Abbe, Catherine Palmer, 29, 31, 167n33
Adams, Abigail, 147
Adams, Lida Stokes, 90
Addams, Jane, 124
Agnew, George Bliss, 60–61
Aldrich, Margaret Chanler, 85
Allen, Henry, 98
Ancestors (Atherton), 77
Anthony, Susan B.: on bicycling, 81; historical memory of, 147–48; History of Woman Suffrage, 147–48, 161n7; and suffrage battle of 1894, 29, 37
anti-suffragists: among Colony Club members, 16, 17–18; criticizing use of female beauty by suffragists, 117–18; and suffrage movement of 1894, 35–36; tactics of, 111; and Vira Whitehouse’s diplomatic appointment, 152–53; and wartime, 124, 138
Arden, Elizabeth, 117
Astor, Ava Willing, fig18, 10
Astor, Caroline Schermerhorn, 23, 75, 166n3
Astor, John J. IV, fig17, fig18, 89
Astor, Madeleine Force, fig18
Auclert, Hubertine, 59
The Awakening (Chopin), 70, 77
Bailey, Edith Black, 18, 20–21, 78–79
Bailey’s Beach (Newport, RI), 5, 162n9
Balsan, Consuelo Vanderbilt, fig14, 27
Baltimore Sun, fig17, 45, 46, 84, 90, 129
Barney, Helen Tracy, 11
Bates, Blanche, 100
bathing dress, 6
Beadle, R. C., fig19
Beard, Mary Ritter, 144
Belmont, Alva Smith Vanderbilt, fig14, fig30; and Agnew campaign, 61; background of, 49–51; and black suffragists, 55–56; and British militants, 51, 59–60; costume ball of, fig6, 23, 26–27, 49–50, 166n3; and fellow socialites, 21, 166n3; funeral of, 146–47; historical memory of, 143–47, 154; and Malone/Stevens marriage, 103; opening of Marble House to the public, fig7, fig8, 51–53, 86; press management skills of, 27–28, 53–54; relationships of, 49–50, 82; rivalry with Katherine Mackay, 39–40, 43, 65–66, 68; and shirtwaist strike, 84; suffrage lunchroom of, 113; and suffrage parades, 111, 112–13; tactics of, 56, 60, 61, 68
Belmont, August, 50
Belmont, Oliver Hazard Perry, 50, 171n52
Benedict, William, 93
Bennett, James Gordon, Jr., 54
bicycling, fig14, 81
Bismarck Tribune, 118
black suffragists, 55–56, 112, 143, 147
Blackwell, Alice Stone, 46, 90–91
Blake, Catherine Ketchum, 66
Blake, Joseph, 66–67
Blatch, Harriot Stanton, fig30, 43–45, 60, 91, 111, 130, 135
Blatch, Nora. See de Forest, Nora Blatch
Boston Globe, 129
Brannan, Eunice Dana, 134
Brewer, Mary Morgan, 113
Brice, Kate, 10
British suffragettes, fig29, 51, 58–59, 106–7, 108, 181n18
Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 39, 62, 173n26
Brooklyn Life, 103–4
Brown, Gertrude Foster, 92–93, 125, 136–37, 139, 152
Bull, Maud, 10
Burlingham, Charles Culp, 97
Burns, Lucy, 134
Burns, Mrs. Clarence, 116–17
Butterworth, Emily, 134
California state suffrage, 95, 138
Campaigne, Curtis, 121
cartoons, fig24, fig29, fig30, 53, 115
Cassatt, Mary, 132
Catt, Carrie Chapman, fig30; and 1917 referendum, 139; and Equal Franchise Society, 45; and historical memory, 142–43, 146, 148–49; and Jeannette Rankin, 126; on militant tactics, 59; and NAWSA, 135–36, 148; and patriotism tactic, 124; tactics of, 148–49; Woman Suffrage and Politics, 142
celebrity, 150, 155; and historical memory of gilded suffragists, 142; use of for political influence, 1–4
celebrity journalism, 22, 23–40; and Alva Vanderbilt Belmont’s use of the press, 23–24, 26–28; beginnings of, 24–26; and Belmont/Mackay rivalry, 39–40; and parlor meetings, 31–35; and suffrage battle of 1894, 29–38
celebrity suffragists, first-generation, 31–35
Chicago Daily Tribune, 58, 84, 127
Chicago Inter Ocean, 53
Chittenden, Alice, 138
chivalry, fig17, 89–91, 102, 103–4
Choate, Caroline “Carrie,” 37
Cholmondeley, Mary, 114
Chopin, Kate, 77
City Club, 98
civil rights movement of 1960s, 149–50
Clark, Champ, 119
Clark, Genevieve, 119
Clay, Laura, 51
Cleveland, Grover, 7
Clews, Elsie. See Parsons, Elsie Clews
Clews, Lucy Madison Worthington, 23–24, 74, 78
Club Fellow, 20, 57, 62, 63, 64–65, 66
coding of suffragists as spinsters/lesbians/intellectuals, 7, 21, 32, 63, 116
College Equal Suffrage League, 47
Colony Club, fig1, fig2, fig3, 5–22; civic engagement through, 14–15, 16–19; criticism/fears of, 7; decoration of, fig2, 13; establishment of, 7–8, 9–12, 162n9; fashion at, 62–63; rules of, 13; shirtwaist workers’ address to, 84–85; social network at, 19–20; suffrage debate at, 16–18, 21–22
Colorado state suffrage, 38–39
Committee on Public Information, 152–53
Congressional Union (later National Woman’s Party), 143, 145, 149, 151; and Alva Belmont, 68; resignations from in protest of picketing tactics, 129–30. See also Paul, Alice
Consumers League, 120
Croly, Jane Cunningham, 15–16
Daggett, Mabel Potter, 41
Dana, Charles Anderson, 24, 166n6
Daughters of the American Revolution, 16, 120
Davison, Emily, 107
de Acosta, Mercedes, 115
decorum, rejection of, 105–22; in 1915 ballot campaign, 114–15; and difference between American and British suffrage tactics, 106–8; and family life, 118–21; and hostile reactions, 109–11; and soapbox speeches, 18–19, 109; and social standing, 115–16; and suffrage parades, 111–13; and Taft’s address to NAWSA, 105–6; and the viper’s pen, 113–14
de Forest, Lee, 118
de Forest, Nora Blatch, 118
Dell, Floyd, 94
Denver, Colorado, 38–39
Deuel, Joseph, 25
Dewey, Alice, 56
de Wolfe, Elsie, fig2, 11, 13, 85, 162n9
Diary of a Shirtwaist Striker (Malkiel), 85
divorce, fig18, 82
Dodge, Josephine Jewell, 35, 117–18, 138
Dodson, Raymond, 103
Dorman, Marjorie, 124
Dorr, Rheta Childe, 91
Dreier, Mary, 85
Duer, Alice. See Miller, Alice Duer
Duer, Katherine. See Mackay, Katherine Duer
education, women’s, fig15, 74, 75
electoral reform, 94
Equal Franchise Society: and 1911 parade, 111–12; Alva Belmont’s attendance at, 51; establishment of, 45; growth in membership of, 48; headquarters of, fig10, 62; influence of, 47; violence shunned by, 58
Equality League of Self-Supporting Women, 44
Fabbri, Edith Shepard, 45
fashion, 2, 20, 21, 161n1; and changing standards of beauty, 80; and historical memory, 155; in Mackay’s circle, fig13, 61–64; in reaction to “frumpy” suffragists, 116–17; and shirtwaist strike, 84
femininity, use of for political influence, 4, 57–58, 121–22
Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, 147–48
financial donations, 151
Fish, Marian “Mamie,” fig12, 6, 21, 52, 112–13, 154
Fox, Harriett Gibbs, 33–34
France, 59
garment industry strikes, 83–86, 143, 144
Gay, Matilda, 15
Gibson, Irene Langhorne, fig23, 71–72, 79, 87, 154, 175n4
Gibson Girl, 71
Gilbert, Newton, 102
Gill, Hiram, 95
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 16
Goldman, Emma, 145
gossip columns, 24–26
Gould, Edith Kingdon, 45
Grimké, Angelina, 147
Grimké, Sarah Moore, 147
Gross, Ethel, 64
Haggin, Lee Wood, 34–35
Hands, Charles, 107
Harbor Hill house (Roslyn, Long Island), 42, 64
Harper, Ida Husted, 27–28, 48, 51, 52, 54, 99
Harper’s Bazaar, 39
Harper’s Weekly, fig30, 47
Harriman, Florence Jaffray “Daisy,” fig4, fig30; and Colony Club, 8–10, 14, 17–18, 162n9; historical memory of, 154; on social reforms, 86; and Women’s Fusion League for Good Government, fig23, 72
Harriman, Mary, 10
Hastings, Helen Benedict, fig3, 11–12
Havemeyer, Emily, 69
Havemeyer, Henry O., 131
Havemeyer, Louisine Elder, fig26, 131–34, 175n4
Hay, Mary Garrett, 142–43, 153
Hay sisters, 120–21
Hazard, Alida Blake, 16
Hazlett, Ida Crouch, 154–55
Hearst, Phoebe, 151
Hearst, William Randolph, 25, 110
Heaton, Harold, 53
Henri, Robert, 73
Hepburn, Katharine Houghton, 4, 78, 145
Herald Tribune, 26
historical memory, 140, 141–56; of Alva Belmont, 143–47, 154; and Carrie Chapman Catt, 142–43, 146, 148–49; and cultural shifts in U.S., 150–51; gaps in, 154–55; and later social reforms, 149–50; of male suffragists, 152; of Susan B. Anthony, 147–48; of Vira Whitehouse, 141–42, 152–53
History of Woman Suffrage (Stanton, Anthony, and Gage), 147–48, 161n7
Holtby, Winifred, 105
homosexuality, suspected, 12
Hooker, Isabella Beecher, 116
House of Mirth (Wharton), 77
Howe, Julia Ward, 53
Howells, William Dean, 119
“How It Feels to Be the Husband of a Suffragette” (Brown), 93
Hughes, Charles Evans, 60, 110, 138
imprisonment of suffragists, 102, 107, 129, 133–35
Ingersoll-Brown, Eva, 176n29
International Suffrage Alliance, 51
Interurban Suffrage Council, 45
Irwin, Inez Haynes, 47, 48, 73
Iselin, Eleanor Jay, fig3
Ivins, William, 98
Jacobi, Mary Putnam, 29, 30, 31
James, Henry, 28
Johnson, Grace Nail, 75–76
Kansas state suffrage, 138
Kent, Elizabeth, 129–30
Kernochan, Catherine, 6
labor unions, 44, 83, 85, 144–45
Ladies Home Journal, 7
La Follette, Fola, 76, 99, 100
La Guardia, Fiorello, 128
Laidlaw, Harriet Burton, fig25; on Alice Paul’s tactics, 130; beauty of, 152; historical memory of, 154; and Jeannette Rankin, 126, 127, 128; on male suffragists, 93; on Malone, 102; in summer of 1915, 114, 115; and Woman Suffrage Party, 104, 136
Laidlaw, James Lees, fig20, 93–94, 102, 103, 104, 126, 127
Langdon, Olivia, 119
Lansing, Robert, 153
League for Political Education, 38
Leslie, Miriam, 151
Livermore, Mary, 116
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 5
Louisville Courier Journal, 128
Lowell, Josephine Shaw, 29, 30
Lukacs, John, 141
Lydig, Rita de Acosta, fig13, 62, 85, 154
Mackay, Katherine Duer, fig9, fig10, fig11, fig30; and Agnew campaign, 60–61; in Albany 1909, 57–58; background of, 41–43; bad press about, 64–67; children of, 169n10; conversion of, 17; and fashion, 61–64; and fellow socialites, 20; formation of suffrage society by, 44–45; historical memory of, 154; on militant tactics, 58; relationships of, 42, 66–67; rivalry with Alva Belmont, 39–40, 65–66, 68; The Stone of Destiny, 42, 77; suffrage luncheon of, 46–47; and suffrage parades, 111–12; tactics of, 56, 60, 68
male suffragists, 89–104; establishment of Men’s League for Woman Suffrage, 96–98; historical memory of, 152; men’s leagues across the country, 98; motives of, 94; in suffrage parade of 1912, 92–94; supporting their wives, 99–100
Malone, Dudley Field, 101, 102–3
Malone, Maud, 110
Mann, William d’Alton, 25–26, 50, 171n52
Manning, Marie, 113, 155, 161n1
Marble House (Newport, RI), fig7, fig8, 51–53, 86
Marbury, Elisabeth “Bessy,” 11, 84
marriage and parenting, experiments with new forms of, 78–79
marriage equality/LGBT rights, 150
Martin, Frederick Townsend, 79–80
Masses, 135
McCormick, Medill, 118
McCormick, Ruth Hanna, 118
Men’s League for Woman Suffrage of New York, fig19, fig20, 92–94; and chivalry, 103–4; establishment of, 96–98; and West Virginia state suffrage, 103
Meyer, Annie Nathan, 90, 119–20
Milholland, Inez, fig22, 83, 115, 121–22
Milholland, Vida, 134–35
militant suffragists, British, 51, 58–59, 106–7, 108
Miller, Alice Duer, fig24, 75, 100, 114
modernity, changes of for gilded suffragists, 71–87; and creative pursuits, 76–77, 79; and garment industry strikes, 83–86; marriage and parenting practices, 78–79, 82; reform agendas, 29–31, 72–73, 86–87; social changes, 2–3, 8, 69–70, 72–73, 86–87; standards of beauty, 80–81; tensions with parents, 74–75, 79
Moorman, Irene, 55
Morgenthau, Josephine Sykes, 144
Mulliner, Gabrielle Stewart, 116
Nathan, Maud, fig27, 45, 120, 141
Nathan sisters, 119–20
Nation, 42
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA): and Alva Belmont, 68, 143; Belmont’s management of, 27–28, 51; Catt’s leadership of, 135–36, 148; financial contributions to, 151; relocation of, 27–28, 54; Shaw as head of, 51; Taft’s address to, 105–6; and war service, 137
National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs, 16, 56
National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, 35, 117, 120–21, 138
National Men’s League for Woman Suffrage, 103
National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies, 107, 181n18
National Woman’s Party (formerly Congressional Union). See Congressional Union
New Idea Magazine, 43
New Jersey, suffrage in, 108
Newport, Rhode Island, 5–6, 52, 80–81
New Republic, 141
newspaper industry, 1–2. See also specific papers
New York American, fig17, 20, 48, 154
New York City: growth in, 15; as national center of suffrage activity, 110–11
New York Evening Journal, 79, 161n1
New York Evening World, 36
New York Giants, 114–15
New York Globe, 65
New York Herald, fig29, 27, 34–35, 43, 53–54, 115, 176n29
New York Irish-American, 43
New York Press, 65
New York State constitutional convention of 1894, 29, 37–38
New York state suffrage: and campaign of 1915, 114–15, 135–36; and campaign of 1917, 136–37, 138–39
New York State Woman Suffrage Party: and Belmont/Mackay rivalry, 65; fundraising for, 135–37, 152; headquarters of, fig19; and male suffragists, 93, 104; and wartime, 123, 137; and Woodrow Wilson, 139
New York Sun: on Irene Gibson, 72; on Mackay’s fashion, 62–63; on Olivia Sage, 32; society coverage of, 24, 166n6; on suffrage movement of 1894, 31; on suffrage sundaes, 114; Vanderbilt ball in, 27
New York Telegram, 104
New York Times, fig24; anti-suffrage arguments in, 94–95, 120–21, 139; on Belmont in 1912 suffrage parade, 112; on debate at Sherry’s restaurant, 31; Dudley Field Malone in, 101; on gilded suffragists, 33, 57–58; on Irene Gibson, fig23, 72; on Mackay, 46, 47, 62, 69; on male suffragists, 92, 94–95; on Mamie Fish’s conversion, 21; on Newport, RI, 5; and publicity focus of suffrage movement, 110; and Rankin’s vote, 128; on shirtwaist strike, 84; stories on suffrage in, 39; on suffrage movement of 1894, 30–31, 34; on Town Topics trial, 25; Vanderbilt ball in, 27; on Vanderbilt divorces, 82; on women’s patriotism, 125
New York Tribune, fig10, fig24, 15, 24, 27, 62, 113–14, 166n6
New York World: on Belmont’s takeover of NAWSA, 54; on debate at Sherry’s restaurant, 32; on divorces, 67, 82; on Elsie Clews Parsons, 78; on Mackay, 67; on Mackay/Belmont rivalry, 65; on public viewing of Belmont’s Marble House, 53, 86; society coverage of, 24–25, 166n6; on Society women in politics, 36–37; stories on suffrage in, 39; on suffrage as funny, 33; Vanderbilt ball in, 27, 29; on Vanderbilts, 82
Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, 140
Norrie, Margaret Lewis Morgan, 10
Oakland Tribune, 67
Ocala Evening Star, 70
Ochs, Adolph, 119
Oelrichs, Theresa Fair, 69–70
The Old-Fashioned Woman (Parsons), 78
open-car platforms, fig25
“Opportunities and Responsibilities for Leisure Women” (Sage), 30
Pankhurst, Christabel, 59, 143
Pankhurst, Emmeline, 58, 59, 106, 143
parlor meetings, fig5, 31–35
Parsons, Elsie Clews, fig15; and bathing dress, 6; education of, 74–75; as member of Heterodoxy, 76; The Old-Fashioned Woman, 78; pacifism of, 137–38; relationships of, 78, 79, 137–38
Parsons, Herbert, 78, 98, 137–38
The Passing of the Idle Rich (Martin), 80
patriotism, fig28, 124–25, 138
Paul, Alice: and historical memory, 148, 149; and Jeannette Rankin, 126; and Louisine Havemeyer, 132–33; and picket of White House, 102, 128–30; tactics of, 121, 149
Peabody, George Foster, 98
Peck, Mary Gray, 143–44
Perkins, Frances, 93–94, 109, 152
Perkins, Mrs. Charles L., 13–14
Philadelphia Public Ledger, 52
pickets at the White House, 102, 128–30, 134–35
Political Equality Association, 55, 56, 112, 146
Pratt, Ruth Sears Baker, 45
press management skills, 27–28, 53–54, 155
Prison Special, 134
publicity tactics, 27–29, 43, 108, 110, 142, 150, 181n18
race, 55–56, 76, 149–50. See also black suffragists
racetrack betting, 60
Rankin, Jeannette, 125–28
Rankin, Wellington, 125–26, 127
reform agendas, 29–31, 72–73, 86–87
Reid, Helen Rogers, 136, 137, 152
Reyher, Rebecca Hourwich, 121
Rockefeller, Cettie, 32
Rockefeller, Laura, 34
Rockefeller, Sarah Stillman “Elsie,” 11
Rogers, Elizabeth Selden, 135
Rogers, William Allen, fig29, 115
Roosevelt, Edith, 156
Roosevelt, Theodore, 124, 155–56
Ruffin, Josephine St. Pierre, 16
Sage, Margaret “Olivia,” 29, 30, 32, 151
Salmon, Lucy Maynard, 130
Sanders, Eleanor, 34
San Francisco Call, 85
San Francisco Examiner, 71
Schieffelin, William Jay, 98
Schneiderman, Rose, 144
school board elections, 34, 42–43
Seattle, Washington, 95
“A Second Declaration of Independence” (cartoon), fig30
Seiler, Laura Ellsworth, 93, 109–10
Seton, Harold, 26
17th State Senate District, 60–61
Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, 148
sexuality, changes in attitudes toward, 80, 150
Shaw, Anna Howard, 51, 54, 96, 101, 146
Sherry’s restaurant (New York City), fig5, 31–32
shirtwaist strikes, 83–86
Smith, Murray Forbes, 49
smoking in public, 69–70
“The Smooch versus the Harangue” (cartoon), fig29, 115
social Darwinism, 73
socialism, 16, 73, 85, 97, 145
Stahr, Paul, fig30
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 16, 116, 147–48
state suffrage campaigns, 38, 39, 95
Stead, William Thomas, 19
Steffens, Lincoln, 98
Stevens, Doris, 101, 103, 145, 146
Stevens, Elizabeth Callender, 111
St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 24
The Stone of Destiny (Mackay), 42, 77
street speeches, fig25, fig27
suffrage as commodity, 104, 108, 116–17
suffrage campaign of 1894, 29–38
suffrage campaign of 1909, 41
suffrage campaign of 1915, 114–15, 135–36
suffrage campaign of 1917, 136–37, 138–39
suffrage parades: of 1911, 111–12; of 1912, fig20, fig21, 59, 90, 91–92, 93, 112–13, 117, 151, 183n58; of 1913, fig22, 121; of 1915, 98; of 1917, fig28, 72, 123, 124–25; controversy over, 111–13
Suffragist (National Woman’s Party newspaper), 130
Sulzberger, Iphigene Ochs, 119
Sutro, Florence Clinton, 32–33
Syracuse Post-Standard, 106
tactics: American vs British, 106–8; novelty/shock value, 108–10
Taft, William Howard, 105–6
Tarbell, Ida, 16
taxation, 82
Tiffany, Katrina Ely, fig28, 123, 154
Titanic, sinking of, fig17, 89–91
Town & Country Magazine, 20
Town Hall (New York City), 38
Townsend, John D., 34
Town Topics, 25–26, 41, 50, 81, 112, 171n52
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911), 85
Tyndale, Hector S., 97
Union League Club, 93
Unpopular Review, 80
Vanderbilt, Alva Smith. See Belmont, Alva Smith Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt, Anne, 175n4
Vanderbilt, Consuelo. See Balsan, Consuelo Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt, Elsie French, 82
Vanderbilt, Gertrude. See Whitney, Gertrude Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt, Virginia Fair, 45
Vanderbilt, William Kissam, 49, 82
Vanderlip, Narcissa Cox, 137, 152
Van Norden Magazine, fig29, 183n48
Villard, Fanny Garrison, 8, 16–17, 55, 96, 97, 154
Villard, Oswald Garrison, 96, 97
Vorse, Mary Heaton, 136
Votes for Men (Cholmondeley), 114
Vreeland, Diana, 13
Wadsworth, Alice Hay, 120–21
Walker, Iris Calderhead, 61
Walsh, James, 19
war service, 139–40
Washington state suffrage, 95, 138
Washington Times, 55
weddings, high society, 20
Welling, Richard, 98
Wendell, Barbara, 152–53
West Virginia state suffrage, 103
White, Stanford, fig1, 21, 64, 162n9, 166n14
Whitehouse, Vira Boarman, fig27; appointment to diplomatic agency, 152–53; delegation by, 139; fundraising by, 136, 137, 152; as Heterodoxy member, 76; historical memory of, 141–42, 152–53; and Malone’s resignation, 102; telephone polling by, 114
Whitman, Charles, 152
Whitney, Dorothy Payne, 45–46, 112
Whitney, Gertrude Vanderbilt, fig16, 11, 76–77, 79
Whitney, Harry Payne, 76–77
Whitney, Helen Hay, 11, 120, 154
Williams, John, 133
Willis, Portia, 115
Wilson, Edith Galt, 185n29
Wilson, Woodrow, 101–2, 128, 138–39, 153
Winestine, Belle Fligelman, 109, 127
Winthrop, Emmeline Dore Heckscher, 10, 45, 112
Wise, Stephen M., fig20, 45, 92, 96–97, 119
Wister, Owen, 156
Woman Suffrage and Politics (Catt), 142
women’s clubs, 14, 15–16. See also Colony Club
Women’s Fusion League for Good Government, 72
Women’s Social and Political Union, 58, 106–7
women’s suffrage arguments: morality/maternal instincts brought to public life, 30, 35, 36, 42, 46, 56; votes as marker of privilege, 31
Women’s Trade Union League, 83, 144–45, 189n44
Wood, Henry Wise, 139
working-class supporters of suffrage movement, 44, 145, 151
World War I, 122, 123–40; and fundraising for suffrage, 135–37; and political protests, 128–35; and Rankin’s vote, 125–28; and suffrage parade of 1917, 123–25; and women’s war service, 137–40
writing as pursuit of gilded suffragists, 77