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A-4 rocket, see V-2 rocket
Abramov, Anatoly 159
Academy of Artillery Sciences, USSR xi, 124, 127, 151
Afanasyev, Sergei 327
Agena satellite 303–5
Aldrin, Buzz 330–31, 335–7
‘all-up’ testing 278, 316
Alliluyeva, Svetlana 136
Anders, Bill 324, 326
animals in space 169–71, 229
chimps 225–7, 266–7
dogs 170, 213–14, 228–30, 233, 306–7
Annual Symposium on Space Travel (1952) 142
Apollo programme 290, 344
Apollo 1 disaster 308–10
Apollo 4 316–18, 320
Apollo 5 320
Apollo 6 322–3
Apollo 8 circumlunar mission 324–7
Apollo 9 and 10 330, 331
Apollo 11 moon landing 330–32, 334–9
command module 284–5, 307, 316
design stages 269, 274, 277, 284–5
lunar module 284–5, 320–21, 330–31, 335
service module 284–5
Armstrong, Neil 303–5, 321
Apollo 11 commander 330–31, 335–8
first man on moon 338–9
astronauts 201, 220–21
Astronaut Office 330
Mercury pilots chosen 224–5
press conference 195–8
recruitment tests 190–2
Atlas rocket 146, 190, 198–200
atomic bomb 41, 66, 97, 98, 131
American 72, 90, 105, 107, 136
Soviet 72, 107–8, 123, 125, 131, 132
see also nuclear weapons
Babakin, Georgi 306, 334
Baikonur Cosmodrome 156, 160–61
construction of 147–9
Khrushchev’s visit 282
launch pad 157
manned Vostok launch 233–6, 245
N-1 launch disaster 332–3
naming of 259
R-16 tragedy 215–17
Balanina, Maria Nikolaevna 80–81
Bales, Steve 336–7
Bavaria 29, 37–9, 41–4, 46
Bay of Pigs 248
Belyayev, Pavel 285–8
Béon, Yves 34
Beria, Lavrenti Pavlovich 114, 118
death of 141
head of NKVD x, 65, 86
heads nuclear programme 72
and Korolev 86, 122–3
and Stalin’s death 136–7, 141
Beria, Nina 141
Berlin 8, 25, 44, 90, 92
University 9
Wall 260, 279
Blagonravov, Anatoli 125, 127
Bleicherode 24, 25, 74, 316
Blizna, Poland 11, 17, 20
Boeing 219
Bolotin, Aleksandr 216–17
Bondarenko, Valentin 232, 288
Borman, Frank 324, 326
Brandt, Lt 20
Braun, Eva 44–5
Braun, Wernher von, see von Braun, W.
Breitenbach, Agent 19–20
Brezhnev, Leonid 247, 280–82, 284, 289, 299, 311
Britain: intelligence services 16, 17, 23, 35, 59, 91
rocketry 91, 94–5, 99
Bromley, Major William 50, 55, 58
Buchenwald 32, 119, 343
Bulganin, Nikolai Aleksandrovich 136
Buran space shuttle 344
Butler, Paul 171
Bykovsky, Major Valentin 276
Camp Dora 31, 33–4, 67, 71, 341, 342
war crimes trial 110–12, 119–20, 342
Cape Canaveral, Florida 141–2, 162, 220
Atlas launch disaster 198–9
expansion 257, 272, 278
first manned launch 248–9
renamed Cape Kennedy 315
Vanguard launch fiasco 172–4
vehicle assembly building 257, 278, 315
Carpenter, Scott 196, 221
Castro, Fidel 248
Central Committee for Defence Industries and Space, USSR 280
Central Design Bureau 29, Moscow 87
Chaffee, Roger 307–10
Chelomei, Vladimir
fall from grace 289
favoured by Khrushchev 186, 188, 261, 263, 282, 289
relations with Glushko 292
rise to power 186
rivalry with Korolev 186, 275
UR-200/UR-500 263, 282
Chertok, Boris Yevseyevich 100, 156, 262, 296
and Korolev 92–3, 95, 299–301
at NII-88 98
plan to kidnap von Braun 72–5
and Soyuz 328
V-2 investigations 21, 66–71
and Vostok 212–13, 214
China 131, 136
Churchill, Winston 18, 20, 49, 126
Iron Curtain speech 97
CIA 144, 145, 248, 322, 332
Cocoa Beach, Florida 220–21, 316
Cold War ix, xi, 131, 149, 167, 218, 273
Collier’s magazine 133, 265
Collins, Mike 325, 330, 336
Combined Allied Intelligence Report (August 1944) 19
Committee on Special Capabilities 144, 149–50
communism 131, 132, 279
Communist Party, Soviet (CPSU) 113
Central Committee 141, 151, 214, 233, 271
computers 164, 336
Conrad, Pete 291
Cooper, Gordon 196, 278, 291
cosmonauts
fatalities 232
female 276, 293
meeting with Korolev 209–12
recruitment 201–2
training 206–7, 232
Vostok pilots chosen 228
Council of Chief Designers, USSR 193
Council of Ministers, USSR 151, 158, 271, 313
Cronkite, Walter 317
Cuba 248, 272
Cuban Missile Crisis xi, 272–3, 279
Cuxhaven 94
Dachau 110, 112, 119
Dallas, Texas 278
Debus, Dr Kurt 120, 154, 174–5, 227
Dnepropetrovsk 185
docking in space 182
Apollo 330, 331
Apollo-Soyuz 344
Gemini programme 295, 303–5
Soyuz programme 258, 327
Doenitz, Grand Admiral Karl 45
Dora (Michel) 341–2
Dora-Nordhausen War Crimes Trial 110–12, 119–20, 342
Dornberger, Gen. Walter 15, 28, 53, 75
and fall of Germany 26, 27, 42–3, 62
heads German rocket programme 5, 9, 11–12
surrenders to Americans 47, 50–51
and von Braun’s arrest 54–5
as war criminal 91, 110, 342–3
Eagle lunar module 336–8
earth orbit rendezvous (EOR) 265, 268–9
Edwards Air Force Base, California 269
Ehrenberg, Ilya 6
Eisenhower, Dwight D. xi, 46, 171, 190
on Apollo programme 277
and Cuba 248
Huntsville visit 218–19
Khrushchev visits 202–3
NASA created by 187, 218
nuclear arsenal 136
reservations about space race 218
and satellite programme 144, 147, 149
El Paso 104, 106, 107
Ellington Air Force Base, Texas 320
engines 182
combustion instability 269–70, 273–4, 277, 303
F-1 264, 269–70, 273, 303, 316, 322–3
liquid fuel 140, 270
multichambered 139–40, 155
NK-15/NK-21 271, 274
RD-101 121, 126, 127
RD-105 to RD-108 140
steering (vernier) 139, 140, 155
Eniwetok Atoll 135
Explorer satellites 172, 175, 183
Faget, Maxime 198, 227, 266, 267
Mercury designer 189, 192, 219
and moon mission 268, 334
Farris, Sgt Ragene 31–2
FBI 132–3, 145
Feoktistov, Konstantin 183, 211, 280, 283
Figaro, Le 168
Fleischer, Karl Otto 56–8
‘Flying Bedstead’ 320–21, 330, 336, 337
Fort Bliss, Texas 104–6
Frau im Mond 8
French Army 41, 44, 45
Fuchs, Klaus 132
fuels, rocket
acid 184–5, 217
cryogenic 262
liquid hydrogen 83, 190, 264
liquid oxygen 9, 10, 21, 83, 185, 190, 271
unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine 184–5
Gagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich 207, 212, 319
background 207, 210–11
chosen as Vostok pilot 228–9, 231–2
death in plane crash 318–19
first man in space 233–47, 252
relations with Korolev 292, 294, 295–6, 300
and Soyuz 311, 313–14
Gaidukov, Lev Mikhailovich 99–100
heads Soviet rocket team 20, 66
heads Institute Nordhausen 96
and Institute Rabe 72, 76
Gallai, Mark 229, 240, 243
Gallione, John 31
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria 47, 51, 56
Gemini Project 279, 284, 285, 293
docking in space 303–4
first launch 291
records 295, 324
Germany
Allied zones 49–50, 58–62, 66
concentration camps 30–34, 52–3, 55, 68, 110, 341–3
Nazi x, 3–5, 10
post-war 97
rocket programme 4, 9–19
rocket research banned 97
World War II 25, 40–41, 49, 210–11
Gestapo 53–4, 73, 78
Gilruth, Robert 188–9, 219, 222, 224–5, 227, 268
GIRD (Group for the Investigation of Reactive Motion) 81–2, 277
Glenn, John 196–7, 198, 220–21, 224–5 first American in space 266, 267–8
Glennan, Keith 187
Glushko, Valentin Petrovich 94, 215, 217, 240, 271, 276, 299
anonymity broken 276–7
arrest and imprisonment 78, 79, 84, 89, 113
breach with Korolev 186, 262–3, 274–5, 292, 295
as Chief Designer 113, 344
cooperation with Chelomei 292
denunciation of Korolev 85, 113
design bureau depleted 228
engine designer 83, 104, 113, 135, 186
at Lehesten engine testing plant 92, 96
meetings with Khrushchev 152, 184, 206
professional clashes with Korolev 140, 160–61
RD-101 engine 121, 126, 127
RD-107/-108 engines 140, 155
and Sputnik launch 165–6
Goddard, Robert 82
Goebbels, Joseph 44
Golovanov, Yaroslav 79, 89, 94, 107, 109, 124, 206, 292, 298
Gorodomlya Island 102, 122, 145
Grechko, Georgi 164, 213
Grishin, Lev 213, 216
Grissom, Gus 224, 278, 291, 307–8
Gröttrup, Helmut 29, 47, 54, 114
G-1 rocket 100, 103, 104, 122
intelligence report on 98–9
loss of status 122
moved to Soviet Union 100–103
returns to West 145
rocket work in Soviet sector 73–6, 96–7, 100
at Soviet V-2 launch 116, 118
Gröttrup, Irmgardt 73–5, 96–7, 100–102, 145
diary entries 29, 47–8, 74, 103, 116–18, 122
Grumman Aircraft Engineering 274
Hagerty, James 147, 176
Hamill, Major 143
Himmler, Heinrich 11, 12, 15, 16, 20, 24, 44, 53–4
Hiroshima 72, 90, 135
Hitler, Adolf 9, 19, 20
assassination attempt 11
death of 44–5
and fall of Germany 13, 25–6, 29, 40, 44
and V-2 rocket 4–6, 11, 23, 32, 55
Hoover, Commander George 143
Houbolt, John 265–6, 268
Houston, Texas 257, 268, 272
Huntsville, Alabama 132,144–5, 167, 175, 218
see also Marshall Space Flight Center
Huzel, Dieter 4, 6, 25, 27–8, 47, 56, 106
hydrogen bomb 135, 138
I Aim at the Stars 220
ICBMs 138, 185 198, 218, 261
Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine, Moscow 201, 232
Institute Nordhausen 96
Institute Rabe 69, 71, 72, 76, 92, 96, 98
Interdepartmental Technical Commission, USSR 66, 76
International Geophysical Year (1957) 143–4, 164, 172
Iron Curtain 97, 260
Isayev, Alexei Mikhailovich 21, 67–71, 75, 212–14, 236
Ivanovsky, Oleg 211, 237, 239
Japan 72, 105
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena 172, 189
Jodrell Bank Observatory 202, 271
Johnson, Caldwell 192, 266
Johnson, Lyndon 168, 174, 187
as President 279, 308
as vice president 248, 250
and Vietnam 282, 288
Joint Intelligence Directives Agency 120
Jones, R. V. 17, 18, 21
Juarez, Mexico 111–12
Juno 1 rocket 172
Jupiter rocket 150–51, 162, 172
developed into Saturn 189–90
satellite launcher 174
test launch 154–5
Kamanin, Gen. Nikolai 237, 239, 314
on American superiority 274, 326
on docking in space 258
and Gagarin 311, 318–19
head of cosmonaut training 206, 228, 231, 270
on Korolev’s death and funeral 299, 300
on Korolev’s ill health 291, 293
and Mishin 314, 319–20, 324
and N-1 failures 329, 333
on Voskhod project 279, 284
Kammler, Hans 46
career as Nazi 11–12, 26–7, 38, 55
death 91
disappearance 38, 42, 91, 110
evacuates Peenemünde 13–14
relations with German scientists 28–9, 37–8
role at Mittelwerk 12, 24, 32, 55, 91, 119
and slave labour 12, 31, 91
Kapustin Yar 116, 127, 147, 188, 296
Kazakhstan 131, 138, 147, 156, 214
Kazan 87, 88, 90
Keitel, Field Marshal Wilhelm 54
Keldysh, Mstislav 165–6, 204, 206, 215, 295, 300
Kennedy, John F. 214, 247, 261
and Apollo programme 272, 278, 279
assassination 278–9
and Cuba 247–8, 273
moon landing speech 250–51, 272, 274
KGB x, 19, 162, 164
Kharchev, Lt Vasily 73, 74–5
Khrushchev, Nikita 66, 141, 215
Baikonur visit 282
Berlin Wall built by 260
boasts of Soviet superiority 168, 171, 174, 183–4, 194, 215, 222
and Cuba 248, 272–3
and cosmonauts 232, 253
enthusiasm for space programme 205–6, 262–3, 270, 279–80
fall of 284, 289
and first manned flight 233, 236, 244, 247
Korolev’s relations with 152–3, 169, 184–5, 188, 261, 275, 283
military priorities 272, 275
and moon landing programme 259, 282
and R-7 rocket 159, 184
and satellite development 152–3, 169
and Stalin’s death 136–7
visits United States 202–3
Khrushchev, Sergei 185, 186, 261, 275
King, Martin Luther 323
Kistiakowsky, George 218
Kleimenov, Ivan 79, 84, 85
Kolyma Gulag, Siberia 79, 80, 84, 296, 298
Komarov, Vladimir 283, 307, 294–5, 311–14
Komarova, Valentina 313
KORD system 275, 329, 333
Korean War 131, 142
Korolev, Sergei Pavlovich ix–xii, 339
anonymity x, 149, 176–7, 194, 205, 208, 209, 247, 276–7
appearance and personality 81, 92, 117, 159, 209
background 80–84, 211
and Beria 122–4
as Chief Designer x, 103, 176, 314
and cosmonauts 209–12, 228–9, 231–2, 286, 295–6
death and state funeral 299–300, 301
Gulag years ix, 76, 77–80, 84–8, 93, 104, 296, 298
health problems 160, 176, 234, 235, 281, 286, 292–8
home 205, 345
identity revealed 299, 302
lunar ambitions 251, 257, 275–6, 279, 280, 282
manned space flight proposals 182, 193, 201, 214–15
meetings with Stalin 107–9, 125–6
at NII-88 103, 112–13, 127, 135, 152–3
non-Communist 113
in occupied Germany 90, 92–6, 99
personal life 88–9, 99, 113, 115, 118–19, 127
rehabilitation 159
relations with Glushko 85, 113, 140, 161, 186, 262–3, 274, 275, 295
relations with Khrushchev 152, 169, 184–6, 206, 244, 261, 275, 280, 283
reputation of 344–5
space flight vision 80, 81, 114, 124–7, 135, 137, 140–41, 181, 209, 257–8
underfunding 259, 274–5, 276, 279, 280–82, 289
writings 83, 176, 181, 252–4
Koroleva, Ksenia 77–81, 85, 88–9, 99, 115, 119, 127
Koroleva, Natasha 77, 85, 88–9, 99, 108, 159, 205, 247
relations with father 127, 137, 157–8, 301
Koroleva, Nina Ivanovna (née Kotenkova) 237, 275
affair with Korolev 115, 118–19
and Korolev’s illness 292–4, 296–9
Korolev’s translator 115
marriage 127
as widow 301
Kosygin, Alexei 284, 289, 313
Kraft, Chris 219, 222–3, 227, 322–3, 334
Kranz, Gene 222, 331, 335–7
Kruglov, Gen. 98
Kryukov, Sergei 282
Kummer, SS Major 38–9
Kurashov, S. V. 300
Kurchatov, Igor 123, 126
Kuznetsov, Nikolai Dmitrievich 263, 271, 274, 318, 328
Laika 170
Lang, Fritz 8
Langemak, Georgi 79, 84, 85
Langley Research Center, Virginia 189, 192, 265, 320
Lappo, Vyacheslav 164, 166
Lavochkin design bureau 306
Lehesten 92, 96, 113
Lehrer, Tom 290
Leonov, Alexei 285–8, 296, 318, 319, 332, 338
Life magazine 197, 261, 331
Lovell, Sir Bernard 271
Lovell, Jim 324–6
Low, George 321, 322
Luna project 194, 202–5, 291, 306, 334–5, 338
lunar module 265, 268, 272, 274
Apollo 284–5, 320–21, 330–31, 335–6
lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) 265–6, 268–9, 274, 289
lunar probes 181, 187–8, 190, 203
see also Luna project
MacArthur, Gen. Douglas 131
McCarthy, Joseph 132
McDonnell 197, 219, 222
McElroy, Neil 167, 172
Magnus, Kurt 71
Malachowsky, David 31
Malenkov, Georgi 23, 136–7, 141
Malyshev, Vyacheslav 137–8
Manchester Guardian 168
Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston 257, 268
Mao Tse-tung 131
Mars 182, 206, 215, 258
Mars Project, The (von Braun) 128
Marshall Space Flight Center 201, 218–19, 263, 268–70, 302
Medaris, Brig. Gen. John 158, 162, 167, 171–5
Mercury Project 187, 189, 212, 218–19, 222–3
astronauts 190–92, 195–8, 201
capsule 189, 192–3, 197–200, 265
chimp test flight 225–7
manned flights 248–50, 267–8
rockets 198–200
unmanned flight 232–3
Mexico 111–12
Michel, Jean 341–2
Mikhailovna, Elena 236
Military-Industrial Commission, USSR 182, 289
Mir space station 345
Mirak (Minimum Rocket) 9
Mishin, Vasily Pavlovich 121, 137, 169, 299, 301
background 95
as Chief Designer 306, 310, 314, 319–20, 344
designs Baikonur launch pad 157
drink and health problems 313–14, 319, 324, 333
fired 344
on Gagarin’s flight 237, 240
Korolev’s deputy 279, 297, 305–6
and lunar probes 306, 334
at NII-88 98, 138
and Soyuz programme 310, 311, 313–14, 322, 323, 327, 329
V-2 research 69, 95
and Voskhod 280, 306–7
work on steering engines 140
‘Missile Flight into the Stratosphere’ (Korolev) 83
missiles x, 72, 74, 83
cruise missiles 186
ICBMs 138, 185, 218, 261, 263
warheads 108, 121, 132
see also rockets
Mittelwerk 12, 19, 76, 116, 119
construction of 32, 119
Kammler’s role at 12, 24, 32, 55, 91, 119
Rudolph’s role at 24, 33, 112, 119, 342
site cleared by Americans 34–5, 50, 55–6, 58–62, 66
slave labour 31–5, 51, 55, 91, 112, 119, 341–3
Soviets reach 66–9
V-2 team at 14, 16, 24
von Braun’s role at 35–6, 55, 119–21, 342
moon xii, 52, 82, 107
circumlunar missions 324–7
far side photographed 203–5
first man on 338
first robotic landing 306
lunar orbit 188, 190, 324–5
surface of 266, 291, 292–3, 306, 326, 337
Moskalenko, Marshal 234, 237
Mueller, George 278
Mueller, SS Col. 53
Munich 43, 46
N-1 rocket 292, 322
approved 271, 274
delays 261–3, 280–81, 323–4
Korolev’s design 259
launch failures 328–9, 332–4, 344
moon mission role 275, 280, 289
in production 297
programme suspended 344
testing 306
NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) 188–9, 219
Nagasaki 72, 90
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) x
budget cuts 341
Flight Systems Division 189
formation of 187, 188, 218
Manned Spacecraft Center 257, 268
mission control center 219
Office of Manned Space Flight 278
Space Task Group 189, 192, 199, 219, 227, 257
von Braun’s team in 201, 219–20
Washington headquarters 195
National Academy of Sciences, Washington 164
NATO 131
Nedelin, Marshal Mitrofan 126, 186, 234
death in Baikonur inferno 217, 228
and R-7 rocket 159–61
and Vostok 213, 214, 215, 217
Neufeld, Michael 343
New Orleans 257
New York Times xi, 168, 169, 224, 247, 276, 277, 302, 307
Newton, Isaac 8, 82, 114
NII, see Scientific Research Institutes
Nikolayev, Major Andrian 270–71, 276, 292
NKVD 19–20, 23, 66–7, 72, 86, 98, 100, 108
Korolev arrested by 77, 78–9, 84
Nordhausen 12, 13, 19, 24, 28, 47, 58, 59, 60
concentration camps 31–5, 55, 67, 91, 110
Institute Nordhausen 96
Institute Rabe 69, 71, 72, 76, 92, 96
Soviets in 50, 66–9, 76
war crimes trial 110–12, 119–20, 342
see also Mittelwerk
North American Aviation 264, 274, 310
nuclear weapons xi–xii, 138, 270
Cuban missile crisis 272–3
espionage 132
Tzar Bomba 261
warheads 108, 132
see also atomic bomb; hydrogen bomb
Nuremberg trials 110
Oberammergau, Bavaria 37, 40, 47
Oberjoch, Bavaria 42, 44, 45, 46
Oberth, Hermann 8, 9, 52, 82, 83, 169
Office of Manned Space Flight, NASA 278
Office of Military Government, US 120
Office of Special Investigations, US 342
OKB-1 (Special Design Bureau) 135, 138, 161, 345
and cosmonauts 201, 209, 211, 294
Khruschev’s visit 152
Korolev promoted to head of 127
Mishin as head of 305–6
OKB-456 113
‘On the Prospects of the Mastering of Outer Space’ (Korolev and Tikhonravov) 181, 188, 206, 258
Operation Overcast 90–91, 110
Oslo report 17
Patterson, Robert 59, 60
Peenemünde 3–4, 10, 18–20, 99, 120
evacuated 6–7, 13–15, 65
forced labour 342–3
Pentagon 58, 59, 106, 154, 168, 171–2, 174
Petrone, Rocco 316
Petrovsky, Dr Boris 298–9
Pickering, Dr William 172
Pilyugin, Nikolai 166, 258
Pioneer project 190, 203
Piszkiewicz, Dennis 343
Pobedonostsev, Col. Yuri 102
Podlipki 98, 133, 156, 205, 345
Poland 11, 20, 66
Popovich, Major Pavel 271
Porter, Dr Richard 50, 60
Powers, Gary 218
Pravda 181, 252–4, 260, 300
Project Paperclip xi, 110, 120–21, 342
Proton rocket 289, 334
Quistorp, Alexander von 133
Quistorp, Maria von, see von Braun, M.
R-7 rocket 139–41, 152, 155
drawbacks of 184–5
launch site 147–8, 157
Luna 1 launched by 194
manned-space flight 182
nose cone adapted for animal flight 169
test launches 155, 158–62, 236
RAF Bomber Command 3, 18
Rebrov, Mikhail 122–3, 258
Red Army xi, 79, 96, 100
advance into Germany 3, 6, 7, 14–15, 23, 40, 44 65
brutality 6, 40
purges 84
Red Orchestra 19–20
Redstone Arsenal, Alabama 132, 158, 171
Redstone rocket 132
Jupiter based on 151
Mercury launcher 200–201, 219, 222, 251
as satellite launcher 144, 147
test flight 142
re-entry: failures and problems 213, 244, 267, 288, 313, 328
heat shields 150–51, 155, 192, 199–200
space capsule design 182–3, 192
retrorockets 183, 192, 212, 213, 214, 228, 236
Rickhey, Dr Georg 24, 33, 111, 112, 119–20
Riedel, Klaus 54
Rocket into Interplanetary Space, The (Oberth) 8
rockets 8–9, 82–3
A-1/A-2/A-3 9–10
A-4, see V-2 rocket
A-9/A-10 7, 27, 59, 100
Atlas 146, 190, 198–200
boosters 139, 201, 228
G-1 103, 104, 122
guidance systems 10, 121, 132, 142, 155
Juno 1 172
Jupiter 150–51, 154–5, 162, 172, 174
multistage 114, 134, 144, 147, 151, 203
nose-cones 150–51, 155, 162
packet concept 125
Proton 289
R-1 96, 103–4, 121, 124
R-2 104, 108–9, 121–2, 126, 127
R-3 126, 135, 137
R-16 185–6, 215–16
recoil 8–9
for satellite launch 134–5, 163–4
steering 139
Thor-Able 190
UR-200/UR-500 261, 263, 282, 289
UR-700 282, 292
Vanguard 146, 150, 167, 172–4
Viking 142, 146
see also N-1; R-7; Redstone; Saturn; V-2
Romanov, Aleksandr 228, 294
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 49
Rosen. Milton 142, 143, 145–7, 150, 172
RSC Energia 345
Rudolph, Arthur: Mittelwerk director 24, 33, 112, 119, 342
Nazi past 24
and Saturn V programme 264, 270, 277, 278, 316
war crimes investigations 112, 342–3
Russia, see Soviet Union
Sakharov, Andrei 138
Salyut space stations 344
San Francisco Chronicle 172
Sarkisova, Ketovania Ivanovna 89
satellites 135, 253
American 143–7, 149–51, 154–5, 172, 218
dog in 169–71
Explorer 172, 175, 183
lack of Soviet interest in 114, 124, 126–7, 141
‘Object D’ 151, 155–7, 183
reconnaissance 142, 144, 152, 186, 193, 218
Soviet 144, 151, 155–8, 162–8
Sputniks xi, 158, 163–9, 183, 184
von Braun’s vision of 106, 133–4
Saturn rocket 189–90, 201, 218–219, 251, 264, 272
Saturn V rocket 264, 268, 274, 278, 284, 335, 341
Apollo 11 launch 335
engine problems 269–70, 273, 277, 303, 322–3
unmanned launches 315–18, 322
Sawatzki, Albin 33–4, 110, 119, 343
Schirra, Walter 196, 221
Schneiker, Pte Fred 46
Science Advisory Committee, US 270
Scientific Research Institutes, Soviet
NII-1 20, 21–3, 66, 69, 98, 165
NII-3 77
NII-4 114
NII-88 98, 102–3, 112–13, 115, 127, 135, 152, 185
RNII 83
see also OKB-1
Scott, David 303–5
Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan 131, 138
Sergeev, Prof. K. (Korolev’s pseudonym) 176, 181, 252–4
Serov, Col. Gen. Ivan Aleksandrovich 65–6, 98–9, 101, 114, 117–18, 122, 123
Shepard, Alan 196, 198–9, 220–21, 308–9, 323
chief of Astronaut Office 330
chosen to be first American in space 224, 227, 232, 248
space flight 248–50
Shmargun, Lt 67–8, 70, 71
Siddiqi, Asif 79
Simpkinson, Scott 199–200
Slayton, Deke 249, 308, 330
SMERSH 67, 70–71
Society for Space Travel 9
Sokolov, Gen. 94
solar power 294, 311–12
Sonthofen, Bavaria 39, 41
Soviet Academy of Sciences 201, 257
Soviet Union xii
agriculture 82, 84, 275
air force 202
espionage 132
falls behind in space race 274, 293, 319–20, 326, 327, 344
German scientists in 100–3, 104, 118, 122, 132
Gulag ix, x, 76, 78, 79–80, 84–6
intelligence services 19–20, 65, 72
interest in V-2 19–23, 59, 61–2, 65–76, 92, 94–6, 98, 100, 102–3
manned space programme 201, 212–15, 233–47
and moon race 257, 259, 289, 322, 332, 334, 344
navy 186
nuclear programme xi, 72, 97, 98, 107
nuclear weapons 123, 125, 131, 138, 261
post-war 21, 72, 97, 102, 114, 115, 122
satellites 144, 151, 155–8, 162–71, 183
secrecy 228, 229
space secondary to defence 114, 124–6, 141, 258, 261, 270
space programme 181–2, 188, 206, 259
Stalin’s purges x, 23, 66, 78, 83–4, 86
superiority in space 168, 171, 174, 183–4, 187, 284, 285
war reparations 101
World War II 3, 6, 13, 25, 72, 210–11
Soyuz programme 258–9, 279, 306, 307, 310
lack of priority 280, 293
model displayed 294
official approval 289
Soyuz 1 crash 310–14
Soyuz 11 tragedy 344
space docking and transfer of cosmonauts 327, 344
space capsules 182–3, 186–7, 265
Mercury 189, 192–3, 197–200
Vostok 193, 211–12
space probes 206, 215
see also lunar probes
space shuttles 344
space stations 4, 52, 133, 142, 146, 182, 258, 265–6
first orbital station 328
Mir 345
Salyut 344
space suits 134, 146, 182, 280, 285, 287
Space Task Group, NASA 189, 192, 199, 219, 227, 257
space walks 284, 286–7, 291, 303
Special Committee for Reactive Technology 114
Special Mission V-2 50
Sputnik programme xi, 158, 163–9, 183, 184
spying 132, 218, 259
satellites 142, 144, 152, 186, 193, 218
SS (Schutzstaffel) 6–7, 11, 29–35, 37–9, 42–3, 45
von Braun and 52–5, 342
Stalin, Josef x, 6, 49, 72, 82, 97
death 136–7, 141
and Korean War 131
Korolev and 85, 107–9
purges x, 23, 66, 78, 83–4, 108, 296
rocketry interests 19, 20, 21–3, 90, 98, 102, 108–9, 125–6
war reparations claim 101
Stalin, Svetlana, see Alliluyeva, S.
Star City 212, 217, 292, 294
Starck, SS Major 28, 37–8, 91
State Defence Committee, USSR 65, 213
Stauffenberg, Count Claus von 11
Staver, Major Robert 16–17, 19, 23, 34, 50, 55–60, 62, 90
Steinhoff, Dr Ernst 38–9
Stewart, Lt Charles 47
Stewart, Dr Homer 144
Suslov, M. A. 344
TASS 162, 214, 233–4, 242, 243
Technologies Capabilities Panel 144
Tereshkova, Valentina 276
Tessman, Bernhard 27–8, 47
Thiel, Dr Walter 10, 18
Thomson, Jerry 270, 273
Tikhonravov, Mikhail Klavdiyevich 133, 139, 281
and GIRD 82
joins Korolev’s design bureau 153, 166
Korolev’s friendship with 82, 126, 137
NII-4 team of 114
official disapproval of 126
rocket development 83, 114, 125, 139
satellite research 124–5, 135, 157
space capsule design 182–3, 186
space programme proposal 181, 188, 206
Vostok modifications 214
Time magazine 142–3, 176, 189, 197
Titov, Gherman 207, 212
Vostok 1 backup pilot 228, 231–2, 235, 237
Vostok 2 pilot 252–3, 260
Toftoy, Col. Holgar 17, 34–5, 50, 60, 90–91, 119, 142
Tokaty-Tokaev, Dr Gregory 277
Trichel, Col. Gervais 17, 34, 58
Truman, Harry S. 126
Tsander, Fridrikh 81–3, 114, 176–7
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin 82, 83, 124, 140, 166, 181, 205
Tukhachevsky, Marshal Mikhail 83, 84, 85
Tyura-Tam 147–8, 160, 170, 242, 259
see also Baikonur
U-2 spy planes 218, 273
Uhl, Matthias 19
Ulrich, Hans 100–101
United Nations 215
United States: arms race 218
Cold War 97, 131
defence budget 131–2
interest in V-2 16–17, 19, 34–5, 50, 55–62, 95, 106–7
lack of interest in space flight 106–7, 142–3
lunar probes 190
McCarthyism 132
manned flight programmes 187, 212, 224, 248–50
moon landing ambitions 250–51, 257
nuclear weapons xii, 72, 105, 107, 135, 136
rocketry 105, 132, 142, 150–51, 189–90, 264
satellites 143–4, 146–7, 150–51, 154–5, 158, 172–5, 183
war crimes investigations 342
US Air Force 111, 167, 190
Atlas rocket 146, 190, 198–9
satellite development 144–5, 146, 218
Thor-Able rocket 190
US Army 92, 132
Ballistic Missile Agency 158
Counter Intelligence Corps 46, 47
Ordnance Department 16–17, 34, 50, 57, 105
restrictions and budget cuts 155, 158, 171
satellite development 144–5, 150, 172–5
von Braun’s team in 104–6, 171, 201
in World War II 25, 28, 30–32, 41, 43, 46–7, 50
US Defense Department 144, 150, 171
US Navy: research bodies 142, 143
satellite development 144–6, 150, 155, 172–4
Vanguard rocket 146, 150, 155, 167, 172–4, 183, 189
US Senate Armed Services Preparedness Committee 171
US Special Forces 71
US War Department: Joint Chiefs of Staff 90
Usachev, Mikhail Alexandrovich 86
USSR, see Soviet Union
Ustinov, Dimitri 125, 186, 215, 263, 270, 282
Minister of Armaments 102, 117
and Yangel 185
Utochkin, Sergei 81
V-2 rocket: A-4 prototype 4–5, 7, 10, 12, 54
American interest in 16–17, 19, 34–5, 50, 55–62, 95
blueprints and documentation 7, 26, 27–8, 56–9, 69, 96
bombardment of London 13, 16–17, 18
design features 10, 21, 24, 71, 113
flaws 95
improved 97, 100, 103–4, 108
intelligence interest in 17–18
production of 12, 13–14, 19, 24, 30–36, 55
reassembled in USA 106, 111
research and testing 10–11
slave labour 31–5, 51, 55, 91, 112, 119, 341–3
Soviet interest in 19–23, 59, 61–2, 65–9
Soviet version 69–76, 90, 92, 94–6, 98, 100, 102–3, 108–9, 112, 116–18, 121
test launches 94, 98, 103, 106–7, 111, 116–18, 121
Van Allen, James 144, 172, 176
Vanguard rocket 146, 150, 155, 167, 172–4, 183, 189
Venus 182, 258
Vietnam War xi, 279, 282, 288, 315
Viking rocket 142, 146
Villa Frank, Bleicherode 25, 28, 68–9, 74
Vishnevsky, Dr Aleksandr 298
Volynov, Boris 328
von Braun, Baron Magnus 8, 9, 111
von Braun, Magnus Jr 8, 24, 39, 42, 45–7, 120, 143
von Braun, Maria (née Quistorp) 92, 111, 219
von Braun, Wernher ix–xii
Allied interest in 16, 19, 23, 35–6
in America 104, 106–7, 111
America as goal of 14, 28, 50–51, 61, 92
American citizenship 145–6
and Apollo 263–6, 268–70, 277, 309–10, 316–18, 323, 335, 339
arrested by Gestapo 54–5
biopic 220
death 341
early rocketry experiments 7–9
and fall of Germany 7, 14–16, 24, 26–9, 37–41, 45
good looks and charisma x, 4, 76, 143
Huntsville team of 132, 144–5, 150, 171, 175, 189, 201, 218–19, 222
investigated 120, 132–3, 145
meeting with Eisenhower 218–19
at Mittelwerk 35–6, 55, 119–21, 342–3
moon landing ambitions 134, 250–51
and NASA 189, 201
Nazi background ix, x–xi, 52–5, 75, 110, 111, 119–20, 145, 342–3
personal life 111
reputation of 219–20, 290, 342–3, 345
rocketry in Nazi Germany 4–7, 9–16, 24–6, 36
rocketry in US 132, 150–51, 154, 162, 189–90, 201, 218, 219, 222, 257, 264
and satellites 106, 114, 143–7, 150, 154,167, 172–6
Soviet plan to kidnap 72–5
space exploration vision 4, 12–13, 27, 51–2, 107, 133–5, 142–3, 189, 265, 341
star status x, 219–20
surrenders to Americans 47, 50–1, 58–62, 71, 90
television presenter 146
underfunding 158, 171
and war crimes 52–3, 112, 119–20, 342–3
at White House 176
writings 128, 133–5, 265
Voskhod 280, 281, 283–5, 293, 306–7, 311
Vostok programme 193, 211–15
animal test flights 213–14, 228–30, 233
cannibalized to make Voskhods 280, 285
capsule 211–12
delays 227–8
double flights 270–71, 276
simulators 212
unmanned test flight 213
Vostok 1 233–47
Vostok 2 252–3, 260
Warsaw Pact 131
Washington Post 302
White, Edward 291, 307–8
White Sands, New Mexico 17, 35, 95, 106, 111, 225
Wilson, Charles 155
Witzenhausen 73, 75, 90, 91
World War II x, 3–6, 11, 13–14, 25–6, 40–1, 44–5, 49, 72
Yakubovsky, Marshal 319
Yalta Conference 49, 50
Yangel, Mikhail Kuzmich
favoured by Khrushchev 185–6
promoted director of NII-88 135, 185
R-16 rocket designed by 215, 217
rival of Korolev 261–3, 275, 282
Yegorov, Boris 283
Yezhov, Nikolai 77, 86
Young, John 291
Zarubin, Vasily and Lisa 19
Zlotuckova, Antonina 113
Zond missions 322, 324