A
Airy, George Biddel, 80
Alaska earthquake, 214, 219, 238–239
Alepo earthquake, 232
Alps, 35
Anak Krakatau, 199
Ancash earthquake, 239
Anderson, Don, 68
Andes, 34, 79, 112, 159, 189, 223, 239 280
Appalachian-Caledonide mountain belt, 62–63
Argüello, Luis, 146
Aso, Mount, 129
Aswan High Dam, 208
Atlantis, 45
B
Bacon, Francis, 43
Belousov, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 59
Benioff, Hugo, 32
Bhuj earthquake, 247–248
Blackett, Patrick M.S., 76
Bouguer, Pierre, 79
Bowie, William, 79
breccia, 195
Broughton, William, 137
Bullard, Sir Edward, 47
Burton, Sir Richard, 130
Byerly, Perry E., 262
C
caldera, 92, 109, 112, 124, 129, 140, 143, 171, 173–174, 179, 180, 183
Cameroon, Mount, 130–131
Carey, S. Warren, 59–60
Cascade volcanoes, 189
Cerro Negro, 174
Chamberlin, Thomas C., 48
Chang Heng, 287
chemosynthesis, 71
Chichón, El, 154
Chile earthquake, 238
Circum-Pacific Belt, 204, 207, 279–280, 285, 294
complex volcanoes, 174, 176, 180
composite volcanoes, 169
Cortés, Hernán, 155
Cotopaxi, 131–132
Cox, Allan, 53
D
Dalrymple, Brent, 53
Dead Sea Fault system, 232
Diamond Head, 176
Dietz, Robert S., 51
E
earthquake observatories, 222, 256, 259–260, 261
earthquake-resistant structures, 233, 241, 244–245, 247, 251, 266–267, 270
earthquakes
and animal behaviour, 266
caused by human activity, 208–210, 250
frequency of, 202–203, 220, 222, 224
predicting, 250–251, 263–266, 300
earthquake swarms, 82, 106, 224
East African Rift System, 190, 205
East African Rift Valley, 30, 200
Etna, Mount, 132–134
Euler, Leonhard, 40
Everest, Sir George, 79
Ewing, Sir James Alfred, 288
extraterrestrial seismic phenomena, 278–279, 293–294
F
fissure vents, 177
forearc basin, 33–34
foreshocks, 223–224
Fuji, Mount, 84, 134–137, 173, 180
G
geothermal power, 191–192
geysers, 182–183, 184, 192, 194
Geysers (San Francisco), 192
global cooling, 72–74, 108, 165
global warming, 68
Gondwana/Gondwanaland, 34, 43–44, 46, 67, 72, 75
Gray, Thomas, 288
Great Peruvian Earthquake, 239
H
Haiti earthquake, 249–250
Hawaii
Kauai, 190
Kilauea, 95, 104, 137–142, 174, 190
mantle plume, 39–40
Mauna Loa, 84, 104, 109–111, 113, 139, 146–147, 180, 190
Hayford, John Fillmore, 79
Heezen, Bruce C., 50
Heiskanen, Weikko Aleksanteri, 80
Himalayas, 32, 35, 36, 69, 79, 282, 285
Hindu Kush mountain system, 223
Hood, Mount, 137
Hoover Dam, 208
hot springs, 69, 129, 136, 182–183, 184, 192, 194
Huascarán, Mount, 239
Humboldt, Alexander von, 43, 74–75, 132
I
Iapetus Ocean, 63
Indonesia earthquakes, 33–34
intraplate volcanoes, 190–191
Irazú, 138
island arcs, 51, 64, 221, 222, 250, 279, 285
Izalco, 139
İzmit earthquake, 246–247
Iztaccíhuatl, 154
J
Jeffreys, Sir Harold, 45, 47, 48, 59, 295–296
Jordan, Thomas H., 61
K
Kariba Dam, 208
Kashmir earthquake, 248
Kuaui, 190
Kilauea, 95, 104, 139–142, 174, 190
kimberlite eruptions, 193, 194–196
Klyuchevskaya, 142–143
Koyna Dam and Reservoir, 209
Krakatoa, 99, 111–112, 143–145, 199, 212
Kremasta Dam, 209
Kuhn, Thomas S., 60
L
Lassen, Mount, 145–148
Lassen, Peter, 146
lava
mafic, 87
Leclerc, Georges-Louis, 43
Lehmann, Inge, 272
Lisbon earthquake, 214, 233– 234, 297
Logan, Mount, 154
Loihi, 172–173
Love, Augustus Edward Hough, 253, 294, 296–27
maars, 176
mafic lava, 87
magma, composition of, 180, 196
magnetic field reversal, 52–53
mantle convection, 46, 56–57, 58, 84
Mason, Ronald G., 52
Matsuhiro earthquakes, 224
Matthews, Drummond H., 453–54
Mauna Loa, 84, 104, 109–111, 113, 139, 146–147, 171 180, 190
McKinley, Mount, 153–154
Menard, Henry W., 50
Mercalli scale, 215–216, 217, 300
Messina earthquake, 236
Michell, John, 297–298
Milne, John, 288, 294, 298–299
Mohorovičic´, Andrija, 27
Mohorovičic´ discontinuity, 27, 54, 274
Momotombo, Mount, 169
Monti Rossi, 133
Moores, Eldridge M., 70
Morely, Laurence W., 54
N
Neumann, Frank, 217
New Madrid earthquakes, 234–236
Ngauruhoe, 158–159
North Anatolian fault system, 38, 222, 246, 266
Northridge earthquake, 241–243
nuclear explosions, 209–210
Nurek Dam, 209
Nyamulagira, Mount, 149–150
Nyiragongo, Mount, 150
Nyos, Lake, 94
O
oceanic ridges
and chlorine, 69
discovery of, 50–51
Old Faithful, 184
Ol Doinyo Lengai, 150–151, 169
P
paleomagnetism, 48–49
Palmieri, Luigi, 287
Pangea, 44, 47, 59, 60, 63, 65–66, 68, 71
Panthalassa, 72
Pavlof Sister, 152
Pavlof Volcano, 151–152
Pelée, Mount, 92, 101–103, 112, 152–153
photosynthesis, 71
Pinatubo, Mount, 97, 98, 99, 104–108, 154, 199, 300
Pliny the Elder, 103
Pliny the Younger, 103, 167, 201
polar wandering, 48–49, 66, 76–77
Popocatépetl, 154–155
Pratt, John Henry, 80
Pulcher, Publius Claudius, 168
Punchbowl, 176
pyroclastic cones, 174–176
pyroclastic materials, 90–91, 92–93, 193–194, 201
R
Raff, Arthur D., 52
Rainier, Mount, 155–157
Rayleigh, Lord, 253
Reid, Harry Fielding, 205, 264, 299
Reiss, Wilhelm, 132
Richter, Charles F., 217–218, 283, 294, 299–300
Richter scale, 217–218, 238, 243, 247, 283–284, 299
rift volcanoes, 189–190
Rodinia, 67
Ruapehu, Mount, 157–159
S
San Andreas fault system, 38, 186, 205, 221, 237, 240, 264, 282
San Fernando Valley earthquake, 242
San Francisco earthquake, 218, 234, 237, 238, 248, 282, 299
San Francisco–Oakland earthquake, 240, 242
Santa Cruz mountains, 240–241
scoria cones, 174
seaquake, 214
seiches, 213–214
seismic belt, 285
seismic survey, 285–286
seismic tomography, 57–58, 271–274
seismic waves
and data on Earth’s interior, 57–58, 270–278
measurement of, 217–219, 255–259
properties of, 254–255
seismograph, 107, 171, 217, 218, 247, 251, 258, 259, 260, 276, 278–279, 283, 286–294, 298
Shaanxi Province earthquake, 232–233
shield volcanoes, 147, 171, 173, 174, 176, 180, 188
Sichuan earthquake, 248–249
Snider-Pellegrini, Antonio, 43, 75
solfatara, 194
Somma, Mount, 166–167, 168–169, 179
Spartacus, 168–169
Stevens, Hazard, 157
St. Helens, Mount, 91, 96–97, 104, 113, 159–164, 179
St. Onge, Marc, 64
stratovolcanoes, 84, 96, 112, 171, 174, 176, 180, 181, 188
Stromboli, 101
subduction volcanos, 187–189
submarine volcanoes, 84, 171–173, 181
supercontinent cycle, 65–66
T
Tacitus, 167
Tajumulco, 164
Tambora, Mount, 99, 111, 112, 164–165, 198–199, 300
Tehama, Mount, 145
Teide Peak, 165–166
Theodoric the Goth, 167
Thera, 211–212
Three Sisters, 174
Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake, 236–238, 243–244
Tongariro, 158–159
transform faults/fracture zones, 38, 50–51, 52, 221–222
Trans-Hudson belt, 64
tsunamis, 86, 96, 111, 112, 128, 140, 145, 148–149, 164, 204, 211–213, 231–232, 234, 236, 238, 239, 300
warning system, 213
tuff cones, 176
U
Unzen, Mount, 148–149
V
Valentine, James W., 70
Van Trump, Philemon, 157
Vesuvius, Mount, 103, 166–169, 179, 201
Vine, Frederick J., 53–54
volcanic winters, 193, 197–199
volcanoes and climate change, 86, 87, 98, 108, 165, 300
eruption types, 100–104, 153, 174
forecasting eruptions, 86, 113, 201
as power source, 191–193
shapes of, 169–182
threat to aircraft, 98
W
Wegener, Alfred, 42–43, 44–48, 49, 56, 61, 67, 75
Wilson, J. Tuzo, 38, 51–52, 62–63
Wood, Harry O., 217
Y