Index
Images are indexed by figure number. Page numbers in italics refer to the species map.
African penguin, 224
agriculture. See aquaculture; guano
Aij Kamen islet, 150
Akimichi, Tomoya, 13
albatross, 78, 80, 91, 143, 146, 168, 208, 223, 230
Aleutian Islands, 135–37, 140, 148, 151
alewife, 45
Amchitka Island, 151
anchovetas, 200, 208, 215, 217, 218
Andersson, Charles, 224
Angling Trust, 128–29, 130, 262, fig. 13
animal rights advocacy for cormorants, 16–17, 42, 105, 265
aquaculture: analysis of cormorant impact, 190–93; Belzoni’s cormorant challenge, 175–80; cormorant control methods, 107, 186, 191–95, 244; depredation orders, 42, 186–87, 246; historical development, 40–41, 178–80; importance for human food needs, 263; in Israel, 190; migration changes to feed at catfish ponds, 184–88; USFWS’s support for cormorant control, 41, 42
Aran Islands, 50–52, 56–57, 60, 61–63
The Aran Islands (Synge), 56
artistic depictions: blue-eyed shag, 87–88; cormorant as navigational aid, fig. 19; cormorant fishing, 18–19, 86, figs. 1–3; double-crested cormorant, 46–47, 181–82, fig. 5; flightless cormorant, 169; and metaphorical use of cormorant, 66, 264–65, figs. 6–7, fig. 16; sampling of worldwide, 134–35; spectacled cormorant, 135, 140, 145, 152–54, 246, fig. 14
Atlantic Flyway, 184–85, 187–88
Audubon, John James, 96, 117, 134, 180–82, 184, 248, 251
Audubon Society, 29, 40, 42, 111
Austin, Oliver, 182–83
Avalonia Land Conservancy, 253–54, 255
ayu, 10, 13–14, 16, 20–21, 102, 190
bait, cormorant flesh as fish, 251
bald eagle, 111–12
Banks, Sir Joseph, 79
Bashō, 8
Bayer, Range, 107–8
Belzoni, Mississippi, 175–80, 183, 189, 190–95, fig. 17
Bennett, A. G., 81
Bering, Vitus, 135–36, 137, 139, 154
Bering Island, 138–42, 145–46, 147–48, 149–52
biodiversity, 44, 125, 129, 260–61
Bird Group, Natural History Museum, Tring, 116–22, 123, 125–26, 137–38, 151, 152, fig. 11
Bird Research Northwest, 104–6, 109, 111, 244, 263
Bird Rock, 226
“Birds and Fishes” (Jeffers), 98–99, 109
The Birds of Ontario (McIlwraith), 36
black birds, humans’ negative feelings about, 54–58, 188–89, 235, 264
The Black Soul (O’Flaherty), 63, 69
bolus, 34–35. See also diet
boobies, 123, 171, 208, 215, 217–18
Brandt, Johann Friedrich von, 120–21
breeding behaviors: blue-eyed shag, 87; colors of, 14, 60, 83, 227; crests, 27, 60, 76, 97, 140–41, fig. 9; egg production/ clutch size, 28, 40, 49, 70, 83; flightless cormorant, 170–71; Gates Island sighting, 48, 248–49; guanay, 208–10; monogamy, 258. See also nesting activity
British Isles, 60, 127–30, 134–35, 239–41, 246. See also Bird Group
Brown, R. N. Rudmose, 81
Bruce, W. S., 80–81
Burkitt, Dave, 87
Canada, 26, 33, 36–37, 39–40, 41, 42–43, 184, 185, 246, 265
Canteleu, Le Comte Le Couteulx de, 12
Cape gannet, 224
Cape Town, South Africa, 221–23, 225, 233, 235, 248
capture methods. See research and capture methods
Caribbean, cormorants in, 183–84
Carpaccio, Vittore, 12
Caspian tern, 44, 104, 105–9, 111–12
catfish ponds, cormorant threat to, 41, 175–80, 184–95
Cedarville, Michigan, 37
Champlain, Samuel de, 249–50
channel catfish, 178–79
China, cormorant fishing in, 9, 15, 16
Chinchas Islands, 204–7, 210–14. See also Isla Chincha Centro, Peru
Chinese labor exploitation to mine guano, 210–12, 213
Choccña, Hermilio Ipurre, 197–98, 215–16, 218–19, 247
classification, species, 119–24, 260–61, 271–73
Clogher Mor, 51
closed nostrils, 230–31
Cocks, Richard, 10–11
Coghlan, Stephanie, 62
Coker, Robert, 214
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 59, 80, 168
collaborative fishing, 15–16. See also ukai
Columbia River estuary, 95–96, 101, 102–7, 244. See also East Sand Island
Connecticut, 253–55. See also Gates Island
conservation efforts: bank cormorant, 228–30, 239–41; on Chinchas Islands to renew guano supply, 213–14, 217; and cormorant impact on ecosystems, 254–55; double-crested cormorant, 40; Galápagos, 161–62; SANCCOB rehabilitation center, 228–30, 234, 235–39, 240, fig. 20
consumption levels. See feeding
cormorant: Audubon on, 180–82; distribution, 2, 26, 27, 37–38, 151, 227, 256, 257, 260–61, 271–73; earliest ancestors, 1–2, 165; historical defense of, 39, 57–58, 265; juvenile/sub-adult/immature usage of, 297n67; name origin, 54; need for more research, 86, 165, 234, 258–60, 264; number of species, 2, 120; origins of, 123; as scapegoats for larger environmental concerns, 261–62; taxonomy, 119–24, 260–61, 271–73. See also breeding behaviors; cormorant species; feeding behaviors; pests, cormorants as
“The Cormorant” (Lawless), 57
The Cormorant (Gregory), 65–66
Cormorant Defenders International, 42
cormorant fishing outside of Japan, 9, 11–13, 15–16, fig. 3. See also ukai
“The Cormorant in Its Element” (Clampitt), 64–65, 168
“Cormorants” (Blight), 234–35, 241
cormorant species (common name as listed in appendix): bank cormorant, 143, 222, 223, 226–28, 239–41, 248; blue-eyed shag group, 75–78, 80, 81–91, 120, 158, 233, 260, fig. 8; Brandt’s cormorant, 26, 96, 97–98; Cape cormorant, 143, 222, 224–25, 226; Chatham shag, 125, 143; crowned cormorant, 143, 222, 227; double-crested cormorant (see double-crested cormorant); European shag, 50, 60, 62, 64, 65, 84, 129, 237; flightless cormorant, 143, 157, 158–61, 163–64, 165–67, 168–73, figs. 15–16; great cormorant, 14, 26, 60, 126, 128–31, 141, 157, 189–90, 249, 257, 260, figs. 12–13; great “white-breasted” cormorant, 222; guanay cormorant, 85, 143, 197, 199, 200–202, 208–10, 214–15, 217–19, 224, 247, fig. 11, figs. 18–19; imperial shag (“blue-eyed”), 80; Japanese cormorant, 14–15; Javanese cormorant, 119–20; “Kenyon’s cormorant,” 260; long-tailed “reed” cormorant, 145, 222; Macquarie shag, 122; neotropic cormorant, 26, 159, 216; origins of, 60–61; pelagic cormorant, 26, 96, 97–98, 151, 243–44; pied cormorant, 134; Pitt shag, 143; pygmy cormorant, 119–20, 190; red-faced cormorant, 26, 96, 97, 151, 233; red-legged “chuita” cormorant, 143, 216, 233; rock shag, 80; Socotra cormorant, 143, 237; South Georgia(n) shag, 77–79, 81, 82, 85, 88–89, 90–91; spectacled cormorant, 131–32, 135, 137–38, 140–42, 145, 150–54, 160, fig. 14; Stewart shag, 82, 143; variability in names, 77
cormorant species (scientific name as listed in appendix): Phalacrocorax africanus, 145, 222; Phalacrocorax aristotelis, 50, 60, 62, 64, 65, 84, 129, 237; Phalacrocorax atriceps, 80; Phalacrocorax auritus (see double-crested cormorant); Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus, 96, 97, 122; Phalacrocorax auritus auritus, 39, 249; Phalacrocorax auritus cincinatus, 96, 97; Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus, 182; Phalacrocorax bouganvillii, 85, 143, 197, 199, 200–202, 208–10, 214–15, 217–19, 224, 247, fig. 11, figs. 18–19; Phalacrocorax brasilianus, 26, 159, 165, 216; Phalacrocorax capensis, 143, 222, 224–25, 226; Phalacrocorax capillatus, 14–15; Phalacrocorax carbo, 14, 26, 60, 126, 128–31, 141, 157, 189–90, 249, 257, 260, figs. 12–13; Phalacrocorax carbo carbo, 128; Phalacrocorax carbo lucidus, 222; Phalacrocorax carbo sinesis, 128, 131; Phalacrocorax chalconatus, 82, 143; Phalacrocorax coronatus, 143, 222, 227; Phalacrocorax featherstoni, 143; Phalacrocorax gaimardi, 143, 216, 233; Phalacrocorax georgianus, 77–79, 81, 82, 85, 88–89, 90–91; Phalacrocorax harrisi, 143, 157, 158–61, 163–64, 165–67, 168–73, figs. 15–16; Phalacrocorax kenyoni, 260; Phalacrocorax magellanicus, 80; Phalacrocorax neglectus, 143, 222, 223, 226–28, 239–41, 248; Phalacrocorax niger, 119–20; Phalacrocorax nigrogularis, 143, 237; Phalacrocorax onslowi, 125, 143; Phalacrocorax pelagicus, 26, 96, 97–98, 151, 243–44; Phalacrocorax penicillatus, 26, 96, 97–98; Phalacrocorax perspicillatus, 131–32, 135, 137–38, 140–42, 145, 150–54, 160, fig. 14; Phalacrocorax purpurascens, 122; Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, 119–20, 190; Phalacrocorax urile, 26, 96, 97, 151, 233; Phalacrocorax varius, 134
Cormorant Watch campaign, England, 128–29
counting birds, challenges of, 27–29
dangers of handling cormorants, 94, 161, 228–29
Darwin, Charles, 68, 117, 157–58, 164, 165–66
Dawkins, Richard, 165–66
Dawson, William Leon, 116
Day, David, 167
De Ornellas, Kevin, 55
Description of the Northern Peoples (Magnus), 58–59
“Destroying the Cormorant Eggs” (Minty), 37
diet: bank cormorant, 227; challenges of analyzing, 34–35, 258–59; consumption levels/quantity of food, 36, 106, 258, 259; East Sand Island cormorants, 106, 109–10; European shag, 60; Gates Island cormorants, 255; great cormorants, 147; guanay cormorant, 200, 217; spectacled cormorant speculation, 145–46
dissuasion of cormorants, 93–95, 111, 113–14, 244, 254, 263
Ditch, Ron, 24–25, 27, 30–34, 44, 45–47, 53, 262, fig. 5
Ditch, Ruddy, 32
diving behavior, 84–85, 105, 115, 174, 240, 257
double-crested cormorant: Atlantic population, 26, 30, 39, 184, 188, 246, 249–51, 255; classification, 30; crests, 27, 97, fig. 9; East Sand Island, 93–96, 97–98, 99–101, 104–5, 106–11, 112–13; egg production/clutch size, 28; feeding behavior, 35–36, 106, 115, 174; Interior population, 26, 30–46, 184–85, 187–88; nesting, 23, 38, 48, 71, 83, fig. 4; northern Atlantic group’s history, 249–51; Pacific Coast–Alaska population, 26, 30, 96–97, 110, 150–51, 237; range, 26, 27, 37–38, 97; Southern population, 26, 30, 45, 182, 184; threat to catfish ponds, 175–80, 184–95. See also Gates Island; management and control
Dove, Sarah, 130
Duffy, David, 214
Durkin, Tony, 240
East Sand Island: Caspian tern population, 105–6; dissuasion and research project, 93–95, 99–101, 110–14, 244, fig. 10; double-crested cormorant population on, 93–96, 97–98, 99–101, 104–5, 106–11, 112–13; origins of, 95; stabilization with dredge spoils, 101; threats to cormorant population on, 111–13
economic impact of cormorant, 19, 31.
See also aquaculture; guano
endangered cormorant species, 40, 122, 143–44, 166–67, 227–28, 260, 271
England. See British Isles
environmental groups, complaints about cormorant management, 42, 44, 105
environmental impact of cormorants, 29–30, 33, 41, 104, 254–55, 261–64
environmental protection laws, 40, 110, 127
Europe, cormorants in, 11–13, 12, 128, 130–31, fig. 3. See also British Isles
evil, cormorants as: literally, 4, 256; metaphorically, 54–58, 59, 65–67, 234–35. See also pests, cormorants as
extinctions of bird species: scope of and potential for, 142–45, 167; spectacled cormorant, 131–32, 135, 137–38, 140–42, 145, 150–54, 160, fig. 14
eyes, anatomy of cormorant, 145, 146–47
feathers: breeding, 27; colors, 14, 68, 76, 86, 132; structure, 83–86, 122, 125, 231, 232–34
feeding behaviors: and adaptations for diving, 232–33; appetite, 34–36, 106; aquaculture impact on, 40; bank cormorant, 227; catfish, 191; diving, 7, 84–85, 105, 115, 174, 233, 240, 257; East Sand Island, 106, 107; feeding chicks, 70–71; flightless cormorant, 169; guanay cormorant, 200, 208, 218; red-legged cormorants, 216; round goby preference, 46; swimming techniques, 174, fig. 22. See also diet
fertilizer, guano as. See guano
Fish, Simeon G., 207
fisheries: birds as indicators of health of, 261–62; discerning actual causes of decline, 44–45; fisheries vs. guano industry in Peru, 215, 217; and managing Lake Ontario cormorants, 45–46. See also aquaculture; salmon
fishermen: American sport fishermen, 24–25, 27, 29–31, 37, 40–41, 262, 263; British Isles, 126–29; commercial interests in U.S., 36, 102, 261; South African, 224; usho, 3, 5–10, 14, 16–17, 18–19, 21–22
fish species: alewife, 45; anchovetas, 200, 208, 215, 217, 218; ayu, 10, 13–14, 16, 20–21, 102, 190; balancing impacts, 259–60; gizzard shad, 191–92; northern pikeminnows, 103–4; nototheniid fish, 77; perch, 37; round goby, 45, 46; sardinas, 200; sculpin, 147; smallmouth bass, 31, 33, 46. See also salmon
flight characteristics, 1, 84, 155–56, 201, 218–19, 231, 232, 252–53, 267
Florida habitat, 45, 124, 174, 181–82, 183–84, 196, 220, 242
food, consumption of cormorants as, 78–79, 81–82, 87, 91, 182–83, 246–47
Fougea, Frédéric, 15
Fowler, William M. W., 246–47
Friends of Tring Reservoirs, 126
Galápagos (Vonnegut), 157, 162–65, 166, 167–68, 171, 172
Galápagos Islands, 157–73, fig. 15
gannet, 105, 123, 224, 230, 232, 257–58
Gates Island: breeding behavior, 23; and cormorant ecosystem impact, 252–53, 255; crèche of double-crested cormorants, 71, fig. 21; vignettes of cormorant life, 1, 23, 48–49, 70–72, 92, 133, 268
gender in cormorants, identifying, 14, 170, 240
Gensler, Megan, 94–95, 98, 99, 104, 112, 113–14, 244
“Ghosts of Gone Birds” art project.
See Kirk-Smith, Anna
Gifu City, Japan, 3–4, 5–11, 13–22
gizzard shad, 191–92
Gould, John, 152
Gould, Stephen Jay, 164
Goya, Elisa, 198, 215–16, 217, 218, 223, 225, 247
Graculus (former genus name). See cormorant species (scientific name)
Great Lakes area, 4, 24–25, 27, 29–42, 43–46, fig. 4
greedy, cormorants as, 55, 58–60, 109, 250, 256
Gregory, Stephen, 65–66
“Guanay Cormorant” (Neruda), 201–2
guano: from African islands, 225–26; defined, 199, 202; destructive capacity on trees, 29, 42, 59, 254; and guardias on Chinchas Islands, 197–99, 214; mining process, 210–12, 214; safety and health issues with trade in, 207–8, 210, 211; smell of as navigational aid, 89; value as fertilizer, 4, 202–8, 212–13, 225
guano islands, South Africa, 224, 225–26.
See also Chinchas Islands
gull, 48–49, 70–72, 92, 253, 255, 259
Hansen, Thor, 233
Harris, Charles, 159–60
Harrison, Peter, 120
He Dances for His Cormorants (Fougea), 15
Heikkila, Paul, 261
Henderson Harbor, 4, 24–25, 27, 29–34
Humboldt, Alexander von, 204
Humboldt Current, 199–200, 224
Hunting on the Lagoon (Carpaccio), 12
Hydroprogne caspia, 44, 104, 105–9, 111–12
ice fish, 77
Inishmore Island, 50–53, 68–69
intelligence, cormorant, 15, 257
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), 142–44, 166, 271–73
Ireland, 50–53, 56–57, 60, 61–63, 68–69
Isabela Island (Albemarle), 158, 159, 165
Isla Chincha Centro, Peru, 197–201, 208–10, 215, 218–19. See also cormorant species (common name): guanay cormorant
Island of the Blue Dolphins (O’Dell), 148–49
Israel, cormorant predation of aquaculture fish, 190
Japan, cormorant fishing in. See ukai
Jeffers, Robinson, 98–99
Johnsgard, Paul, 120
Josselyn, John, 250
juvenile cormorants, 48–49, 70–72, 112, 115, 133, 155–56, 174, 196, 220, 242, 268
Kasuya, Shiro, 20–21
Kelly, Angeline, 68
Keulemans, John G., 153
killing of cormorants as pests: in England, 127, 128, 130; increased pressure to allow/expand, 244–46; in U.S., 24–25, 27, 36–37, 43–44, 187, 193–95
killing of cormorants for food or sport, 78–79, 81–82
killing of cormorants for research, 109, 263
King, Tommy, 187
Kirk-Smith, Anna, 135, 137, 145, 153–54, 246
Klein, John, 244–45
Komandorski island group. See Bering Island
Kuprianof, Governor, 151
Lake Ontario, 4, 24–25, 27, 29–34, 39, 42, 44–45
Lawless, Emily, 57
Lewis, Harrison Flint, 38–39, 251, 259–60
life expectancy, 28
literature, cormorant in: Blight’s poem, 234–35; Clampitt’s poem, 64–65; Fontaine’s fable, fig. 7; Gregory’s novel, 65–67; Jeffers’s poem, 98–99; Melville’s Moby-Dick, 234–35; Milton’s Paradise Lost, 4, 53, 55, 56, 59, 66, 201, fig. 6; negative depictions, 54–60; Neruda’s poem, 201–2; O’Flaherty’s work, 51–54, 61–64, 67–69; positive or neutral depictions, 61–65, 265; range of human interpretations, 264–66; Thaxter’s poem, 265–66; Vonnegut’s Galápagos, 157, 162–65, 166, 167–68, 171, 172
Little Charity Island, 37
Little Galloo Island, 4, 24–25, 27, 30–31, 32–34, 35, 41, 43–44, 45–46, fig. 4
Living Coasts, 239–41
Lloyd, Mark, 129
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 56
Lyons, Don, 110
Magnus, Olaus, 58–59
management and control: depredation orders, 42, 186–87, 246; dissuasion projects, 93–95, 111, 244, 254, 263; East Sand Island, 93–95, 99–101, 107, 111–12; environmental group complaints about, 42, 44; in Europe, 130; federal control over, 41; in Minnesota, 244–46; recommendations, 263–64; taxonomy’s contribution to, 122, 260; wildlife biologists’ role in, 42, 43–44, 45–46. See also aquaculture; killing of cormorants as pests
Mannix, Daniel, 13
Marshall, Stanley, 180
Master and Commander (film), 168–69
mating behaviors. See breeding behaviors
Matthews, L. H., 81
Maxson, Stephen J., 83–84
McCullough, Russ, 43–45, 46, 101
McIlwraith, Thomas, 36
Melville, Herman, 158–59, 209, 234
migration, 1–2, 40, 41, 155–56, 184–88, 258
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918), 40, 41
Milton, John, 4, 53, 55, 56, 59, 66, 201, fig. 6
Minnesota, anti-cormorant legislation, 244–46
Minty, Judith, 37
Mississippi Delta, catfish vs. cormorant, 175–80, 184–95
Mississippi Flyway, 184–85, 187–88
Mivart, St. George Jackson, 121
Monterey Bay, California, 98
Murphy, Robert Cushman, 81, 197, 200–201, 208, 209
murrelet, 137
Mystic River, 4, 115, 133, 248–49, 251–52.
See also Gates Island
Nagara River, 5, 20, figs. 1–2
Nakane, Riki, 17
Namibia, 239
Nannopterum genus for flightless cormorant, 171
Natural History Museum, Tring.
See Bird Group
navigational aids, blue-eyed shags as, 88–90
near-threatened species, 122, 143–44, 272
Nelson, Bryan, 77, 120, 121, 123, 190, 200, 271–73
Nerrin, Chris, 175–76, 192, 263
Neruda, Pablo, 201–2
nesting activity: blue-eyed shag, 82–83, fig. 8; double-crested cormorant, 23, 38, 48, 71, 83; European shag, 60; New England’s cormorant population, 256; stealing of nesting materials, 209–10; variety of habitats, 257
nests, counting birds by, 28
net pen facilities for salmon, 108–9, 110
Newcastle disease, 112–13
New England cormorants, 249–56.
See also Gates Island
New Zealand, 82, 134, 143, 247
Nicholson, Adam, 50
Noggin the Nog book series, 65
northern pikeminnows, 103–4
nototheniid fish, 77
Nuttal, Thomas, 251
O’Connor, Helene, 62
Oda, Nobunaga, 10
O’Dell, Scott, 148–49
Oehler, David, 86
O’Flaherty, Liam, 50–54, 61–64, 67–69
oiling of seabirds after spills, 235–37, 236, 247
orbital rings, 145
Oregon. See East Sand Island
otoliths, fish, 35
Padilla, Claudio Mallqui, 197–98, 215, 218–19, 247
Pallas, Peter Simon, 141–42, 151, 154
Palmer, Henry, 11
Paradise Lost (Milton), 4, 53, 55, 56, 59, 66, 201, fig. 6
Parsons, Nola, 221–23, 228, 229, 231, 238, 240, 241
Paulet Island, 75–76
Peck, George W., 212
Pelecaniformes order, 123–24
pelican, 27, 64, 98, 105, 111, 123, 124, 189, 191, 228
pellets, cormorant, 35, fig. 4. See also diet
penguins, 76, 82–87, 117, 124, 161, 221–22, 224, 231, 235, 236, 240
perch, 37
Percy Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology, 223, 248
personality, cormorant, 80–81, 231–32, 257
Peru, 13, 202–6, 213–14, 215. See also cormorant species (common name): guanay cormorant
pesticides, impact on cormorants, 40, 110, 129, 185
pests, cormorants as: derogatory names, 9, 188–89; England, 127–30; Martha’s Vineyard, 256; North American concerns, 24–25, 27, 29–34, 244–45; Pacific Northwest, 98, 107–8, 110; South Africa, 224. See also management and control
Phalacrocoracidae family, 123–25, 271–73
Phalacrocorax spp. See cormorant species (scientific name)
Pichot, Pierre-Amédée, 13
Pimm, Stuart, 144
population levels: bank cormorant, 227; blue-eyed shag, 78, 87; British Isles, 130, 131; challenges of estimating, 27–29, 258; double-crested cormorant, 29, 33, 39–40, 93–96, 97–98, 99–101, 104–5, 106–11, 112–13, 246; flightless cormorant, 166; guanay cormorant, 200, 214–15, 217–18; overall carrying capacity, 249
Porter, David, 159
Port Lockroy, Antarctica, 86–87, fig. 8
Project Oceanology, 254–55
Prŷs-Jones, Robert, 118, 119–20, 121–22, 126, 127–28, 131–32, 137, 223
Rafferty, Brae, 255
rafting behavior, 218
Rankin, Niall, 73–75, 77, 78, 82, 90–92, 246
Raven, Peter, 144
Red List for birds, 143, 144, 271–73
regurgitant, 34–35. See also diet
rehabilitation center, SANCCOB, 221–23, 228–31, 234, 235–39, fig. 20
research and capture methods: East Sand Island, 93–95, 99–101, 104–5, 109–14, 244, fig. 10; preservation of dead birds at Tring, 116–19, 123, 125–26, fig. 11
Riders to the Sea (Synge), 56–57
Rijke, A. M., 232
“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (Coleridge), 59, 80, 168, 169
Robben Island, 228, 236, 240, 241
Roberts, T. S., 36
Roby, Daniel, 106
roosting behavior, 92, 181, 185, 192, 242
Rose, Ruth, 160
Rothschild, Lord Lionel Walter, 125–26, 159–60
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), 130
salmon: conservation efforts, 95, 103–4, 108–9, 244; ecosystem role and exploitation of, 101–3; predatory birds’ impact on, 98, 104–5, 107, 110
salt excretion, 230–31
Salvin, F. H., 12
SANCCOB bird rehabilitation, 221–23, 228–31, 234, 235–39, fig. 20
San Martín Island, 97
Sayemon, Enami no, 17–18
sculpin, 147
sea elephant, 90–91
sexual dimorphism, 170
Shackleton, Ernest, 89–90
“The Shag” (Thaxter), 265–66
Shag Rocks, Antarctica, 77, 89
shags, derivation and usage, 60. See also cormorant
Shakespeare, William, 59
Shelvocke, George, 203–4
“The Skeleton in Armor” (Longfellow), 56
Soares, Charley, 256
South Africa, 221–23, 224, 225–26, 228–31, 233, 235–36, 239, 248, fig. 20
South Dumpling Island, 253–55, 266
South Georgia Island, 74–75, 77–79, 88–89, 90–91
sport fishermen, opposition to cormorants, 24–25, 27, 29–31, 37, 40–41, 126–29, 262, 263
spreading of wings after fishing, 54, 83–84, 122–23, 166, 232–34
Stearns, Bret, 256
Steeby, Jim, 176–77, 178, 179, 189, 192–93
Stejneger, Leonhard, 134, 149–52
Steller, Georg Wilhelm, 136–37, 138–42, 148, 149, 152, 154
sweetfish. See ayu
Synge, John Millington, 50, 56–57, 61
tail feathers as flight control, 231
taxonomy, 119–24, 260–61, 271–73
tern, 64, 104, 105–9, 107, 111–12, 124, 213, 230, 259
Tewksbury, Thaxter, 254–55
Thaxter, Celia, 265–66
Thompson, Sir Arthur Landsborough, 122
Thompson, Brady, 183, 189, 193–95, fig. 17
Thompson, David, 97
Thompson, Lucien, 151
Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de, 12–13
Townsend, John K., 95–96
Tring, England, 116–19, 123, 125–26, fig. 11.
See also Bird Group
Tring Anglers, 126
Tumin, Remy, 256
ukai (cormorant fishing in Japan), 5–11, 13–22, 247–48, figs. 1–2
The Unfortunate Repercussions of Discovery and Survival (Spectacled Cormorant) (Kirk-Smith), 135, 140, 246
United Kingdom. See British Isles
United States, and guano trade as fertilizer, 205–6. See also East Sand Island; Gates Island; Great Lakes area
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Wildlife Service, 185–86
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), 25, 33, 41–42, 185, 186, 245–46
usho (master cormorant fisherman), 3, 5–10, 14, 16–17, 18–19, 21–22, 248
Valle, Carlos, 170–71
vision, cormorant, 146–47
Vonnegut, Kurt, 157, 162–65, 166, 167–68, 171, 172
vulnerable species, 166, 237, 271–72
Wahlberg, Johan, 226–27
water repellency in plumage, 86, 232
Weimerskirch, Henri, 218
Weinberger, Jane, 265
Westphal, Althea Louise Burman, 235, 236
whalers, hunting of cormorants for food, 81
Whaling in the Antarctic (Bennett), 81
wildlife biologists, management role of, 33, 42, 43–44, 45–46
Williams, Roger, 250
wing-spreading behavior, 54, 83–84, 122–23, 166, 232–34
Wolf, Joseph, 153
Wood, William, 250
Worsley, Frank, 89–90
“The Wounded Cormorant” (O’Flaherty), 51–54, 61–64, 67–69
Wyeth, Andrew, 134
Yamashita, Junji, 3, 5, 6–8, 14, 16–17, 18–19, 21–22, 231, fig. 2
Yamashita, Zempei, 8
Youngs Bay net pen facility, 108–9