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Chapter 1: Into the Flames
1. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey, and U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1918–1919.
Chapter 2: Un-Civil Service
1. American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. New York City Profile of General Demographic Characteristics.
2. The Newest New Yorkers: Characteristics of the City’s Foreign-born Population, Population Division of the New York City Department of City Planning, 2013. Also, see U.S. Census Bureau data.
3. Jarrett Murphy, “The Whitest City Agencies,” City Limits, May 2010, http://citylimits.org/2010/05/27/the-whitest-city-agencies.
4. Gilbert Osofsky, Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto (New York: HarperCollins, 1963), 52.
5. Ibid., 55.
6. Ibid., 67.
7. Terry Golway, So Others Might Live (New York: Basic Books, 2002), 35.
8. Ibid., 35.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., 70.
11. Ibid.
12. David A. Goldberg, Courage under Fire: African American Firefighters and the Struggle for Racial Equality (Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 2006), 25.
13. Golway, So Others Might Live, 73
14. Ibid., 69.
15. Ibid., 76.
16. Leslie Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 279.
17. Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish Became White (New York: Routledge Classics, 1995), 9.
18. Ibid., 9.
19. Golway, So Others Might Live, 113.
20. Ibid., 113–14.
21. Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery, 284.
22. Golway, So Others Might Live, 120.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., 125.
25. Edward Kohn, Heir to the Empire City (New York: Basic Books, 2014), 131.
26. Ibid., 8.
27. Golway, So Others Might Live, 139.
28. Ibid., 141.
29. Ibid., 142.
30. Goldberg, Courage under Fire, 32.
31. Ibid.
32. Kohn, Heir to the Empire City, 151.
33. Golway, So Others Might Live, 144.
Chapter 3: We Shall Overcome
1. C. J. Sullivan, “Fanning Racial Fires,” New York Post, March 1, 2012.
2. Lou Young, “White Applicants Blast FDNY After Being Denied Entry To Preparation Class,” CBS Local 2, New York, March 1, 2012.
3. Marcia Chambers, “2 Ex-Firefighters Await Job Ruling,” New York Times, October 23, 1983.
Chapter 4: New Beginnings
1. United States, et al. v City of New York, No. 1:07-cv-02067, Lexis doc. 345 (U.S. Eastern District of New York).
2. Ibid.
3. Nicholas Katsarelas, “Nationwide Study Shows Urban Poor Becoming More Concentrated,” Associated Press, February 15, 1987.
4. David Pitt, “Jogger’s Attackers Terrorized at Least 9 in 2 Hours,” New York Times, April 22, 1989.
Chapter 6: Get Out of the Kitchen
1. Illinois Fire Service Institute, firefighter record on David Kenyon, Capt. of Engine Co. 21 in Chicago, death and service record, http://www.fsi.illinois.edu.
2. David A. Goldberg, Courage under Fire: African American Firefighters and the Struggle for Racial Equality (Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 2006), 26.
3. Ibid., 43.
4. Victor Collymore, “Series: Negro Firefighter,” New York Amsterdam News, June 26, 1976.
5. Ibid.
6. Goldberg, Courage under Fire, 45.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. “Doings of the Race,” The Gazette (Cleveland, Ohio), October 24, 1914.
10. “New York Notes: Colored Fireman Commended,” The Bee (Washington, D.C.), July 14, 1917.
11. Ibid., 47.
12. Wesley Williams Collection, 1919-1984, Series: Negro Firefighter, Box 3, Correspondence, Archives: Schomburg Center, NYPL.
13. Ibid.
Chapter 7: The Can Man
1. United States, et al. v City of New York, No. 1:07-cv-02067, Lexis doc. 345 (U.S. Eastern District of New York).
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., 345-2, pg. 19.
4. Ibid., 345-2, pg. 20.
5. Ibid. 345-2, pg. 22.
6. Ibid., 345-2, pg. 24.
7. Ibid., 345-2, pg. 24.
8. Committee Files, LaGuardia and Wagner Archives, City University of New York, Box 050046, Series 3, Misc., April–May 1995.
9. David Chen, “Officers and Firemen Wore Blackface on Float, Officials Say,” New York Times, September 11, 1998.
Chapter 8: Blowback
1. United States, et al. v City of New York, No. 1:07-cv-02067, Lexis doc. 345 (U.S. Eastern District of New York).
2. Ibid., 125.
3. Michael White, “The New York City Police Department, Its Crime-Control Strategies and Organizational Changes, 1970–2009,” Justice Quarterly vol. 31, no. 1 (2014): 74–95.
4. Robert F. Moore, “FDNY Test Woes: Low Scores for Blacks Sparks Ire,” NY Daily News, December 25, 2005.
5. Dave Saltonstall, “Bravest Hard on Minorities; More Candidates Rejected On Character, Health Issues,” NY Daily News, September 26, 1999.
6. Thomas Von Essen, “New York City Fire Department Testimony,” City Council Committee on Fire and Criminal Justice Services, September 28, 1999.
7. Frank Lombardi, “Rudy: Job Breaks OK for Kin of FDNY Brass,” NY Daily News, November 17, 2000.
8. United States, et al. v City of New York, Lexis doc. 125-12, pg. 31.
9. Ibid., pg. 36.
10. Ibid., pg. 10.
11. Ibid.
12. Frankie Edozien, “Furor over FDNY Plan to Hire Diallo Cop,” NY Post, April 15, 2001.
13. Ibid.
14. United States, et al. v City of New York, Lexis doc. 345-1, pg. 4.
Chapter 9: Amid the Embers
1. Michelle McPhee, “Petition: Stop Fire Statue: FDNY Faction Says Design Alters Sept. 11 History,” NY Daily News, January 15, 2002.
2. United States, et al. v City of New York, No. 1:07-cv-02067, Lexis doc. 345-2 (U.S. Eastern District of New York), pg. 80.
3. Ibid., pg. 82.
Chapter 10: Fighting the Fire Within
1. “Fireman Wins Promotion to Lieutenancy: Rated Among Best on Fire Force,” The Chicago Defender, September 24, 1927.
2. “Wesley Williams, ‘Smoke Easter,’ Marks First Year as Fire Company Lieutenant; Only Negro Officer Directs White Company in Protecting Foreign Downtown District,” New York Amsterdam News, September 26, 1928.
3. David A. Goldberg, Courage under Fire: African American Firefighters and the Struggle for Racial Equality (Amherst, NH: University of Massachusetts, 2006), 65.
4. “Only Four Negro Firefighters in New York,” New York Amsterdam News, January 3, 1934.
5. Thomas Kessner, Fiorello LaGuardia and the Making of Modern New York (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989), 237.
6. Goldberg, Courage under Fire, 69.
7. Ibid., 70.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid., 70–72.
10. John Ruffins’ Urban Studies thesis on black FDNY firefighters, unpublished, 35.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Goldberg, Courage under Fire, 72.
14. Wesley Williams Collection, 1919–1984, Series: Negro Firefighter, Box: 3, Correspondence, Archives: Schomburg Center, NYPL.
15. Ruffins, Urban Studies thesis.
16. Goldberg, Courage under Fire, 86.
17. Letter from Wesley Williams to Al “Smokestack” Hardy, October 28, 1941, provided to the author by Hardy’s heirs.
18. Goldberg, Courage under Fire, 90.
19. Ibid., 92.
20. Ibid., 93.
21. Wesley Williams Collection, Schomburg Center, NYPL.
Chapter 11: FDNY Aflame
1. United States, et al. v City of New York, No. 1:07-cv-02067, Lexis doc. 125 (U.S. Eastern District of New York).
2. Jennifer Fermino, “Scene of the Grime,” New York Post, February 26, 2005.
3. Murray Weiss, “FDNY Vet in Bribe Rap,” New York Post, September 1, 2005.
4. Kareem Fahim, “Fire Dept. Defends Policy on Hiring,” New York Times, September 2, 2005.
5. Frank Lombardi, “Minority Project Doused; FDNY Boss Takes Heat for Refusing It,” NY Daily News, June 2, 2005.
Chapter 12: Burned
1. Jimmy Vielkind, “FDNY Exam Has ’em Fuming,” NY Daily News, March 25, 2007.
2. Ibid.
3. United States, et al. v City of New York, No. 1:07-cv-02067, Lexis Plaintiff Exhibit I (U.S. Eastern District of New York).
4. 6019 test results, FDNY, Office of Recruitment.
5. Department of Justice press release, “Justice Department Sues New York City for Discriminating Against Black and Hispanic Firefighter Applicants,” May 21, 2007, http://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2007/May/07_crt_375.html.
6. Michael Saul and Jonathan Lemire, “Mike Fumes as Feds Sue FDNY on Bias,” NY Daily News, May 22, 2007.
7. Paul Mannix, Letter to the Editor, “FDNY Noose Mystery,” Chief-Leader, April 7, 2006.
8. Ibid.
9. Paul Mannix, Letter to the Editor, “About the Klan Hood,” Chief-Leader, August 4, 2006.
Chapter 13: Up in Smoke
1. U.S. Department of Justice Press Release, “United States v. City of New York FDNY Employment Discrimination Case,” Liability-Phase Rulings, July 22, 2009, http://www.justice.gov/crt/spec_topics/fdny/overview.php.
2. United States, et al. v City of New York, no. 1:07-cv-02067, Lexis doc. 125 (U.S. Eastern District of New York).
3. Ibid., Lexis doc. 385.
4. David W. Chen, “Bloomberg Must Testify on Lawsuit in Bias Case,” New York Times, August 5, 2009.
5. United States, et al. v City of New York, Lexis Bloomberg Deposition.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., Lexis doc. 505.
9. John Marzulli, “City Rejects Judge’s Plan for New FDNY Hires; Charges Proposals Enforce Racial Quotas,” NY Daily News, September 17, 2010.
10. Center for Constitutional Rights press release, “FDNY Refuses to Hire New Firefighters,” CCR, September 17, 2010, http://www.ccrjustice.org/newsroom/press-releases/fdny-refuses-hire-new-firefighters.
Chapter 14: Fire Escape
1. David A. Goldberg, Courage under Fire: African American Firefighters and the Struggle for Racial Equality (Amherst, NH: University of Massachusetts, 2006), 95.
2. Ibid.
3. Wesley Williams Collection, 1919–1984, Series: Negro Firefighter, Box 3, Correspondence, Archives: Schomburg Center, NYPL.
4. Ibid.
5. Goldberg, Courage under Fire, 95.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., 55.
8. Ibid., 96.
9. Wesley Williams Collection, Box 2.
10. Goldberg, Courage under Fire, 97.
11. Wesley Williams Collection, Box 3.
12. Vivian Heller, The City Beneath Us (New York: NY Transit Museum, 2004).
13. Goldberg, Courage under Fire, 99.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., 100.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., 101.
19. Ibid., 102.
20. Ibid., 103.
Chapter 15: Trial by Fire
1. United States, et al. v City of New York, No. 1:07-cv-02067, Lexis doc. 70-3 (U.S. Eastern District of New York).
2. David Seifman, “City Rages at FDNY Bias Bill,” New York Post, March 28, 2012.
3. Sarah Dorsey, “Fire-Test Judge’s Order: Score 25, Get Back Pay,” Chief-Leader, July 31, 2012.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. John Marzulli, “White Firefighters Rally at Brooklyn Federal Court Over FDNY Hiring,” NY Daily News, Oct. 21, 2012.
7. Ibid.
8. John Marzulli, “FDNY Too Lax In Fax Race Probe,” NY Daily News, September 18, 2012.
9. Ibid.
10. United States, et al. v City of New York, Lexis doc. 1011.
Epilogue: Out of the Ashes
1. Michael Schwirtz, “Minority-Dominated Class Graduates from New York Fire Academy,” New York Times, December 5, 2013.