The White Nationalist Skinhead Movement

1993

In January, Squadron put the finishing touches to their third LP titled Combat, Battle and Burn and sent it off to Rock-O-Rama Records. The 11-track album featured two cover versions, ‘Skinhead’ by the Strike and the classic ‘Blood of the Kings’ by Manowar. The band expected the German label to release it in the next couple of months. Two months passed and nothing. Three months passed and still nothing. Four months passed and still nothing. When asked about the trouble Squadron had been having with Rock-O-Rama Records, frustrated bass player Brad replied:¹¹

Rock-O-Rama are very hard to contact. Herbert is never there! We only find out that an album is out when we see it! He never consults us about what is or isn’t acceptable, hence our first album was censored. If he’d told us and sent it back, we would have replaced the picture with less provocative ones! It took four years to get our royalties out of him. We ain’t made of money. Guitars, amps and strings don’t grow on trees! Herbert has had a lot of trouble lately, the Anti-Defamation League are watching him closely at the moment. Our third album is recorded and has been at Rock-O-Rama for four months. It should be out soon.

The band’s hopes of Rock-O-Rama Records releasing their third LP ultimately proved fruitless.

There was also trouble within the band. Shortly after recording the third album, Squadron kicked out vocalist Lenny for apparent lack of dedication. He had never written a song for the band and had no real commitment. Guitarist Jimmy took over vocal duties. Drummer Nev then left and Lemmy was recruited.

Kirk Barker and Charles Bronson

While in prison after being re-arrested by the police at Waterloo, Kirk Barker had the privilege of meeting Charles Bronson and becoming good friends with him:

I was serving time in the block in Woodhill prison when I heard that they were transferring Charlie there. Charlie is Britain’s most notorious prisoner who has a long history of taking hostages, holding rooftop protests, attacking screws etc., etc… The screws there were nervous at the prospect of him being transferred to their nice new prison. Charlie and I were out on the exercise yard together a few days after he’d arrived and we got talking, he was allowed a medicine ball to train with so he asked me if I’d like to work out with him on the yard each morning which I did. We told the screws that only Whites were allowed on the yard with us or we’d kick off.

After a couple of weeks the governor said that Charlie could use the prison gym three or four mornings a week, because he was a AA cat prisoner and they were scared stiff of what he’d do they decided it was a good idea to allow him to use the gym. Charlie asked the governor if I could also use the gym and train with him but he was told that I wasn’t to be allowed to. Charlie as calmly as you like turned to the governor and said you either let Kirk train with me or I’ll smash your prison up. I was told straightaway that he’d changed his mind and I was allowed to train with Charlie in the gym.

Charlie had to go to court one morning so the day before he managed to get hold of some boot polish and when the screws opened up his cell to take him to court he had blacked himself up totally. He refused to wash it off and they had to take him before the magistrates all blacked up. The magistrates asked him what he thought he was doing covering himself in black boot polish, he replied well I thought I’d get bail if I blacked up as you always give the black bastards bail!

One morning when we’d finished training we had just got back to the unit where the block was when I noticed that the librarian was doing his rounds with his cart full of books. I thought nice one I’ll swap my books in a minute, but I wasn’t to get the chance as there was a yell and a cell door slammed shut. The library cart was there but there was no sign of the librarian or of Charlie. I went to my cell, closed the door behind me and sat reading and waiting to hear the chaos start as I had a fair idea of what had happened. After about 20 minutes a screw opened my cell up and said, ‘Good there you are, we thought you were involved.’ I asked him involved in what? He said, ‘Your bloody mate Charlie has taken the librarian hostage and has him locked in his cell. He’s demanding money and a helicopter.’ I was moved to a cell in the other wing of the block until they had got the hostage released. Charlie was shipped out to another prison and went on to take more hostages and in the end they gave him a life sentence over one hostage-taking incident.

In his book Legends, Charles Bronson wrote of Kirk Barker:²²

I met young Kirk in Woodhill prison in ’93 he was on remand for beating up some Pakistanis. We were in the block for three months until I got moved on because of the Andy Love hostage situation. Kirk was only 23, a big guy, shaven head, heavily tattooed, fearless and he hates blacks. I said to him one day, ‘Kirk, what would you do if a beautiful black girl walked into your cell with no clothes on?’ ‘Fuck off Charlie, that would be bestiality,’ he replied. He really meant it, he never joked, but I told him that one day he would grow out of all of that. There’s good and bad in all races. I liked Kirk he really cheered me up over those three months but what made him a legend was the day he started training with me on the exercise yard. He earned my respect how he worked his balls off on that hour a day exercise, we became good friends and will always remain just that.

On 25 February, Labour MP Peter Hain submitted Early Day Motion 1474 to the House of Commons, which received the support of 56 MPs, mainly from the Labour Party. The motion, which was titled ‘Nazi Activity in Huntingdon,’ read:

That this House notes with dismay that the Nazi group Blood and Honour, which includes bands such as Screwdriver, No Remorse — a reference to the Holocaust — Skullhead and Dirlewanger intend to hold a Nazi gig in the Prime Minister’s constituency of Huntingdon and is confident of attracting hundreds of Nazi skinheads; further notes that these gigs normally culminate in attacks on people with clubs, knives and tear gas; remembers with shame that a similar event in Mansfield held under the banner Keep Christmas White attracted over 400 Nazis and subsequently has led to a rise in racist and anti-semitic attacks in the area; and urges the Prime Minister to use his considerable influence to prevent this nasty, offensive event taking place on his doorstep.

Blood and Honour activists laughed because there was no serious intention of holding a concert in Huntingdon. The authorities continued to monitor the activities of Blood and Honour. Chris Hipkin recalls: ‘Razor’s Edge played a BNP benefit for me in Derby at a Bikers’ pub on a Monday evening in early ’93. We were setting stuff up and two plainclothes plod came in, trying to be punters asking when Razors were on, couldn’t even get the name right!’

On Saturday, 6 February, Skrewdriver played a local gig.³³ [No other details are known to the author.] On Thursday, 25 March, Celtic Warrior played the Plough pub in Tewkesbury, supported by local band Spit Plastic.⁴⁴ The 70 people who turned out for this concert had a great time.

On Saturday, 3 April, Skrewdriver and Razor’s Edge played a concert.⁵⁵ [Again no other details are known to the author.]

On Saturday, 17 April, No Remorse played in Holland.

On Friday, 23 April, Brutal Attack, Razor’s Edge and Celtic Warrior celebrated St. George’s Day by playing a concert in London. The concert was reviewed for Onward, the Sunderland-based fanzine:⁶⁶

Made it to the gig around 8ish to find the place packed out upstairs and down. I’d barely had the time to down a couple of beers and chat with a couple of comrades I hadn’t seen for a while before ‘Wales’ finest sons’ Celtic Warrior were on stage… Celtic Warrior powered their way through a strong set of Violent Storm anthems and newer Celtic Warrior songs to the pleasure of the crowd. Back to the bar as Razor’s Edge from Birmingham were off and rocking away. This was only the second time I’d seen Razor’s Edge, the last being over a year ago, so I was totally unfamiliar with their set, but was impressed by what I’d heard and look forward to seeing them again. Time was getting on near 11 p.m. as Brutal Attack took the stage for the first time since Stoke in 1990. The concert room was packed out, many taking up vantage points on chairs and tables.

Well I’ve got to say this must be one of the best B.A. performances ever with Kenny, Martin, Flubs and new sticksman Jim belting out all the B.A. classics, ‘Stronger Than Before,’ ‘Let It Burn,’ ‘Rockin’ For Race and Nation,’ ‘All Right Now,’ ‘Tales of Glory’ and sing-along versions of ‘The Return of St. George’ at the start and finish to name a few. The highlight of the set was Kenny singing ‘White Pride, White Passion’ accompanied only by Martin Cross on acoustic guitar, but don’t take my word for it, check out the B.A. video that will be released later in the year. I’m told it will include footage from quite a few gigs and on-the-road interviews, sort of a nationalist skinhead rock ’n’ roll road movie. As the clock passed midnight we said our farewells to other comrades and boarded the coach northward bound.

Brutal Attack’s performance was later made available on video.

Razor’s Edge — London

On Tuesday, May 11, Brutal Attack played the Cartoon, London. The support was one man and his guitar, playing his own style of country/rock ‘n’ roll, which went down well. Brutal Attack took to the stage at 9:45 p.m. ‘and for the next hour and a half proceeded to reach new heights of accomplishment, as every song got better and louder.’ One review of the concert continues:⁷⁷

From the first bars of ‘The Hungry and the Hunted’ the crowd were in Ken McLellan’s palm, his onstage charisma is stunning, he seemed to actually roll with the show. All the classics were there: ‘As the Drum Beats,’ ‘The Blood is Strong,’ ‘Under the Hammer’ and then one of the most moving moments I have seen at a nationalist show, Martin Cross donned a semi-acoustic guitar, Jim and Darren left the stage and Ken and Martin played a version of ‘White Pride/White Passion.’ The crowd had never witnessed the emotion in Ken’s voice, sparked a chorus from the crowd and it seemed the whole world was singing along with the guitar. Ken put the microphone down but the words were still clear as every mouth was singing. A real amazing sight, which obviously left its mark on the band, for when they returned they had a new edge. This was really their crowd, their night. The pace picked up, ‘Tales of Glory,’ ‘We’re For Real,’ ‘Let it Burn,’ ‘Stronger Than Before,’ ‘The Mighty St. George’ [sic], ‘Who Owns Who,’ ‘End of the Race,’ ‘Rock Against Communism,’ ‘Rocking for Race & Nation.’ The crowd/their crowd knew every word, a new song next ‘No Guilt/No Shame’ from their new album, would it ever stop? Then they were gone, but not for long, the crowd screamed for more, back they came and into ‘All Right Now’ and one of the loosest, rockiest versions they had done, the in-house PA really did justice to them, finally a return of ‘The Return of St. George’ then they were done! The atmosphere was electric and when Ken, Martin, Darren and Jim came into the crowd they were swamped with congratulations.

On Thursday, May 20, Ian Stuart played a ‘patriotic ballads’ set ably accompanied by Steffen Hammer and Michael Wendland of Noie Werte at the Kolbstube, Stuttgart. Video footage exists of this acoustic night.

On Saturday, May 22, Ian Stuart performed a solo acoustic set lasting two hours at a ‘musical barbecue’ in the Heimerdinger forest near Eberdingen in the beautiful southern German state of Baden-Württemberg. Footage of this event was only made available to the general public in 2011. Andreas J. Voigt organised the musical barbecue on behalf of his ‘Kreuzritter für Deutschland’ (Crusaders for Germany) and recalls:⁸⁸

Once again we wanted to use this event to unite skinheads with hooligans with patriotic students with nationalistic comrades and so on from our state of Baden-Württemberg—one of the main objectives of the Kreuzritter in a time, where various patriotic tendencies within the scene led to more quarrel than to a much needed solidarity. I had invited Ian Stuart to come, but not really expecting him to fly over for a steak and some great German beer and wine. To my surprise, he landed in Germany; Alexander from the German section of Skrewdriver Services (later he played in the bands Noie Werte and Ultima Ratio) picked him up and brought him along. After a short greeting, he told me he had brought along his guitar, he asked if he could play a few songs for the many guests from Germany, France, Scotland, USA, Croatia, and so on, an offer I gladly accepted. It became one of the most personal and intimate gigs I have ever witnessed, an incomparable, unique experience for all who had the great luck to attend.

Ian Stuart would later admit that doing gigs on his own with just an acoustic guitar was extremely nerve-wracking.

That May, No Remorse played the Czech Republic, supported by Czech band Buldock. The gig was later released on DVD. That same month, Steve Sargent started a newsletter by the name of Putsch:

Putsch was just a newsletter for our lot away from the dogma of the BNP stuff. I started it after getting the idea from a lad that did a magazine called The Oak, he also did a bulletin called Lebensraum, but it was very ideological and most lads either didn’t read it or didn’t understand it, and folk were always saying we needed something we could all read and relate to. I had done a light-hearted fanzine called Thor-Would, so thought I could have a go at doing a regular bulletin. Before the Internet age, people definitely liked having something land on their doormat every month and it became extremely popular with a huge circulation, more so because I encouraged people to phtocopy it themselves and circulate, which many did, a lot of bulk orders of 20 odd copies of it would go out also to various people, including abroad. I used to get tons of newspaper clippings sent in from all over the country on racial matters and I never wasted any of it. There was around 20 American prisoners on the mailing list and I used to send them each a surface mail package every month with the latest Putsch issue and a pile of news clippings. I’m still in touch with a couple of them today! To put a figure on how many copies went out would be around 1500 tops at its peak and lowest would have been around three hundred for the first issue of it.

Searchlight did an article one time on it blaming the lad who wrote The Oak as being the editor, saying he put in deliberate grammar mistakes to try and throw their scent, ha. No, it was just poor ol’ white trash me that couldn’t spell. I didn’t have a computer, just an old word processor without a spell checker. I remember one time when there was a suss van parked outside the place I was living and I was convinced it was MI5, as when I went on the word processor the text would appear on the screen of our TV, it would like float around on it going up and down, it was really weird. Duly I made a Faraday cage out of kitchen foil. You just made a circle of it around the word processor and yourself and it cut out any signals going out. But it got really hot in there if the weather was warm and the other lads in the house proper took the piss and thought I was mad. (I was living in a shared house with some mates at the time.)

Searchlight published a few other bullshit stories regarding Putsch, the most notable being there was a code put into one issue of it that was the signal for people to riot at that Ireland v. England game in 1995. The whole of that C18 riot over there was complete nonsense; there was not a single person from C18 there except for Darren Wells who it later transpired worked for Searchlight.

On Saturday, 19 June, Razor’s Edge played the ‘United Skins Concert II’ in Königs Wusterhausen near Berlin. This was their first-ever European gig. Five other bands played, including Close Shave. The local media claimed over seven hundred attended. The gig was later released on DVD.

That same Saturday, Skrewdriver played a concert in Notts.⁹⁹ [No other details are known to the author.] Steve Sargent attended a gig in Nottingham but does not recall the date, but thinks it was some time in 1992 or 1993:

It was held in like a proper venue. We got there early and I think the bar was upstairs if memory serves. I went in there and Ian was in there with a couple of others. I hadn’t seen him since he had moved from London and he come bowling over as soon as he saw me and I was half thinking he was going to stick one on me, but he just shook my hand and asked what I wanted to drink, and rattled off name after name of folk and asking what they were doing etc. I remember too him moaning that he never got sent any magazines, and he gave me his address and asked me to send him some up. That was the last time I ever saw him, so sticks in the memory. Started with a pint off him — ended with a pint off him! That was my favourite Skrewdriver gig.

In July, Skrewdriver entered the studio and recorded a new album, which was to prove their last. It took five days to record Hail Victory. Once again the line-up had changed. Paul ‘Mushy’ Marshall, who had played with Derbyshire punk band Resistance 77, took over drumming duties from Jon Burnley. And still Ian Stuart did not start work on the idea of recording an album of cover versions of songs performed by various nationalist bands. The project was never realised, but would have included ‘Ocean of Warriors’ by Brutal Attack and ‘For You’ by Public Enemy amongst others.

On Friday, 2 July, St. Albans Crown Court jailed four skinheads for their part in a racist attack on 23 November 1991. The Independent reported:¹⁰¹⁰ ‘Four members of a gang of neo-Nazis who launched an attack on staff from an Indian restaurant were yesterday jailed. St. Albans Crown Court was told that the skinheads beat the Bengalis with baseball bats and bottles and drove at them in a van.’

Peter Stage, for the prosecution, told the Court that the four of them had been to a skinhead Blood and Honour concert in Baldock, Hertfordshire and had got lost on the way home, ending up in Buntingford, Hertfordshire, where they spotted five Asians walking home after an evening working at the Viceroy Indian restaurant in the town.

Paul Lincoln, 24, Nicholas Marsh, 27, and Paul Parish, 25, had pleaded guilty to violent disorder in the attack on 23 November 1991. Kirk Barker, 25, of Basingstoke, Hampshire, had denied charges of violent disorder and reckless driving, but was convicted by the jury. Lincoln, Marsh and Parish were each sentenced to 21 months in jail; Barker was jailed for three years. Judge Joseph Gosschalk, passing sentence, said: ‘This was a cowardly and vicious attack. It was an opportunistic racist attack.’

Lincoln and Barker were members of the BNP. Marsh and Parish denied being members but admitted regularly attending rallies. Barker was the head of security for Blood and Honour and Paul Parish was the brother of renegade Neil.

On Thursday 7 July, Blood and Honour hit the headlines in Mansfield:

A Fascist group claiming to have members in the area has launched an unexpected attack on Mansfield MP Alan Meale. Blood and Honour is a racist organization responsible for a ‘White Christmas’ concert and rally in December at the Palais in Mansfield. At that time the concert received national media coverage and was strongly condemned by Alan Meale. Now Blood and Honour has written to the Chad accusing Mr. Meale of double standards because he did not criticize a recent rave at the same venue. The group, writing from a London box number, claim to have received complaints about the rave from ‘some of the many friends and supporters we have in Mansfield.’ The unsigned letter says that that their own event was carried out in an orderly fashion, without arrests or other problems. ‘Does Mr. Meale hate white youth enjoying themselves?’ asks the letter. ‘And does he think he has the right to dictate what music they listen to? We are always told that the job and ideals of a representative of Parliament are to ensure the freedom and democracy of each and every one of us.’ But Mr. Meale hit back strongly at what he described as an ‘odious and insignificant racist group.’

On Saturday, 10 July, Brutal Attack and Razor’s Edge played the Duke of Lancaster, New Barnet, North London to a packed crowd. Putsch, the monthly newsletter by Steve Sargent, reported the gig as follows:¹¹¹¹ ‘Over 300 people turn up, just through word of mouth a gig is going on. A good few locals attend the gig and all remarked how much they enjoyed it all. Three hundred people crammed into a pub, a good many of them drinking all day long, and not a single bit of bother, that is what it’s all about. But the police turn up after the night’s finished and warn the pub landlord never to let B & H type bands ever play there again. No reason given why. I wonder why? Z.O.G.’

That very same day, Skrewdriver played an open-air concert in Waiblingen, a town near Stuttgart in southwest Germany, which saw a small left-wing demonstration. The concert, organised by Andreas J. Voigt to celebrate the second anniversary of Kreuzritter für Deutschland, attracted some 1,500 people. Triebtäter [Sex Maniacs] supported Skrewdriver whose line-up for this concert was Ian Stuart on vocals and guitar, Oliver of Noie Werte on bass and Mushy on drums. When Ian Stuart performed ‘The Snow Fell’ the crowd responded by singing along and waving lighters in the air! Television station Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) interviewed Ian Stuart for a documentary about nazi fanzines, which also included some secretly filmed footage of the concert.

On 22 July, 12 days after Brutal Attack and Razor’s Edge played New Barnet, a local paper reported under the headline ‘Nazi fans storm in’:

A New Barnet publican was tricked into holding a concert which attracted hundreds of neo-Nazi supporters from across Europe.

Peter James, landlord of the Duke of Lancaster in Lancaster Road, was sent a demo tape by a band called English Rose who wanted to perform in his pub. Mr. James booked the band only to discover two days before the concert that the band had a strong following of neo-Nazis and fascists. English Rose is apparently a cover name used by a band called Blood and Hounds who have a huge right-wing following.

Mr. James consulted Barnet police who urged him to allow the concert to go ahead, fearing that if it was cancelled at the last minute the band’s followers might head instead to other pubs in the area. ‘I was conned,’ Mr. James admitted to the press this week. ‘The band sent us a tape which sounded OK but it was only two days before the event that I found out it was a National Front do.’

‘The police came down and said it was probably better to let it go ahead. On the night there were no problems at all. Certainly I will never ever have them back again. This is a family pub and we are going to keep it that way.’

Mr. James said many of them who came along wore leather jackets and jeans and had come as far as Germany, France and Belgium. Around 250 skinheads met at New Barnet station before the concert…

Putsch described the reporting as ‘one of the most laughable pieces of gutter journalism I have ever seen.’ Admittedly, there are a number of inaccuracies.

Brutal Attack may not have seen the piece about New Barnet until their return from touring America and Canada. They started by playing the American-European Unity Festival in Ulysses, Pennsylvania, organised by Tri-State Terror. On Friday, 23^rd July, they opened the open-air festival ‘with a couple of songs to warm up the audience.’ The band’s line-up was Ken on vocals, Martin Cross on guitar, Jim on drums and Mike from the Voice standing in on bass. Next up were Nordic Thunder, Aggravated Assault and Das Reich. On the Saturday, after the Voice, Max Resist and the Hooligans and Bound For Glory had played, Brutal Attack returned to the stage as the headline act. The audience numbered around five to six hundred people. Brutal Attack went down a storm according to one review:¹²¹²

The long-awaited Brutal Attack opened up with an explosive set. The crowd went crazy, everyone in the crowd singing along. This band sounds awesome live, the singer Ken gave 100%. He was thrashing about in a big way, climbing all over the stage. Nothing could stop this band, not even the stage that was swaying and starting to crumble as hundreds of dedicated fans surged toward him. The crowd went nuts when Ken sang ‘Return of St. George’ and chanted the lyrics to ‘Oi! for America’s sake.’ Everyone was impressed with Brutal Attack. BA has just performed and in a big way. When we asked BA how they liked the show they replied: ‘It’s the best show we’ve ever played.’

On the Sunday, after the Voice, No Albi and Max Resist, Brutal Attack closed the festival in front of a smaller audience of 250 skinheads, the majority having already departed. Again they put on a great show. One person even described the performance as ‘better than the night before.’¹³¹³

Brutal Attack and Bound For Glory then entered the studio and recorded together as Bound For Attack. The recording called Hands Across the Sea was due to be released on CD by American label White Terror Records in October.

On Saturday, 7 August, Brutal Attack played the Westside Clubhouse, Detroit, Michigan, which, in the words of Ken McLellan, ‘was a waste of time as the majority of the Skinheads smoke drugs and have no idea what Brutal Attack is all about.’¹⁴¹⁴ Detroit may have disappointed Ken, but Brutal Attack did not disappoint one local skinhead by the name of Jimmy Panic who attended the ‘show.’ He thought they were awesome and questions why Ken thought it was a ‘waste of time,’ but admits:

The clubhouse was in the middle of a very black area and the club members were often armed. The clubhouse itself was set up like a biker clubhouse. Once inside you were locked in and could only get out if a member let you out. The show was pretty crowded, if I recall right. Most of the crowd was either Westside bootboys or Hammerskins. I’m sure there was a support band but I don’t recall who it was, maybe Working Class or Max Resist; they both played the clubhouse a lot. I remember there was some people smoking pot, but I don’t recall any major incidents. Lastly, I will say Detroit has a reputation of not being friendly to anything not from Detroit.

The tour then took Brutal Attack across the border to Canada, playing Montreal on Saturday, 14 August. The show was advertised by word of mouth. Twenty-five-year-old Glen C, who had been a skinhead for some ten years, attended this show with high expectations.

The show was probably some eight hours away by car. I got a free ride with George Birdie from Resistance and a few of the guys from his band RAHOWA. The show was held in a rented hall. [Sadly I have no clue about the name of the hall.] It was probably one of the biggest RAC events to date… bands opening for Brutal Attack included Bound For Glory, Aryan, the Voice, Aggravated Assault and Max Resist. Attendance was probably two hundred-plus, pretty much all were skinheads from Ontario and Quebec as well as a sprinkling from the USA. To this day I can still recall that Ken introduced ‘Let It Burn’ by saying: ‘We tried to burn the flag but the cunts wouldn’t let us, they’re so fucked up.’ He was referring to the Detroit Clubhouse show a week earlier where he had tried to burn the Yankee flag. He made several more references to that Detroit show and the people at it, calling a lot of them idiots. The show finished with ‘Rock Against Communism’ and people went crazy. A brilliant show start to finish and Ken clearly had a great time. Moreover, there was no real interference from the police.

Brutal Attack flew home on 16 August.

The European Aryan Festival

Meanwhile, back in England, preparations were underway for the staging of the European Aryan Festival on Saturday, 31 July with Skrewdriver, Noie Werte, British Standard, English Rose and Razor’s Edge. In a move reminiscent of the mid-’80s, the Blood and Honour East Midlands Division decided to stage an open-air festival rather than book a venue of bricks and mortar which were proving increasingly troublesome to bluff and keep secure. Farmland was hired on the outskirts of the village of Selston in Nottinghamshire to host this musical rally headlined by Skrewdriver, but it came at a price and that price was an exorbitant one thousand pounds. The farm had previously hosted raves.

To avoid a repeat of the trouble that marked Waterloo, the festival was kept low-key deliberately. Publicity was by word of mouth and mail order. Media publicity was not courted this time. There were three redirection points: the Red Lion public house, Heanor in Derby, Langley Mill Train Station in Notts and Badger Box public house, Annesley in Notts between 11:30 and 1:30. The location of the festival site remained a closely guarded secret, known to only a few. Even Ian Stuart was kept in the dark. However, despite all these precautions, the Anti-Nazi League got wind of the proposed event and went to the press. An ‘anonymous anti-fascist campaigner’ told a local newspaper:¹⁵¹⁵ ‘We think the public should be warned about the dangers of a gathering such as this. If these elements come into the town then black and Asian people need to be aware so they are not caught up in it.’ Ramping up their opposition, the local ANL threatened a massive demonstartion in Heanor to prevent the festival going ahead. Fears grew of violence between the right-wingers and members of the ANL.

The local police, for their part, were already well aware of plans for a European Aryan Festival and were desperately trying to identify the organisers and the location of the festival site. Special Branch was brought in to assist. The Sunwheel, a bulletin of the British Movement, alleges: ‘People were followed, phones were tapped and possibly mail opened.’ Spurred on by Alan Simpson, Labour MP for Nottingham South, the police forces of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire were soon in a position to act in the interests of maintaining public order and public safety. Days before the festival, they raided the site, seizing amplifiers and sound equipment, as well as the ten thousand cans of lager stored in a barn. Writs were served against the organisers and Ian Stuart, even though he had nothing to do with the organisation of the festival.¹⁶¹⁶

The police had the organisers on a technicality. They had failed to acquire the necessary license to hold such an event and they could not claim that the festival was simply a party, which would not have required a license, because the police were in possession of a flyer for the festival which clearly stated there was an entrance fee of 12 pounds. Moreover, the organisers did not have a license to sell alcohol.

The police also warned the organisers and Ian Stuart that ‘if they were seen congregating with five or more people in the Notts-Derby area they would be immediately arrested.’¹⁷¹⁷ The organisers considered their position. There was no way the festival could go ahead as planned.

Saturday, 31 July, the day of the planned festival, saw the police mount the largest operation in the area since the miners’ strike of the mid-’80s. The police took no chances, sealing off Selston and setting up roadblocks further afield to turn away the intrepid. And yet, curiously, a group of no more than 50 anti-nazis managed to get through and protest outside the Red Lion public house in Heanor, which did not open for business. The licensee claimed he had been threatened with an injunction if he opened. The police said it had been mutually agreed to keep the pub shut.

Fearing the use of a second local site to stage the festival, helicopters were employed to monitor the movement of skinheads in the area. In this way, the police forces of Notts and Derby managed to stop the festival going ahead at a reported cost of half a million pounds to the taxpayer, but they underestimated the determination and resourcefulness of one man.

Rare flyer for the Aryan Fest 1993 (courtesy of Chad)

Still smarting from the actions of the police, Ian Stuart hastily arranged an alternative venue with the help of Pete B. (Skrewdriver Services). Skrewdriver, Razor’s Edge and German skinhead band Noie Werte now played Porky’s pub in Burton. Chris Hipkin, Pete B. and Moonie from Tewkesbury were all present. Chris Hipkin had a great night:

A load of us went from Derby. Of course Ian was banned from playing in Notts and Derby so Pete lined up Porky’s in Burton (as ever!) as it was in Staffordshire. The cancellation of the Aryan fest was a blow to everyone, especially Benny and co. who had worked hard to build a stage etc. and buy a lot of beer etc., who would be out of pocket and also to the hundreds of comrades who travelled a long way to get turned back by the police at Heanor, but Ian endeavored to do something and did. It was a great night, about 250 attended I guess. Noie Werte played a blinding set, the GBF song always got everyone going and Ian was at his vibrant best and attacked the powers that be for their actions. Interestingly, all main routes into Burton had police monitoring cars coming into the town that night.

Moonie bought a black and red ‘Blood and Honour Midlands Division’ T-shirt from Chris Hipkin. Only 30 were made of this particular design featuring the ‘three sevens’ that Ian Stuart affectionally called his nipple tassels!

Pete B. fondly remembers: ‘The cancelled festival one was good as we got to the venue late after we heard the festival was cancelled. On the day of the gig skinheads were arriving in Burton and meeting up at the Royal Oak in the marketplace. Some of the French skinheads ran into a bit of bother and were escorted out of town by the local bill, but they just came straight back. The police wanted the landlord of the pub to stop serving them but his reply was they’re not doing any harm and if you tell them to get out you’ll get trouble. The landlord was sound. After the pub everyone went to Porky’s and the gig went ahead and the old bill couldn’t do a thing as they did not know until it was in full swing.’ Steffen Hammer of Noie Werte was happy with their performance, but it wasn’t one of their best. He noted that when they first started to play the skinheads came up front but gradually withdrew to the bar because they did not understand their lyrics.

Meanwhile, on their return to London, some German skinheads, disappointed not to get past ‘ZOG’s forces’ to see Skrewdriver, teamed up with a C18 squad at Waterloo and ‘strengthened their leg muscles up chasing a mob of reds who were milling around looking for lone skins en route home.’¹⁸¹⁸

A good time was had by all present at Porky’s, but it was a far cry from the two thousand expected to attend the festival.¹⁹¹⁹ Despite the best efforts of Ian Stuart to salvage something from the day, the European Aryan Festival, when viewed in the cold light of day, was ‘nothing short of a disaster.’²⁰²⁰ The establishment had won the day, inflicting a crushing blow on the movement. The organisers were left deeply out of pocket: ‘one young National Socialist had loaned his holiday savings of £450 to help pay for lighting gear; a young woman had put up her housekeeping money of £110 to help hire a generator; and other young National Socialists had clubbed together to have special T-shirts printed for the day,’ reported The Sunwheel, a British Movement bulletin. Also, the cans of lager seized by the police cost over £3500, although they were later returned. The Sunwheel launched an appeal for donations to recover ‘part if not all the £6000 lost by those involved in supporting this gig.’

The following day, as if to rub salt in their wounds, the organisers read in the press that ‘a young man had died at an illegal rave held in the same area as the proposed Aryan Fest.’²¹²¹ Such was the hypocrisy of the state.

One national socialist and RAC-friendly fanzine called Einherjar, operating out of a Sunderland P.O. box, was particularly critical of the festival organisers, Charlie Sargent and even Ian Stuart for the ‘disaster at Jacksdale.’ In a piece called ‘Blood & Honour — The Truth’ the fanzine complained:

After the disaster at Jacksdale on 31^st July when a planned international Aryan Youth Rally, Camp and gig were wiped out by the ZOG-controlled police and our British skinhead army was laid low in the eyes of not only thousands of our own followers but also in front of hundreds of comrades who had travelled from all parts of Europe to join in what should have been the major skin event of 1993, our movement must now examine all the empty promises paraded before it by the handful of criminals, dope dealers and collaborators with the blacks, who have taken over Blood & Honour. We must also look into the reasons for Ian Stuart’s massive betrayal of those who have worked so hard, sacrificed so much to build up Blood & Honour’s national and international reputation over the last few years.

Worse still, Einherjar reported that when a German comrade was detained by the police he made out he did not speak or understand English, but ‘heard them say that they had had an informant give them exact details of our operations more than a week before the event.’ Clearly the movement was not as united as it had once been.

That August, Squadron and English Rose flew out to Germany to play Magdeburg with German band Boots Brothers, but both British bands were arrested on the way to the venue and detained. The gig did not go ahead.

Never one to forget a friend, Ian Stuart arranged to travel down to see Alex Ellul in Essex, but it was a journey he was fated never to make as Alex Ellul explains: ‘Not long before Ian died, we had arranged for him to come down and stay at mine for the weekend. I was still with Antonella at the time. We were gonna do another instalment of the Last Chance interview and hang out. I even got the spare room ready. We were due to meet at the Marsham Arms in Chelmsford, which is one of my local pubs and opposite where I used to work. Chelmsford had/has a shitty one-way system and the Marsham Arms was quite a good meeting point, easy to find and a big car park. I had also got a few of the local skinheads from around Essex to come down and we were gonna go to my village local pub (Galleywood) called the Horse and Groom. Ian rang me I believe on the Friday cancelling. He said he had had a problem with his car. But we still had the get-together in the Horse and Groom without him.’ Alex Ellul remains proud of the fact that he knew Ian Stuart and that Ian Stuart trusted him. He regrets that he does not have a picture of the two of them together.

Likewise, Ian Stuart agreed to play Budapest, Hungary, but Skrewdriver never played that concert because fate dealt him an altogether different blow. The planned support was Hungarian skinhead band Oi-kor.

On Saturday, 4 September, Skrewdriver and Razor’s Edge played the Conservative Club, Sandiacre, Notts. [The Conservative Club, which sat right on the bank of a canal, has since been demolished.] This was to be the last ever Skrewdriver concert. Gary Pudsey attended two gigs in Sandiacre, both at the same venue: ‘The last two gigs Ian did were in Sandiacre. One was with Razor’s Edge. The other was with Brutal Attack. I remember it was a hot summer’s day for one of the gigs, August I think. There was a lad from Grimsby called Potter. He was pissed out of his head. I recall turning round to look at him. He was seated against the venue’s doors. He just fell backwards off the seat and sort of rolled out of the doors! It looked well funny.’

Moonie from Tewkesbury also attended one of the two gigs in Sandiacre. There were no more than one hundred people present. However, Chris Hipkin reveals: ‘You could say that Skrewdriver’s last British gig was in a pub in Jacksdale, Notts. Officially a band practice, but it still attracted one hundred people or more. I’m sorry but I can’t remember the name of the pub. It’s knocked down now. We videoed the “gig” and gave the video to C18 to release but Browning was nicked on way home and the police took it, never to be seen again, or so he says!’

A night to remember and a false dawn

On Thursday, 16 September, history was made when the BNP won its first ever council seat in a by-election in the Millwall ward of the London borough of Tower Hamlets. Derek Beackon of the BNP, who had campaigned under the slogan ‘Rights for Whites,’ beat the Labour Party candidate by seven votes to take the marginal Millwall seat. The BNP vote represented 33.9 percent of the poll, a swing of 11 percent to the BNP. Rejoicing BNP supporters outside the election count sang ‘Rule Britannia’ and waved the Union Jack, much to the annoyance of the Anti-Nazi League protestors present. As to be expected, violence erupted.²²²² Both sides would blame each other for starting the violence.

The dramatic by-election victory for the BNP sent shock waves through the political establishment and media circles. Leading public figures were quick to condemn the BNP and lambast the racist electors of Millwall ward for voting for it. Even the Archbishop of Canterbury joined in the chorus against the BNP, yammering that its ‘evil policies undermine the peace and stability of democracy.’ Learning of the BNP victory, Ian Stuart rejoiced. Even though he was not keen on BNP leader John Tyndall, he respected the party’s conventional nationalist political stance and Skrewdriver had played at BNP-organised events.

On the morning of Sunday, 19 September, the Anti-Nazi League and local residents clashed with BNP activists trying to sell their national broadsheet from their customary pitch on Brick Lane in the East End of London. The police make a number of arrests, mainly from the ANL, but four BNP were later charged with violent disorder. One was National Activities Organiser Richard Edmonds. According to BNP magazine Spearhead, they ‘had turned up fully intending to observe the law’ and been ‘taken into custody on charges of violent disorder merely on the basis of a riot that the BNP’s opponents instigated.’²³²³ In this way, ‘the true nature of the racket our rulers call democracy was quickly revealed in the wake of the great BNP victory in Tower Hamlets.’

More clashes followed in Brick Lane. Ian Stuart was captivated by the television coverage of the clashes between BNP skinheads and the Anti-Nazi League. He too wondered if the BNP could capitalise on their historic electoral breakthrough. The answer was no. Seven months later, in the London Borough council elections, Derek Beackon lost his council seat despite gaining more than five hundred extra votes. Thus the BNP’s entry into elected politics was short-lived, but the election success of Millwall remained a night to remember, a night that many nationalists thought they would never see.

Prison

The BNP victory had lightened Ian Stuart’s mood momentarily; he was convinced he was facing a jail term following an altercation at Christmas on a trip to Blackpool with his fiancée Diane. He wrote a letter to his ‘fellow nationalists,’ which British Oi! belatedly published:²⁴²⁴

As you read this letter it is very likely that I will be beginning a jail sentence imposed on me by the British Zionist puppet state. My crime was to defend the girl that I was engaged to from a drug-crazed freak who first off tried to manhandle her and then attacked me three times. The police as usual have altered their statements to try and incriminate me as much as possible. Even before this trial I have realised that however much of a liar the druggie proves to be, along with his police allies, the decision has already been made to find me guilty. This will prove that if you are a nationalist in this country, despite the fact that you have been attacked and were only acting in self-defence, the Zionist puppets running the so-called justice system will convict you of a crime. The truth, justice no longer exists [in this] perverted twisted system. If you don’t believe in the propaganda and toe the line of the multiracial state you need not expect to receive justice. If the state thinks that by jailing me for defending a girl against one of their system’s junkie products they are going to dishearten me and shake my nationalist beliefs, they had better think again. As Nietzsche said: ‘That which does not destroy us, makes us strong.’ And they may rest assured that I will be back again fighting for race and nation. They can’t kill our music and our spirit will never die. Hail Victory.

Accounts vary of what befell Ian Stuart on that night out in his hometown of Blackpool, but if Ian Stuart is to be believed then the prospect of a custodial sentence seems harsh.

The publication of the book Public Enemies by Leo Regan in September 1993 left some of the participants feeling betrayed. After first contacting Ian Stuart, Irish photographer Leo Regan had spent two years following a group of young right-wing skinheads in the Midlands area. He attended Blood and Honour concerts, both home and abroad, he attended political rallies, he shared their hospitality, taking pictures all the time as an observer. The result was a stunning set of black-and-white photographs, but the ‘interviews’ left much to be desired, portraying some participants in the worst possible light imaginable. Kirk Barker was one of the participants and said of the book: ‘As for Leo Regan, just chalk what happened up to experience. I believe he missed out on the chance to write the true story of how we all were back then which I’m sure would have interested many but he chose to put a load of crap in along with his decent photos so it was his loss.’

Kev Turner was another willing participant: ‘I’ve never read Public Enemies but I did see the picture of me tattooing under the swastika flag. To be honest, that was one of the turning points for me. I can remember looking at that and the full reality of what was going on hit me. To start with, I looked like a fucking bedroom scratcher. In fact, I was. Tattooing is the one thing that has been constant in my life and when I saw that photo, the state of my equipment, the state of my surroundings at the time. What a mess! What has been achieved by it? Fuck all. Like I said, I never read the book but it did me a favour.’

Time to die

On Thursday, 23 September, Ian Stuart, Cat and a few friends, Dickie, Robert Sherlock and Boo packed into Ian’s car and drove to the nearby town of Burton-on-Trent for an evening out. A good time was had by all. They decided to make a move just before 11. Skrewdriver had a gig planned for this coming Saturday and there was still much to do. Robert Sherlock drove home. He had not touched a drop all night. Ian Stuart was sat in the passenger seat. Travelling on the A38, the car suddenly went out of control near the Toyota factory at Burnaston, left the road and flipped over a ditch. Twenty-three-year-old Boo, real name Stephen Flint, was killed instantly. Ian Stuart was rushed to the Queen’s Medical Centre in Nottingham with severe head and chest injuries, but died the following morning with his father Arthur at his side, who had travelled down from Blackpool.

As the news of Ian’s death spread, a sense of shock descended across the nationalist world. For many nationalists, Ian was more than just a rock star, he was a hero, a true hero. He had formed Blood and Honour and held it together like glue for the past six years in the face of fierce opposition from the left and the unlawful antics of the state. In this way, the accident had robbed Blood and Honour of its inspirational and dedicated leader. Writing on 24 September, Steve Sargent penned his tribute to Ian Stuart in the pages of Putsch:

Today is one of the darkest days of the struggle. As I write this my eyes are welling with water and a lump is in my throat. A friend and comrade, whose commitment and influence to the cause was unequalled, has left us for Valhalla. Ian Stuart is dead and nothing can express my feelings or that of thousands worldwide…

Ian gave his life to the cause, he never had any misgivings of stardom, he stuck to his guns, and through his music brought together Aryans worldwide. His contribution is immense, his dedication and honest belief in what he was singing about an example to us all. Ian was a legend. My admiration for him puts him up there beside Rockwell and Mathews. We are going to miss the MIGHTY WARRIOR as the song goes:

You’ve gone with the breeze, but you’ll always be there on our minds

You’ve gone with the breeze, you’ve left a lot of people who loved you

You’ve gone with the breeze, but we’ll remember you

Ian will never be replaced, but his music is here and alive and will be an eternal reminder to us all of the great man and inspiration to us in the dark hours. Ian, take your seat at Odin’s side and be at ease brother. You will always be remembered and now more than ever we have to win and we will win it for you. HAIL IAN STUART.

Unaware of Ian’s death, many supporters assembled at the Red Lion in Heanor on Saturday, 25 September in readiness for the Skrewdriver gig. One of them was Gary Pudsey:

On that Saturday in September, myself and a few other lads travelled down from Bridlington to Heanor as Skrewdriver were playing that night. We walked into the Red Lion in Heanor as normal. As I went to the bar one of the Grimsby lads walked up to me and said Ian had died in a car crash. I looked at him. I didn’t believe what I was hearing. I looked over his shoulder and I could see some lads sat down in tears. He said again Ian had died in a car crash. I was totally knocked back by his words. It was the worst news I’d ever received. It didn’t sink in at first. More people arrived for the gig. Many did not know what had happened and it was heartbreaking to see their reaction when told. One lad collapsed. Ian’s death in such suspicious circumstances made me more determined than ever. They could never silence our voice or our message and although Ian had gone his army of followers were stronger and more determined than ever. As this chapter in our life closed a new one opened. Enter Combat 18.

That same Saturday, Celtic Warrior and Battle Zone played the Cross Hands pub in Fishponds, Bristol. The concert was dedicated to Ian Stuart and Boo. Paul Burnley of No Remorse read out a statement on behalf of the bands playing, after which ‘Suddenly’ by Skrewdriver was played. British Oi! was angry that a handful of idiots in attendance decided to ruin a minute’s silence, adding: ‘They were dealt with, where is your respect?’²⁵²⁵

Even though they had lost contact years before, David Webster was left shocked by the news of Ian’s untimely death: ‘The day I heard he had died, it felt like I had lost a brother. Thinking of him, I don’t think of Ian the singer, I think of Ian the guy that liked a laugh. I think of the days in Wayland prison where we were always sure of a laugh when Ian was around. He would think of nicknames for all of us that used to frequent his cell, whilst he read out some of the many of hundreds of letters he received.’

David Webster has now moved on from his past, but it’s a past he remains proud of: ‘These days I do not do hatred in any way, shape or form. Having children changed my way of thinking no end. I certainly do not think of myself as a Nazi or a racist. I have not touched alcohol for over seven years and steer well clear of any trouble. But I will not and will never deny my past. I will say with much pride it was an honour and a privilege to say I was once a friend of Ian Stuart Donaldson. RIP old friend.’

Blood and Honour quickly produced a special bulletin to announce the death of Ian Stuart. Dated 1 October 1993, the bulletin started:

As you will be aware of by now, on Friday 24^th of September we lost the founder of our movement and the man who proudly served as the backbone of our entire scene. The effect this tragic news will have on the Blood and Honour movement is enormous. Ian was an inspiration to us all. If we are to honour the memory of Ian Stuart then we must ensure that his death does not mark the end of our true and just cause, rather it should mark the end of a chapter and the beginning of a new era, the challenge has become harder and the need for a greater strength and unity is more relevant now than ever before.

Tributes poured into Blood and Honour from around the world. A selection was printed in the next issue of Blood and Honour:²⁶²⁶

When we heard of Ian’s death it was a great shock and tragedy for us all. As with our fallen comrades Violent Storm he will never be forgotten. To Ian Stuart we salute! And while Valhalla awaits, the fight goes on. Rest in peace Ian.

— Billy, Celtic Warriors and the lads from Wales

We will carry on the fight till all of our final days with the spirit of our fallen comrade close to our hearts remembering Ian for his comradeship and loyalty to the White Man’s cause, to the end — his honour was true! RIP

— Skullhead/Onward/B & H North East England

One day our people will know the life and music of a man who struggled tirelessly to save them from racial catastrophe, that day they will hail Ian as the hero that he is. We miss you brother. The Flame will never die! 88

— No Remorse

When we heard the news of Ian’s death we were saddened and shocked. There is an empty space in our movement that will never be filled in quite the same way. His loyalty and dedication to the cause was never in doubt, but the most remarkable thing about Ian was his down-to-earth attitude and we can’t remember any time when he acted in any other way. Through his music he has united white people all over the world and we’re sure that had it not been for Ian, there would not be so many Nationalist bands around today. Our new album and everything we write consequent to it will be dedicated to the memory of Ian Stuart, who was not only our friend, comrade and brother, but also our inspiration, giving us encouragement all the time. Ian showed the world that no amount of suppression can stop Nationalist music being heard. If any man can be considered a modern-day hero of our cause, then Ian is that man. His memory will forever be faithfully entwined in our hearts and minds. We promise now to carry on what Ian started until the dreams he had have come true. Thanks Ian.

— Squadron

Speculation about the mysterious circumstances surrounding his death continued to be rife. Some argued that he was murdered by the State. Some even argued that Mossad, the Israeli Secret Service, were responsible. David Webster said of Ian’s tragic death:

I do 100% believe that the car he was travelling in had been sabotaged. It was in my view murder. Ian’s Blood and Honour following was becoming even bigger than many right-wing parties and splinter groups. Those that despised Ian knew this and were running scared. They saw Ian as a strong influence on many followers’ form of thinking, as well as a person that was causing the likes of Anti-Fascist Action and other extreme left-wing movements much worry. Ian’s hatred of Jews was plain to see. And we all know what the Jew is capable of! Ask those that dispute the death of Princess Diana! [It was] a big coverup in my opinion.

Cat, who had been involved in the fatal accident, dismissed such speculation: ‘We were doing 55 miles an hour and the steering wheel just snapped and we turned over. It was as if someone up above had put their hand in the car and said ‘come here.’ Ian had lived for National Socialism, and died for it.’²⁷²⁷

An inquest was opened into the death of Ian Stuart and Stephen Flint and returned a verdict of accidental death. A local newspaper reported on the inquest under the headline of ‘Fascist’s car death stays a puzzle’:

The Derby inquest heard yesterday that both men were sitting in Mr. Donaldson’s ten-year-old VW Polo as another friend, Robert Sherlock, drove them home after a night out in Burton-on-Trent. Mr. Sherlock said that as he pulled into the left-hand lane after overtaking a vehicle, the wheel was ‘snapped’ from his hand. Mr. Donaldson, who was in the front passenger seat, tried to grab the wheel but they lost control of the car. Mr. Sherlock, of Basford, said: ‘We went towards the central reservation when Ian grabbed the wheel. Then we went towards the bank. I didn’t see the ditch because it was concealed.’ The car spun and flipped over the 10-ft-wide ditch before hitting the opposite bank and rolling back on its wheels.

A police vehicle inspector said an examination revealed that the car’s front left shock absorber was leaking and he had also found a nail embedded in the rear right tyre, which had caused a slow puncture. But accident investigator PC Charles Chapman said he could not arrive at a definite conclusion as to what had caused the accident, although the two faults, added to the weight of five men in a small car, were contributory factors. ‘All I can say is that, having lost control of the vehicle, it would have been very difficult for the driver to regain it,’ he added.

Recording a verdict of accidental death, Derby coroner Peter Ashworth said there was ‘no rhyme or reason’ about what happened. He added: ‘We are still no nearer finding out what caused this tragic accident. All we can say is that because of the car’s two defects the car became less easy to control. But there must have been some other factor which contributed to the crash, even if Ian had not grabbed the wheel in a way many others in the same situation would have done.’

If truth be told, the inquest had only added to the mystery surrounding the deaths of Ian Stuart and Stephen Flint. There was no closure for the families. Worse still for the Donaldson family were the media stories about the likelihood of trouble between the Left and the Right at Ian’s funeral. To avoid the funeral turning into a media circus, Mr. Donaldson decided to hold a small family funeral and appealed to all and sundry to respect his wishes. ‘This should be a quiet funeral with his family and not the scene of a demonstration.’

On 5 October, about 20 close friends and family members attended the funeral of Ian Stuart at Carleton Cemetery, Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire. The quiet and simple funeral, ‘free from the trappings of Nationalism that had engulfed his life,’ passed off peacefully.

Paul L. never got the chance to say goodbye to his friend. He was still residing in prison and was only released one month after Ian’s death. The last time he had seen Ian was when he came to visit: ‘I was doing time at HMP Morton Hall on the Notts/Lincs border, an open prison which was a result. Aged 17, I had experienced borstal, which I was not keen to repeat. Ian, Cat and a good mate came to visit me. Ian brought me a big carrier bag of fanzines. Thankfully a screw knew Ian from Wayland and so he let me have them. They stayed the full two hours and managed to cheer me up; I had become fed up towards the end of my sentence, especially after 21 days had been added. Ian said they would do a benefit gig for me! He was a real genuine bloke like that.’

Conclusion

British Flying Officer Vivian Rosewarne famously wrote to his mother: ‘The universe is so vast and so ageless that the life of one man can only be justified by the measure of his sacrifice.’ Ian Stuart was a man who had sacrificed his freedom and his life for his people and for the cause of National Socialism. Like Hitler, ‘he showed a way, the only way left to all ruined peoples in history, that of the grim new beginning from the most profound depths through courage, faith, readiness for action, hard work, and devotion to a great, shining common goal.’²⁸²⁸

Ian Stuart left behind a remarkable musical legacy, a legacy that so sharply divides opinion: his records were literally played to death or smashed to pieces by his opponents [which has been witnessed by the author]. Almost single-handedly, he had popularised the notion of Rock Against Communism, which had started as a purely British phenomenon, to a worldwide audience. Along the way he founded Blood and Honour and wrote a number of recordings that gave hope of a better future for nationalists. They inspired many other nationalist bands to form, not always playing a style of music he appreciated. They inspired fellow nationalist activists to continue the fight against the left wing, the traitors in government and the hostile Jewish media. Today, those same recordings continue to give hope and inspire. Mark from Coventry is of the same opinion: ‘Some 20 years after his death, our opponents still loathe him as though he was the biggest thorn in their sides to ever grace our cause. In the same way that Elvis Presley, John Lennon and Freddie Mercury are to the unenlightened world with regard to visionary lyricists, Ian Stuart will always live on as the same within the “right-wing”/skinhead cause!’

During his lifetime Ian Stuart was many things to many people: leader, enemy, friend, musician, comrade and lover. Friends remember him for his sense of humour. ‘What a laugh we used to have, from the daftest of things, to the worst jokes, but a great laugh,’ said Chris Hipkin. Paul L. agrees and recalls: ‘We used to drink regularly at the Oak in Burton-on-Trent, which was actually a bikers’ pub. Well, one Saturday afternoon, it may have been a gig day, the market was outside. It was a lovely day so we decided to go outside. Because it was market day there were a lot of black kids running about which Ian Stuart shooed away like pigeons!’ That is his overriding memory of Ian. Sometimes the laughs were at Ian’s expense. Steve Sargent recalls:

The funniest memory of Ian I have is in Kings Cross one Sunday night. A load of us from Barnet had been up Bethnal Green drinking all day and stopped off for the last few at Kings Cross before the last British Rail train left to New Barnet. We went to the skinhead pub (Kings Head?) and Ian was in there with some Italian or French skinheads. One of my mates was a big Irish bloke called John O’Connor. He wasn’t a skinhead or political, he was just with us for a drink-up. He thought he was a ladies’ man and used to wear a suit with this vile green shirt that had like frills going down the front of it. The foreigners with Ian thought it was funny when they saw him and were saying behind his back he had a shirt like a magician would wear on TV, and it did look like that.

We were all well pissed having been on it all day, and John needed a piss and left us at the bar to head for the toilet. There was a step down where the floor lowered in this pub and John being pissed and unfamiliar with this boozer missed it and went hurtling forward and by sheer chance Ian was coming the other way and John went straight into him and their heads clashed. It was a pure accident but one of the foreigners saw it and shouted to his mates, ‘The magician attacks Ian.’ Everyone rushes over unsure what’s going on. Then there was a bit of a Mexican standoff between us all until Ian calmed it down and explained what had happened and we all pissed ourselves as both of them had these big lumps coming up on their heads. John was nicknamed ‘the Magician’ by us after that.

Unreleased Ian Stuart song

Funnier still, Ian once told Cat Valesio that he worked as room service at a hotel in Blackpool and he was once called to Cilla Black’s room. On knocking on the door, she appeared semi-naked and ushered him into the room and tried to get him into bed!

Other friends remember him as considerate and incredibly down-to-earth. Cat Valesio: ‘I’m glad to have known Ian Stuart and considered him a loyal and trusted friend. He was a contradiction in terms really. On the one hand he’s painted as this evil and bigoted ‘Nazi’ thug but the reality was he was a kind, intelligent and gentle person. I laugh looking back at his obsession with the soap operas of the time, Emmerdale Farm and Crossroads.. He would not answer his door at the Ferndale if they were on!’

Fitz: ‘Ian had a great sense of humour. He was just one of the boys. He was not a star and was not thought of in the same way as he is now. He was a genuine good bloke, very shy and unassuming. He liked the women, though, and women would literally throw themselves at him.’

Above all Ian Stuart was dedicated to his beliefs as Chris Hipkin recalls: ‘His fire burnt very hot, whether talking to a bloke in the pub about his political beliefs, making a speech on the stage at a gig, his dedication to our cause shone, a true inspiration forever.’ Because of his beliefs he endured many trials and tribulations in his extraordinary life, picking himself up and dusting himself down each and every time as if it had become second nature. That was also the measure of the man. Summing up the thoughts of many, William from West London said of Ian Stuart:

He was an awe-inspiring man. Through the scene I’ve met so many great people, some physically strong, some mentally. Ian seemed to tick every box. He never let people down and he stuck to his guns no matter what, which is why he has become such a legend and icon to so many people from so many different countries and is still revered today. I have only met one other person from Germany with the same persona and strength as Ian Stuart, someone who can fill any stage on their own and inspire all around them with strength and hope. People like him are one in a million. I feel very lucky and honoured to have known, met and spent time with such a great person.

Remarkably, Ian Stuart left behind a number of unrecorded songs, including ‘The Spirit of the Nation,’ which may be recorded one day in his memory.²⁹²⁹

Come the brand new day

After the death of Ian Stuart, Combat 18 stepped in, taking over Blood and Honour. Some bands resisted the influence of Combat 18. They were no match for Combat 18. Two visits from Combat 18, one at his place of work, convinced Alex of Battle Zone that it was time to leave the scene. He ended Last Chance fanzine and gave away fanzines and records to the subscribers, who numbered over one hundred. His farewell to the skinhead scene was the release in 1994 of the international Skinhead Revolt compilation 7″ featuring Straw Dogs, Comando Suicida from Argentina, Mistreat from Finland and Buldok from the Czech Republic.

The uneasy relationship between Paul Burnley and Combat 18 came to a head at the Ian Stuart memorial gig organised by Combat 18 in January 1994. Nigel Brown of No Remorse explains: ‘We didn’t even play in the end as it was a disaster, Reds and cops everywhere and to top it off Charlie had told Paul we all had to pay to play! We didn’t mind playing for free, but being asked to pay was the final straw. None of us in the band agreed to pay. We think too that we were the only band that was asked to pay as Charlie had it in for Paul at the time.’

No Remorse played on, but only abroad, far away from the clutches of Combat 18. Nigel Brown recalls of this time with No Remorse until a customs official ended his dream:

We played Poland, the Czech Republic, Göteborg in Sweden, and Wisconsin in the USA. We played outdoors in Sweden and it was bitterly cold. I thought my fingers were going to fall off when I was playing! It was like playing in the deep freeze. And it only got worse afterwards when Paul and I lost our hosts in Göteborg and ended up sleeping under some cardboard boxes like tramps in the underground car park beneath the block of flats our host was living in. (He had gone to a party and we’d lost him and had no key to get in! It was an unbelievably long and freezing night.)

We played Wisconsin in October 1994 (where we also recorded Best of No Remorse). The concert was organised by George Burdi of Resistance Records. Sadly, after the concert, Nordic Thunder vocalist Joe Rowan was fatally shot at a gas station by a black person. It could easily have been Paul or I had we not declined Joe’s offer that night to join their group in going to the party they were all heading to.

Wisconsin was my last gig with No Remorse after I was denied access back into the UK by customs at Heathrow (as I had outstayed my visa and I was carrying political literature with me back from the USA). So the bastards deported me (luckily only to Amsterdam). As I could not live in the UK again it was impossible to jam with the guys anymore. It was not mine or Paul’s choice, it was just fate unfortunately. Paul and I kept in touch though, staying good friends, and that’s why we got back together again in 1998 to record as No Fear.

Paul Burnley was eventually terrorised out of the movement by a bloated steroid freak and State asset who later went on to usurp the leadership of C18. The BM, who Paul had promoted tirelessly for many years, gave him absolutely no support whatsoever. Eddie Stampton is convinced that the Burnleys were also under pressure from their multi-millionaire parents to drop out or face disinheritance if they didn’t. Eddie Stampton: ‘It more or less ended for John Burnley when Ian died anyway. I say good luck to them both. At least they have made something of themselves. And I am sure their old beliefs are not too far from the surface. After all, in this game, once you have had your eyes opened, it’s nigh on impossible to close them again!’

Better late than never

A number of records and CDs by nationalist skinhead bands were released after 1993 which featured material recorded before the death of Ian Stuart. The most important are:

Skrewdriver — Hail Victory CD

Just as Ian Stuart would have wanted, Hail Victory, the last studio album from Skrewdriver, was released by Rock-O-Rama Records in 1994 on subsidiary label ISD Records, not to be confused with the Blood and Honour/Combat 18 label of the same name. With Ian Stuart on vocals, Stigger on guitar, Jon H [Hickson] on bass and Mushy on drums, Hail Victory is decent enough with some great moments, but too few to make it the ‘stormer’ one nationalist magazine would have you believe or ‘the best Skrewdriver album ever’ according to another. Although thinly produced, this mid-tempo rock album lacks none of the intent and emotion of previous offerings. The guitar solos are palatable, just, and two of the 12 tracks on offer here are ballads in the vein of ‘The Snow Fell’ that Ian Stuart so dearly loved.

Turning to the lyrics, some are cleverly crafted, like ‘Vampire,’ ‘House of Treason’ and ‘Night Trains.’ Some are serious, even fatalistic, typified by the moving ‘Time to Die.’ And some are criminally generic, like ‘European Battle Song’ and ‘We March to Glory.’ Again the lyrics are fuelled by a sense of injustice, isolation, betrayal and above all a burning desire to continue fighting for the survival of the White race. Pension plunderer and alleged Israeli superspy Robert Maxwell is the subject of ‘Vampire’ with such lyrics:

So many lies until the day he died

They say he passed on and now your money’s gone

It was all show and now we all know

Yeah, nothing was the truth, lies mirrored his views

He was a vampire, living on another man

He was a vampire, living on the blood of our land

European empire, built on lies

We don’t even know yet, if he acted as a spy

He took away the dues of the pensioners he mocked

He took away their life’s blood and now they’re all in hock

And now they say he’s dead, but I am not too sure

Buried on a mountain, the land must be impure

If justice had been done, he’d be buried in the trash

’Stead of living it up on other people’s cash

From humble beginnings in Czechoslovakia, [Ian] Robert Maxwell, a Jew, went on to build a publishing empire and become one of Britain’s richest men. In November 1991, he was reported missing from his luxury yacht which was cruising off the Canary Islands. Despite his body being later recovered, his death is still shrouded in mystery. Although the official ruling was death by accidental drowning, some commentators have alleged suicide, others that he was murdered. He was buried on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem and given a funeral befitting a head of state. After his death, it emerged that he had fraudulently misappropriated hundreds of millions of pounds from his companies’ pension funds.

‘House of Treason,’ an unsubtle play on words, exposes the Machiavellian games of politicians who promise to ‘always answer truthfully’ and work tirelessly to ‘get this country out of such a mess’ and yet:

Lie, steal and rob you blind. Give money and property to people who shouldn’t get it, while you go hungry and homeless. I also declare that I will do my best to bring this once-great nation down to the ground, and make it into some sort of second-rate banana republic. You know, in my position as a voice of the people, ha, ha, I will attempt to pull the wool over the eyes of those who have put me into esteemed position of authority. Haven’t you realised yet that my friends and I here in the House of Treason on the banks of the old river, are just treacherous vermin who one day will destroy you all. Fools.

‘Mother Europe,’ which pledges undying love for Europe and a willingness to fight to the death to defend her, also reawakens the belief in the bond of blood, soil and fate:

So many martyrs whose blood has drenched the soil

So many honest men who on the land have toiled

So many warriors whose bones are laid to rest

For keeping Europe sacred will be our fateful quest

Full of love and pride for England, the ballad ‘Old Albion’ poetically captures the very essence of summer, the scent of an English meadow and the sounds of summer harvesting, ‘a beauty hard to beat,’ and then laments:

Our warriors are slandered and thrown into their jails

And kept from their loved ones in dungeons deep and stale

They say that self-defence is no offence until the law starts with their lies

They’ll send you down for protecting your own, already guilty in their lying eyes

The song then simply asks ‘Will we stand and watch them taking our freedom away?’ Ian Stuart was not going to stand idly by and watch his freedom, which meant survival, eroded.

‘Fools No More’ returns to the absurdity and the horrors of trench warfare during the First World War, but accuses the leaders who sent the soldiers into battle of profiteering and hypocrisy:

Millions of men have died in these plans

But it’s not always been for the good of their land

Some died for profit and political greed

But it’s always the soldiers not the leaders who bleed

With a few brave exceptions most leaders are scum

Who lie to the people whilst they beat on their drums

And they plead to the people to heed national pride

But the leaders they don’t have none, we’ve been taken for a ride

In this way, ‘it’s always been those with the flags in their hands who have fought and have died out in no man’s land.’ Like many of the soldiers returning from war, Ian Stuart had nothing but contempt for the leaders of the nation for which they had fought so hard. The leaders had abused their position and power for financial and personal gain. However, Ian Stuart was convinced that never again would the sons of Europe be deceived and slaughtered on the battlefield in the same way because ‘we’ve found out the score.’

‘Hail Victory’ ends with the ballad ‘Night Trains,’ originally titled ‘Troop Trains,’ which pays tribute to the soldiers of the Waffen-SS who fought on ‘for good, for all mankind’ against ‘a foe without a god’ [communism] even though ‘victory’s dreams had now faded,’ concluding:

And all they had was their comradeship

And the bitter cold of endless nights

Well so many died in graves of ice

Never again to see their Fatherland

As their blood was spilt so died their dreams

Before the true ideal they took their stand

That ideal was National Socialism.

This album touched many a heart. Some shed a quiet tear, but they could console themselves that Skrewdriver had gone out with a bang rather than a whimper. Interestingly, following Ian Stuart’s death, the police raided the studio where Hail Victory had been recorded in search of anything else by Skrewdriver. Nothing was found, but the intentions of the State were clear and that was to stop the release of any more Ian Stuart recordings.

Skullhead — ‘Victory or Valhalla’ 12″

After a long delay, ‘Victory or Valhalla’ was eventually released by French label Rebelles Européens in 1994 (catalogue number RE 33 43 94). Initially conceived as a full-length album, but released as a five-track 12″, ‘Victory or Valhalla’ remains the pinnacle of Skullhead’s recorded output and yet the insipid front cover artwork does not deliver in quite the same way. Well-produced, the songs rock harder than any of Skullhead’s previous work. The guitar solos screech and squeal in the right way. Yes, this is a bona fide classic.

‘Victory or Valhalla’ is dedicated to the memory of George Purdey, Brian and Darren Shelley, Paul Casey and Jason Oakes. George Purdey, who had hung himself in prison, was a good friend of the band. Lyrically personal, the song titles say it all: ‘Victory or Valhalla,’ ‘Good Times’ and ‘Wild ‘n’ Free,’ which is about George Purdey. ‘Wish the Lads Were Here’ is in the same vein, but it was actually written by Red London! ‘The Voyage’ evokes a pilgrim’s quest, a quest undertaken in the name of race and nation:

Through the storm we sailed only to arrive at this destination

And what have we gained, as wind blows on in our direction

Looking back on our journey so far the going has been rough

Many obstacles in our way, the opposition tough

But the voyage continues despite the storm, despite the blinding rain

And once again, we will set sail, despite the sorrow and the pain

And once again, we sail on the next tide

And our mastiff flies the flag of our pride

Very rare we see calm waters, very rare we get a break

But when we do the rewards are true, so we get what we can take

Many times we lost the fighting to the demons of the storm

As one comrade falls, another rises, another hero born

The voyage is long and will get longer, but we still stand by our laws

And we will set sail to our destination to help our people’s cause

Through the darkness and the thunder we sail on for our race

Like our forefathers, who’d sail the waters, till they’d find a resting place

I said, once again, we sail on the next tide

And our mastiff flies the flag of our pride

Arguably, ‘The Voyage’ symbolically represents the journey story of Skullhead battling against impossible odds. And yet, ironically, the ‘good ship’ Skullhead had run aground by the time ‘Victory or Valhalla’ was released. ‘Victory or Valhalla’ was not to be Skullhead’s last hurrah; reformed by Kev Turner in 2002, Skullhead released an album of new material.

Asked how he would like Skullhead to be remembered, Kev Turner replied: ‘Skullhead should be remembered as the band who grew up, who eventually, through personal experience, lived and saw through the bollox of racism and hatred. People and personalities, not society’s name tags… I try not to glorify those days too much because the negative racist sentiment that we helped create was wrong… end of, but Skullhead was what it was, it happened so…’

Kev Turner is no longer an Odinist and says of this: ‘I follow a spiritual path now. I’m a level 2 reiki healer and as I’m writing this I’m due to start my teacher/master’s course so I can attune others into reiki. Odinism was (part of) the beginning of the end for my nationalist bullshit ways. Looking at Odinism, the gods are different personifications of energies that exist within the universe and which exist within each of us. That makes the universe the macrocosm and man the microcosm, which in turn reaches the conclusion that we are all part of the one, different aspects of the same energy. To dislike another soul cos it’s packaged differently does not make sense. Also the laws of karma state negative creates negative etc., etc… I see the bigger picture and live the reality of it. Life is now on a totally different level.’

Violent Storm — Celtic Warrior CD

Finished the night before three of the group tragically met their deaths, Celtic Warrior was finally released on CD by ISD Records. The line-up was Billy on vocals, Paul Casey on bass, Brian Sheeley on guitar and Darren Sheeley on drums. The CD presents 16 songs of undeniably basic yet catchy Oi, with two songs getting a previous outing: the title track on the split single with Skullhead and ‘Stand or Hide’ on the Last Chance tape. Notably some songs sound better produced than others. The pick of the CD are the opener ‘Pure Impact,’ ‘No Cause’ and ‘White Eagles of Snowdon.’ The lyrical content stays true to race and nation, promoting the virtues of self-sacrifice, courage, determination, belonging and pride, typified by ‘Pure Impact’:

You must never say die and you must never give in

Cos one day people will realise that we’re gonna fucking win

There will be no surrender and there will be no retreat

Cos we are skinheads of pure impact, the commies will never defeat

With the pride in your heart when you’re wearing your boots and jeans

And with your short cropped hair you know just what it means

We’ll keep on fighting we won’t be taken for a ride

We’re working-class and proud of it and we will never hide

‘Pure Impact’ also confirms that the ‘Celtic warriors’ of Violent Storm were against the evil of communism. Elsewhere, ‘No Cause’ angrily denounces the IRA:

Picture a soldier in Belfast

He’s out on patrol but he ain’t gonna last

Cos up ahead a coward awaits

With a bullet in his head, ends his days

His friends and his family they’re upset

But their tears won’t bring back the dead

There is no cause worthy of this

This is the work of terrorists

There is no cause worthy of this

Cos this is murder and this is insane

Picture a day in Enniskillen

The IRA bombers there to do the killing

The IRA murderers, IRA scum

Want the right to kill when they should be hung

The IRA bastards, they’re to blame

Your Remembrance Day will never be the same

Just before 11 a.m. on Sunday, 8 November 1987, a bomb planted by the IRA exploded without warning as people gathered at the war memorial in Enniskillen for the annual Remembrance Day service. Eleven people were killed and 63 were injured, nine of them seriously. The IRA would later claim that its target had been parading military personnel but all their victims were civilians who had come to pay their respects to the fallen. This atrocity, arguably one of the worst committed by the IRA during the time of ‘The Troubles,’ paved the way for peace in Northern Ireland, a peace three members of Violent Storm would not see.

‘Armed Forces’ examines army life and death in battle, but seems strangely out of place. ‘Time Bomb’ warns:

This was forced upon us we never had a choice

You didn’t heed our warning or listen to our voice

There’s people getting restless there’s tension in the air

Anger spills over, violence everywhere

You’re a time bomb who’s ready to explode

The cause of this anger and violence is later identified as immigration and multi-racial integration. Race is also the subject of ‘The Right to Be Proud,’ whose first verse complains:

The black man declares he’s proud of his race, some say that he should

And when he does everyone claps, they say that they think it’s good

So why do you try and gag us whenever we do the same?

And if there’s racial tension how come we get the blame?

The song goes on to attack the education system which teaches that ‘queers are normal and race mixing is divine.’ ‘The Same Inside’ urges rival youth cults and football firms to unite in the name of race and nation whereas ‘Stand or Hide’ returns to the very real threat posed by communism. The CD ends with a rather splendid instrumental titled ‘Epitaph.’ Overall, Celtic Warrior is poignant but not classic. It was later released by Final Conflict with unseen photographs of the band.

Violent Storm wrote a number of other songs, which were not recorded, including ‘Hands Off Ulster,’ ‘Menace to Society’ and ‘Under Attack.’³⁰³⁰

No Remorse — Rare Remorse CD

Released by Midgard in 1999, this CD features a number of rare live and studio recordings by No Remorse, who are described as ‘one of the most influential groups to carry the Rock Against Communism banner.’ The highlights are an acoustic version of ‘When All Others’ recorded in September 1993, a demo version of ‘Son of Odin’ recorded in August 1988 which is drenched in guitar, and a cover version of ‘German-British Friendship’ recorded at Waterloo in 1992 which makes the listener yearn for the rest of the set to be released. Mention should also be made for all the wrong reasons of the Public Enemy version of ‘Aryan Child’ which is bad. Nevertheless, this is one CD actually worth the sacrifice of not going out for a pint one Saturday night, well just!

Lionheart — Don’t Come Near Me CD

Some eight years after it was recorded, the last album from Lionheart was released on CD as Don’t Come Near Me by German label B.H. Records. The line-up was Jon Hickson on vocals and guitar, Daz Matthew on lead guitar, Andy Lambert on bass, and Neil Webb on drums. As feared, there is much to dislike about this album. Nothing, but nothing can excuse the lacklustre melodic rock tunes and some of the lyrics, which are in the same vein as the Macc Lads, but just not funny. This makes it a real test of endurance for even the hardiest of souls. Like A New Beginning, this album is, quite frankly, an embarassment. For all those concerned, it would have been better that this album had remained securely locked away in the vaults of Rock-O-Rama Records never to see the light of day. With that said, perhaps it’s a good thing that this CD is hard to find.

Miscellaneous

Alternative flyer for the concert held on 23 May 1992

Alternative flyer for the concert held on 7 March 1992 with support from Violent Storm

Vintage Skrewdriver ‘Warlord’ patch

1. Interview with Brad of Squadron, American fanzine On the Frontline no. 3, 1993.

2. Charles Bronson, Legends, 2003.

3. French fanzine Viking no. 1, 1993.

4. Date unconfirmed.

5. French fanzine Viking no. 1, 1993.

6. Fanzine Onward no. 2, 1993.

7. American fanzine The Voice of Revolution! Vol. 1 issue 5, 1993.

8. NS Revolt blog, interview with Andreas J. Voigt, 24 February 2011.

9. Putsch no. 2, June 1993. According to a letter written by Ian Stuart, Skrewdriver were due to play a gig in June with Brutal Attack supporting. No other details were divulged about the gig.

10. ‘Neo-Nazi gang jailed for attack on Asians,’ The Independent, Saturday, 3 July 1993.

11. Putsch no. 3, July 1993.

12. Review of festival, Blood & Honour no. 2, 1993.

13. Review of tour, German fanzine Walküre no. 1, 1993.

14. Interview with Ken McLellan, Blood & Honour no. 2, 1993.

15. Mansfield and Ashfield Chad, date unknown.

16. According to The Sunwheel, the police actually filmed the serving of the legal papers.

17. Nazi Rock Star, page 147.

18. Putsch no. 4, August 1993.

19. Posty Rob recalls one particular concert at Porky’s in Burton, but not the date of it: ‘Afterwards in a chip shop a half-caste was giving it the large one. Well, one of our lot CS gassed him when he got back in his motor. The police saw us gas him but did nothing. Soon after, the half-caste went through a red light and the police nicked him!’

20. Paul London, Nazi Rock Star, page 148.

21. Ibid. The Sunwheel also makes the point: ‘Meanwhile an illegal gypsy camp at Wymeswold was left alone by the same police and the same authorities.’

22. According to Spearhead no. 296, October 1993, ‘a pitched battle ensued’ which seems exaggerated.

23. Spearhead no. 296, October 1993. In June 1994, Richard Edmonds was convicted of violent disorder and sentenced to three months in prison.

24. Fanzine British Oi! no. The letter was written one week before Stuart’s death.

25. Fanzine British Oi! no. 26, October 1993.

26. Blood and Honour no. 16, Spring 1994.

27. Nazi Rock Star, page 154.

28. Hans Frank wrote this of Hitler while awaiting execution in 1946 for war crimes.

29. They include 28 unreleased full songs with lyrics and chords, as well as a further ten part-written songs.

30. The lyrics to ‘Hands Off Ulster’ can be found in fanzine British Oi! no. 9 and those to ‘Menace to Society’ and ‘Under Attack’ in fanzine Look Ahead no. 1.