2nd New Jersey Regiment 397
3rd New Hampshire Regiment 201
3rd New York Regiment 403
3rd Virginia Regiment 359
5th Regiment of Foot 197
6th Connecticut Regiment 358
7th Connecticut Regiment 223
17th Regiment of Foot 167, 291, 293, 306
22nd Regiment of Foot 168, 208
23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welch Fusiliers) 262, 327
28th Regiment of Foot 163
35th Regiment of Foot 169
40th Regiment of Foot 291, 293, 310, 312
42nd (Royal Highland) Regiment 171, 248, 261, 272, 277, 298, 299, 311, 359
see also Black Watch
43rd Regiment of Foot 187, 198
44th Regiment of Foot 65, 69, 77, 79, 99, 167
48th Regiment of Foot 65, 69, 73, 75, 79, 99, 163, 188
55th Regiment of Foot 291, 293
58th Regiment of Foot 187
63rd Regiment of Foot 327
Abercromby, Major General James 122, 132, 134, 148
Adams, Abigail 193
Adams, John 186, 191–92, 193, 194, 245, 246, 251–52, 299, 311, 329, 332, 426, 427, 428, 430
Addison, Joseph 138, 182, 218, 336
agricultural revolution 160
Albany 212, 233, 253, 308, 313, 363
Albermarle, William Anne, Earl of 65
Alexander the Great 165
Alexander, Brigadier General William (“Lord Stirling”) 238, 239, 241, 265, 301, 305, 311, 318, 325, 330, 367
Alexandria 49, 68, 72, 84, 86, 90, 91, 173
Allegheny Mountains 38, 64, 86, 129, 130, 139
Allegheny River 36, 39, 45, 149
Allentown 340
American Regiment 22–25, 35, 326
American Revolutionary War/American War of Independence see Revolutionary War
Amherst, Major General Jeffery 134, 162, 167, 168–69, 171, 172
Amson, Dr. John 120
André, Captain/Major John 311, 320, 364–69
Antigua 121
Appalachian Mountains 18, 36, 171, 173, 175
Aquackanock 263
Arbuthnot, Vice Admiral Marriot 362, 377, 381, 388
Arminius 352
Armstrong, Colonel/Brigadier John 149, 150, 153, 201, 318
Armstrong Jr., John 415
Arnold, Colonel/Brigadier General/Major General Benedict 212, 215, 217–18, 229, 254, 298, 308, 313, 334, 336, 343
with British Army 374–76, 377, 386, 395
treason of 363–65, 368–69, 413
Articles of Confederation 413
Articles of War 111, 205, 251–52, 333, 335, 358, 418
Ashby, Captain John 89
assemblies, colonial 19
Assunpink Creek 277, 282, 287, 288
Atkin, Edmond 110, 115–16, 125
Aubry, Captain Charles Philippe 145
Augusta 349
Baker, Lieutenant James 114
Ball, Joseph (grandfather) 17
Ball, Joseph (uncle) 29
Ball, Mary see Washington, Mary
Ball, Major William (great-grandfather) 13–14, 15, 17
Barbados 32–34
Barras, Admiral 381, 382, 385, 389, 390, 392, 395
Barton, Rev. Thomas 129, 136, 137, 139, 144
Bastille, storming of the 426
Beaujeu, Daniel de 78
Belvoir 28, 46, 66, 69, 83, 119, 182, 185, 377, 429, 430
Bergen 299
Berkeley, Sir William 16
Berkeley County 184
Berthier, Louis-Alexandre 376
Biddle, Ensign Edward 150
Birmingham 280
Bishop, Thomas 217
Black Horse 277
Bladen, Colonel Martin 28
Blair, John (acting governor of Virginia) 126
Blakeney, Colonel William 22–23
Bland, Humphrey 93–94, 159, 219–20, 319
Blenheim, Battle of 121
Blue Ridge Mountains 28, 29–30, 86, 99, 173
Board of Trade 37
Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount 182
Bonaparte, Napoleon 376, 417, 426
Bonhamtown 299
Boone, Daniel 77
Bordentown 272, 274, 275, 277, 287, 289
Boston 77, 92–93, 159, 203, 271, 346, 347
radicals in 187
siege of 188, 191, 193, 203, 206, 208, 211, 214, 215, 218, 222, 223–25, 229, 232, 252, 385, 401
Boston Gazette 92
Boston Massacre (1770) 181, 223
Boston Tea Party (1773) 181, 184
Bostwick, Elisha 10–11, 223, 279–80
Boswell, James 354
Botetourt, Norborne Berkeley, Lord, lieutenant governor of Virginia 176, 181
Boudinot, Elias 416
bounties 249, 250, 285, 325, 327, 371, 372, 373, 394, 419
bounty lands 174–75, 176, 177–78, 185, 249, 419
Bouquet, Lieutenant Colonel Henri 128, 129, 131–32, 133, 136, 137, 140, 142, 145, 146, 149, 150–51, 152, 158, 172, 261–62, 353, 424
Bowling Green (New York) 232, 233
Braddock, Major General Edward 85, 89, 91, 103, 106, 123, 125, 128, 134, 136, 163, 169, 178, 195, 217, 222, 398
defeat of 81–82, 83, 84, 101, 113, 141, 158, 172, 176, 183, 422
expedition of 67–82
Braddock’s Road 73, 127, 130, 131, 132, 142–43, 149, 152
Bradstreet, Colonel John 148
Bragg, Private William 327
Brandywine, Battle of 1, 4, 304–7, 314, 316, 320, 361, 408
Brant, Joseph 351, 353–55, 406
Briers Creek, Battle of 408
Brigham, Jonathan 198
Bristol 277
Britain
administration of American empire 170
American colonies move toward war with 179–89
American declaration of independence (1776) 232
assault on Canada 112–13
attitude to colonial troops 57–58, 66, 124–25
Braddock’s defeat a watershed in colonial relations 81
Caribbean campaigns 164, 168, 169, 183–84, 339
conflict with France in Ohio Valley 35–36
conquest of Canada 162–63, 164, 166, 167, 169
convict transports from 20
Florida ceded to 170
French and Indian War 49–82, 83–117, 122–53
inciting Indians on western frontier 424
Jacobite rebellions 183
meets costs of provincial forces 123
North American colonies at time of Washington’s birth 18–19
outbreak of rebellion against (1775) 188
outbreak of war with France (1793) 424
pledges cash and arms for colonial defense 64
Pontiac’s War 171–72
proclamation bans settlement west of Appalachians 172–73, 174, 175
relationship with American colonies 102, 134, 168–69, 170, 174
Revolutionary War
abandon Philadelphia 339–40
amnesty offered in exchange for oaths of loyalty 265
chances of rapprochement dwindle 196
end of attempt to deny American independence 410
final stages 411–18
Fort Washington 259–61
France enters hostilities with 316, 339
hopes for negotiated settlement 213, 228, 233–35, 241, 245–46, 255, 260
Loyalists continued support for 213
Monmouth Court House 342–45
New York and New Jersey 227–70
Peace of Paris 418
Pennsylvania campaign 297–313, 316–21
political and military support for curbing rebellion 212
Princeton defeat leaves little chance of victory in 296
southern campaign 359–62, 378–79, 380, 386–410
surrender at Yorktown 403–9
trade blockade 212
Trenton-Princeton campaign 272–96
victory at Brooklyn Heights 239–40
war at sea 212, 215, 225, 227, 231, 233, 255, 299, 344, 359, 377, 392, 395, 402
taxation of colonies 170, 179–81, 186, 213, 324
trade interests 19, 36, 181, 186
victory over French in Seven Years’ War 169–70
War of Jenkins’s Ear 21–26
British Army
Americanization of tactics 169
blueprint for Continental Army 408
discipline 205
drill regulations 198
impact of defeat at Princeton on 296
Loyalists in 213
manpower (Revolutionary War) 199, 214, 228–29, 235–36, 309, 318, 327
reinforced 212
Bronx River 256
Brooklyn Heights, Battle of 228, 237, 238, 239–40, 241
Brown, Lieutenant Philip 234
Brunswick (German state) 225, 303
Brunswick (New Jersey) 264, 266, 269, 272, 289, 293, 294, 295, 297, 299, 300, 340
Brunswick, Charles, Prince of 238
Bull, William, lieutenant governor of South Carolina 166
Bullen, Captain 136
Bullitt, Captain Thomas 141, 147
Bunker Hill, Battle of 197, 198, 199, 201, 212, 222, 224, 232, 240, 260, 276
Burd, Colonel James 145
Burgoyne, Major General John 197, 229, 254, 298, 302, 303, 308, 313, 316, 318, 328, 351
Burlington 272
Burlington Gazette 397
Burton, Lieutenant Colonel Ralph 79, 163
Burwell, Carter 68
bush-fighting 72, 85, 100, 140, 167, 220–21
Bushnell, Captain David 418
Bushy Run, Battle of 171–72, 262, 353, 424
Butler, Jane 17
Byrd III, Colonel William 68, 123, 128, 130, 139, 142, 166, 167, 187
Cacapon River 96
Cadwalader, Colonel/Brigadier General John 267, 277, 278, 282, 284, 285, 287, 290, 292, 318–19, 320, 333
Caesar, Julius 165, 196, 231, 424, 428
Callender, Captain John 200–201
Camden 380
Cameron, Private Duncan 79
camisards 140
Campbell, Lieutenant Colonel Archibald 349
American invasions of 212, 217–18, 221, 229, 333, 348, 362
Americans withdraw from 229, 231
British administration of 170
British assaults on 112, 123, 134, 162–63
British conquest of 162–63, 164, 166, 167, 169
British offensives from 253–54, 271, 272, 297, 298, 307
prisoners of war 235
supply of Indian trade goods from 148
veterans settle in 177
Cape François (Haiti) 389
Capes of Delaware 302
capital punishment 143–44, 183, 205, 252, 366
Caribbean 164, 168, 169, 171, 183, 213, 269, 339, 349, 355, 381, 382, 389, 390
Carlisle, Earl of 339
Cartagena, siege of 23–25, 79, 121, 326
Carter, Ensign Thomas 96
Cary, Sarah see Fairfax, Sally
Castle William Island 224
Catawbas 69, 104, 114, 125, 136, 167
Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia 229
Cato 182
Cavaliers and Roundheads 13
Chambly 217
Champlain Valley 113, 123, 162, 212, 217
Charles XII, King of Sweden 165, 319
Charleston 120, 126, 166, 230, 267, 359, 390, 393, 396, 401, 407, 408, 418
Charlestown Peninsula 197
HMS Charon 402
Chastellux, Major General François Jean le Beauvoir, Chevalier de 381–82, 394, 429
Cherokees 69, 110, 114–16, 125–26, 135, 166–68, 171, 208, 354, 422
Chesapeake Bay 15, 19, 20, 28, 69, 302, 375, 377, 383, 384, 388, 389, 390, 392, 393, 394, 395, 411
Chester 392
Chestnut Ridge 149
Chew, Joseph 148
Chew House (Germantown) 310, 312
Chippewas 422
Choctaws 424
Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius 4, 421
citizen soldiers 231
Claiborne’s Ferry 71
Clarke, Major Gedney 33
Clermont-Crèvecoeur, Jean François Louis, Comte de 384
Clinton, Major General Henry 197, 230, 231, 271, 313, 314, 315, 338, 372, 374, 377, 382, 385, 395, 399
and Arnold’s treason 363–64, 365–66
evacuation of Philadelphia 339–40, 341
New York 238, 239, 240, 246, 247, 301, 303
proposes attacking Boston 347
replaces Howe as commander in chief 336, 340
returns to New York 345, 346, 362
southern campaigns 3, 51–52, 359, 386, 387, 390
tries to force decisive engagement with Washington 350–51
Closen, Baron Ludwig von 376, 384, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394–95, 401, 411
Cocks, Captain William 89
Coercive Acts 181
Coldstream Guards 67
colonies
governors 19
as independent states 229
rivalry between 236
Committees of Observation and Inspection 186
Conciliatory Proposition 213
Concorde (French frigate) 381
Congress
abandons Philadelphia for Baltimore 268, 271
appoints Washington commander in chief of Continental Army 194–95
Articles of Confederation 413
authorizes expansion and reorganization of Continental Army 249–52
and blockade of Hudson 258
British peace proposals to 245
declaration of American independence 232, 233–34
expects New York to be maintained 243
and formation of Continental Army 193–94
grants Washington full power over operation of war 268
increases military establishment 423
issues new Articles of War 251–52
lacks power to tax states to fund war effort 324
moves to York 307
Olive Branch Petition 213
raises a New Army (1798) 427
relationship with Washington 210, 328–33, 334
resolves to invade Canada 212
returns to Philadelphia 307, 372
and status of colonies 229
support for Washington 279
supports attack on Boston 191, 210–12
taxation 423
treatment of officers 334–35
treatment of troops 358, 371, 372–73, 412–15
Washington a delegate at First Continental Congress 186–87
Washington a delegate at Second Continental Congress 188, 191
Washington delivers formal resignation to 420
troops from 209, 216, 218, 223, 279, 285, 326, 358, 371
Conococheague Creek 127
Constitution, US 420
Continental Army
African American soldiers in 218, 262, 384–85, 397
after Yorktown 410–14
ammunition and supplies 193, 206, 221–22, 314, 323–25, 356–58
Articles of War 251, 333, 335, 358, 418
badges and ribbons 202
bounties 249, 285, 325, 371–72, 373, 394, 419
colonial rivalry in 236
condition and composition of (1781) 384–85, 391, 394, 409–10
Congress authorizes expansion and reorganization of 249–50
contenders for commander in chief 191
disbandment and back pay 412–15, 416–17, 418–19, 420
discipline and training 199, 200–201, 204–6, 218, 221, 251–52, 311, 337–39, 343, 357–58, 373–74, 398, 417–18
following end of Revolutionary War 420–21
foreigners and mercenaries in 315–16, 337
four administrative “Departments” 232
health and disease in 202, 297, 323, 328
manpower 199, 209, 214, 216, 218, 221, 228, 232, 236, 241–42, 249, 252–53, 257, 261–62, 263, 282, 284–85, 286, 287, 309, 317, 318, 325–28, 371, 379–80, 396
military protocol 202
motivation of average soldier in 410
officer corps starts to reflect Washington’s vision 334–36
problem of amateur part-timers in 209, 241–42
recruitment 193, 214, 218, 249, 269, 325–28
reorganization of 214, 218, 249–51, 268, 337–38, 340
resemblance to British Army 398, 409–10
senior officers 199, 201, 319–20
uniform 202–3, 323, 384, 409–10, 427–28
unrest in 358–59, 371–74, 394, 412–18
Washington as commander in chief 2, 3, 4, 50, 156, 191–92, 193, 199–203, 216, 253
Washington seeks reform of officer corps 250–51
Washington’s farewell address to 419
Washington’s vision of 220
winter sufferings of 356–59, 371–72
Continental Light Infantry 403
Contrecoeur, Claude Pierre Pécaudy, sieur de 51, 64
convict transports 20
Conway, Brigadier General/Major General Thomas 329–31, 332–33, 335, 337, 414
Copley, John Singleton 7
corn 160
Cornplater, Chief 355
Cornwallis, Major General Charles 230, 239, 262, 264, 266, 304, 342, 411
southern campaign 359, 360, 361, 374, 378–79, 380, 386
Trenton-Princeton campaign 286, 287, 288, 289, 291, 295
Yorktown 387–90, 391, 392, 393, 395, 396, 400
Cornwallis, Jemima 286
Coryell’s Ferry 302
councils of war 195, 210, 222, 244, 255, 257, 261, 274, 276, 287, 289, 299, 308, 328–29, 341
Country Party 182
courts-martial 143, 150, 200, 205, 252, 312, 344
Cowpens, Battle of 378, 379, 399
Craik, James 50, 117, 127, 176, 177, 331, 430
Crawford, Captain/Colonel William 175, 176, 412
Cresap, Colonel Thomas 30
Croghan, George 58
Cromot du Bourg, Baron 377, 391, 392
Cromwell, Oliver 13, 186, 196, 268, 417
Cromwell, Oliver (black soldier) 397
Culloden, Battle of 79, 152, 183
Culpepper, John 28
Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of 65, 67, 113, 219
Cunningham, Captain James 106, 108
Cunningham’s Fort 96
Custis, John (Jacky) (step-son) 122, 160, 217
Custis, Martha Dandridge see Washington, Martha
Custis, Martha (“Patsy”) (stepdaughter) 122, 160
Custis, Nelly 217
Dagworthy, Captain John 88–89, 91, 94, 99
Dan River 378–79
Dandridge, Francis 180
Dandridge, William 121
Davies, Revd Samuel 81
de Grasse, Rear Admiral François Joseph Paul, Comte 381, 382, 383–84, 385, 386, 389, 390, 391–92, 393, 395–96, 411
De Keyser, Ensign Leehaynsious 93
Deane, Silas 337
declaration of American independence (1776) 232
Delaware, troops from 123, 149, 239, 249, 290, 294
Delaware River 92, 265, 266, 270, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276, 277, 278–79, 280, 282, 284, 287, 289, 297, 301, 302, 312, 316, 318, 340, 392
Delawares 3, 36, 39, 40, 58, 73, 135, 148, 161–62, 171, 352, 412, 422
Demeré, Captain Paul 57
Denny, William, Governor of Pennsylvania 135
desertion 143, 144, 216, 241–42, 252
Destouches, Chevalier 375–77
Detroit 161
Dickinson, John 186
Digby, Vice Admiral Robert 400
Dinwiddie, Robert, lieutenant governor of Virginia 35, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 60, 64, 66, 68, 71, 78, 80, 87, 89, 91, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 104, 107, 110–11, 116–17, 157, 159–60, 175, 185, 209, 325
Dismal Swamp 174
Dobbs, Arthur, lieutenant governor of North Carolina 66
Dobbs Ferry 262
Doeg Indians 15
Donop, Colonel Carl von 274, 275, 312, 319
Dorchester Heights 223–24
Dorchester Neck 197
Dover Light Infantry Company 290
Doyle, John 144
Dumas, Jean-Daniel 78
Dumas, Comte Mathieu 406
Dunks’s Ferry 278
Duquesne, Ange de Menneville, Marquis de 36, 64
dysentery 117, 119–20, 153, 202, 328
East India Company 181
East River 92, 228, 240, 246, 255
Easton, Treaty of 135, 148, 152, 171
Edwards, Ignatious 111
Edwards’s Fort 96
Eight Mile Run stream 288
Erie, Lake 36
Esopus 313
espontoons 398–99
Estaing, Vice Admiral Charles-Hector, Comte d’ 345–47, 349, 355–56, 426
Etchoe 167
Eutaw Springs, Battle of 399
Evans, Revd 403
Ewald, Captain Johann 265, 275, 283, 289, 295, 312, 319, 335, 344, 351–52, 367, 376, 387, 389, 409–10
Ewing, Brigadier General James 277, 278, 282
Fairfax, Anne see Washington, Anne
Fairfax, Deborah (née Clarke) 32
Fairfax, George William 29, 31, 119, 137, 142, 156, 181, 185, 188
Fairfax, Captain Robert 28
Fairfax, Sally (née Cary) 31, 68, 74, 83, 95, 119, 120, 137, 156, 185, 336, 429
Fairfax, Sir Thomas 14
Fairfax, Lord Thomas 28, 29, 31, 382
Fairfax, Colonel William 28, 29, 32, 83, 98, 109, 119, 185
Fairfax, Ensign William Henry 109, 163, 164
Fairfax family 83, 159, 185, 377, 430
Fairfield 350
Fallen Timbers, Battle of 424
Falmouth 215
Fatland 307
Fauquier, Francis, lieutenant governor of Virginia 143, 152, 176
Ferguson, Major Patrick 1–2, 4, 361
Ferry Farm 21, 26–27, 28, 30, 67
First Continental Congress 186–87
see also Congress
Fitzhugh, William 66
Flahaven, John 279
Flatbush 239
flax 160
Fletcher, George 183
Fletcher, Lieutenant Colonel Henry 169
floggings 143, 202, 212, 252, 358, 418
Fontenoy, Battle of 79
Forbes, Brigadier General John 159, 160, 162, 166, 171, 179, 195, 220, 222, 235, 331, 424
Ohio expedition 123, 124, 125, 130, 131–32, 133, 134–35, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149–51
Forks of the Ohio 36, 38, 45, 49, 64, 77, 83, 130, 161
Forrest, Captain Thomas 281, 287, 288
Fort Clinton 313
Fort Constitution 313
Fort Cumberland 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 83, 85, 86, 88–89, 91, 93, 94, 96, 99, 100, 103, 104, 106, 108, 113, 115, 127, 130, 132, 133, 136, 137, 140, 425
Fort Duquesne 58, 64, 66, 67, 75, 77, 78, 80, 91, 106, 108, 109, 113, 123, 125, 127, 128, 130, 137, 138–40, 145–46, 149, 150, 151, 153, 155, 158, 167, 220, 239, 399,
see also Fort Pitt
Fort Frontenac 148
Fort Griswold 395
Fort Independence 300
Fort Le Boeuf 36, 42, 43–44, 51, 102, 161
Fort Lee 258, 259–60, 263, 266
Fort Loudoun (Virginia) 104, 111, 113, 122, 127, 166
Fort Loudoun (Tennessee) 166–67
Fort Mercer 213
Fort Mifflin 213
Fort Montgomery 213
Fort Necessity 57–58, 59–60, 63–64, 81, 88, 96, 103, 108, 112, 259, 177, 204, 236
Fort Ninety Six 168
Fort Pitt 152, 153, 161, 171, 172, 183
Fort Royal (Martinique) 183
Fort Stanwix, Treaty of 175
Fort Washington 245, 258, 259–62, 265, 273, 283, 295–96, 359, 408
Fort William Henry 112
Fortescue, Sir John 296, 430–31
Fox, Henry 57
France
on brink of conflict with US 426
Caribbean possessions 164, 168, 169, 183, 213, 339, 349, 381, 382, 389
close-order formation used by 409
Congress cancels alliance with 426
Continental Army rivals best troops of 252
declares war on Britain (1778) 316, 339
fleet in Revolutionary War 346–47, 355–56, 359, 375–76, 381, 389–90, 391–92
French Revolution 425–26
interests in Ohio Valley 35, 36–37, 39, 40–41, 49, 64, 65
loss of Indian support 148–49, 151
Napoleonic Wars 426
nature of British victory over (1763) 169–70
North American territories 18, 35
outbreak of war with Britain (1793) 424
preys on American shipping 426
and proposed Franco-American invasion of Canada 348–49
Revolutionary regime 246, 425–26
seeks revenge for humiliation of 1763 170, 212
support for American revolutionaries 213, 315–16, 338–39, 356–57, 359–60, 362–63, 371, 374–77, 381, 386–96, 401–7, 410, 425–26
see also French and Indian War; New France
Franklin, Benjamin 20, 34, 71–72, 234, 245, 337, 338, 398
Fraunces Tavern (New York) 419
Frederick the Great, King of Prussia 165, 319, 337
Frederick/Frederick County 49, 69
Washington tops poll in Assembly elections 131
Fredericksburg 21, 38, 175, 183
Freeman, Douglas Southall 156, 157
Freemasons 183
French, Captain 136
French, Captain/Major Christopher, 168, 208
French and Indian War 3, 4, 9, 49–82, 83–117, 122–53, 155, 157, 161, 183, 191, 216, 235
French Revolution 425–26
Friendly Association for Regaining and Preserving Peace with the Indians by Pacific Measures 135
friendly fire 147–48, 165, 306, 307
frostbite 323
Fry, Colonel Joshua 49–50, 53, 57
Frye, Joseph 201
Gage, Lieutenant Colonel/Colonel/Major General/Lieutenant General Thomas 77, 78, 80, 124, 172, 187, 191, 197, 207–8, 212, 214, 408
Gates, Brigadier/Major General Horatio 77, 183–86, 199, 208, 216, 268, 273, 308, 378
as possible replacement for Washington as commander in chief 317–18, 329–32, 333, 334
role in army agitation against Congress 413–14
sent to southern sector 360
victory over Burgoyne at Saratoga 313, 328, 343
Genesee Country 354
George II, King 22, 56, 57, 88, 125, 128, 152, 164
George III, King 1, 7, 164, 192, 232, 233, 235, 255, 265, 271, 286, 329, 333, 425
George, Lake 102, 112, 134, 148, 221, 254
troops from 249
Germain, Lord George 213, 231, 240, 257, 266, 272, 314, 315, 339, 348, 351, 356, 363, 410
German settlers 31
German troops 123, 229, 267, 340, 346, 407
see also Hessian troops
Germantown 302
Battle of 309–10, 311–12, 314, 316
Gibbs, Major Caleb 367
Gimat, Chevalier de 403–4
Gist, Captain Christopher 38, 45, 46, 53, 55, 58, 59, 69, 87, 116, 140, 176
Gist, Ensign Thomas 140, 141, 148, 176
Glen, James 130
Glorious Revolution 19
Glover, Colonel John 241, 256, 276, 285
Gnadenhütten 412
Gordon, Captain Harry 172
Gordon, Thomas 182
Gordon’s Ford 307
governors, colonial 19
Gowanus Creek 240
Grant, Major/Major General James 140–42, 143, 145, 152, 167–68, 172, 176, 208, 239, 240, 261, 266, 272, 274, 277, 280, 310, 349, 354
Grant, Sergeant William 149
Graves, Admiral 388, 390, 392, 395, 400, 405
Great Kanawha River 176
Great Meadows 53, 56, 59, 60, 75, 81, 176
Great Valley Road 305
Green, Revd Charles 119
Green Spring, Battle of 388
Greene, Christopher 296
Greene, Brigadier General/Major General Nathanael 199, 204, 224, 238, 242–43, 244, 247, 249, 250, 258–59, 260, 269, 270, 276, 280, 281, 286, 288, 293, 296, 299, 305, 309, 310, 311, 325, 328, 332, 341, 343, 347, 366, 379, 380, 386, 392, 399, 408
Greenwood, John 7, 8, 273, 285
Grenville, George 179
Grey, Major General Charles 307, 309, 320, 347, 350
Griffin, Colonel Samuel 274, 275
Griffiths, Barnard E. 405
Groton 395
Gruber, Ira D. 296
Guilford Court House, Battle of 379, 380, 399, 407, 408
Guyasuta (Kiashuta), Chief 41, 176–77
Hackensack River 263
Haiti (Saint Domingue) 389
Halkett, Major Francis 132
Hamilton, Captain/Lieutenant Colonel Alexander 233, 281, 318, 332, 341–42, 343, 361, 366, 404, 413, 422, 427, 428
Hamilton, Elizabeth 404
Hanau 229
Hancock, John 200, 209, 210, 217, 222, 224, 233, 234, 241–42, 250, 251, 259, 262, 264, 266, 268, 279, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 289, 294, 300, 304, 306, 311, 315, 323
Hanna, John 143
Hannibal 299
Hanover 113
Harcourt, Lieutenant Colonel William 268
Harlem Heights 245, 247–49, 250, 255
Harlem River 260
Harmar, Brigadier General Josiah 422
Harrison, Benjamin 315
Harvard College 225
Haslet, Colonel John 294
Haymer, Corporal Matthew 327
Heath, Major General William 259, 264, 300
Heister, Lieutenant General Philip von 239
hemp 160
Hesse-Cassel 229
Hessian troops 229, 230, 239, 242, 246, 257, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 266, 270, 271–72, 277, 280–83, 286, 288, 290, 295, 297, 301, 309, 312, 319, 328, 379, 387, 407
Hobkirk’s Hill, Battle of 380
Hood, Vice Admiral Sir Samuel 390, 392, 395
Hopewell Township 341
Houdon, Jean-Antoine 8
House of Burgesses 19, 32, 49–50, 68, 89, 95, 133, 155, 165, 170, 179, 181, 210
Howe, Brigadier General George Augustus 134, 157, 164, 230, 232–33, 246, 276
Howe, Vice Admiral Richard, 4th Viscount 230, 233, 234, 241, 255
Howe, Major General Robert 374
Howe, General William 197, 212, 213, 222, 298, 299, 346
blamed for Burgoyne’s surrender in north 314, 316
Breed’s Hill 197
as Colonel at Quebec 164
evacuates Boston 224
Fort Washington 259
New York and New Jersey 225, 228, 230, 232–34, 235, 237, 238, 239–43, 245, 246, 247–49, 254, 255, 256, 258, 260, 261, 263, 265, 269, 287
peace initiatives 233–35, 254, 265
Pennsylvania campaign 271–72, 273, 300–301, 302–3
in Philadelphia 318, 319, 320–21, 337
replaced as commander in chief by Clinton 336, 340
takes Philadelphia 307
Trenton-Princeton campaign 286, 295, 296–97
howitzers 70
Hudson Highlands 259, 263, 302, 313, 348, 350, 351, 356, 363, 411
Hudson River/Valley 92, 134, 227, 232, 244, 247, 254, 255, 257, 258, 259, 263, 265, 271, 272, 298, 302, 308, 313, 344, 350, 351, 363, 382, 383
Humphreys, Lieutenant Colonel David 9
Hunter, John 71
Huntington, Samuel 361
Hurons 176
independent companies 57, 60, 69, 166, 188
Indian traders 135
Indians
attacks by 45–46, 54, 83–84, 86, 87, 95–97, 141, 162, 171, 351–53, 355–56, 412, 422
backcountry hatred of 97
as British allies 125–26, 130, 134–35, 141, 148, 151, 161–62, 169, 171, 351, 355
British incite against US 424
British postwar treatment of 171
defense of western frontier 175–76
desert Fort Duquesne 148
devastation of crops 425
impact of disease and warfare on 18
need to treat with respect 162
pan-Indian confederacy 422, 425
Pontiac’s War 171–73
and Revolutionary War 220–21, 351–56, 412
support for French dwindles 161
techniques adopted by British troops 169
techniques adopted by Virginia Regiments 128–29
territory west of Appalachians reserved for 173, 174
war with Cherokees (1760-1) 166–68, 171
war a way of life for 59
war on western frontier (1790-4) 422–25
Washington’s first encounters with 30
white captives 97, 147, 148, 165, 176
see also French and Indian War
Ingram, Corporal John 327
Innes, Colonel/Lieutenant Colonel John 64
armed forces in 228–29
rebellion in (1798) 208
Iroquois 36, 40, 58, 161, 168, 175, 303, 351, 353, 354–55
Iroquois Confederacy 36, 39, 58
Jackson’s River 86
Jacobins 426
jägers see riflemen
Jamaica 23
James II, King 19
James River 374, 387, 388, 396
Jamestown Point, Battle of 408
Jay Treaty 426
Jefferson, Thomas 184, 232, 251, 397, 428, 430
Jeffries Ford 305
Jeney, Captain Louis Michel de 220
Jockey Hollow 356
Johnson (Indian captive) 147, 148
Johnson, Mary 17–18
Johnson, Sir William 102, 125, 162
Joncaire, Captain Philippe Thomas de 41–42, 45
Jones, Joseph 415–16
Jumonville, Joseph Coulon, sieur de 54–57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 80, 108, 168
Kalb, Major General Johann de 318, 328, 360
Kearns, Lieutenant Jacob 150
Kennebec River 212
Kennedy, Captain Quintin 167–68
Kentucky 175
militia 422
riflemen 424
King’s Bridge 242, 243, 255, 256, 300, 362, 385
King’s Mountain, Battle of 361, 424
Kipling, Rudyard 4
Kirkwood, Private Robert 141, 172
Knowles, Captain Charles 25
Knox, Colonel/Brigadier General Henry 5, 215, 222, 223, 268, 269, 277, 279, 281, 282, 310, 318, 325, 385, 419, 421, 424, 427
Knyphausen, Lieutenant General Wilhelm 304, 306, 342
La Belle Famille 161
La Force, Monsieur 43
La Péronie, Ensign William 63, 79
Lafayette, Marie Joseph, Marquis de 5, 315–16, 332, 333, 337, 341, 342, 360, 375, 377, 386–87, 388, 389, 391–92, 399, 403, 426
Laurens, Henry 323, 332, 338, 344, 348
Laurens, Lieutenant Colonel John 345, 368
Lear, Tobias 430
Lee, Arthur 337
Lee, Billy 206
Lee, Major General Charles 77, 184–85, 198, 273, 274, 327, 332
advocates citizen militia 221
as candidate for command of Continental Army 191, 267
character and attributes 264
court-martial and suspension 345
defense of New York 227–28, 231, 238
Monmouth Court House 343–45
pursuit of Clinton’s army 342–43
rejoins army after prisoner exchange 340–41
relationship with Washington 77, 259, 264–65, 255, 267–68, 340–41, 342–43
Lee, Francis Lightfoot 166
Lee, Major/Colonel Henry (Light Horse Harry) 351, 416, 417, 423
Lee, General Robert E. 351
Lee, Sergeant William 201
Leeward Islands 121
Legion of the United States 424
Leib Regiment 335
“Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer” (Dickinson) 186
Lewis, Major Andrew 85, 110, 129, 136, 140
Lewis, Captain Joshua 86
Lexington 188, 191, 196, 198, 217
liberty, concept of 216
Life Guard 367
light infantry companies 169
Lignery, Captain François-Marie Le Marchand de 145, 148, 161
Ligonier, Sir John 146
Lincoln, Major General Benjamin 349, 355, 359, 394, 406–7
Little Hunting Creek 17, 21, 26
Little Meadows 73–74
Little Tennessee River 166
Little Turtle 422
Loftus, Private Thomas 198
London Chronicle 3
Long Island 228, 237, 238, 240, 244, 249, 256, 262, 271, 272, 283, 289, 295, 304, 306, 320, 327, 330, 305–6, 408, 413
Battle of 238–40
Loudoun, John Campbell, Earl of 102, 103–5, 106–7, 108–9, 111, 112, 122, 125, 127
Louis XVI, King of France 314, 339, 425
Louisbourg 112, 113, 122, 134, 157, 163, 276
Loyalhanna Creek 139–140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 161, 165
Loyalists 213, 255, 272, 277, 296, 303, 304, 340, 356, 364, 378, 379
Luzerne, Anne-César, Chevalier de la 384, 386
McConkey’s Ferry 276, 277, 278, 280, 282
McDougall, General Alexander 413
McIntosh, William 298
Mackay, Captain James 57, 58, 61, 62, 63
Mackenzie, Lieutenant Frederick 262
McKenzie, Malcolm 408
Mackenzie, Captain Robert 187
MacMahon, Isabella 252
MacMahon, Private Thomas 252
McNeil, Daniel 165–66
Magaw, Colonel Robert 258, 260, 261, 262
Manchester Regiment 183
Manhattan 228, 233, 237, 238, 238–41, 244, 246, 255, 256, 272, 300, 344, 347, 362, 382, 385, 386, 393, 411
Manley, Captain/Commodore John 215, 285
Marie-Antoinette, Queen 426
Marin, Pierre de La Malgue, sieur de 36, 39
Marjoribanks, Major John 400
Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of 56, 121, 165, 198, 219, 305
Marston Moor, Battle of 14
Martha’s Vineyard 347
Martin, Private Joseph Plumb 323, 326, 342, 358, 398, 401, 410, 418, 419, 428
Maryland 15, 20, 38, 52, 65, 302, 389
indentured servants 22
militia 16
speculators from 174
troops from 70, 85, 86, 88, 93, 99, 100, 106, 108, 123, 148, 193, 232, 239, 248, 267, 270, 291, 318, 380
Assembly 181
Massachusetts Artillery 290
Massachusetts Bay colony 164, 187
Maumee River 422
Mawhood, Lieutenant Colonel Charles 291, 293, 298
Medows, Brigadier General William 349, 409
Meigs, Colonel Return Jonathan 358–59
Mercer, Anne see Patton, Anne
Mercer, Captain/Lieutenant Colonel George 38, 50, 92, 110, 120–21, 137, 147, 161
Mercer, Colonel/Brigadier General Hugh 152–53, 183, 262, 276, 289
Mercer, Captain John Fenton 96
Metuchen 301
Mifflin, Brigadier General Thomas 287, 324, 331, 332
Mingos 36, 40–41, 58, 59, 73, 115, 161, 171, 422
minutemen 198, 211, 216, 217, 421
Mississippi Company 174–75
Mississippi River/Valley 43, 170, 348
Mohawk Valley 354
Mohawks 43, 167, 168, 351, 354, 406
Moldavia 184
Monacatoocha 41, 53–54, 73, 76, 88
Monckton, Major General Robert 183–84
Monmouth Court House, Battle of 342–45
Monongahela River, Battle of 36, 38–39, 77–82, 83, 88, 91, 103, 136, 163, 199, 235, 294
Monroe, Lieutenant James (later president) 281, 428
Montcalm, Louis Joseph, Marquis de 102, 112
Monteur, Andrew 88
Montgomery, Colonel Archibald 149, 150, 166–67
Montgomery, Brigadier General Richard 199, 217, 221, 222
Montgomery’s Highlanders 123, 139–40, 141, 171, 172, 261–262
Montresor Island 244
Morgan, Captain Daniel 77, 212, 308, 339, 378, 379, 423
Morris, Captain Roger 69
Morristown 267, 295–96, 297, 298–99, 302, 324, 356, 371, 372, 378, 399
Molder, Captain Joseph 292
Mount Vernon 21, 26, 28, 31, 32, 34, 67, 84, 117, 120, 137–38, 154, 160, 165, 173, 178, 185, 217, 270, 319, 326, 337, 394, 419–20, 426, 427, 429, 430
Murdering Town 45
Muse, George, Major/Lieutenant Colonel 35, 60, 63, 177–78
Musgrove, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas 310, 312
Muskingum River 172
mutiny 205, 252, 358–59, 372–74, 413, 417–418
Nancy (British ordnance ship) 215
Napoleonic Wars 426
Narrangansett Bay 346
Naseby, Battle of 14
New Bedford 347
New Camp 150
New England 84, 191, 272, 303, 350, 353
troops in Continental Army 200, 215–16, 238–39, 257, 269, 285, 294, 374
New France 18, 112, 122–23, 157, 160, 171
Indian network in Ohio 135–36
militarized society 59
ramifications of rebuilding 348
ultimate victory over 113
see also France
New Hampshire
militia 303–4
New Haven 350
New Jersey 196, 208, 255, 257, 259, 263, 264, 265, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 282, 284, 286, 295, 297, 301, 302–3, 307, 316, 318, 320, 340, 341, 347, 350, 356, 371, 390, 391
New Jersey College 274
New Model Army 14
New Orleans 348
New Windsor 372
New York 66, 84, 92, 93, 171, 184, 418–19, 420
British army withdraws toward 339, 340
as British operational base 212, 214
Clinton sails south from 356
Clinton’s return to 345
frontier 102, 112, 134, 161, 168, 355
munitions in 215
Provincial Congress 196, 229–30
Revolutionary War 192, 195–96, 207–8, 225–49, 254, 255, 257, 261, 269, 272, 295, 300, 301, 382–83, 387, 393–94
troops 69, 77, 183, 192, 393–94, 403
Washington in (1775) 196
Washington enters (1783) 419–20
New York Independent Company 69, 77, 183
Newark 263
Newburgh 412–13, 414, 416–17, 418
Newburgh Addresses 414–15
Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of 113
Newport 92, 272, 346, 347, 356, 360, 375, 376, 377, 381, 390, 395
Niagara 65, 161, 162, 171, 354
Nicola, Colonel Lewis 417
nonimportation pacts 180, 181, 186–87
Nooks Hill 224
Norfolk 375
North Carolina 31, 66, 69–70, 90, 103, 213, 230, 349, 361, 374, 378–79, 390
troops from 85, 123, 148, 361, 379, 399
Northern Neck 28, 32, 34, 35, 175, 382
Norwalk 350
Nottoways 136
Nova Scotia 18, 66, 84, 112, 225, 228
O’Hara, Lieutenant Augustus 406
O’Hara, Brigadier General Charles 406–7
Ohio Company 37, 38–39, 47, 51, 68
Ohio Indians 135–136, 148, 162, 171, 176, 202, 262
Ohio River/Valley 35–36, 39–47, 58, 64, 73, 102, 109, 123, 130, 141, 142, 152, 157, 161, 175–76, 276, 412, 422
Old Point Comfort 388
“Olive Branch Petition” 192, 213
Orme, Captain Robert 67–68, 69, 76, 80
Oswego 102
Ottoman Turks 184
Oudenarde, Battle of 56
Pamunkey River 71
Paoli, Battle of 307, 309, 350
Paris, Peace of (1763) 169
Paris, Peace of (1783) 418
Parke II, Colonel Daniel 121–22
Parke, Sarah 121
Parkman, Francis 56
Passaic River 263
Paterson, John 318
Patterson, Lieutenant Colonel James 235
Patton, Anne (née Mercer) 183
Patton, General George 183
Patton, Robert 183
Paulding, John 364
Peace Commission (proposed) 213–14
Peachey, Captain William 116
Peale, Charles Willson 5–7, 178–79, 267, 297
Peale, Rembrandt 7
Pearis, Richard 69
Peebles, John, Lieutenant/Captain 261, 298, 311, 336, 339, 349, 359, 406
Peekskill 10, 259, 265, 302, 313
Pell’s Point 255
Peninsular War 349
Pennington, Captain Isaac 30
Pennington Road 280–81
Pennsylvania 30–31, 52, 74, 127, 266, 269
frontier of 3, 83, 101–2, 113, 161, 171
militia 273–74, 277, 290, 305, 422
Revolutionary War 271, 272, 273, 287, 297–312, 316–21, 328, 388
rivalry with Virginia 131, 133
troops from 86, 90, 93, 99, 106, 109, 123, 143, 149, 150, 152, 153, 193, 204, 205, 239, 258, 267, 269, 291, 307, 359, 371–72, 387–88, 394
Whiskey Rebellion 425
Pennsylvania Gazette 96, 108, 147
Pennsylvania Regiment 144, 150, 152, 153
Percy, General Hugh, Lord 197, 354, 406
Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia 319
Philadelphia 1, 2, 42, 92, 159, 162, 184, 188, 211, 229, 241, 244, 257, 266, 268, 270, 271, 273, 275, 289, 388
British evacuation of 339–40, 348
First Continental Congress 186–87
Forbes’s headquarters at 125, 126, 127
Howe captures and occupies 307, 308, 312, 318, 320–21
Howe’s force sails to 301–3
Pennsylvanian mutineers march on 372
Second Continental Congress 191, 192
troops from 264, 277, 284, 290, 292, 293
Philadelphia Associators 267, 277, 292, 293
Philipse, Mary Eliza 93
Philips’s Manor, New York 352
Phillips, Major General William 377, 386
Pilgrim Fathers 14
Pinckney, Major General Charles Cotesworth 427
Pitt, William 112, 113, 122, 123, 124, 130, 135, 157, 180
Plains of Abraham (Quebec), Battle of 163, 169, 198, 220, 398
plunderers 251, 252, 273, 301, 357
Point Lévis 217
Poland 184
Polson, William 79
Poltava, Battle of 319
Pompton 373
Pope, Anne 15
Porto Bello 22
Portugal 349
Post, Christian Frederick 135, 148
Potomac River 28, 30, 38, 68, 91, 100, 103, 394
Presque Isle 36, 39, 43, 161, 171
Prevost, Brigadier General Augustine 349, 355
Prince William County 98
HMS Princess Carolina 23
Princeton 265, 272, 277, 282, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 390
Battle of 10, 290–94, 295, 296, 316, 343, 411
prisoners of war 235, 261, 406
Proclamation Line 176
Putnam, Major General Israel 199, 201, 223, 238, 247, 248, 259, 260, 303
Putnam, Lieutenant Colonel Rufus 223, 224
Quebec 112, 123, 162–63, 165, 169, 195–96, 212, 217, 220, 221, 222, 253, 262, 276, 398
Quibbletown 301
Rall, Colonel Johann 273, 274, 275, 280, 281–82, 287, 296, 308
Ramsay, William 101
Randolph, Peyton 187
rangers 113–14, 168, 169, 197, 199, 276, 351, 354
Rappahannock River 21, 28, 155
Raritan River 264, 265, 272, 294, 300, 340
Rawdon, Captain Francis, Lord 246, 256, 380, 399
Raystown 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 136, 139, 143, 145, 151
Read, James 294
Reading 330
Reed, Colonel Joseph 215, 216, 223, 234, 247, 263, 264, 274, 275, 280, 373
Repetigny, Louis Le Gardeur de 43
Revolutionary War 3, 5, 50, 77, 78, 150, 191–420
Bemis Heights 313
British abandon Philadelphia and head for New York 339–42
British surrender at Yorktown 405–9
Brooklyn Heights 239–40
build-up to 179–88
Burgoyne surrenders to Gates 313, 316
capture of Philadelphia 307
Caribbean theater 339, 349, 355
the Carolinas 349–50, 378–79, 380, 399
Charleston expedition 230
Cowpens and Guilford Court House 378–79
Eutaw Springs 399
fall of Charleston 359
final stages 411–18
Fort Washington 259–62
Franco-American alliance and campaigns 314–15, 338–39, 345–46, 355–56, 359–60, 375–78, 381, 382–96, 401–6, 411
Georgia 348
hopes for negotiated settlement 213, 228, 233–35, 241, 245–46, 254, 260
Indian war 351–55
invasion of Canada 212, 217, 221, 229, 231
Monmouth Court House 342–45
New York campaign (1781) 382–86
New York and New Jersey (1776) 227–70
outbreak of hostilities 188, 191
Peace of Paris (1783) 418
Pennsylvania campaign 297–312, 316–21
recapture of Boston 223–26
Rhode Island 346
Saratoga campaign 307–8, 315–17
siege of Boston 188, 191, 193, 203–4, 206, 207, 210, 214–15, 218, 222–24
southern campaign 359–61, 378–79, 380, 386–90
Staten Island conference 245–46
Trenton-Princeton campaign 272–96
virtual civil war in south 362
war at sea 408–9, 355–56, 374–75, 381, 389, 391–92, 395–96
White Plains 256–57
Yorktown campaign 392–400
Rhode Island 271, 272, 356, 359, 360, 362, 372, 375, 381, 383, 384, 392
Richmond, Captain Christopher 414
riflemen 204–5, 212, 258, 264, 265–66, 275, 283, 287, 288, 308, 339, 352, 367, 387
Roanoke River 103
Robertson, Lieutenant General James 366
Robinson, John 68, 94, 133, 159
Rochambeau, General Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de 359–60, 362, 364, 372, 375, 376, 377, 381, 382, 383–84, 386, 387, 390, 392, 393, 394, 396, 401, 406, 411, 427
Rochambeau, Vicomte de 381
Rockingham, Charles Watson Wentworth, Lord 410
Rocky Hill 295
Rodney, Admiral Sir George 362, 363, 395
Rodney, Captain Thomas 290
Rogers, Major Robert 119, 157, 276
Romney, George 354
HMS Romulus 375
Root, Sergeant Nathaniel 284–85, 292, 297
Roxbury 210
Royal Academy 7
Royal American Regiment 99, 109, 114, 120, 123, 128, 163, 276
Royal Deux-Ponts Regiment 391
Royal Military Academy, Woolwich 1
Royal Navy
press American sailors to man vessels 424,
Revolutionary War 213, 214–15, 224, 227, 231, 233, 255, 299, 344, 360, 377, 391–92, 395–96, 402
Washington destined for 29
Royal Proclamation of Rebellion (1775) 208
Rupert of the Rhine, Prince 14
Rush, Benjamin 193, 231, 245–46, 269, 278, 279, 285, 311, 329–30, 332, 345
Russia 184
mercenaries from 229
Rutledge, Edward 245
St. Clair, Brigadier/Major General Arthur 276, 289, 307, 422–23
St. Clair, Sir John 73, 126, 127, 147
St. Lawrence River/Valley 58, 65, 148, 212
Saint-Pierre, Captain Jacques Legardeur, sieur de 43–45, 102
Sandusky, Battle of 412
sanitation 202–3
Saratoga, battles of 308–9, 313–15, 316–17, 330, 343
Savannah 349, 355, 408, 418, 426
Savoy, Eugene, Prince of 165
Saxe, Marshal Maurice de 319, 424
Schuyler, Major General Philip 199, 212, 217, 273, 308
scorched-earth strategy 168, 354
Scotch-Irish settlers 31
Scotland
emigration to North America 298
recruits from 298
Scott, General Charles 318, 423
scouting parties 114
Scully, Michael 136
Second Continental Congress 188, 191
see also Congress
Ségur, Philippe-Henri-Marie, Comte de 381, 382
Seneca Indians 39, 41, 168, 176, 355
“Sentiments on a Peace Establishment” 421
Serle, Ambrose 234, 242, 253, 262, 283, 337, 354
servants, indentured 15, 19–20, 99
Seven Years’ War 6, 169–70, 238, 262, 360, 377
see also French and Indian War
Seward, Ann 367
Shabakunk Run 288
Sharpe, Horatio, lieutenant governor of Maryland 52, 65, 66, 91, 92–93, 95
Shaw, Major Samuel 294
Shawnees 36, 40, 58, 135, 141, 148, 161–62, 171, 175, 352, 412, 422, 424
Shenandoah Valley 29, 32, 83–84, 86, 103, 125, 184
Shirley, William, lieutenant governor of Massachusetts 89, 91, 92
Shirley, William (son) 91
Shy, John 344
Simcoe, Lieutenant Colonel John Graves 386, 187, 405, 424
slavery 15, 19–20, 33, 67, 90, 173, 397–98, 405
Smith, Richard 116
Smith, William 111
Society of the Cincinnati 421–22
Soissonnais Regiment 391
soldiers, dislike of professional 4
South Carolina 18, 69, 120, 213, 255, 348–49, 378, 380, 386, 390, 399
British offensive in 356, 359, 360
Charleston expedition 230
frontiers of 108
troops from 57, 60, 93, 113, 166, 399
South Carolina Independent Company 57, 60
Spain
cedes Florida in partial exchange for Havana 170
expected to join war against Britain 339
gains Louisiana west of Mississippi 170
Havana captured from 164
North American territories 18, 428
Peninsular War 349
War of Jenkins’s Ear 21–26
Spaulding, Captain Levi 201
Spear, Major Joseph 305
Spiltdorf, Carolus Gustavus de 79
Springfield 420
Stamp Act Congress 233
Stanwix, Colonel/Brigadier General John 109, 114, 115, 120, 124, 125, 183
Stark, Brigadier General John 276, 303, 308
Staten Island 230, 235, 245, 301, 390
Stedman, Charles 240
Stephen, Lieutenant Colonel/Brigadier General/Major General Adam 50, 86, 88, 90, 93–94, 127–28, 142, 163, 184, 235, 261, 265, 276, 299, 310–11, 316
Stephen, Lieutenant Alexander 161
Steuben, Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von 337–38, 343, 345, 374, 375, 398, 405, 409, 419, 421, 423, 424
Stewart, Lieutenant Colonel Alexander 399
Stewart, Robert 92, 117, 161–62, 166
Stewart, Colonel Walter 413
Stirling, Lord see Alexander, William
Stobo, Robert 61
Stockbridge 352
Stuart, Prince Charles Edward (Bonnie Prince Charlie) 152, 183
Suddarth, John 404
Sullivan, Brigadier General/Major General John 199, 224, 238, 239, 241, 245, 273, 276, 280, 281, 282, 290, 293, 303, 305, 309, 310, 312, 318, 331, 346, 353, 354, 355, 383
Swallow Warrior 115
Tanaghrisson, Half-King 39, 41, 42, 44, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59
Tappan Zee 233
Tarleton, Colonel Banastre 6, 267–68, 378, 386, 424
taxation
by Congress 425
of colonies 170, 179–81, 186, 213, 324
federal liquor 425
Teach, Edward (Blackbeard) 291
Temple of Virtue 415–16
Tennessee backwoodsmen 361
Ternay, Commodore Chevalier de 360, 362
the Terror 425
Thacher, Dr. James 203, 204, 335–36, 358, 366–67, 368, 374, 391, 397, 402, 408
Thayendanegea see Brant, Joseph
Thompson, Colonel 204, 205, 206
Thompson, Neill 408
Ticonderoga
fortress 162, 215, 221, 254, 273, 302, 307, 401
Tidewater 21, 30, 71, 87, 90, 97, 397
Tilly, Captain Arnaud le Gardeur de 375
tobacco 14–15, 16, 20, 33, 67, 160, 173, 174, 397
Townley, Francis 183
Townshend Duties (1767) 180
trade blockade 212–13
Trask, Israel 206
Trenton 265, 266, 272, 273, 274, 284, 287, 288, 290, 308, 311, 373, 390
Battle of 275, 276–82, 283, 290, 296, 316, 394, 411
Trenton-Princeton campaign (1776–7) 6, 10, 272–97, 307
Trois-Rivières 229
Trumbull, Jonathan, Governor of Connecticut 216, 303
Trumbull Jr., Jonathan 394
tuberculosis 32
Tucker, Major St. George 396, 399
Tudor, William 251
Turpin de Crissé, Lancelot, Comte 128, 220, 424
Tuscaroras 136
typhus 328
Ulster 31
United States
anti-French sentiments 426
army following end of Revolutionary War 420–21
Constitution 420
national defense 421
war with Indians on western frontier 422–25
Washington first president of 3, 420, 430
Valley Forge 321, 323–25, 328, 332, 334, 337, 356, 399, 409
Van Braam, Captain Jacob 38, 43, 61, 62, 63
Varus 352
Vaudreuil, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de 102
Vaughan, Major General John 313
Vause’s Fort 103
Venango 41, 42, 43, 45, 51, 88, 161, 171
Vermont 303
Vernon, Vice Admiral Edward 22–27
Verplanck’s Point 313, 350, 364
Vigie, peninsula of the 349, 409
Ville de Paris (French flagship) 396
Villiers, Captain Coulon de 59, 61
Virginia
at time of Washington’s birth 18, 19, 20
companies in American Regiment 22
defense of frontier 3, 83–84, 90–91, 101, 106–7, 113, 125, 152, 153, 155, 159, 161
as England’s first American colony 14–15
fear of slave revolt 90
Indian raids on frontier 171
Loyalists in 230
militia 34–35, 95, 98, 188, 318, 325, 360, 374, 375, 395–96
raise force to uphold rights on the Ohio 49
raises second regiment 123
Revolutionary War 374, 382, 383, 386–411
rivalry with Pennsylvania 131, 133
slavery in 19–21
society 28, 74, 83, 103, 173–74
speculators from 174
taxation 181
tradition of hospitality 173
troops in Continental Army 193, 203, 248, 249, 276, 279, 280, 285, 291, 315, 317, 359, 380, 388
Washington seeks to impress power-brokers in 68
Washington’s ancestors settle in 13–14
Washington’s loyalty to 130–31, 133, 137, 143, 145, 236
Virginia Gazette 55, 101, 103, 164, 337
Virginia Regiment
criticism of officers’ conduct 94
criticism of Washington and 101
French and Indian War 49–67, 95–102, 123, 326
garrison at Fort Pitt 152, 153
petitions from men fallen on hard times 165
praised for bravery 142
reconstituted for frontier defense 84
recruitment 86, 90, 95, 97, 99, 110, 123, 325–26
relief expedition to Fort Loudoun 166
reorganization of 110
second regiment raised 123
split into independent companies 66, 79–80, 81–82
temporary militiamen in 97–98
training and discipline 85, 87, 89–90, 93, 97, 111, 126–27, 144, 199, 205, 219–20, 221, 252
veterans petition for share of bounty land 174–75, 176, 177, 185
Washington given command of 84–86
Washington on importance of 106
Washington pleads case with Shirley over status of 91–93
Washington resigns commission (1754) 66
Washington resigns commission (1758) 153
Washington seeks regular status for 107, 109, 112, 408
Washington threatens to resign command (1756) 93, 94, 97
and Washington’s paternalism 136, 149
Virginian Continentals 380
3rd 359
4th 235
Virginian Light Horse 71
HMS Vulture 364
Wabash River 422
Wadsworth, Jeremiah 328
Waggoner, Captain Thomas 91
Walpole, Sir Robert 182
War of American Independence see Revolutionary War
War of the Austrian Succession 43, 70, 360
War of Jenkins’s Ear 21–26
Ward, Major General Artemas 191, 194, 197, 199, 225
Ward, Ensign Edward 51
Warner, Mildred 16
Warren Tavern 306
Washington, Anne (née Fairfax) (sister-in-law) 28, 66
Washington, Augustine (father) 16
Washington, Augustine (half-brother) 17, 21, 28
Washington, Betty (sister) 21
Washington, Charles (brother) 21
Washington, George
character and attributes
ambition 4, 35, 53, 66, 84, 88, 154, 156, 159, 165, 192, 194, 430
appearance 1, 7, 8, 38, 129, 203, 427–28
artistic portrayal of 5–8, 178–79, 267, 295
attitude to risk-taking 207, 211, 243, 294
attitude to war 429
cautious image (Fabianism) 4, 243, 263, 264, 265, 297, 299, 301, 320, 328–29, 347
coolness 2
cultivates English accent 29
disciplinarian 111–12, 114, 158, 159, 200, 206, 219, 236, 251, 252, 373–74
fondness for women 120
as gentleman warrior 2–3, 4, 9, 11, 92, 134, 353, 377, 418, 430–31
leadership skills 158–59, 296, 343, 430–31
love of luxuries 173
loyalty to Virginia 130–31, 133, 137, 143, 144, 236
military prowess 4–7, 8–9, 11, 92, 153–54, 155, 178
private personality 9
reckless quest for glory 60, 159, 294
religious beliefs 103
sense of honor 52, 63, 88, 95, 97
temperance 311
correspondence and writings 9, 157, 194, 295
journals 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 46, 50, 54, 55, 63–64, 108, 176, 378, 382, 394, 401
letters to Adam Stephen 235, 299–300
letters to brother Jack 56, 261, 269, 302
letter to Francis Halkett 132
letter to George Muse 177–78
letters to George William Fairfax 181, 188–89
letters to John Laurens 368–69
letters to Joseph Reed 215, 216, 223
letter to Landon Carter 317
letters to Lord Loudoun 105–8
letter to Richard Washington 109–10
letters to/from Martha 156, 195
letters to/from Sally Fairfax 137–38, 428–29
letters/reports to Bouquet 147
letters/reports to Dinwiddie 45, 46, 53, 54, 55, 56, 78, 80, 97, 100, 104, 110, 117, 325
letters/reports to Fauquier 143, 146, 152
letters/reports to Forbes 144, 149–50
letters/reports to Hancock 200, 209, 210, 217, 222, 232, 250, 251, 259, 262, 264, 279, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 289, 300, 304, 306, 311
letters/reports to Henry Laurens 323, 338, 344, 348
letters/reports to Huntington 361
early life
access to highest level of Virginian society 28
birth 18
career prospects 29
childhood 26–27
death of brother Lawrence 34
death of father 26–27
education 26, 27, 28, 182, 225
inheritance 27
seeks military position 34
siblings 21
visits Barbados 32–34
French and Indian War 50–153
1758 campaign 127–57
anger over British view of colonial support 73
anger over outranking of colonial officers 88–89, 89, 92–93, 122, 168, 179, 250
anger over pay of Virginian troops 52
attends Philadelphia strategic summit 106–8
as Braddock’s third aide-de-camp 69–81, 158
capitulation to French at Fort Necessity 62–63, 64, 81, 159, 204
colonel of 1st Virginia Regiment 122–152
colonel of (original) Virginia Regiment 57–66, 84–119, 158, 242, 324
commander in chief of all Virginian forces 84–86
commands 3rd Brigade of Forbes’s army 149–53
defense of frontier 83–117, 122–52, 155, 159, 179
exasperated by militiamen 97–98, 105, 114
inspects front line 104–4
joins Braddock’s army 67–68
Jumonville Affair 54–57, 61–62, 63, 64, 80, 108
keen interest in his men 136, 149
lieutenant colonel in Virginia Regiment 49–57
Monongahela River massacre 77–81
recognition of his contribution 153–54, 155, 157
resigns command of Virginia Regiment (1758) 153
resigns commission with Virginia Regiment (1754) 66
seeks king’s commission 57, 88, 108, 122, 155
support for Braddock’s Road 130–31, 132–33, 142, 146, 149, 152
taking of Fort Duquesne 149–52, 153, 158
threatens to resign command of Virginia Regiment (1756) 93, 94, 97
visits Shirley in Boston 91–93
health
false teeth 7–8
fever 75–77
smallpox 34–35
military career
adjutant for Southern Virginia 35, 37–46
attitude to militiamen 421
as commander in chief of all US forces (1798) 426–28
decides to quit military life 153
dreams of military glory not completely forgotten 164–65
first taste of fame 47
French and Indian War 50–153
see also above
interest in New Army 427
Ohio trip 37–46
Revolutionary War 191–413
see also below
significance of his experiences 157–59
turns back on 153–54
personal life
acquires Mount Vernon 67
claims bounty lands 174–75, 176, 177–78, 185
courtship of Martha 120–22, 137–38, 156
economic problems 173–74
estates 156, 160, 173, 174–78, 185, 217, 326, 394
family background 13–18
feels colonists treated as second-class citizens by Britain 174, 179
as gentleman farmer 154, 160–61, 173, 174
grievances against British 179–80
honorary degree from Harvard 225
hunger for western land 173, 174–78
lavish lifestyle and hospitality 173
no children from marriage 156
political career
attitude to British taxation 179–80, 81
chairs Convention on US Constitution 420
and defense of American liberties 179, 180–81, 187, 194, 195, 197
delegate to First Continental Congress 186–87
delegate to Second Continental Congress 188, 192–95
first president of United States 3, 420, 430
maturing political skills 210
military reforms 423
no taste for dictatorship 417, 420
presidency of Society of Cincinnati 421–22
as replacement king 417
seat in House of Burgesses 155, 165–66, 179, 181
“Sentiments on a Peace Establishment” 420
tops poll in Frederick County Assembly elections 131, 155–56
valued pundit on military affairs 166, 193–94
war with Indians on western frontier 421–25
Whiskey Rebellion 425
relationships
with Arnold 218, 298–99, 336, 363–66, 368–69, 375
with Braddock 71–72
with Chastellux 381–82
with Congress 3, 268, 285–86, 296, 328–32, 334
with Dinwiddie 37, 103–2, 107, 116–17, 159–60, 209, 325
with Forbes 124, 126, 127, 131, 132–33, 142, 144, 151, 159, 160, 331
with Gage 207
with Gates 75, 317–18, 329–32, 333, 414–15
with half-brother Lawrence 21, 24, 26, 29, 32, 34, 315, 430
with Hugh Mercer 183
with Indians 39–40, 51, 53, 58, 59, 88, 110–11, 114–15, 135–36, 162, 176–77, 352–56
with John Hancock 209–10
with Lafayette 314–15, 332, 342, 360, 364–65
with Lee 77, 263, 266, 267, 340, 341, 342–43, 344–45
with Lord Loudoun 104–9
with Martha 120–22, 137–38, 153–54, 156, 217, 325
with Mary Eliza Philipse 93
with Rochambeau 360, 362, 383, 392
with Sally Fairfax 31, 68, 74–75, 83, 95, 119, 120, 137–38, 142, 156, 185, 336, 429
with Steuben 337
reputation 3, 4–7, 81–82, 114, 116–17, 131–34, 153, 154, 160, 178, 179, 192, 224, 267, 295, 329, 367–68, 376, 429, 430–31
Revolutionary War 191–420
acknowledges primacy of civilian leadership 210, 212, 221, 244, 245, 417
action of privateers against British merchantmen 215
address at Temple of Virtue 215–16
admiration of British Army 408–9
allows leaders of regional armies considerable autonomy 232
appointed commander in chief of Continental Army 191–92, 193, 194, 215
approach to warfare 219–21
attack on Stony Point and Paulus Hook 350–51
Brandywine 304–7
British surrender at Yorktown 405–9
Brooklyn Heights 240
Camden 361
capture of Philadelphia 307
conflicting feelings about his task 194
Congress authorizes expansion and reorganization of Continental Army 249–53
Congress grants full power over operation of war 268, 285–86, 296
Congress orders commemorative medal for 311
considers abandoning New York 242–43, 244
considers armed resistance against British 179, 180, 181–82, 187–88
councils of war 210, 222, 237, 244, 255, 258, 261, 274, 276, 287, 289, 299, 308, 328–29, 341
Cowpens and Guilford Court House 375–76
criticism of his leadership 263–64, 265, 269, 274, 299–300, 328–34, 344
crossing of the Delaware 278–79
declaration of American independence 232
in demand to lead Virginian troops (1775) 188
demands British acknowledgement of his rank 234–35
errors made by 238, 242, 244, 245, 256, 261, 263, 295
execution of André 365–69
fall of Charleston 359–60
farewell address to army 419
fears for Philadelphia 267
fears war is all but lost 269
feelings about victory at Saratoga 316, 317
formal resignation to Congress 420
foundations for victory laid by 411
frustration over amateur part-timers 209–10, 218
headquarters at Cambridge 199
heads Congressional committees 192–93
highpoint of military career 295
Howe attempts peace negotiations with 234–35, 241
instructions from Congress 195, 229
lobbies for permanent standing army 242, 249, 251, 253, 334–36, 413, 417, 420–21, 423
manpower issues 199, 208–9, 211, 213–14, 215, 217–18, 220–21, 228, 241–42, 247, 249, 263, 267–68, 269–70, 273, 282, 283–84, 286, 287, 308, 316–17, 318, 325–28, 334–35, 371, 379–80, 384–85, 396
militiamen 217, 242–43, 258, 293, 360–61, 379–80
Monmouth Court House 342–45
New York campaign plans (1781) 382–86, 389, 393–94
New York and New Jersey campaign 225, 227–70, 411
offensive against Iroquois 351–56
officers’ role and remuneration 219–20, 250–51, 334–36, 417
opposes invasion of Canada (1778) 348
orders to troops 199–200, 201, 218, 232, 236, 237, 283, 284, 303, 316, 320, 343, 357, 360, 364–65, 398, 415, 418, 419
organizes Continental Army 199–203
paperwork 208
patriotic speeches to men 284–85
Peace of Paris 418
Pennsylvania campaign 297–313, 316–21
powers of 285–86
presence on front lines at Yorktown 403–4, 405
promotes common American cause 236
pursuit of Clinton’s army in New Jersey 341–42
reaction to Newburgh Addresses 414–15
recapture of Boston 223–25
referred to as “His Excellency” 202
regroups in Pennsylvania 273
relations with French allies 345–48, 377, 382–82
reorganization of Continental Army 214, 218, 250–52
retreat from New York 255–56, 264–266
returns Howe’s dog 310
shortage of munitions 206, 215–16, 222
shortage of supplies 323–24, 356–58, 371
southern campaign 382, 385, 386–411
support for his men 280, 324–25
symbol and defender of American liberty 308, 329
training of troops 337–39
treason of Arnold 363–65, 368–69
Trenton-Princeton campaign 271–96, 410–11
unrest among troops 371–75, 411–18
at Valley Forge 321, 323–25, 328, 334, 336, 337–40
wants speedy resolution of hostilities 210
wants to take a stand at Princeton 266
weary of his role 253
Wethersfield conference 381–82
White Plains 256–57
Yorktown campaign 392–411
sources on 9–11
Washington, Jane (half sister) 17, 21
Washington, John Augustine (“Jack”) (brother) 21, 56, 76, 229, 261, 269, 302
Washington, Colonel John (great-grandfather) 14, 15–16, 40
Washington, John (uncle) 16
Washington, Lawrence (grandfather) 16
Washington, Revd Lawrence (great great-grandfather) 14
Washington, Lawrence (half-brother) 17, 21, 315–16, 430
as adjutant general for Virginia 34–35
in Barbados 32–34
captains Virginian company in American Regiment 22, 23–24, 25–26, 50, 121
inheritance and estates 26, 32
marriage 28
Washington, Lund (cousin) 217, 252–53, 267, 270, 326, 394
Washington, Martha (wife)
at Mount Vernon 160
children by first marriage 122
correspondence with husband 156, 194
lifestyle and hospitality 173
relationship with husband 156, 429
visits husband in camp 217
Washington, Mary (née Ball) (mother) 17–18, 27, 28, 29, 66–67
character 27
Washington, Mildred (aunt) 16, 17
Washington, Richard 109, 122, 154
Washington, Samuel (brother) 21, 204
Washington, Sarah (niece) 67
Washington, Captain/Colonel William 279, 281, 399–400
Washington’s Camp 149–51
Waterloo, Battle of 426
Wayne, Brigadier General/Major General Anthony 306, 310, 318, 328–29, 341–42, 345, 350, 372–73, 387, 388, 399, 423–25
weaponry
breech-loading rifles 1
cannon fire 401–3
Continental Army 398–400
espontoons 398–99
howitzers 70–71
rate of fire 70
technological advances 1, 70–71
twelve- and six-pounders 70–71
Webb, Thomas 188
Weedon, General George 247, 423
Weems, Parson 26
Weiser (Indian agent) 59
Wellford, Dr. Robert 425
Wentworth, Brigadier General Thomas 23, 24–25
West, Christopher 165
West Indies see Caribbean
West Point 347–48, 350, 364, 420
Westchester County 364
wheat 160
Whiskey Rebellion 425
White House (New Kent County) 120, 122
White, Sergeant Joseph 290–91
White Thunder, Chief 41, 44–45
Whitemarsh 320
Wilkinson, James, Captain/Major 10, 214, 288, 289, 293, 330
William III, King 19
Williamsburg 37, 38, 42, 46–47, 55, 62, 63, 64, 71, 74, 89, 98, 103, 120, 159, 160, 173, 184, 387, 394–95, 396, 398, 399
Wills Creek 38, 46, 51, 52, 68, 69, 85, 88, 104, 130
Wilmington 302
Winchester 69, 71, 73, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103–5, 108, 110, 114, 115–16, 117, 122, 125, 127, 131
Wolfe, Major General James 6, 157, 162–63, 164, 169, 195–96, 198, 220, 257, 262, 276, 398
Wood, James 70
Wood, Sylvanus 198
Woodbridge 298
Woodford, Colonel William 219, 220
Wright, Joseph 429
Wyoming Valley 351
campaign (1781) 9, 393–411, 426
Young, Major William 220