PART ONE
25 a new Turkish dam: “New Dam in Turkey Threatens to Flood Ancient City and Archaeological Sites,” by Julia Harte, National Geographic, February 21, 2014. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/02/140221-tigris-river-dam-hasankeyf-turkey-iraq-water/
25 once a tenth of the local population: “The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831–1914,” by Stanford J. Shaw, International Journal of Middle East Studies 9, no. 3 (October 1978), p. 337.
25 “blood-soaked depravity”: “Genocide of the Christians,” by Tony Rennell, Daily Mail, April 17, 2015. www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3044292
29 frequently went court-shopping: Interview with Miri Shefer-Mossensohn, Chair, Middle Eastern & African History, Tel Aviv University, August 2015.
36 “kill microbes”: “Death’s End, 1915: The General Massacres of Christians in Diarbekir,” by David Gaunt, in Armenian Tigranakert/Diarbekir and Edessa/Urfa, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian (Mazda Publishers, 2006), p. 359.
40 Though charier of dismantling the world’s last major Muslim power: Year of the Locust: A Soldier’s Diary and the Erasure of Palestine’s Ottoman Past, by Salim Tamari (University of California Press, 2011).
45 an Islamic system was an essential prerequisite for the country: Pakistan: A Modern History, by Ian Talbot (St. Martin’s Press, 1988), p. 251.
48 garish Las Vegas-style hotels: “City in the sky: world’s biggest hotel to open in Mecca,” by Oliver Wainwright, The Guardian, May 22, 2015. http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/architecture-design-blog/2015/may/22/worlds-biggest-hotel-to-open-in-mecca
48 became a Hilton hotel: “Mecca’s changing face: Rejuvenation or destruction?,” by Yazan al-Saadi, Al-Akhbar, March 5, 2014. http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/18888
PART TWO
51 Zionist fighters: Anonymous Soldiers: The Struggle for Israel, 1917–1947, by Bruce Hoffman (Knopf, 2015).
54 a third of the Palestinian population had lived in cities: Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948, by Meron Benvenisti (University of California Press, 2002), p. 6.
61 47 percent of Israeli Jews favor expelling Israel’s Arab citizens: “Survey: Most Israeli Jews Wouldn’t Give Palestinians Vote if West Bank Was Annexed,” by Gideon Levy, Haaretz, October 23, 2012. http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/survey-most-israeli-jews-wouldn-t-give-palestinians-vote-if-west-bank-was-annexed.premium-1.471644
61 “To defeat our enemies”: “Jewish Army in Israel,” by Uri Blau, Haaretz, February 5, 2012. http://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/1.1698256
61 Hosting a highly publicized Bible study in his home: Israeli Government Press Office statement, September 4, 2015. http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=68297
63 38 churches and mosques were attacked: “Israeli extremists burn the church where Jesus multiplied loaves and fishes,” by Celine Hagbard, IMEMC News, June 18, 2015. http://www.imemc.org/article/71984
74 The broadcasting authority banned it: The advertisement listing the children’s names can be heard at https://www.youtube.com/watch?wv=qcTbMOabFhg.
PART THREE
77 the grave of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam: “Izz al-Din al-Qassam: prêcheur et mujahid,” by Abdullah Schleifer, Méditerranéennes/Mediterraneans no. 14 (Spring 2010), and “Teacher, Preacher, Soldier, Martyr: Rethinking ‘Izz al-Dīn al-Qassām,” by Mark Sanagan, Welt des Islams 53, no. 3–4 (2013), pp. 315–52.
77 the cemetery for sale to a private construction company: “Israel sells cemetery with Al-Qassam’s grave to a construction company,” Middle East Monitor, October 21, 2014. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/14791-israel-sells-cemetery-with-al-qassams-grave-to-a-construction-company
78 The Palestinian impetus for jihadi Islam has been understated: “The Palestine Effect: The Role of Palestinians in the Transnational Jihad Movement,” by Thomas Hegghammer and Joas Wagemakers, Welt des Islams 53, no. 3–4 (2013), pp. 281–314.
79 he joined the Muslim Brotherhood: “‘Abdallāh ‘Azzām and Palestine,” by Thomas Hegghammer, Welt des Islams 53, no. 3–4 (2013), pp. 353–87.
80 Palestine headed the list: Azzam wrote two books about Palestine: Hamas: Historical Roots and Charter (1989) and Memories of Palestine (ca. 1990).
89 Ali and his sons were robbed of the caliphate: Under the Black Flag: At the Frontier of the New Jihad, by Sami Moubayed (I.B.Tauris, 2015), pp. 6, 190.
91 a devoted following: Under the Black Flag: At the Frontier of the New Jihad, by Sami Moubayed, pp. 103–4.
96 IS’s English-language magazine, Dabiq: Issues of Dabiq are available for download at http://jihadology.net/category/dabiq-magazine
99 government-sponsored conference in Baghdad: Conference was held at al-Rafidain Centre for Strategic Studies, Baghdad, on March 18, 2015; attended by the author.
100 too many to count: Interview with Susan Wolfinbarger, project director of the AAAS Geospatial Technologies Project, May 2015.
100 the caliphate’s most lucrative source of finance after oil: “Countering the logic of the war economy in Syria; evidence from three local areas,” report by Rim Turkmani et al., London School of Economics, July 30, 2015, p. 33. http://www.securityintransition.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Countering-war-economy-Syria2.pdf
101 “Let them steal our artifacts”: “Opinion: Let them steal our artifacts—we do not deserve them,” by Abdel Rahman al-Rashed, Asharq al-Awsat, March 12, 2015. http://english.aawsat.com/2015/03/article55342230/opinion-let-them-steal-our-artifacts-we-do-not-deserve-them
101 its 2015 manual for women: “Women of the Islamic State: A manifesto on women by the al-Khanssaa Brigade,” translated by Charlie Winter, Quilliam Foundation, February 2015. https://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/women-of-the-islamic-state3.pdf
102 The head of Tajikistan’s counter-terrorism police unit: “Commander of elite Tajik police force defects to Islamic State,” by Dmitry Solovyov, Reuters, May 28, 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/28/us-mideast-crisis-tajikistan-idUSKBN0OD1AP20150528#tZaaxAGcAEUbxR3s.97
105 a “tactical stalemate”: “U.S. Aims to Put More Pressure on ISIS in Syria,” by Eric Schmitt and Michael R. Gordon, New York Times, October 4, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/05/world/middleeast/us-aims-to-put-more-pressure-on-isis-in-syria.html?_r=1
105 200,000 Iraqis returned to IS-controlled territory: Interview with Jana Hybášková, European Union ambassador to Iraq, November 2015, and interview with UN official in Gaziantep, October 2015.
PART FOUR
111 hailed it a fatwa for jihad: “Advice and Guidance to the Fighters on the Battlefields,” The Office of His Eminence Sayyid Ali al-Sistani, February 12, 2015. http://www.sistani.org/english/archive/25036/
114 struggled to satisfy their wives: See http://english.bayynat.org/Jurisprudence/sex.htm
119 the Al Saadun, a Sunni tribe originating from the Arabian Peninsula: The Emergence of Modern Shi‘ism: Islamic Reform in Iraq and Iran, by Zackery M. Heern (Oneworld Publications, 2015), p. 34.
120 depleted their ranks: Basrah Governorate Assessment Report, UNHCR, August 2006. http://www.unhcr.org/459ba6462.pdf
PART SIX
150 Toward a Christian-Shia Dialogue: Nahu al-Hiwar al-Masihi-al-Imami, by Lwiis Saliba (Dar Byblion, 2015).