height on 5 July 1989 when he was taken from prison before dawn to meet with President F. W. de Klerk who had assumed leadership of the National Party and the country after P. W. Botha suffered a stroke.
The new president made it clear during his first state of the nation address at the opening of Parliament in 1990 that he would be different. On Friday 2 February 1990 protests demanding the release of Nelson Mandela dissolved into street celebrations when De Klerk announced that he would at long last be freed. He also immediately legalised the ANC, the Pan Africanist Congress and all other banned political organisations – other steps Mandela had called for to level the playing fields.
The following letter was written on the day that President F. W. de Klerk announced that he had legalised the ANC and other political organisations. It concerns a report of a meeting of the ANC in exile, which Mandela wanted to be sent to Minister Gerrit Viljoen, who at the time had been part of the government team talking with Mandela. With all his Rivonia Trial colleagues now out of prison, Mandela’s release was imminent. The letter also reveals that he had had a telephone conversation with a leading figure of the exiled ANC, Thabo Mbeki, eleven days before De Klerk’s historic speech.
To the commissioner of prisons
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
2.2.90
General WH Willemse
Commissioner of Prisons
Cape Town
Dear Gen Willemse,
Please ensure that the attached statement reaches Dr Gerrit Viljoeni at the earliest possible convenience.
With kind regards,
[Signed NRMandela]
[This whole resolution is in Mandela’s hand.]
Resolution adopted at a meeting of the National Executive Committee of the African National Congress attended by the internal leaders released from prison.ii
The meeting reaffirmed the significance of the Harare and United Nations declarations,iii the latter unanimously adopted by the General Assembly for the political settlement in our country. It emphasised the importance of the fact that these documents are supported by the overwhelming majority of the people of South Africa, the rest of Africa and the international community.
It reiterated that in keeping with the provisions of these declarations, no negotiations can take place until the necessary climate for such negotiations has been created. The refusal of the Pretoria regimei to take the appropriate action in this regard is yet another element confirming its unwillingness to see the apartheid system ended with as little bloodshed and destructions as possible.
In this regard the meeting reaffirmed the importance of the immediate and unconditional release of Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners. It paid tribute to our dear comrade and fellow leader, Nelson Mandela, and expresses its full support for his continuing action even from within prison, which are fully in keeping with the policies and objectives of our movement, to take [forward] the struggle to end apartheid.
The meeting further reaffirmed the preference of the A.N.C. for a settlement arrived at by political means. The A.N.C. has held this position from its very foundation. Throughout the 78 years of its existence it has done everything it could to prevail on successive white minority regimes to adopt the same position to no avail. The meeting reaffirmed that our commitment to these positions is not in doubt. It is fundamental to the nature of the A.N.C. as a movement which seeks democracy, peace and justice for all. At the same time the process of ending apartheid through negotiations requires that the Pretoria regime should itself demonstrate its commitment to a political solution by taking the necessary action which would make such a solution possible.
The meeting warned that no solution can be arrived at while the apartheid regime seeks to impose its will on the majority of our people and their representatives. A negotiated settlement must address the fundamental aspirations of all the people of our country, with those aspirations having been expressed by the people themselves in open political activity and debate.
The National party and its Government, therefore, needs to take a decisive step forward by meeting the conditions for the creation of a climate conducive to negotiation, and recognise the central importance of the genuine representatives of the people of our country.
The above statement was read over to me by Mr Thabo Mbekii on 22 January 1990,ii and contains no reference whatsoever to violence.
[Signed NRMandela]
2.2.90
[A note in Afrikaans by General Willemse]
Min. G Viljoen
Here is the requested information following yesterday’s conversation.
[Signed]
WH WILLEMSE
09/02/02
At a press conference on 10 February 1990, De Klerk advised the media that Mandela would walk free from Victor Verster Prison the next day at 3 p.m. He actually walked through the gates some ninety minutes later, when he was released the following day, bringing to an end his 10,052 days in prison. He had entered custody a forty-four-year-old father of five children and left it as a seventy-one-year-old grandfather.
It is likely that this is Nelson Mandela’s last letter from prison. On Sunday, 11 February 1990, before he walked through the gates of the prison, the future president wrote to the commissioner of prisons referring to a photograph taken with officials the night before. He is either confusing that occasion with photographs taken with De Klerk two nights before or else there remains a photograph of which the world is so far unaware.
To the commissioner of prisons
1335/88: NELSON MANDELA
11 February 1990
General W.H. Willemse
Commissioner of Prisons
Cape Town
Dear General,
I acknowledge receipt of your letter of 10 February 1990, contents of which have been noted and for which I thank you.
Last night a series of photographs of mei and some officials was taken. The identity of some of these officials was disclosed to me by Brigadier Gillingham only after the photo session. I then requested him to inform Dr Rouxii that I would prefer that these photos should under no circumstances be published without first consulting me. I hope steps will be taken to ensure that this request is respected. I must add that I had hoped that I would by now have got some of the photos we took in July and this year’siii [meeting].
Yours sincerely,
[Signed NRMandela]iv
NOTES: Victor Verster Prison
Click here to advance to the next section of text.
Page 513
i University of South Africa.
Page 514
i Archie Gumede (1914–98), son of Josiah Gumede, a president of the South African Native National Congress, lawyer and activist in the ANC and the United Democratic Front of which he was a joint president with Oscar Mpetha and Albertina Sisulu – see the glossary.
ii Archie Gumede’s clan name.
iii Possibly George Sewpersadh (1936), political activist who was a member of the Natal Indian Congress.
iv Diliza Mji, medical doctor and political activist.
v Curnick Ndlovu (1932–2000), trade unionist and MK member. He was sentenced to 20 years in prison for sabotage and served it on Robben Island.
Page 515
i Desmond Tutu (1931–), first black archbishop of Cape Town, and his wife Leah Tutu (1933–) – see the glossary.
ii Archbishop Tutu’s African name.
iii Mandela was treated for tuberculosis at Tygerberg Hospital in August 1988.
iv The Tutus’ son, Trevor.
Page 516
i ‘Priest’ or ‘pastor’ in Sesotho and Setswana.
ii Mangosuthu Buthelezi (1928–) – see the glossary.
iii Mangosuthu Buthelezi’s clan name.
iv King Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu (1948–) is king of the Zulu nation. His coronation was on 3 December 1971.
Page 517
i Helen Suzman (1917–2009), academic, politician, anti-apartheid activist, and MP for the opposition party – see the glossary. Suzman continuously raised the issue of political prisoners in Parliament and first met Mandela and his comrades on Robben Island in 1967.
ii Oliver Reginald Tambo (1917–93), Mandela’s friend, former law partner, and the president of the ANC – see the glossary.
iii Tambo was the president of the ANC.
iv Conflict in KwaZulu-Natal between supporters of Inkatha and the ANC had reached virtual civil war proportions by the late 1980s.
Page 518
i Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi’s wife Irene Buthelezi – see the glossary.
ii Mandela was admitted to Tygerberg Hospital in August 1988 with tuberculosis.
Page 520
i Makaziwe Mandela (1954–)– see the glossary.
ii ‘Grandchild’ in isiXhosa.
iii Makgatho (Kgatho) Mandela (1950–2005), Mandela’s second-born son – see the glossary.
iv Makaziwe Mandela was living in Boston, United States.
v Dumani Mandela’s sister and brother.
vi ‘Grandfather’ in isiXhosa.
Page 521
i Kwedi Mkalipi’s clan name.
ii Nyawuza or Mnayawuza refers to members of the Nyawuza clan Mandela knew from his childhood.
iii Cape Town.
iv ‘Nangamso’ is an isiXhosa word that expresses deep gratitude to a person who has gone beyond the call of duty. Mandela sometimes spelled it nangomso.
v Zephania Mothopeng (1913–90), Pan Africanist Congress leader.
vi Harry Gwala (1920–95), ANC activist who was charged with sabotage for recruiting members to MK and sentenced to eight years in prison on Robben Island. Continued his activism on his release in 1972 and in 1977 he was sentenced to life imprisonment and returned to Robben Island – see the glossary.
vii Zwelakhe Sisulu (1950–2012), South African journalist and editor who was imprisoned for his journalism.
viii Buyelekhaya Dalindyebo (1964–), Sabata Jonguhlanga Dalindyebo’s son – see the glossary. He returned from exile in 1989 and was restored to the throne.
ix Nxeko (also known as Bambilanga) is the brother of King Sabata Jonguhlanga Dalindyebo, paramount chief of the Transkei homeland.
x Mandela’s cousin and a Thembu chief.
xi This is probably a relation of K. D. Matanzima, the chief minister of the Transkei (see the glossary).
Page 522
i Eddie Daniels (1928–2017), member of the African Resistance Movement who spent fifteen years on Robben Island – see the glossary.
ii Dullah Omar, Mandela’s advocate.
iii Eddie Daniels’s wife.
Page 523
i Allan Aubrey Boesak (1946–), South African Dutch Reformed Church cleric and a politician and anti-apartheid activist. He was sentenced to prison for fraud in 1999 but was subsequently granted an official pardon and reinstated as a cleric in late 2004.
ii Boesak’s then wife.
iii Amina Cachalia (1930–2013), friend and anti-apartheid and women’s rights activist – see the glossary.
iv Ben means ‘sister’ in Gujarati.
v Yusuf Cachalia (1915–95), Amina Cachalia’s husband, political activist and secretary of the South African Indian Congress – see the glossary.
Page 524
i One of Winnie Mandela’s names.
ii Sipho Sepamla (1932–2007), a cultural activist influenced by the Black Consciousness Movement and protested against the apartheid regime through his novels and poetry.
iii Several of Sepamla’s books were banned in South Africa incuding his book of poems dealing with the student uprising of 1976, The Soweto I Love, published in 1977.
Page 525
i Don Mattera (1935–), South African writer.
ii Oswald Mtshali (1940–), South African poet.
iii Mongane Serote (1944–), South African poet and writer.
iv Mzwakhe Mbuli (1959–), South African poet, deacon, and Mbaqanga singer.
v Nomsa Mbuli was Mzwakhe Mbuli’s wife. All the poets listed here are from the South Afircan literary movement referred to as the New Black Poetry of the 1970s.
vi He was admitted to Constantiaberg MediClinic while he was recovering from tuberculosis in late August 1988.
Page 527
i Margaret Thatcher (1925–2013), prime minister of the United Kingdom.
ii Mandela met Mike Tyson and other American boxers in the United States on 22 June 1990.
iii University in Wilberforce, Ohio, United States.
Page 528
i ‘Priest of the nation’ in Setswana and Sesotho.
ii Mandla Mandela (1974–), son of Mandela’s youngest son Makgatho Mandela and Rose Rayne Mandela, known as Rennie – see the glossary for notes on these individuals.
iii An area in Soweto, Johannesburg.
iv ‘Uncle’ in Setswana.
Page 529
i An isiXhosa salute to royalty.
ii Telia (Telli or Tellie) Mtirara, a relative of Mandela’s.
iii A town in the Western Cape province.
iv Harry Gwala (1920–95), ANC activist who was charged with sabotage for recruiting members to MK and sentenced to eight years in prison on Robben Island. Continued his activism on his release in 1972 and in 1977 he was sentenced to life imprisonment and returned to Robben Island – see the glossary.
v Harry Gwala’s lawyer, Linda Zama.
vi ‘Chief’ in isiZulu and isiXhosa.
vii Standard ten, the last year of high school.
Page 530
i Umtata (now called Mthatha) was the capital of the Transkei homeland.
ii An isiXhosa honorific which has a similar meaning to ‘sir’.
iii This is possibly Wonga Mbekeni, E. N. Mbekeni’s husband.
iv Dr. Dotwana and Dr. Mbekeni and his wife visited Mandela in March 1989.
v The Wesleyan college in Fort Beaufort that Mandela attended as a young man – see the glossary.
vi Cape Town.
Page 531
i Wandile Kuse, professor who from 1983 was director of the Bureau for African Research and Documentation at the University of Transkei.
ii Helen Suzman (1917–2009), academic, politician, anti-apartheid activist, and MP for the opposition party – see the glossary. Suzman continuously raised the issue of political prisoners in Parliament and first met Mandela and his comrades on Robben Island in 1967.
iii The Mass Democratic Movement was the 1988–90 formation of anti-apartheid forces encompassing the umbrella body the United Democratic Front and the Congress of South African Trade Unions.
iv The Progressive Federal Party.
Page 532
i Richard John Pelwana Maponya (1926–) is a South African entrepreneur and property developer best known for building a business empire despite the restrictions of apartheid, and his determination to see the Soweto township develop economically. He hosted a celebration after Mandela and the last twenty-seven accused in the Treason Trial were acquitted on 29 March 1961. (For the Treason Trial, see the glossary.)
Page 533
i Declared on 30 March 1960 as a response to the Sharpeville Massacre, the 1960 State of Emergency was characterised by mass arrests and the imprisonment of most African leaders. On 8 April 1960 the ANC and Pan Africanist Congress were banned under the Unlawful Organisations Act.
ii Maponya’s wife.
iii Businessman.
iv A reference to him being a descendant of King Ngubencuka who was Mandela’s great-great-grandfather.
v Buyelekhaya Dalindyebo (1964–), Sabata Jonguhlanga Dalindyebo’s son – see the glossary. He returned from exile in 1989 and was restored to the throne.
Page 534
i He had been living in exile in Zambia since 1980 after his father, Sabata Jonguhlanga Dalindyebo, was convicted of violating K. D. Matanzima’s dignity in 1980.
ii Umtata (now called Mthatha) was the capital of the Transkei homeland.
Page 535
i These must be photographs taken during his meeting with P. W. Botha in Cape Town. Mandela was first given a suit in prison in early 1986 to wear when he met Nigerian leader and head of the Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group General Olusegun Obasanjo in Pollsmoor Prison.
ii Walter Sisulu (1912– 2003), ANC and MK activisit and fellow Rivonia trialist who was imprisoned with Mandela – see the glossary.
iii Oscar Mpetha (1909–94), trade unionist and ANC member who was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment at Pollsmoor Prison and was released in 1989 – see the glossary.
Page 536
i Bram Fischer (1908–75), lawyer and political and anti-apartheid activist – see the glossary.
ii The Alexandra Health Centre and University Clinic in Alexandra, Johannesburg, was initially established in 1929 as a maternal and child health centre before evolving into a primary health care centre.
iii Soon after Mandela arrived in Johannesburg in 1941 he moved into the township of Alexandra, where he boarded with the Reverend J. Mabutho of the Anglican Church at his home in Eighth Avenue. He later moved into a room in the yard of the Xhoma family in 46 Seventh Avenue.
iv Ilse Wilson, Tim Wilson’s wife and daughter of Bram Fischer.
v Ruth Fischer, Tim Wilson’s sister-in-law and daughter of Bram Fischer.
Page 537
i Adelaide Tambo (1929–2007) – see the glossary.
ii A Thembu chief who visited him in prison.
iii A Thembu chief.
iv Bachelor of Laws.
Page 538
i ‘Father’ in isiXhosa.
ii Umtata (now called Mthatha) was the capital of the Transkei homeland.
Page 539
i Desmond Tutu (1931–), first black archbishop of Cape Town, and his wife Leah Tutu (1933–) – see the glossary.
ii The Tutus’ children.
iii The Anglican Church of Southern Africa was known until 2006 as the Church of the Province. While some prominent priests, including Archbishop Desmond Tutu, took a stand against apartheid, the church apologised in 1997 to the people of South Africa for contributing to the oppression of blacks during apartheid.
iv The Anglican Church’s ruling provincial synod had called on Anglican bishops to investigate a range of sanctions against apartheid, including a halt to the rescheduling of foreign debt, a denial of overseas landing rights to South African Airways, and a ban on all foreign airline flights to South Africa.
Page 540
i Adelaide Tambo (1929–2007) – see the glossary.
ii ‘My sister’ in both Sesotho and Setswana.
iii Mary Benson (1919–2000), friend, author, journalist, and anti-apartheid activist – see the glossary. She lived in London.
iv Ismail Ayob (1942–), Mandela’s attorney – see the glossary.
v Oliver Reginald Tambo (1917–93), Mandela’s friend, former law partner, and the president of the ANC – see the glossary.
vi He had a stroke in August 1989.
vii One of the Tambos’ daughters.
viii National Executive Committee of the ANC.
Page 541
i National Executive.
ii J. N. Singh (d. 1996), member of the Transvaal Indian Congress and the Natal Indian Congress. He studied towards his LLB degree with Nelson Mandela at the University of Witwatersrand. His wife was Radhi Singh (d. 2013), anti-apartheid activist, teacher, and attorney.
iii They visited him on 1 January 1990 and gave him a diary.
Page 542
i Mary Benson (1919–2000) – see the glossary. Mandela hadn’t seen her since his vist to London in 1962.
ii His wife, Winnie Mandela.
iii Makaziwe Mandela (1954–), Mandela’s eldest daughter – see the glossary.
iv His middle daughter, Zenani Mandela (1959–) – see the glossary.
v Mandla Mandela (1974), son of Mandela’s youngest son Makgatho Mandela and Rose Rayne Mandela, known as Rennie.
vi Lord Anthony Barber (1920–2005), British Conservative Party politican.
vii The Commonwealth established an Eminent Persons Group to investigate apartheid in 1985. They visited Mandela in Pollsmoor Prison on 16 May 1985.
viii Mary Benson’s daughter.
Page 543
i Helen Joseph (1905–92), teacher, social worker, and anti-apartheid and women’s rights activist – see the glossary.
ii First general secretary of the National Union of Mineworkers.
iii First president of the National Union of Mineworkers.
Page 544
i Mandela’s birthday.
ii Amina Frense was a television journalist and anti-apartheid activist. Her husband, Peter, was a journalist. They did not know Mandela.
iii They had sent Mandela a photograph of Mqhekezweni, the Great Place, where he grew up in the Transkei homeland.
iv Umtata (now called Mthatha) was the capital of the Transkei homeland.
Page 545
i This was part of Mandela’s secret negotiations with the government. He later wrote: ‘I pressed the government to display evidence of its good intentions, urging the state to show its bona fides by releasing my fellow political prisoners at Pollsmoor and Robben Island.’ (NM, Long Walk to Freedom, p. 661.)
ii For more on these Rivonia Trialists, see the glossary.
iii Mkwayi was serving a life sentence for his role in the Little Rivonia Trial. The Little Rivonia Trial took place in November 1964, five months after the Rivonia Trial (see the glossary) ended, after Laloo Chiba, Mac Maharaj, Wilton Mkwayi, Dave Kitson and John Matthews were charged with sabotage for their activities on behalf of MK. The former three were sent to Robben Island and the other two, being white, were held in Pretoria.
iv Harry Gwala (1920–95), ANC activist who was charged with sabotage for recruiting members to MK and sentenced to eight years in prison on Robben Island. Continued his activism on his release in 1972 and in 1977 he was sentenced to life imprisonment and returned to Robben Island – see the glossary.
Page 546
i Jafta Kgalabi ‘Jeff’ Masemola (1929–90), teacher, member of the ANC Youth League, member of the Pan Africanist Congress, and political prisoner – see the glossary. After being arrested in 1962 and charged with sabotage for blowing up power lines and smuggling freedom fighters out of South Africa he was sentenced to life imprisonment in July 1963. He was released from prison on 15 October 1989, and on 17 April 1990 he was killed in a mysterious car accident.
ii A prison in Johannesburg.
iii All except Meyiwa and Mdlalose were released on 15 October 1989.
iv Frieda Matthews (1905–98) – see the glossary.
v ‘Sister’ in Setswana.
Page 547
i A friend of Mandela’s.
ii Kini Sihlali.
iii Leo Sihlali was one-time president of the Non-European Unity Movement (NEUM), a Trotskyist organisation formed in South Africa in 1943. It was committed to non-racialism and its primary tactic was one of non-collaboration with the apartheid regime. The movement split in 1957.
iv Relatives of Mandela’s.
v Connie Njongwe, wife of Dr. James ‘Jimmy’ Njongwe (1919–76), medical doctor, ANC leader, and organiser of the Defiance Campaign (for the Defiance Campaign, see the glossary) in the Eastern Cape – for Jimmy Njongwe, see the glossary.
Page 548
i Connie Njongwe, wife of Dr. James ‘Jimmy’ Njongwe (1919–76), medical doctor, ANC leader, and organiser of the Defiance Campaign (for the Defiance Campaign, see the glossary) in the Eastern Cape – for Jimmy Njongwe, see the glossary.
Page 549
i Connie Njongwe’s daughter Patiswa (Phati) and her son Zwelinzima (Zweli).
ii Lincoln Mkentane was a classmate of Mandela’s at University College of Fort Hare. They were both in the drama society and while at university Mkentane adapted a play about Abraham Lincoln and played Lincoln himself. Mandela played the role of his assassin, John Wilkes Booth. Like Mandela, Mkentane became an attorney.
iii Connie Njongwe’s husband Dr. James ‘Jimmy’ Njongwe (1919–76) – see the glossary.
iv Mamphela Ramphele (1947–), anti-apartheid activist and a founding member of the Black Consciousness Movement, medical doctor, academic, and businesswoman – see the glossary.
v Marina Maponya (1934–92), South African businesswoman and community leader who gave to the poor.
vi Lindi Myeza, social worker and prominent Methodist Church member.
vii Ronel Erewe, professor.
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i Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
ii Nandi Mandela (1968), daughter of Mandela’s late son Thembi (for Thembi Mandela, see the glossary).
iii Herbert Vilakazi (1943–2016), professor of sociology.
iv Frances Wilson, a fellow academic of Mamphela Ramphele’s at the University of Cape Town. They wrote a book together, Uprooting Poverty – The South African Challenge (Cape Town: David Philip, 1989).
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i Uncle’ in Setswana, Mamphela Ramphele’s language.
ii This letter is undated but the registration slip with this letter is dated 25.9.89.
iii A suburb of Johannesburg.
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i An affiliate of the Congress of South African Trade Unions.
ii ‘Comrade’ in isiXhosa and isiZulu.
iii Fatima Meer (1928–2010), writer, academic, and anti-apartheid and women’s rights activist – see the glossary.
iv A nickname for Fatima Meer.
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i Fatima’s nephew, Iqbal Meer.
ii A London attorney who was assisting with the publication of Fatima Meer’s book about Mandela, Higher Than Hope: The Authorized Biography (New York: Harper & Row, 1988).
iii The Institute for Black Research.
iv A book retailer called Central News Agency.
v ‘Sister’ in Gujarati.
vi Anant Singh, South African filmmaker.
vii Anant Singh and Fatima Meer had discussed making a film version of Higher than Hope, which Mandela agreed to. Singh met him at Meer’s house two weeks after he was released and Mandela indicated that he had written his autobiography and was going to publish it. ‘We both then agreed that we should wait until that is published to get the movie made.’ (Anant Singh, email to Sahm Venter, 7 September 2017.) Singh eventually produced the feature film based on Mandela’s autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, and it was released in 2013.
viii Sidney Poitier (1927–), Bahamian-American actor, film director, author, and diplomat. Higher Than Hope was never adapted into a film but Poitier later played Mandela in the 1997 television film Mandela and De Klerk.
ix The first South African publisher of Higher Than Hope.
x Krish Naidoo, a lawyer.
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i Nomzamo Winifred Madikizela-Mandela (1936–) – see the glossary.
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i The suit was probably for him to wear on the day of his release.
ii The village where Mandela grew up in the Transkei.
iii Makgatho (Kgatho) Mandela (1950–2005), Mandela’s second-born son – see the glossary.
iv Zindziswa Mandela (1960–), his and Winnie Mandela’s youngest daughter.
v Zindzi’s children and Mandela’s grandchildren.
vi A nickname for Fatima Meer.
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i Mandela received brown sugar as his ration at Victor Verster Prison. When Jack Swart cooked for him he bought white sugar. Mandela paid for groceries for feeding guests from a monthly allowance he received from his attorney Ismail Ayob.
ii They were held at Pollsmoor Prison. The other remaining Rivonia trialist, Elias Motsoaledi, was still on Robben Island.
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i For notes on these individuals, see the glossary.
ii In the last months of his imprisonment Mandela requested meetings with activists from various organisations to brief them on his talks with the government.
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i Sheikh Nazeem Mohamed, president of the Muslim Judicial Council and active in the anti-apartheid movement.
ii In the mid-1980s the Muslim Judicial Council aligned itself with the United Democratic Front, effectively declaring apartheid forbidden and aligning millions of South African Muslims in the struggle against apartheid.
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i Theocritus Simon Ndziweni Gqubule (1928–2016), teacher, Methodist priest, and the first African student to graduate with a doctorate from Rhodes University. Also an anti-apartheid activist and a member of the United Democratic Front, in 2016 the South African government awarded him the Order of Luthuli for his contribution to the liberation struggle.
ii A reference to him being a descendant of King Ngubengcuka who was also Mandela’s great-great-grandfather.
iii One of Winnie Mandela’s names.
iv Winnie Mandela was still living in the rural township of Brandfort in the Orange Free State (now Free State), where she had been banished in 1977. She lived there until 1985.
v Elliot Khoza Mgojo (1932–), former leader of the Methodist Church.
vi P. W. Botha (1916–2006) – see the glossary.
vii T. S. N. Gqubule’s son, Duma, who was studying economics at Aberdeen University in Scotland.
viii T. S. N. Gqubule’s daughter.
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i For Walter (1912–2003) and Albertina Sisulu (1918–2011), see the glossary.
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i Len Simelane married Beryl Lockman.
ii For Walter (1912–2003) and Albertina Sisulu (1918–2011), see the glossary.
iii Possibly Ahmed Kathrada (see the glossary), who was known as Uncle Kathy.
iv A reference to him being a descendant of King Ngubengcuka who was also Mandela’s great-great-grandfather.
v Mabel Nontancu Timakwe (1924–2002), Mandela’s sister.
vi Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo (d. 1942), the chief and regent of the Thembu people. He became Mandela’s guardian following his father’s death – see the glossary.
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i Umtata (now called Mthatha) was the capital of the Transkei homeland.
ii Fatima Meer (1928–2010), writer, academic, and anti-apartheid and women’s rights activist – see the glossary.
iii Mandela might have been unaware of, or was avoiding drawing the attention of the authorities to, his friend Mary Benson’s book, published in 1986, Nelson Mandela: The Man and the Movement (New York: W. W. Norton).
iv Mandela is referring to the autobiography he secretly wrote in prison with the help of his comrades, which formed the basis of Long Walk to Freedom, published in 1994 after Mandela collaborated on it with American writer Richard Stengel.
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i An isiZulu newspaper. The letter was a loose translation of the isiZulu article into English, and was presumably done for the purpose of this letter to the commissioner of prisons.
ii Kobie Coetsee (1931–2000), South African minister of justice.
iii Gerrit Viljoen (1926–2009), minister of constitutional development.
iv On Tuesday, 10 October 1989, Mandela met with the commissioner of prisons, Minister Gerrit Viljoen, Minister Kobie Coetsee, and S. S. Van der Merwe and was informed that his request had been granted for the release of eight prisoners: Ahmed Kathrada, Raymond Mhlaba, Andrew Mlangeni, Elias Motsoaledi, Walter Sisulu, Wilton Mkwayi, Oscar Mpetha, and Jafta Masemola (see the glossary for notes on these individuals).
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i A township in Natal.
ii They were all sentenced to life imprisonment for sabotage.
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i David Anton Ndoda ‘Mfenendala’ Xaba (1933–2009). ANC activist and MK member. He served ten years on Robben Island from 1963 to 1973. He was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1977 with Harry Gwala, Matthews Meyiwa, Elphas Mdlalose, John Nene and Zakhele Mdlalose for trying to revive the trade union movement in Natal. Mandela also appealed to President De Klerk for their release. They were released in 1990.
ii Elphas Mdlalose was arrested for his political activities with Meyiwa and others in 1975.
iii Vusumuzi John Nene, vice-chairperson of the Transport and General Workers’ Union in Natal. He was sentenced to life imprisonment with nine others on 25 July 1977 for membership of the ANC, recruiting members for Umkhonto weSizwe, and attempting to overthrow the apartheid regime. He had previously spent seven years on Robben Island for a political offence. He was released in 1990.
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i Gerrit Viljoen (1926–2009), minister of constitutional development.
ii The meeting was held in Lusaka, Zambia.
iii At a meeting in Harare, Zimbabwe, on 21 August 1989, the Organisation of African Unity endorsed a statement by the ANC’s which outlined five preconditions in order for negotiations with the South African government to begin. These included the release of all political prisoners, the unbanning of political parties, removing troops from townships, an end to political executions, and the end of the State of Emergency. This became known as the Harare Commonwealth Declaration. On 14 December 1989 the United Nations General Assembly adopted the ‘Declaration on Apartheid and its Destructive Consequences in South Africa’, which called for an end to apartheid and the establishment of a non-racial democracy.
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i A reference to the government-led apartheid regime. Pretoria is the South African government’s administrative capital.
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i Thabo Mbeki (1942–), head of the ANC’s department of internal affairs who was living in exile at the time. He was deputy president of South Africa, with former president F. W. de Klerk, from 1994 to 1999, then succeeded Mandela as the second president of a democratic South Africa, serving from 1999 until 2008.
ii Mandela didn’t have a phone in the house at Victor Verster, and would have had to have gone to a next-door office to take any calls (Sahm Venter in conversation with Jack Swart, 28 June 2017).
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i Jack Swart (1947–), Mandela’s prison guard and his chef at Victor Verster Prison cannot recall any meeting with officials on the night before Mandela’s release or any pictures being taken. Mandela only met with his lawyer, Dullah Omar, and his colleagues. Pictures taken with President F. W. de Klerk on the night of 9 February were published. Swart and Mandela had a good relationship and Mandela invited him and his wife, Marietha, to his inauguration on 10 May 1994 and his first State of the Nation address at the opening of Parliament on 24 May 1994. He also invited him and his wife to tea on more than one occasion after his retirement.
ii Possibly General Jannie Roux, a prison official and psychiatrist who was involved in the media’s visits to Robben Island in 1975. Later he served as director-general in the presidency under Mandela.
iii Mandela may have been referring to the meetings he had with P. W. Botha in July 1989 and FW de Klerk on 9 February 1990.
iv On the same day the Commissioner of Prisons, W.H. Willemse replied and said: “Thank you for your letter dated 1990/02/11. The photos that you are concerned about have not yet been processed and are in good hands. They will be dealt with in such a fashion as to accommodate your request. Some of the other photos that you refer to will first have to be cleared with the parties involved. Thereafter I will contact you again.”