INTRODUCTION: OVERVIEW OF EVERYTHING
1. Mary Louise Kerwin, Kimberly C. Kirby, Dominic Speziali, et al., “What Can Parents Do? A Review of State Laws Regarding Decision Making for Adolescent Drug Abuse and Mental Health Treatment,” Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 24, no. 3 (March 2016): 166–76, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4393016/ (accessed July 4, 2016).
2. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, “Behavioral Health Trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health,” HHS Publication No. SMA 15-4927, NSDUH Series H-50 (September 2015), http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FRR1-2014/NSDUH-FRR1-2014.pdf (accessed July 26, 2016).
3. About 250,000 with “any” mental illness are homeless. See chapter 1.
4. About 1,153,050 with “any” mental illness are incarcerated. See chapter 2.
5. Approximately 2,360,500 with “any” mental illness are on probation or parole. See chapter 2.
6. Treatment Advocacy Center (TAC), The Shortage of Public Hospital Beds for Mentally Ill Persons, a report of the Treatment Advocacy Center by E. Fuller Torrey, Kurt Entsminger, Jeffrey Geller, et al. (Arlington, VA: Treatment Advocacy Center, 2006), http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/the_shortage_of_publichospital_beds.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
7. About 38,000 people with “any” mental illness kill themselves every year, and 380,000 attempt it. See chapter 1.
8. Virginia Hiday, Marvin S. Swartz, Jeffrey W. Swanson, et al., “Criminal Victimization of Persons with Severe Mental Illness,” Psychiatric Services 50, no. 1 (January 1999): 62–68, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9890581 (accessed July 8, 2016).
9. Author interview with family member, February 2016; Peter Hermann and Ann Marimow, “Navy Yard Shooter Aaron Alexis Driven by Delusions,” Washington Post, September 25, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/fbi-police-detail-shooting-navy-yard-shooting/2013/09/25/ee321abe-2600-11e3-b3e9-d97fb087acd6_story.html (accessed July 8, 2016).
10. Paul T. Rosynsky, “One Goh, Mass Shooter from Oikos University in Oakland, Suffers from Mental Illness, Court Psychologist Finds,” San Jose (CA) Mercury News, November 20, 2012, http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_22029838/one-goh-mass-shooter-from-oikos-university-oakland (accessed July 8, 2016).
11. Virginia Tech Review Panel, “Mass Shootings at Virginia Tech: Addendum to the Report of the Review Panel,” November 2009, http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/prevail/docs/April16ReportRev20100106.pdf (accessed July 8, 2016).
12. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), letter from OMB director Sylvia M. Burwell to Congressman Tim Murphy, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, November 7, 2013, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/national-studies/mentalhealthexpenditurenational.pdf (accessed July 8, 2016).
13. NYS Office of Mental Health, “Fiscally Speaking: New York State Office of Mental Health's 2012–2013 Enacted Budget,” November 8, 2012, https://www.omh.ny.gov/omhweb/resources/newsltr/2012/apr/budget.html (accessed July 8, 2016).
14. “California's Mental Health Service Act: A Ten Year $10 Billion Bait and Switch: An Investigation of Proposition 63 by Mental Illness Policy Org. and Individual Californians,” Mental Illness Policy Org., August 14, 2013, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/states/california/mhsa/mhsa_prop63_bait&switchsummary.html (accessed July 8, 2016).
15. This book differentiates between “mental health” advocates and “mental illness” advocates. Mental health advocates do not advocate for the most seriously mentally ill. Mental illness advocates do.
16. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Behavioral Health Trends in the United States.
17. Ethan Watters, “The Americanization of Mental Illness,” New York Times Sunday Magazine, January 8, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/magazine/10psyche-t.html (accessed July 8, 2016).
18. Allen Frances, Saving Normal (New York: HarperCollins, 2013).
19. Ron Pies, “Deborah Danner and the Suffering of Schizophrenia,” Psychiatric Times, November 7, 2016, http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/blogs/deborah-danner-and-suffering-schizophrenia (accessed December 10, 2016).
INFAMOUS MENTALLY ILL ADULTS WHO WENT OFF TREATMENT
1. Author interview with family member, February 2016; Peter Hermann and Ann Marimow, “Navy Yard Shooter Aaron Alexis Driven by Delusions,” Washington Post, September 25, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/fbi-police-detail-shooting-navy-yard-shooting/2013/09/25/ee321abe-2600-11e3-b3e9-d97fb087acd6_story.html (accessed July 8, 2016).
2. Virginia Tech Review Panel, “Mass Shootings at Virginia Tech: Addendum to the Report of the Review Panel,” November 2009, http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/prevail/docs/April16ReportRev20100106.pdf (accessed July 8, 2016).
3. Bob Orr, “Newly Released Jared Lee Loughner Files Reveal Chilling Details,” CBS, March 27, 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/newly-released-jared-lee-loughner-files-reveal-chilling-details (accessed July 9, 2016).
4. Police found anxiety and depression medications in his home after the July 20, 2012, shootings, but no toxicology report was ordered, so it is not known if he was taking them. His psychiatrist, Dr. Lynne Fenton, testified that on June 11, Mr. Holmes cut his appointment short and refused further offers of help. Dan Elliott and Catherine Tsai, “Colorado Shooter James Holmes’ Therapist Reported Threat to College,” Chicago Sun-Times, April 4, 2013; Denver Post version: John Ingold, “Aurora Theater Shooting Documents: Doctor Reported James Holmes Was Threat to Public,” Denver Post, April 4, 2013, http://www.denverpost.com/2013/04/04/aurora-theater-shooting-documents-doctor-reported-james-holmes-was-threat-to-public (accessed July 8, 2016); Matthew Nussbaum, Jordan Steffan, and John Ingold, “Aurora Theater Shooting Gunman Told Doctor: ‘You Can't Kill Everyone,’” Denver Post, June 16, 2015, http://www.denverpost.com/theater-shooting-trial/ci_28322297/aurora-theater-shooting-jurors-hear-from-key-university (accessed July 8, 2016).
5. Stuart Taylor Jr., “Hinckley's Brother and Sister Testify Father Rejected Hospitalization Idea,” New York Times, May 12, 1982, http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/12/us/hinckley-s-brother-and-sister-testify-father-rejected-hospitalization-idea.html (accessed July 9, 2016).
6. Mr. Miles was incompetent to stand trial and was hospitalized to have his competency restored. Elissa Rivas, “Deputy Darren Goforth's Accused Killer to Return to Harris County,” ABC Eyewitness News, September 7, 2016, http://abc13.com/news/deputys-accused-killer-to-return-to-harris-county/1501801 (accessed December 15, 2016).
7. Jericka Duncan, “NYPD Shooter Had Criminal Past, Struggles with Mental Illness,” CBS Evening News, December 22, 2014, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/nypd-shooter-had-criminal-past-struggles-with-mental-illness (accessed December 15, 2016).
8. Zawahri had been hospitalized in 2006, but author could not find media reports showing he was in treatment in the period immediately preceding the 2013 shootings.
CHAPTER 1: HUMAN CONSEQUENCES OF IGNORING THE SERIOUSLY MENTALLY ILL
1. National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors (NASMHPD), Responding to a High-Profile Tragic Incident Involving a Person with a Serious Mental Illness: A Toolkit for State Mental Health Commissioners, NASMHPD and the Council of State Governments Justice Center, 2010, https://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Responding_to_a_High-Profile_Tragic_Incident_Involving_a_Person_with_a_Serious_Mental_Illness.pdf (accessed July 30, 2016).
2. Dan Elliott and Catherine Tsai, “Colorado Shooter James Holmes’ Therapist Reported Threat to College,” Chicago Sun-Times, April 4, 2013. Denver Post version: John Ingold, “Aurora Theater Shooting Documents: Doctor Reported James Holmes Was Threat to Public,” Denver Post, April 4, 2013, http://www.denverpost.com/2013/04/04/aurora-theater-shooting-documents-doctor-reported-james-holmes-was-threat-to-public (accessed July 8, 2016). Matthew Nussbaum, Jordan Steffan, and John Ingold, “Aurora Theater Shooting Gunman Told Doctor: ‘You Can't Kill Everyone,’” Denver Post, June 16, 2015, http://www.denverpost.com/theater-shooting-trial/ci_28322297/aurora-theater-shooting-jurors-hear-from-key-university (accessed July 8, 2016).
3. Bob Orr, “Newly Released Jared Lee Loughner Files Reveal Chilling Details,” CBS, March 27, 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/newly-released-jared-lee-loughner-files-reveal-chilling-details (accessed July 9, 2016).
4. Stuart Taylor Jr., “Hinckley's Brother and Sister Testify Father Rejected Hospitalization Idea,” New York Times, May 12, 1982, http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/12/us/hinckley-s-brother-and-sister-testify-father-rejected-hospitalization-idea.html (accessed July 9, 2016).
5. Mark Follman, Gavin Aronsen, Deanna Pan, et al., “US Mass Shootings, 1982–2012: Data From Mother Jones’ Investigation,” Mother Jones, December 28, 2012, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data (accessed July 9, 2016).
6. E. Fuller Torrey, “1,000 Homicides by Mentally Ill,” Mental Illness Policy Org., 2011, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/consequences/1000-homicides.html (accessed July 9, 2016).
7. Jason C. Matejkowski, Sara W. Cullen, and Phyllis L. Solomon, et al., “Characteristics of Persons with Severe Mental Illness Who Have Been Incarcerated for Murder,” Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 36, no. 1 (March 2008): 74–86, http://www.jaapl.org/content/36/1/74.full (accessed July 9, 2016).
8. E. Fuller Torrey, John Snook, DJ Jaffe, et al., “Raising Cain: The Role of Serious Mental Illness in Family Homicides,” Treatment Advocacy Center, 2016, http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/component/content/article/218-general/3557-raising-cain (accessed December 22, 2016). See violence targeted to family in appendix B.
9. “Report: Alan Farajian Killed His Mother ‘Because She Had Poisoned Him,’” WPBF (25) News, January 9, 2013, http://www.wpbf.com/article/report-alan-farajian-killed-his-mother-because-she-had-poisoned-him/1315650 (accessed December 17, 2016).
10. Arelis R. Hernández, “Daughter Accused of Stabbing Mother to Death: Meagan Jones, 21, Argued with Her Mother Prior to Stabbing Her, Deputies Said,” Orlando Sentinel, February 19, 2013, http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2013-02-19/news/os-daughter-stabbed-mother-death-20130219_1_steak-knife-emergency-responders-deputies (accessed July 9, 2016).
11. Christin Coyne, “Mom: ‘Son Tried to Kill Me with a Hammer,’” Weatherford (TX) Democrat, November 29, 2012, http://www.weatherforddemocrat.com/news/local_news/mom-son-tried-to-kill-me-with-a-hammer/article_efdf1f56-97f5-529e-92c3-f9db325f702b.html (accessed July 9, 2016).
12. Thomas Insel, “Keynote Address at the IOM Workshop,” Mental Health and Violence: Opportunities for Prevention and Early Intervention (Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, February 26, 2014), from the National Academy of Sciences, http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Activities/Global/ViolenceForum/2014-FEB-26/Day%201/Welcome%20and%20Morning%20Presentations/4-Insel-Video.aspx (accessed July 9, 2016).
13. John Monahan, “Mental Disorder and Violent Behavior,” American Psychologist 47, no. 4 (April 1992): 511–21. Abstract at http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/47/4/511/ (accessed July 6, 2016).
14. American Psychiatric Nurses Association, “Workplace Violence (2008 Position Statement),” American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 2008, http://www.apna.org/files/public/APNA_Workplace_Violence_Position_Paper.pdf (accessed July 8, 2016).
15. See Supreme Court decisions in chapter 15.
16. The SAMHSA “National Center for Trauma Informed Care,” has been renamed as the “National Center for Trauma Informed Care and Alternatives to Seclusion and Restraint.” SAMHSA, “About NTIC,” http://www.samhsa.gov/nctic/about (accessed August 16, 2016).
17. Sixty-nine percent of them (389,000) were sheltered (living in emergency shelters or transitional housing), but 31 percent (175,000) were unsheltered living on the streets or in abandoned buildings, vehicles, or parks. These estimates do not include homeless “couch-surfers” who camp out on the sofas of friends and families, move every few days, and have no permanent address. US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), The 2015 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress, Office of Community Planning and Development, Abt Associates, November 2015, https://www.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/2015-AHAR-Part-1.pdf (accessed July 9, 2016).
18. Jennifer Hoff, “Right to Treatment Rally” YouTube video, 6:46, posted by Joy Torres, June 19, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gB6kedOIyQc&(accessed July 9, 2016).
19. Lillian Gelberg and Lawrence S. Linn, “Social and Physical Health of Homeless Adults Previously Treated for Mental Health Problems,” Hospital and Community Psychiatry 39, no. 5 (June 1988): 510–16. Abstract at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/19777082_Social_and_physical_health_of_homeless_adults_previously_treated_for_mental_health_problems (accessed July 9, 2016); Deborah K. Padgett and E. L. Struening, “Victimization and Traumatic Injuries among the Homeless: Associations with Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Problems,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 62, no. 4 (October 1992): 525–34. Abstract at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1037/h0079369/abstract (accessed July 6, 2016).
20. Doris J. James and Lauren E. Glaze, Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates (Washington, DC: special report, Bureau of Justice Statistics, DOJ, September 2006), http://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/mhppji.pdf (accessed July 9, 2016).
21. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), NSDUH 2014 Report: Behavioral Health Trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, HHS Publication No. SMA 15-4927, NSDUH Series H-50, http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FRR1-2014/NSDUH-FRR1-2014.pdf (accessed July 26, 2016).
22. American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, “Suicide Statistics,” American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, 2014, http://afsp.org/about-suicide/suicide-statistics (accessed July 8, 2016). AFSP estimates there are twenty-five suicide attempts for every completion, but other sources put it much lower.
23. Dr. E. Fuller Torrey looked at studies of the prevalence of suicide among the seriously mentally ill and studies of the prevalence of serious mental illness among those who commit suicide, two sides of the same coin, and in both cases found about 5,000 of the then 38,000 suicides (about 13 percent) were in people with serious mental illness. E. Fuller Torrey, “5000 Suicides a Year are Likely Caused by Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder,” Mental Illness Policy Org., http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/consequences/suicide.html (accessed July 9, 2016).
24. Kahyee Hor and Mark Taylor, “Suicide and Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of Rates and Risk Factors,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 24, no. 4, suppl., November 2010: 81–90, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2951591 (accessed July 9, 2016); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Surveillance for Violent Deaths, National Violent Death Reporting System, 16 States, 2010,” by Sharyn E. Parks, Linda L. Johnson, Dawn D. McDaniel, et al., Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 63 (January 17, 2014): 1–33, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6301a1.htm (accessed July 9, 2016).
25. Mark Olfson, Melanie Wall, Shuai Wang, et al., “Short-Term Suicide Risk after Psychiatric Hospital Discharge,” JAMA Psychiatry, September 21, 2016, http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2551516 (accessed September 27, 2016).
26. The study also found more than 21 percent of persons with serious mental illness had been victims of personal theft (theft of an item from one's person), more than 140 times higher than the general population. Nearly 28 percent of persons with SMI had been victims of property crimes. Linda A.Teplin, Gary M. McClelland, Karen M. Abram, et al., “Crime Victimization in Adults with Severe Mental Illness,” Archives of General Psychiatry 62, no. 8 (August 2005): 911–21, http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=208861 (accessed July 6, 2016).
Another study found persons with mental illness are victims of violence at a rate only two and a half times greater than in the general population—8.2 percent versus 3.1 percent. Virginia A. Hiday, et al., “Criminal Victimization of Persons with Severe Mental Illness,” Psychiatric Services 50, no. 1 (January 1999): 62–68, http://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ps.50.1.62 (accessed July 9, 2016). In a more recent study, 23 percent of those with schizophrenia, 38 percent of those with bipolar disorder, and 41 percent of those with major depression reported being victimized. Sarah L. Desmarais, Richard A. Van Dorn, Kiersten L. Johnson, et al., “Community Violence Perpetration and Victimization among Adults with Mental Illnesses,” American Journal of Public Health 104, no. 12 (December 2014): 2342–49. Abstract at http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301680 (accessed July 8, 2016).
27. Tamsin Short, Stuart Thomas, and Stefan Luebbers, et al., “A Case-Linkage Study of Crime Victimisation in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders over a Period of Deinstitutionalisation,” BMC Psychiatry 13 (2013), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3599537 (accessed July 8, 2016).
28. The practice of telling difficult patients they have a right to leave, in order to encourage them to leave, is so common that families gave it a name. They “disappeared” him.
29. Mairead C. Dolan, David Castle, and Kate McGregor, “Criminally Violent Victimisation in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: The Relationship to Symptoms and Substance Abuse,” BMC Public Health 12 (June 18, 2012): 445, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3503690 (accessed July 9, 2016).
30. Short, et al., “A Case-Linkage Study.”
31. “Higher levels of manic symptoms indicate a raised risk of being a victim of violence.” Federico Fortugno, Christina Katsakou, Stephen Bremner, et al., “Symptoms Associated with Victimization in Patients with Schizophrenia and Related Disorders,” PLoS One 8, no. 3 (March 19, 2013): e58142, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3602443 (accessed July 9, 2016).
32. Kathleen Branch, “Laws Surrounding Mental Illness Make It Harder for Victims to Get Treatment,” Baltimore Sun, October 30, 2013, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-10-30/news/bs-ed-mental-illness-guns-20131029_1_involuntary-treatment-assisted-outpatient-treatment-mental-illness-and-guns (accessed July 9, 2016).
33. Torrey, et al., “Raising Cain.”
34. Rael Jean Isaac and Virginia C. Armat, Madness in the Streets: How Psychiatry and the Law Abandoned the Mentally Ill (New York: Free Press, 1990).
35. Monica Malowney, Sarah Keltz, Daniel Fischer, et al., “Availability of Outpatient Care from Psychiatrists: A Simulated-Patient Study in Three US Cities,” Psychiatric Services 66, no. 1 (January 2015): 94-96, October 2014. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=%22Availability+of+Outpatient+Care+From+from+Psychiatrists%3A+A+Simulated-Patient+Study+in+Three+U.S.+Cities.%22 (accessed July 9, 2016).
36. Chirlane McCray, “How We Will Shatter the Mental Illness Stigma,” Daily News, February 26, 2015, http://nydn.us/1AMy98u (accessed July 9, 2016).
37. “Mother of Western Psych Shooter Gives Deposition in Lawsuit,” CBS Pittsburgh, December 5, 2013, http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2013/12/05/mother-of-western-psych-shooter-gives-deposition-in-lawsuit (accessed July 9, 2016).
38. Paula Reed Ward, “Deposition Shows Mom Reaching Out to Western Psych Shooter,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 4, 2013, http://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2013/12/04/Judge-orders-release-of-deposition-by-mother-of-man-who-shot-six-at-Western-Psych/stories/201312040153#ixzz3CG1iqG00 (accessed July 6, 2016).
CHAPTER 2: CRIMINAL JUSTICE CONSEQUENCES OF IGNORING THE SERIOUSLY MENTALLY ILL
1. House Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, “Where Have All the Patients Gone? Examining the Psychiatric Bed Shortage,” Michael Biasotti testimony, 113th Cong., March 26, 2014, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/imd/biasottipsychhospitaltestimony.pdf (accessed July 9, 2016).
2. Nick Welsh, “Mental Health Hearing Gets Hot: And the County ADMHS Director Loses Her Cool,” Santa Barbara Independent, December 15, 2015, http://www.independent.com/news/2015/dec/17/mental-health-hearing-gets-hot (accessed July 9, 2016).
3. National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, Criminalizing Crisis: The Criminalization of Homelessness in US Cities (Washington, DC: report, National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, November 2011), http://www.nlchp.org/Criminalizing_Crisis (accessed July 9, 2016).
4. Half of stalkers have a mental illness and 15 percent have a serious mental illness. K. Mohandie and R. Meloy, “The RECON Typology of Stalking: Reliability and Validity Based Upon a Large Sample of North American Stalkers,” Journal of Forensic Science 51, no. 1 (2006) 147–55, http://www.victimsofcrime.org/docs/default-source/src/mohandie-k-meloy-r-green-mcgowan-m-_-williams-j-2005.pdf?sfvrsn=2 (accessed July 9, 2016).
5. Michael Biasotti, “Management of the Severely Mentally Ill And Its Effects on Homeland Security,” (master's thesis, Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September 2011), http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/crimjust/homelandsecuritymentalillness.pdf (accessed July 9, 2016).
6. Michael Biasotti, “State's Mentally Ill Need Treatment, Not Incarceration,” Times Union (Albany, NY), October 14, 2013, http://www.timesunion.com/opinion/article/State-s-mentally-ill-need-treatment-not-4894707.php (accessed July 9, 2016).
7. Heather Jacobson, in e-mail correspondence with the author, December 14, 2016.
8. “115 Law Enforcement Officers Killed by Mentally Ill,” Mental Illness Policy Org., 2009, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/crimjust/120LEOSkilledbyMentallyIll.htm (accessed July 9, 2016); Treatment Advocacy Center, Justifiable Homicides by Law Enforcement Officers: What is the Role of Mental Illness? (Arlington, VA: report, Treatment Advocacy Center and the National Sheriffs’ Association, September 2013), http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/2013-justifiable-homicides.pdf (accessed January 1, 2017).
9. Nick Breul and Mike Keith, “Deadly Calls and Fatal Encounters, Analysis of US Law Enforcement Line of Duty Deaths when Officers Responded to Dispatched Calls for Service and Conducted Enforcement (2010-2014),” Department of Justice, Community Oriented Policing Services, 2016, p. 48, http://www.nleomf.org/assets/pdfs/officer-safety/Primary-Research-Final-10-0.pdf (accessed August 11, 2016).
10. Ben Chapman, Joe Kemp, and Larry McShane, “Subway Shooter Peter Jourdan's Sister Rails at System, Wonders Why Her Brother Was Able to Buy a Gun,” New York Daily News, January 5, 2013, http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/subway-shooter-peter-jourdan-sister-rails-system-article-1.1233949 (accessed December 15, 2016).
11. Mr. Miles was incompetent to stand trial and was hospitalized to have his competency restored. Elissa Rivas, “Deputy Darren Goforth's Accused Killer to Return to Harris County,” ABC Eyewitness News (Houston, Texas), September 7, 2016, http://abc13.com/news/deputys-accused-killer-to-return-to-harris-county/1501801 (accessed December 15, 2016).
12. Jericka Duncan, “NYPD Shooter Had Criminal Past, Struggles With Mental Illness,” CBS Evening News, December 22, 2014, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/nypd-shooter-had-criminal-past-struggles-with-mental-illness (accessed December 15, 2016).
13. Tux Turkel, “When Police Pull the Trigger in Crisis, the Mentally Ill Often are the Ones Being Shot,” Portland (ME) Press Herald, December 8, 2012, http://www.pressherald.com/news/projects/Shoot-Maine-misfiring-on-deadly-force.html (accessed July 9, 2016).
14. Tom Moroney and Lindsey Rupp, “Bullets Are Safety Net as 64 Mentally Ill Die at Hands of Police,” Bloomberg News, December 27, 2012. Version available at http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-12-27/bullets-are-safety-net-as-64-mentally-ill-die-at-hands-of-police (accessed July 9, 2016).
15. US Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, “Investigation of the Baltimore City Police Department,” August 10, 2016, https://www.justice.gov/opa/file/883366/download (accessed September 18, 2016).
16. Lori Fullbright, “Tulsa Man Frustrated over Death of Roommate Shot and Killed by Officer” News9.com (Oklahoma), February 19, 2013, http://www.news9.com/story/21242353/man-shot-and-killed-by-tulsa-police-officer-identified (accessed December 15, 2016).
17. Justifiable homicides by law enforcement “decreased overall by 5% between 1980 and 2008 but justifiable homicides resulting from an attack on a law enforcement increased by 67%, from an average of 153 to 255 such homicides per year and many appear mental illness related.” Treatment Advocacy Center, Justifiable Homicides.
18. Ibid.
19. Todd Lewan, “Suicide at the Hands of Police,” CBS News, April 26, 1998, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/suicide-at-the-hands-of-police (accessed July 9, 2016).
20. Michael Biasotti, “Pass Kendra's Law Improvement Act, Says Vice President of New York State Association of Chiefs of Police,” Syracuse (blog), June 15, 2011, http://blog.syracuse.com/opinion/2011/06/wednesdays_readers_page_center_6.html (accessed July 9, 2016).
21. Matt Spina, “Today's Mental Health Squad: The Police,” Buffalo News, May 18, 2013, http://www.buffalonews.com/city-region/todays-mental-health-squad-the-police-20130518 (accessed July 9, 2016).
22. Council of State Governments, Criminal Justice/Mental Health Consensus Project, New York, “Mental Health Courts,” CSG Justice Center, 2013, http://csgjusticecenter.org/mental-health-court-project (accessed July 9, 2016).
23. Jails are generally run by counties for those serving short sentences or awaiting trials. Prisons are for those serving longer sentences and can be run by the state or federal government. There were 1,561,500 people in prisons and 744,600 in jail or 2,306,100 total. Lauren E. Glaze and Erika Parks, Correctional Populations in the United States, 2011 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, November 2012), p. 5, http://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus14.pdf (accessed December 21, 2016). More than 50 percent of those (1,153,050) have a mental health problem. Doris J. James and Lauren E. Glaze, Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, September 2006), http://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/mhppji.pdf (accessed July 9, 2016). However only about 16 or 17 percent of individuals in federal prisons (265,455) and 17 percent of those in jails (126,582) have “serious” mental illness. Fred Osher, David A. D'Amora, and Martha Plotkin, et al., “Adults with Behavioral Health Needs under Correctional Supervision,” Council of State Governments Justice Center, 2012, https://www.bja.gov/Publications/CSG_Behavioral_Framework.pdf (accessed July 9, 2016).
24. There are 4,721,000 individuals under probation or parole. Glaze and Parks, Correctional Populations. If the proportion of the mentally ill on probation and parole is the same as the proportion incarcerated, 50 percent (2,360,500) have any mental illness and 16 percent (755,360) have serious mental illness.
25. E. Fuller Torrey, Mary T. Zdanowicz, Aaron D. Kennard, et al., “The Treatment of Persons with Mental Illness in Prisons and Jails: A State Survey,” Treatment Advocacy Center, April 8, 2014, http://tacreports.org/storage/documents/treatment-behind-bars/treatment-behind-bars.pdf (accessed July 9, 2016).
26. A recent study of a Correctional Center in Oklahoma found, that of “the 10 psychiatric medications the Department of Corrections spent the most on in 2013, seven were antipsychotics and three were anti-depressants.” Clifton Adcock and Shaun Hittle, “Prison Drug Data Reveals Disorders are Severe for Many Mentally Ill Inmates,” Miami News-Record, February 15, 2014. Version at http://oklahomawatch.org/2014/02/01/prison-meds-reveal-disorders-severe-for-mentally-ill-inmates (accessed July 9, 2016). In Muskegon, Michigan, “at least 10 to 20% of people charged or convicted of crimes can clearly be classified as having significant mental illness. Common diagnoses are schizophrenia, bipolar disorder…or post-traumatic stress disorder” and the cost is 50 percent higher than for other inmates. John S. Hausman, “Mental Illness and Criminal Justice: Law Enforcement Copes with Issues Hospitals Once Handled,” Muskegon (MI) Chronicle, December 16, 2013, http://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/index.ssf/2013/12/mental_health-criminal_justice.html (accessed July 9, 2016). In 2010, people with mental illness were only 29% of the New York City jail population. By 2014 they represented 38%. Approximately one third of this 38% had serious mental illness. Bill de Blasio, Mayor's Task Force on Behavioral Health and the Criminal Justice System (New York: 2014), http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/criminaljustice/downloads/pdfs/annual-report-complete.pdf (accessed July 26, 2016).
27. James and Glaze, “Mental Health Problems.”
28. Tom Dart, “Untreated Mental Illness an Imminent Danger?” 60 Minutes, CBS, September 29, 2013. Video by subscription available at http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/untreated-mental-illness-an-imminent-danger-2/ (accessed July 9, 2016). The interview is approximately 11:40 into broadcast.
29. Mary Beth Pfeiffer, Crazy in America: The Hidden Tragedy of Our Criminalized Mentally Ill (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2007).
30. Dart, “Imminent Danger.”
31. Judge Steve Leifman, “Give People with Mental Illness Treatment, Not a Jail Cell,” Miami Herald, May 17, 2014, http://miamidda.com/pdf/5.17.14%20Miami%20Herald.%20Give%20people%20with%20mental%20illness%20treatment%20not%20a%20jail%20cell.pdf (accessed July 9, 2016).
32. E. Fuller Torrey, Aaron D. Kennard, Don Eslinger, et al., “More Mentally Ill Persons Are in Jails and Prisons than Hospitals: A Survey of the States,” Treatment Advocacy Center, May 2010, http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/final_jails_v_hospitals_study.pdf (accessed July 9, 2016).
33. Torrey, et al., “More Mentally Ill Persons.”
34. Leonica Valentine, “Squeegee Man Is City's Latest Blast from the Past,” New York Post, July 9, 2015, http://nypost.com/2015/07/19/squeegee-man-is-citys-latest-blast-from-the-past (accessed on December 15, 2016).
35. Cynthia L. Blitz, Nancy Wolff, and Jing Shi, “Physical Victimization in Prison: The Role of Mental Illness,” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 31, no. 5 (October/November 2008): 385–93. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836899 (accessed July 9, 2016).
36. James and Glaze, “Mental Health Problems.”
37. Pete Earley, Crazy: A Father's Search through America's Mental Health Madness (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 2006).
38. CBS Miami, “CBS4's Michelle Gillen Revisits ‘The Forgotten Floor,’” CBS Miami, July 8, 2013, http://miami.cbslocal.com/2013/07/18/cbs4s-michelle-gillen-revisits-the-forgotten-floor (accessed July 9, 2016).
39. Stephen B. Seager, Behind the Gates of Gomorrah: A Year with the Criminally Insane (New York: Gallery Books, 2014). Dr. Seager gave a speech about the conditions at NAPA on CSPAN: http://www.c-span.org/video/standalone/?322243-1%2Fbook-discussion-behind-gates-gomorrah (accessed July 9, 2016).
40. Lindsay M. Hayes, National Study of Jail Suicide: 20 Years Later (Washington, DC: National Institute of Corrections, DOJ, April 2010) http://static.nicic.gov/Library/024308.pdf (accessed July 9, 2016).
CHAPTER 3: FINANCIAL CONSEQUENCES
1. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), letter from OMB director Sylvia M. Burwell to Congressman Tim Murphy, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, November 7, 2013, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/national-studies/mentalhealthexpenditurenational.pdf (accessed July 19, 2016). The exact amount spent is disputed due to different methods of calculating, which costs are included, and how to account for indirect costs. It is hard to tease out spending on serious mental illness from “mental health.” Substance abuse is also included in some estimates.
2. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), “Projections of National Expenditures for Treatment of Mental and Substance Use Disorders, 2010–2020,” HHS Publication No. SMA-14-4883 (Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2014), http://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content//SMA14-4883/SMA14-4883.pdf (accessed July 19, 2016).
3. John J. Boronow and Steven S. Sharfstein, “Close the Mental Health Revolving Door,” Baltimore Sun, December 29, 2013, http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/oped/bs-ed-commitment-20131228%2C0%2C3608071.story (accessed July 19, 2016).
4. Bill de Blasio, Mayor's Task Force on Behavioral Health and the Criminal Justice System (New York: 2014), http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/criminaljustice/downloads/pdfs/annual-report-complete.pdf (accessed July 20, 2016).
5. Mandatory spending (“entitlements”) are paid to individuals who meet certain qualifications, for example, those entitled to social security disability. “Discretionary funds” are programs that Congress allocates funds for. For example, Congress can elect how much, if any, to appropriate for mental health block grants.
6. Dr. Insel calculated only $24 billion of combined SSI and SSDI spending was for serious mental illness, but does not explain the calculation. It is possible his is a more accurate number if he did indeed segregate benefits to those with serious mental illness from those with all mental illness. Thomas R. Insel, “Assessing the Economic Costs of Serious Mental Illness,” American Journal of Psychiatry 165, no. 6 (June 2008): 663–65, http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08030366 (accessed July 19, 2016).
7. Social Security Administration, Annual Statistical Report on the Social Security Disability Insurance Program, 2014 (Washington, DC: Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, 2015), https://www.socialsecurity.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/di_asr/2014/di_asr14.pdf (accessed July 19, 2016).
8. Rachel L. Garfield and Kaiser Foundation, Mental Health Financing in the United States: A Primer (Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, April 2011), http://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/8182.pdf (accessed July 19, 2016).
9. “Research Weekly: The ‘National Bill’ for Severe Mental Illness,” Treatment Advocacy Center, January 21, 2016, http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/about-us/our-blog/69-no-state/2997-the-national-bill-for-severe-mental-illness (accessed July 20, 2016). Statistics sourced from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) administered by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).
10. The amount in state funds is likely $27 billion calculated as follows. Forty-two percent of NASMHPD spending is identified as state funds, and 48 percent are Medicaid funds (state plus local). Assuming state contribution to Medicaid is 50 percent, then only half the Medicaid spending is state funds. Robert W. Glover, Joel E. Miller, and Stephanie R. Sadowski, “Proceedings on the State Budget Crisis and the Behavioral Health Treatment Gap: The Impact on Public Substance Abuse and Mental Health Treatment Systems,” National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors, March 22, 2012, http://www.nasmhpd.org/sites/default/files/Summary-Congressional%20Briefing_March%2022_Website(1).pdf (accessed July 19, 2016); Ted Lutterman, ed., “Shifting Challenges: Mental Health in the ACA Era,” July 2, 2013, http://www.allhealth.org/briefingmaterials/UPDATEDTEDLUTTERMANPRESENTATION2JUL2013_SB.PDF (accessed July 19, 2016).
11. Between 2011 and 2012, “New York cut $95.2 million, Illinois $62.2 million and North Carolina $48.2 million.” “State Mental Health Cuts: The Continuing Crisis,” National Alliance on Mental Illness, November 2011, http://www.nami.org/getattachment/About-NAMI/Publications/Reports/StateMentalHealthCuts2.pdf (accessed July 19, 2016).
12. “Approximately 1 million detentions in county jails involve persons with serious mental illnesses.” Haya Ascher-Svanum, Allen W. Nyhuis, Douglas E. Faries, et al., “Involvement in the US Criminal Justice System and Cost Implications for Persons Treated for Schizophrenia,” BMC Psychiatry 10 (January 2010), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848217 (accessed July 19, 2016). This study was funded by Eli Lilly and therefore may be suspect.
13. E. Q. Wu, H. G. Birnbaum, L. Shi, et al., “The Economic Burden of Schizophrenia in the United States in 2002,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 66, no. 9 (September 2005): 1122–29. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16187769 (accessed July 19, 2016).
14. Steve Leifman, “Give People with Mental Illness Treatment, Not a Jail Cell,” Miami Herald, May 17, 2014, http://miamidda.com/pdf/5.17.14%20Miami%20Herald.%20Give%20people%20with%20mental%20illness%20treatment%20not%20a%20jail%20cell.pdf (accessed July 19, 2016).
15. Kurt Erickson, “Cost of Mental Illness on the Rise in Illinois Prison System,” Quad-City Times (IL, IA), August 5, 2014, http://qctimes.com/news/local/government-and-politics/cost-of-mental-illness-on-the-rise-in-illinois-prison/article_ae86e85d-4b77-50e1-855f-0bd4cf6c303d.html (accessed July 19, 2016).
16. Jeffrey Swanson, L. K. Frisman, A. G. Robertson, et al., “Costs of Criminal Justice Involvement among Persons with Serious Mental Illness in Connecticut,” Psychiatric Services 64, no. 7 (July 2013): 630–37. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23494058 (accessed July 19, 2016).
17. Ronald C. Kessler, Steven Heeringa, Matthew D. Lakoma et.al, “Individual and Societal Effects of Mental Disorders on Earnings in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication,” American Journal of Psychiatry 165, no. 6 (June 2008): 703–11, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2410028/ (accessed July 19, 2016). Martin Cloutier, Myrlene Sanon Aigbogun, Annie Guerin, et al., “The Economic Burden of Schizophrenia in the United States in 2013,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 77, no. 6 (June 2016): 764–71. Note that the study is funded by a pharmaceutical company that sells a medicine for schizophrenia.
18. Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, “How Will Health Care Reform Help People with Mental Illnesses,” Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, 2010, http://www.bazelon.org/News-Publications/Publications/CategoryID/8/List/1/catpageindex/2/Level/a/ProductID/54.aspx (accessed July 19, 2016).
19. The New York Times (October 23, 2011) ran a front-page story on Keris Myrick, a woman with schizoaffective disorder who became “a CEO.” The article failed to state that she was the CEO of a peer group that had a government contract that likely required it to be peer-led. The 10 percent employment rate of seriously mentally ill quoted by Bazelon includes individuals in these supported and subsidized positions. After roughly thirty years of advocacy, this author knows less than ten people with schizophrenia in nonsubsidized employment outside the arts and mental health fields.
20. Christina Hoff Sommers and Sally Satel, One Nation Under Therapy: How the Helping Culture is Eroding Self-Reliance (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2005).
CHAPTER 4: WHAT SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS IS NOT
1. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) is a large methodologically sound survey authorized by Section 505 of Public Health Act and conducted by SAMHSA's Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (CBHSQ), http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2010-title42/pdf/USCODE-2010-title42-chap6A-subchapIII-A-partA-sec290aa-4.pdf. Since 2011, estimates varied from 3.9 percent of population over eighteen to 4.9 percent, largely due to different calculation methodologies. The most recent estimate is 4 percent. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, “Behavioral Health Trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health,” HHS Publication No. SMA 15-4927, NSDUH Series H-50 (2015), http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FRR1-2014/NSDUH-FRR1-2014.pdf (accessed July 26, 2016). Other sources report results that are generally consistent with these. See chapter 5 and appendix A.
2. The World Health Organization defines “mental health” as “a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community…. Mental health is more than the absence of mental disorders.” “Fact Sheet: Mental Health: Strengthening Our Response,” World Health Organization, August 2014, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en/ (accessed July 10, 2016).
3. The surgeon general defines mental health as “a state of successful performance of mental function, resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people, and the ability to adapt to change and to cope with adversity.” US Surgeon General, Mental Health: A Report of the US Surgeon General (Rockville, MD: report, Department of Health and Human Services, 1999), http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/NNBBHS.ocr (accessed July 10, 2016).
4. American Psychiatric Association (APA) “Mental Health Checkup: Lack of Illness vs Health.” No longer available at psychiatry.org. Copy in possession of author.
5. Ethan Watters, “The Americanization of Mental Illness,” New York Times Sunday Magazine, January 8, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/magazine/10psyche-t.html (accessed July 10, 2016).
6. Andrew Cuomo, “Governor Cuomo Announces More than 700 ‘Project Hope’ Counselors Deployed to Provide Crisis Counseling in Areas Hit Hardest by Hurricane Sandy,” Governor.ny.gov, December 18, 2012, http://www.governor.ny.gov/press/12182012-project-hope-counselors (accessed July 10, 2016).
7. SAMHSA sent out several tweets offering counseling for those affected by a blizzard, “24/7 crisis counseling is available for those affected by the #Blizzardof2015….” It then gave out the phone number. SAMHSA, Twitter post, January 26, 2015.
8. APA, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5 (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
9. Ronald C. Kessler, Patricia Berglund, Olga Demler, et al., “Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication,” Archives of General Psychiatry 6, no. 2 (June 2005): 617–27, http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=208671 (accessed July 10, 2016).
10. Allen Frances, Saving Normal (New York: HarperCollins, 2013).
11. Allen Frances, “DSM-5 Is a Guide, Not a Bible: Simply Ignore Its 10 Worst Changes,” Huffington Post, December 3, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/allen-frances/dsm-5_b_2227626.html (accessed July 10, 2016).
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Mental Illness Surveillance among Adults in the United States,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Supplement 60 (September 2, 2011), http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/other/su6003.pdf (accessed July 10, 2016).
13. Allen Frances, “Psychiatric Diagnosis Gone Wild: The ‘Epidemic’ of Childhood Bipolar Disorder,” Psychiatric Times, April 8, 2010, http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/psychiatric-diagnosis-gone-wild-epidemic-childhood-bipolar-disorder (accessed July 10, 2016).
14. Alan Schwarz and Sarah Cohen, “More Diagnoses of Hyperactivity in New Centers for Disease Control Data,” New York Times, April 1, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/01/health/more-diagnoses-of-hyperactivity-causing-concern.html (accessed July 10, 2016).
15. “More US Children Being Diagnosed with Youthful Tendency Disorder,” Onion, September 27, 2000, http://www.theonion.com/article/more-us-children-being-diagnosed-with-youthful-ten-248 (accessed December 17, 2016).
16. Frances, Saving Normal.
17. Andres Barkil-Oteo, “Collaborative Care for Depression in Primary Care: How Psychiatry Could ‘Troubleshoot’ Current Treatments and Practices,” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 86-(2):139-146 (2013), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3670434/ (accessed December 17, 2016).
18. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD),” http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/index.shtml (accessed July 10, 2016).
19. National Advisory Mental Health Council, Basic Behavioral Science Task Force, Basic Behavioral Science Research for Mental Health: A National Investment (Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health, 1995).
20. John M. Grohol, “The Lie of Focusing on Those with Serious Mental Illness,” PsychCentral, April 17, 2014, http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/14/04/17/the-lie-of-focusing-on-those-with-serious-mental-illness (accessed July 10, 2016).
CHAPTER 5: WHAT SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS IS AND HOW THAT SHOULD DRIVE POLICY
1. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), “NSDUH 2014 Report: Behavioral Health Trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health,” HHS Publication No. SMA 15-4927, NSDUH Series H-50, http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FRR1-2014/NSDUH-FRR1-2014.pdf (accessed July 26, 2016).
2. Jonathan Silver, “Panetti Case Argued Again Before 5th Circuit,” Texas Tribune, September 23, 2015, http://www.texastribune.org/2015/09/23/panetti-case-argued-5th-circuit (accessed July 10, 2016).
3. Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), “Estimation Methodology for Adults with Serious Mental Illness (SMI),” Federal Register 64, no. 121 (June 24, 1999): 33890–97, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1999-06-24/html/99-15377.htm (accessed July 10, 2016).
4. Schizophrenia-spectrum disorders include schizoaffective disorder, catatonic schizophrenia, paranoid schizophrenia, and disorganized schizophrenia. In this book, we group them as schizophrenia. In DSM “severe bipolar” requires more symptoms than bipolar disorder. In this book, we shorten both to bipolar because there are not enough statistics that separate out the two. In DSM “severe major depression” requires more symptoms than either “depression” or “major depression.” American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5 (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
5. For example, severe OCD affects just .5 percent of adults. National Institute of Mental Health, “Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Statistics,” 2005, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/statistics/1ocd_adult.shtml (accessed July 10, 2016).
6. Thomas R. Insel, “Director's Update, Mental Disorders as Brain Disorders: Thomas Insel at TEDxCaltech,” YouTube video, 1:19, posted by “TEDx Talks,” February 8, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4m65sbqbhY (accessed July 10, 2016).
7. Depression: NIMH, “What is Depression?” NIMH, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml (accessed July 10, 2016). Bipolar: NIMH, “Bipolar Disorder in Adults,” NIMH, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml (accessed July 10, 2016). Schizophrenia: E. Fuller Torrey, “Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder are Diseases of the Brain,” Mental Illness Policy Org., 2010, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/medical/schizophrenia-brain-studies.html (accessed July 10, 2016).
8. Torrey, “Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder.”
9. Caleb M. Adler, John Adams, Melissa P. DelBello, et al., “Evidence of White Matter Pathology in Bipolar Disorder Adolescents Experiencing Their First Episode of Mania: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study,” American Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 2 (February 2006): 322–24, http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.2.322 (accessed July 10, 2016).
10. Michael Craig Miller, Understanding Depression (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Health Publications, Harvard Medical School, 2013), http://www.health.harvard.edu/special_health_reports/Understanding_Depression (accessed July 10, 2016).
11. E. Fuller Torrey, “Brain Structure in People with Mental Illness Who Have Never Been Treated,” Mental Illness Policy Org., 2013, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/myths/medications.html (accessed July 10, 2016).
12. Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, “Biological Insights from 108 Schizophrenia-Associated Genetic Loci,” Nature 511, no. 7510 (July 2014): 421–27, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v511/n7510/full/nature13595.html (accessed July 10, 2016).
13. NIMH, “What is Schizophrenia?” NIMH, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml (accessed July 12, 2016). Severe bipolar: NIMH, “Bipolar Disorder in Adults,” NIMH. Psychotic depression: NIMH, “What is Depression?” NIMH, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml (accessed July 10, 2016).
14. Robert Keers, Simone Ullrich, Bianca L. DeStavola, et al., “Association of Violence with Emergence of Persecutory Delusions in Untreated Schizophrenia,” American Journal of Psychiatry 171, no. 3 (March 2014): 332–39, http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13010134 (accessed July 10, 2016).
15. Harvard Medical School, “The Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia, 2006 Update,” Harvard Health, October 1, 2006, http://www.health.harvard.edu/fhg/updates/update0706c.shtml (accessed July 10, 2016).
16. Terry E. Goldberg and Michael F. Green, “Neurocognitive Functioning in Patients with Schizophrenia: An Overview,” in Kenneth L. Davis, Dennis Charney, Joseph T. Coyle, et al. (eds.), Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress (Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott/Williams & Wilkins, 2002), pp. 657–69, http://www.acnp.org/Docs/G5/CH48_657-670.pdf (accessed July 10, 2016).
17. For an example of a word salad, watch video: “Disorganized Speech Schizophrenia,” YouTube video, 1:18, posted by “Nouuuuranlovesadam,” July 16, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=avbfd_OkLoU (accessed July 26, 2016).
18. T. E. Goldberg, J. D. Ragland, E. F. Torrey, et al., “Neuropsychological Assessment of Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Schizophrenia,” Archives of General Psychiatry 47, no. 11 (November 1990): 1066–72. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2241508 (accessed July 10, 2016).
19. V. Stergiopoulos, A. Cusi, T. Bekele, et al., “Neurocognitive Impairment in a Large Sample of Homeless Adults with Mental Illness,” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica [Epub ahead of print] 131, no. 4 (January 21, 2015). Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25604122 (accessed July 10, 2016).
20. Laurent Boyer, Michel Cermolacce, Daniel Dassa, et al., “Neurocognition, Insight and Medication Nonadherence in Schizophrenia: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach,” PLOS One 7, no. 10 (October 2012): e47655, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483287 (accessed July 10, 2016).
21. Clayton E. Cramer, My Brother Ron: A Personal and Social History of the Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill (Middletown, DE: Create Space, 2012).
22. See scans of anosognosia: Treatment Advocacy Center, “Serious Mental Illness and Anosognosia,” June 2016, http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/key-issues/anosognosia/3628-serious-mental-illness-and-anosognosia (accessed December 11, 2016) and appendix C.
23. Xavier Amador, I Am Not Sick, I Don't Need Help: How to Help Someone with Mental Illness Accept Treatment (Peconic, NY: Vida Press, 2007).
24. Frank Bruni, “Behind the Jokes, a Life of Pain and Delusion; For Letterman Stalker, Mental Illness Was Family Curse and Scarring Legacy,” New York Times, Nov. 22, 1998, http://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/22/nyregion/behind-jokes-life-pain-delusion-for-letterman-stalker-mental-illness-was-family.html (accessed July 12, 2016).
25. Lee N. Robins and Darrel A. Regier, Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (New York: Free Press, 1991).
26. Ronald C. Kessler, Patricia Berglund, Olga Demler, et al., “Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication,” Archives of General Psychiatry 62, no. 6 (June 2005): 593–602, http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=208678 (accessed July 10, 2016).
27. The study used to support the age fourteen claim, included all mental illness with only 23 percent of those in it having a serious disorder. The results also skewed young because the study folded substance abuse in. Kessler, et al., “Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset.” Recently, there have been suggestions that major depression begins earlier, but this may be due to diagnosing less severe forms as “major.”
28. Thomas R. Insel, NIMH Director's Blog: “AIDS: A Cautionary Tale,” NIMH.nih.gov, June 20, 2014, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/2014/aids-a-cautionary-tale.shtml (accessed July 10, 2016).
29. There are many theories of causality, and there are likely multiple causes. Genetics and epigenetics have been receiving more attention as gene sequencing becomes cheaper. Neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative theories are receiving attention as imaging technology advances. Some believe infections, like toxoplasmosis, incurred during the third trimester of pregnancy may heighten schizophrenia in those genetically predisposed. E. Fuller Torrey and Robert H. Yolken, “Toxoplasma gondii and Schizophrenia,” Emerging Infectious Diseases (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) 9, no. 11 (November 2003), http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/11/03-0143_article (accessed July 10, 2016). Others postulate that serious mental illness is caused by trauma to the brain or chemical abnormalities. The jury is out in spite of breathless media reports to the contrary.
30. Thomas R. Insel, Research Plenary: “The Quest for the Cure: The Science of Mental Illness (+ Four Inconvenient Truths),” NAMI Annual Meeting, September 5, 2014.
31. Institute of Medicine (IOM), Reducing Risk for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventative Intervention Research, Patricia Beezley Mrazek and Robert J. Haggerty (eds.) (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1994), http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=2139 (accessed July 10, 2016). IOM is located within the National Academy of Sciences and is a premier arbiter of research.
32. The President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, Achieving the Promise: Transforming Mental Health Care in America (Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, 2003). Executive summary at http://store.samhsa.gov/product/Achieving-the-Promise-Transforming-Mental-Health-Care-in-America-Executive-Summary/SMA03-3831 (accessed July 10, 2016).
33. IOM, Preventing Psychological Disorders in Service Members and Their Families: An Assessment of Programs, Laura Aiuppa Denning, Marc Meisnere, and Kenneth E. Warner (eds.) (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2014), http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2014/Preventing-Psychological-Disorders-in-Service-Members-and-Their-Families.aspx (accessed July 10, 2016).
34. Shirley S. Wang, “Military's Mental-Health Efforts are Ineffective, Report Finds: Study Fails to Find Evidence That Programs for Soldiers and Families Prevent Psychological Disorders,” Wall Street Journal, February 10, 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304914204579394941039669728 (accessed July 10, 2016).
35. There are many illnesses and side effects of medications that can mimic the symptoms of mental illness. Whenever mental illness is suspected, there should be a comprehensive medical exam to rule out those other causes. Ron Diamond, “How to Tell If Someone Diagnosed with a Mental Illness Has Another Medical Disorder That May Have Led to a Misdiagnosis,” Mental Illness Policy Org., 1998, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/coping/misdiagnosis.html (accessed July 10, 2016).
36. Serious mental illnesses are believed to be “neurodevelopmental,” in that there is a risk phase and a prodromal phase before an active phase. Insel, “Quest for the Cure.”
“Prodromal” refers to precursor symptoms. The North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS) is trying to determine how to predict who will develop serious mental illness. The best current thinking is that all of the following, if found in a single individual, might be one way to predict psychosis, without generating the false positives if any single factor were used: (1) genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia with recent deterioration in functioning, (2) higher levels of unusual thought content, (3) higher levels of suspicion-paranoia, (4) greater social impairment. One day, we might be able to predict psychosis by measuring the neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, neurohormonal, and neurocognitive abnormalities that precede it. J. Addington, Kristin Cadenhead, Barbara A. Cornblatt, et al., “North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (Napls 2): Overview and Recruitment,” Schizophrenia Research 142, no. 1–3 (2012), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3502644/pdf/nihms411004.pdf (accessed July 10, 2016). The Recovery after Initial Schizophrenia Episode (RAISE) study is trying to determine if we can prevent people with first episode psychosis (FEP) from having it become chronic.
37. Bipolar: Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, “Genetics of Bipolar and Schizophrenia,” Broad Institute, http://www.broadinstitute.org/science/programs/psychiatric-disease/stanley-center-psychiatric-research/genetics-bipolar-and-schizo (accessed July 10, 2016). Schizophrenia: NIMH, Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (RAISE), 2015, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/raise/index.shtml (accessed July 10, 2016)
38. Irv Gottesman, T. M. Laursen, A. Bertelsen, et al., “Severe Mental Disorders in Offspring with 2 Psychiatrically Ill Parents,” Archives of General Psychiatry 67, no. 3 (March 2010): 252–57. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194825 (accessed July 10, 2016).
39. Ibid. We could not find genetics statistics that tease out severe bipolar from bipolar or severe major depression from depression. Gottesman's figures are likely the closest, because they are based on data from children of those hospitalized for bipolar disorder. It is reasonable to suspect that those hospitalized for bipolar disorder are seriously ill. Another study shows children of a parent or sibling who has bipolar disorder are four to six times more likely to develop the illness, compared with children who do not have a family history of bipolar disorder. J. I. Nurnberger and T. Foroud, “Genetics of Bipolar Affective Disorder,” Current Psychiatry Reports 2, no. 2 (April 2000): 147–57. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11122948 (accessed July 10, 2016).
40. N. Antypa and A. Serretti, “Family History of a Mood Disorder Indicates a More Severe Bipolar Disorder,” Journal of Affective Disorders 156 (March 2014): 178–86. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24439249 (accessed July 10, 2016).
41. Douglas F. Levinson and Walter E. Nichols, “Major Depression and Genetics,” Stanford University, 2016, http://depressiongenetics.stanford.edu/mddandgenes.html (accessed July 10, 2016).
42. E. Fuller Torrey, Surviving Schizophrenia: A Family Manual, 6th ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 2014).
CHAPTER 6: WHAT SCIENCE TELLS US ABOUT TREATMENT THAT SHOULD BE REFLECTED IN POLICY
1. Medicine for schizophrenia: Anthony F. Lehman, Jeffrey A. Lieberman, Lisa B. Dixon, et al. (work group on schizophrenia), Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenia, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, February 2004), http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/schizophrenia.pdf (accessed March 20, 2015). Medicine for bipolar disorder: Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, Charles L. Bowden, Michael J. Gitlin, et al. (work group on Bipolar Disorder), Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Bipolar Disorder, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2002), http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/bipolar.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016). Also see 2005 update at http://www.valueoptions.com/providers/Handbook/treatment/Bi-Polar_Disorder_Guideline_Watch.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
The utility of medicines was known as far back as 1959, when researchers noted that the hospital discharge rate for patients treated with medications was twice that for those not treated. Henry Brill and Robert E. Patton, “Analysis of Population Reduction in New York State Mental Hospitals during the First Four Years of Large-Scale Therapy with Psychotropic Drugs,” American Journal of Psychiatry 116, no. 6 (December 1959): 495–509, http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.116.6.495 (accessed July 12, 2016).
In 2013, recognizing the importance of antipsychotics, the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) added “Adherence to Antipsychotic Medications for Individuals with Schizophrenia” as a metric to be tracked by healthcare organizations seeking its seal of approval. NCQA, “Adherence to Antipsychotic Medications for People with Schizophrenia,” NCQA, 2014, http://www.ncqa.org/report-cards/health-plans/state-of-health-care-quality/2015-table-of-contents/antipsychotic-medications (accessed July 12, 2016).
2. S. K. Erickson, R. Ciccone, S. B. Schwarzkopf, et al., “Legal Fallacies of Antipsychotic Drugs,” Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 35, no. 2 (2007): 235–46, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/medical/antipsychotics.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
3. There is no way to predict what medication will work best. However, if a first-degree relative has been treated successfully with a certain medication, that medication might be effective for a family member.
4. E. Fuller Torrey, Surviving Schizophrenia: A Family Manual, 6th ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 2013).
5. E. Fuller Torrey, Kurt Entsminger, Jeffrey Geller, et al., “The Shortage of Public Hospital Beds for Mentally Ill Persons,” Treatment Advocacy Center, 2006, http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/the_shortage_of_publichospital_beds.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
6. Torrey, Entsminger, Geller, et al., Shortage of Public Hospital Beds.
7. In California, over 90 percent of state psychiatric hospital occupants got there through the criminal justice system. Jerry Brown, Governor Budget Summary 2014–2015, January 10, 2014.
Seventy-three percent of those in Oregon State Hospital are court ordered to be there. These include mentally ill prisoners, people unfit to stand trial, those found not guilty by reason of insanity, and those having psychiatric examinations as part of court proceedings. Joseph D. Bloom, “CRIPA, Olmstead, and the Transformation of the Oregon Psychiatric Security Review Board,” Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 40 (November 2012): 383–89, http://www.jaapl.org/content/40/3/383.full.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
8. Doris A. Fuller, Elizabeth Sinclair, Jeffrey Geller, et al., Going, Going, Gone: Trends and Consequences of Eliminating State Psychiatric Beds, 2016 (Arlington, VA: Treatment Advocacy Center, 2016), http://www.tacreports.org/storage/documents/going-going-gone.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
9. House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, “Where Have All the Patients Gone? Examining the Psychiatric Bed Shortage, Hearings Before the House Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce,” Jon Mark Hirshon statement on behalf of the American College of Emergency Physicians, 113th Cong., March 26, 2014, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/imd/emergencydocpsychhospitaltestimony.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
10. Stephanie McCrummen, “A Father's Scars: For Va.'s Creigh Deeds, Tragedy Brings Unending Questions,” Washington Post, November 1, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/a-fathers-scars-for-deeds-every-day-brings-questions/2014/11/01/2217a604-593c-11e4-8264-deed989ae9a2_story.html (accessed December 17, 2016).
11. Julian E. Barnes, “Insanity Defense Fails for Man Who Threw Woman onto Track,” New York Times, March 23, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/23/nyregion/insanity-defense-fails-for-man-who-threw-woman-onto-track.html (accessed December 17, 2016).
12. CDC, “Number and Rate of Discharges from Short-Stay Hospitals,” CDC, 2010, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhds/2average/2010ave2_firstlist.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
13. American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), “ACEP Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Survey 2008,” American College of Emergency Physicians, http://www.acep.org/uploadedFiles/ACEP/Advocacy/federal_issues/PsychiatricBoardingSummary.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
14. “Waits for Care and Hospital Beds Growing Dramatically for Psychiatric Emergency Patients,” American College of Emergency Physicians, October 17, 2016, http://newsroom.acep.org/2016-10-17-Waits-for-Care-and-Hospital-Beds-Growing-Dramatically-for-Psychiatric-Emergency-Patients (accessed December 10, 2016).
15. Cynthia Hubert, Phillip Reese, and Jim Sanders, “Nevada Buses Hundreds of Mentally Ill Patients to Cities around Country,” Sacramento Bee, April 14, 2013, http://www.sacbee.com/2013/04/14/5340078/nevada-buses-hundreds-of-mentally.html (accessed July 12, 2016).
16. Following are some studies on the relationship between lack of inpatient capacity and increased homelessness, arrest, crime, and violence.
• A study of 132 patients discharged from Columbus State Hospital in Ohio reported that 36 percent became homeless within six months. J. R. Belcher, “Rights versus Needs of Homeless Mentally Ill Persons,” Social Work 33, no. 5 (September–October 1988): 398–402.
• In reviewing early studies on discharged psychiatric patients, Dr. Judith Rabkin concluded, “Arrest and conviction rates for the subcategory of violent crimes were found to exceed general population rates in every study in which they were measured.” J. G. Rabkin, “Criminal Behavior of Discharged Mental Patients: A Critical Appraisal of the Research,” Psychological Bulletin 86, no. 1 (1979): 1–27. Abstract at https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=75899 (accessed July 12, 2016).
• In a follow-up of patients released from a psychiatric hospital, Dr. Henry Steadman, et al. reported, “27% of released male and female patients report at least one violent act within a means of four months after discharge.” John Monahan, “Mental Disorder and Violent Behavior,” American Psychologist 47, no. 4 (April 1992): 511–21. Abstract at http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/47/4/511 (accessed July 12, 2016).
• In 2006, Markowitz published data on eighty-one US cities, and found a direct correlation between the decreasing availability of psychiatric hospital beds and the increase in crime, arrest rates, and homelessness. Fred E. Markowitz, “Psychiatric Hospital Capacity, Homelessness, and Crime and Arrest Rates,” Criminology 44, no. 1 (February 2006): 45–72. Abstract at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00042.x/abstract (accessed July 12, 2016).
17. Bernard E. Harcourt, “An Institutionalization Effect: The Impact of Mental Hospitalization and Imprisonment on Homicide in the United States, 1934–2001,” Journal of Legal Studies 40, no. 1 (January 2011), http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/658404 (accessed July 12, 2016).
18. Drew Alexander, “Jail Not the Place for Mentally Ill, Says Summit County Sheriff,” (letter to the editor), South Side Leader (Akron, OH), April 12, 2012, http://www.akron.com/akron-ohio-opinions.asp?aID=15743 (accessed July 12, 2016).
19. Patty B. Wight, “Mental Blocks, Part 1: Needing a Psychiatric Bed, Ending up in Jail,” Maine Public Broadcasting Network, December 23, 2013.
20. Steve Johnson, “Erlanger Gets Go-Ahead for $25 Million Mental Health Hospital,” Times Free Press, August 25, 2016, http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/story/2016/aug/24/regulators-new-25-million-88-bed-mental-hospital-chattanooga/382841 (accessed August 25, 2016).
21. “No Room at the Inn: Trends and Consequences of Closing Public Psychiatric Hospitals 2005–2010” (Arlington, VA: Treatment Advocacy Center, July 19, 2012), http://tacreports.org/storage/documents/no_room_at_the_inn-2012.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
22. House Committee on Energy, “Where Have all the Patients Gone?” Hirshon, statement.
23. “Psychotherapies,” National Institute of Mental Health, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/psychotherapies/index.shtml (accessed July 14, 2016).
24. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), “Psychosis and Schizophrenia in Adults: Prevention and Management,” NICE, February 12, 2014, https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg178/resources/psychosis-and-schizophrenia-in-adults-prevention-and-management-35109758952133 (accessed July 14, 2016).
25. Keith Laws, “Assessing the Potential Benefits and Harm of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Psychosis,” Mental Health Today, March/April 2015, https://www.mentalhealthtoday.co.uk/assessing-the-potential-benefits-and-harm-of-cognitive-behavioural-therapy-for-psychosis.aspx (accessed July 14, 2016).
26. US Department of Health and Human Services, Federal Register 80, no. 249 (December 29, 2015): 81223, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-12-29/pdf/2015-32592.pdf (accessed August 31, 2016). As the Washington Post reported, “After years of consideration, the Food and Drug Administration has determined that for carefully selected patients with profound depression, the benefits of electroconvulsive therapy, long demonized, outweigh the risks of possible memory loss caused by its use.” Dan Hurley, “FDA: Electroshock Has Risks But Is Useful to Combat Severe Depression,” Washington Post, July 18, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/fda-electroshock-has-risks-but-is-useful-to-combat-severe-depression/2016/07/18/4a109cbc-2f4e-11e6-9de3-6e6e7a14000c_story.html (accessed August 31, 2016). ECT for depression: Alan J. Gelenberg, Marlene P. Freeman, John C. Markowitz, et al. (work group on Major Depressive Disorder), Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Major Depressive Disorder, 3rd ed. (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, October 2010), http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/mdd.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
27. Cochrane Schizophrenia Group, “Electroconvulsive Therapy for Schizophrenia,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, April 20, 2005. Abstract at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000076.pub2/abstract (accessed August 30, 2016).
28. NIMH, “Brain Stimulation Therapies,” NIMH, June 2016, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/brain-stimulation-therapies/brain-stimulation-therapies.shtml (accessed August 30, 2016).
29. DJ Jaffe, “Save the Hospitals,” National Review, September 18, 2013, http://www.nationalreview.com/article/358796/save-hospitals-d-j-jaffe (accessed December 15, 2016).
30. Cochrane Collaborative, “Consumer-Providers of Care for Adult Clients of Statutory Mental Health Services,” by Veronica Pitt, Dianne Lowe, Sophie Hill, et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews no. 3 (2012), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004807.pub2/full (accessed July 12, 2016).
31. Lisa Dixon, Diana Perkins and Christine Calmes, “Guideline Watch: Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenia” (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, September 2009), http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/schizophrenia-watch.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
32. Brynmor Lloyd-Evans, Evan Mayo-Wilson, Bronwyn Harrison, et al., “A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials of Peer Support for People with Severe Mental Illness,” BMC Psychiatry 14 (2014), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3933205 (accessed July 12, 2016).
33. Researchers said, “Peer support was associated with $5,991 higher total Medicaid cost. Peer support was also associated with higher crisis stabilization cost and lower psychiatric hospitalization cost, but the relationships were not statistically significant. Peer support was associated with $2,100 higher prescription drug cost, $5,116 higher professional services cost, and $1,225 lower facility cost.” Researchers chose the politically correct path. While finding no benefit to peer support, they concluded, “While the implementation of Medicaid financed peer support programs may not result in savings from reductions of costly crisis stabilizations and psychiatric hospitalizations, it does support the principles of self-direction and recovery from severe mental illness. State policy makers must weigh the potential higher cost associated with peer support programs with efforts to redesign the delivery of mental health services.” Glenn Landers and Mei Zhou, “The Impact of Medicaid Peer Support Utilization on Cost,” Medicaid & Medicare Research Review 4, no. 1 (2014): E1–E14, http://www.cms.gov/mmrr/Downloads/MMRR2014_004_01_a04.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
34. “The Evidence,” Peer Support Resources, http://www.psresources.info/the-evidence (accessed August 15, 2016).
35. Even adding together “might cause neighbors/community to have negative opinion,” “did not want others to find out,” and “might have negative effect on job,” stigma still comes behind “could not afford cost” and “could handle problem without treatment.” Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Mental Health Findings, NSDU Series H-45, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12-4725 (Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2012); Fig. 2.1, p. 26, http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2k11MH_FindingsandDetTables/2K11MHFR/NSDUHmhfr2011.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
36. The military's stigma study found, “Despite popular opinion and a strong theoretical base that stigma deters treatment-seeking, we were unable to identify empirical literature to support this link…. The regression analyses revealed that stigma did not predict initiation of treatment-seeking…. However, a variety of other factors (e.g., availability of providers, time off of work to seek care) may affect whether intentions to seek treatment translate into actual behavior.” Joie Acosta, Amariah Becker, Jennifer L. Cerully, et al., Mental Health Stigma in the Military (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 2014), http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR426.html (accessed July 12, 2016).
Another paper found that “[T]he majority of studies found no association between anticipated stigma and mental health service use or intentions to seek help.” Marie-Louise Sharp, Nicola T. Fear, and Roberto J. Rona, “Stigma as a Barrier to Seeking Health Care Among Military Personnel with Mental Health Problems,” Epidemiologic Reviews 37 (Oxford University Press, October 2014), http://www.kcl.ac.uk/kcmhr/publications/assetfiles/2015/Sharp2015.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
37. The Field Poll, “Tabulations from a Survey of California Adults about Behavioral Health Issues,” Prepared for the California HealthCare Foundation (San Francisco, CA: Field Research Corporation, June 2014), http://media.sacbee.com/smedia/2014/09/16/16/27/16xg5H.So.4.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
38. S. Clement, O. Schauman, T. Graham, et al., “What Is the Impact of Mental Health-Related Stigma on Help-Seeking? A Systematic Review of Quantitative and Qualitative Studies,” Psychological Medicine 45, no. 1 (January 2015): 11–27. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24569086 (accessed July 12, 2016).
39. Ramin Mojtabai, Mark Olfson, Nancy A. Sampson, et al., “Barriers to Mental Health Treatment: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R),” Psychological Medicine 41, no. 8 (August 2011): 1751–61, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3128692 (accessed July 12, 2016).
40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics, “Antidepressant Use in Persons Aged 12 and Over: United States, 2005–2008,” by Laura A. Pratt, Debra J. Brody, and Qiuping Gu (NCHS Data Brief, Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, 2011), http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db76.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
41. One study found that the duration of first-episode psychosis going untreated was fifty-five weeks in jurisdictions with broad commitment criteria but went up to seventy-nine weeks in jurisdictions with narrow dangerousness criteria. Matthew Large and Olav Nielssen, “Evidence for a Relationship between the Duration of Untreated Psychosis and the Proportion of Psychotic Homicides Prior to Treatment,” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 43, no. 1 (January 2008): 37–44. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17960314 (accessed July 12, 2016).
One-third of the current state-to-state variation in murder rates can be explained by differences in the strictness of involuntary commitment laws, with easier commitment correlating with lower murder rates. Steven P. Segal, “Civil Commitment Law, Mental Health Services, and US Homicide Rates,” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemology 47, no. 9 (September 2012): 1449–58. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22072224 (accessed July 12, 2016).
42. Kendra's Law is named after Kendra Webdale who was pushed to her death in front of a subway car by Andrew Goldstein, who had a long history of doing well in treatment, going off treatment, deteriorating, being put back on medications in a hospital, going off, and repeating again.
43. The criteria for admission are appropriately narrow: The person must be
(1) eighteen years of age or older; and
(2) suffering from a mental illness; and
(3) unlikely to survive safely in the community without supervision, based on a clinical determination; and
(4) have a history of lack of compliance with treatment for mental illness that has:
(i) prior to the filing of the petition, at least twice within the last thirty-six months been a significant factor in necessitating hospitalization in a hospital, or receipt of services in a forensic or other mental health unit of a correctional facility or a local correctional facility, not including any current period, or period ending within the last six months, during which the person was or is hospitalized or incarcerated; or
(ii) prior to the filing of the petition, resulted in one or more acts of serious violent behavior toward self or others or threats of, or attempts at, serious physical harm to self or others within the last forty-eight months, not including any current period, or period ending within the last six months, in which the person was or is hospitalized or incarcerated; and
(5) as a result of his or her mental illness, unlikely to voluntarily participate in outpatient treatment that would enable him or her to live safely in the community; and
(6) in view of his or her treatment history and current behavior, in need of assisted outpatient treatment in order to prevent a relapse or deterioration which would be likely to result in serious harm to the person or others…and
(7) likely to benefit from assisted outpatient treatment. New York State Legislature, NY MHY. LAW § 9.60: NY Code—Section 9.60: Assisted Outpatient Treatment, 2010, http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/nycode/MHY/B/9/9.60 (accessed July 12, 2016).
44. Lynn Gibbs, “Notes from Presentation by Judge Anderson to Ventura County Laura's Law Workgroup,” Mental Illness Policy Org., January 2015, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/states/california/judgeandersonpresentation.html (accessed September 11, 2016); Mad in America, “Disability Rights Will Challenge California's Outpatient Commitment Laws in Court,” Mental Illness Policy Org., December 14, 2014, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/states/california/p&aopposition.pdf (accessed September 11, 2016).
45. National Sheriffs’ Association, “National Sheriffs’ Association Supports Mission of Treatment Advocacy Center,” Sheriffs.org, March 2013, http://www.sheriffs.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/GovAffairs/2013-03%20Treatment%20Advocacy%20Center.pdf (accessed July 13, 2016); IACP endorsement: International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), Resolution: “Assisted Outpatient Treatment,” Mental Illness Policy Org., October 21, 2014, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/crimjust/iacpadoptsaot.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016); DOJ endorsement: US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, “Program Profile: Assisted Outpatient Treatment (AOT),” Crime Solutions, March 26, 2012, www.crimesolutions.gov/ProgramDetails.aspx?ID=228 (accessed July 12, 2016).
46. NAMI (National Alliance on Mental Illness), “Involuntary Commitment and Court-Ordered Treatment,” NAMI, 1995, http://www.nami.org/About-NAMI/Policy-Platform/9-Legal-Issues (accessed July 12, 2016). NAMI National's staff has refused to support the grassroots by encouraging the adoption of AOT. This is largely due to NAMI's move away from focusing on serious mental illness.
47. SAMHSA endorsement: SAMHSA, National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices (SAMHSA-NREPP), “Assisted Outpatient Treatment,” 2015, http://legacy.nreppadmin.net/ViewIntervention.aspx?id=401 (accessed July 12, 2016). AHRQ endorsement: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), “Management Strategies to Reduce Psychiatric Readmissions,” Mental Illness Policy Org., May 2015. Summary at http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/national-studies/ahrq_endorses_aot.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
48. Reverend Thomas G. Wenski, Committee on Domestic Justice and Human Development, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Letter to US House of Representatives, July 6, 2016.
49. K. J. Brennan, Kendra's Law: Final Report on the Status of Assisted Outpatient Treatment (Appendix 2), New York State Office of Mental Health (Albany, NY: 2005), http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/kendras-law/research/kendras-law-study-2005.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016). Unpublished revision at http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/kendras-law/kendras-law-constitutional.html (accessed July 12, 2016). Parens patriae are the powers the state has to protect those who can't protect themselves, and is often invoked to help children, the elderly and those with mental impairments.
50. Tom Barnidge, “Contra Costa Supervisors to Hear the Case for Laura's Law,” Contra Costa (CA) Times, April 4, 2014, http://www.contracostatimes.com/barnidge/ci_25501045/barnidge-contra-costa-supervisors-hear-case-lauras-law (accessed July 12, 2016).
51. Pat and Bruce Goodale, “Our Failing the Mentally Ill Has High Societal Costs,” (letter), Wall Street Journal, February 12, 2013, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324196204578298161574788742 (accessed July 12, 2016).
52. Dan Roberts, “Secret Service Allowed Armed Man with Assault Charge into Elevator with Obama,” Guardian, September 30, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/30/secret-service-white-house-intruder-omar-gonzalez (accessed July 14, 2016).
CHAPTER 7: SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION (SAMHSA)
1. Conference Committee, “Conference Report on ADAMHA Reorganization Act (S. 1306),” US Congress, Congressional Record (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, May 19, 1992); Alcohol, Drug Abuse, Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA) Reorganization Act, Pub. L. 102–321, July 10, 1992, http://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/PL102-321.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
2. US Congress, Public Health Service Act, Section 1912 of Title XIX, Part B, Subpart I of the PHS Act (42 USC §300x-2) http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2010-title42/pdf/USCODE-2010-title42-chap6A-subchapXVII-partB.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
3. As a result of lobbying by non-SAMHSA-funded groups, some congressional appropriations are required to be used for the seriously ill and SAMHSA disingenuously claims credit for them. For example, Congress allocated funds to be used for First Episode Psychosis (FEP), and SAMHSA now claims its FEP activities as “proof” it does focus on the seriously ill. Another example. SAMHSA conducted an online survey asking how SAMHSA could improve care. The third-highest vote-getter was expanding the use of AOT. SAMHSA ignored the results. But, Congress forced SAMHSA to fund AOT (2015 “Doc Fix” bill), and SAMHSA now uses its AOT activities as proof it focuses on serious mental illness. US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), “Fiscal Year 2017, SAMHSA, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees,” SAMHSA, p. vii, http://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/samhsa-fy-2017-congressional-justification.pdf (accessed September 25, 2016). SAMHSA, “Stakeholder Feedback: Strategic Initiatives.” First page archived at http://web.archive.org/web/20140803130542/http://feedback.samhsa.gov/forums/77283--closed-samhsa-s-strategic-initiatives/filters/top (accessed December 20, 2016).
4. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Leading Change: A Plan for SAMHSA's Roles and Actions 2011–2014, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 11–4629 (Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2011), http://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/SMA11-4629/01-FullDocument.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
5. Josh Sanburn, “Inside the National Suicide Hotline: Preventing the Next Tragedy,” Time, September 13, 2013, http://healthland.time.com/2013/09/13/inside-the-national-suicide-hotline-counselors-work-to-prevent-the-next-casualty/print (accessed July 12, 2016).
6. SAMHSA, Leading Change 2.0: Advancing the Behavioral Health of the Nation 2015–2018, HHS Publication No. (PEP) 14-LEADCHANGE2 (Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2014), http://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content//PEP14-LEADCHANGE2/PEP14-LEADCHANGE2.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
7. Paul Summergrad, “SAMHSA Strategic Plan Falls Short on Serious Mental Illness,” Psychiatric News, September 11, 2014, http://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.pn.2014.9b17 (accessed July 12, 2016).
8. Tim Murphy, “Examining SAMHSA's Role in Delivering Services to the Severely Mentally Ill,” Hearings Before the House Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, 113th Cong. (May 22, 2013), http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/samhsa/tim-murphy-statement-5.22.13.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
9. Wall Street Journal editorial board, “The Definition of Insanity: How a Federal Agency (SAMHSA) Undermines Treatment for the Mentally Ill,” Wall Street Journal, March 31, 2014, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/samhsa/wsj_samhsa_hurts_3.23.14.html (accessed July 12, 2016).
10. HHS, “Fiscal Year 2017, SAMHSA,” p. vii.
11. Elinore F. Mccance-Katz, “The Federal Government Ignores the Treatment Needs of Americans With Serious Mental Illness,” Psychiatric Times, April 21, 2016, http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/depression/federal-government-ignores-treatment-needs-americans-serious-mental-illness/page/0/1 (accessed July 12, 2016).
12. Partnership for Public Service, “Agency Report: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (HHS),” Best Places to Work in the Federal Government, 2016, http://bestplacestowork.org/BPTW/rankings/detail/HE32 (accessed July 12, 2016).
13. US Government Accountability Office (GAO), Mental Health: HHS Leadership Needed to Coordinate Federal Efforts Related to Serious Mental Illness, Report to the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, US House of Representatives (Washington, DC: February 5, 2015), http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/667644.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
14. The Recovery Model was previously promoted in chapter 14 of the 2003 New Freedom Commission Report on Mental Health, which described recovery as “the process by which people are able to live, work, learn, and participate fully in their communities.” But it never gained traction. SAMHSA started their quest to invent their own definition of recovery in August 2010, with a “Dialogue Meeting,” followed by a year-long “Public Engagement Process,” followed by four months of internal reviews and then followed by a vote by 8,500 interested parties they had marshaled. SAMHSA, “Stakeholder Feedback: Recovery,” SAMHSA, 2011, http://blog.samhsa.gov/2011/08/12/recovery-defined-give-us-your-feedback/ (accessed July 12, 2016).
After sorting through 259 online comments, 500 ideas from 1,000 participants, and over 1,200 comments, SAMHSA finally issued its definition. “SAMHSA's Definition and Guiding Principles of Recovery: Answering the Call for Feedback,” SAMHSA (blog), December 11, 2011, http://blog.samhsa.gov/2011/12/22/samhsas-definition-and-guiding-principles-of-recovery-answering-the-call-for-feedback (accessed July 12, 2016).
SAMHSA then took four months to revise it. This became the “Recovery Model” and the Ten “Guiding Principles of Recovery” designed to foster “physical and emotional well-being.” Paolo del Vecchio, “SAMHSA's Working Definition of Recovery Updated,” SAMHSA (blog), March 23, 2012, http://blog.samhsa.gov/2012/03/23/defintion-of-recovery-updated/#.U3YZFShJ-6k (accessed July 12, 2016).
15. del Vecchio, “SAMHSA's Working Definition of Recovery Updated.”
16. Erika Jääskeläinen, Pauliina Juola, Noora Hirvonen, et al., “A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Recovery in Schizophrenia,” Schizophrenia Bulletin 39, no. 6 (2013): 1296–1306, http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/6/1296.full (accessed July 30, 2013).
17. E. Fuller Torrey and DJ Jaffe, “After Newtown,” National Review, August 14, 2013, http://www.nationalreview.com/article/355826/after-newtown-e-fuller-torrey-d-j-jaffe (accessed December 19, 2016).
18. Sally Satel and Mary Zdanowicz, “Commission's Omission: The President's Mental-Health Commission in Denial,” National Review, July 29, 2003, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/mentalhealth/new-freedom-commission.html (accessed July 12, 2016).
19. Sally Satel, “A Statement of Madness: The New Guidelines for Treating Mental Illness Need Help,” National Review, April 5, 2006, http://www.nationalreview.com/article/217240/statement-madness-sally-satel?target=author&tid=901248 (accessed July 12, 2016).
20. SAMHSA supports recovery newsletters, a “Recovery to Practice” initiative, a “Partners for Recovery” initiative, recovery webinars, conferences and brochures. In its three-year plan, the word “recovery” is mentioned 206 times. “Recovery Model” programs dominate the SAMHSA National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices (NREPP).
21. Mental Health America (MHA) “is committed to the notion that every individual with a mental health or substance use condition can recover.” Mental Health America, “Position Statement 72: Violence: Community Mental Health Response,” Mental Health America, September 17, 2011, http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/positions/violence#.UxuhvShJ-5c (accessed July 12, 2016).
California's Mental Health Services Act has raised over $1 billion annually to help “people with severe mental illness,” but by specifically referencing the Recovery Model, the Oversight Commission is able to justify withholding help from people with serious mental illness who can't self-direct their own care. California State Treasurer, “Investment in Mental Health Wellness Grant Program: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ),” (Sacramento, CA: California State Treasurer), January 14, 2014, http://www.treasurer.ca.gov/chffa/imhwa/faq.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
22. SAMHSA, Leading Change 2.0: 2015–2018.
23. del Vecchio, “SAMHSA's Working Definition of Recovery Updated.”
24. Charlotte Walker, “Jagged Little Pill: Has the Recovery Narrative Gone Too Far?” purplepersuasion, June 11, 2014, https://purplepersuasion.wordpress.com/2014/06/11/jagged-little-pill-has-the-recovery-narrative-gone-too-far (accessed July 12, 2016).
25. SAMHSA, “National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices (SAMHSA-NREPP),” SAMHSA-NREPP, 2016, http://www.nrepp.samhsa.gov (accessed July 12, 2016).
26. SAMHSA does not use the term “certifies,” but that is the essence of what NREPP does.
27. SAMHSA-NREPP, “Mental Health First Aid,” NREPP, May 2012, http://legacy.nreppadmin.net/ViewIntervention.aspx?id=321 (accessed July 12, 2016).
28. Mental Illness Policy Org., “Mental Health First Aid is Unproven Yet SAMHSA Subsidized,” Mental Illness Policy Org., 2013, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/samhsa/mental-health-first-aid-fails.html (accessed July 12, 2016).
29. Barack Obama, Now is the Time: The President's Plan to Protect Our Children and Our Communities by Reducing Gun Violence (Washington, DC: White House, January 16, 2013), http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/wh_now_is_the_time_full.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016); Lynn Jenkins (R–KS), Mental Health First Aid Act of 2015, HR 1877, 114th Cong. (September 13, 2016), https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/1877/all-actions (accessed September 19, 2016). Also see Gene Green (R–TX), Comprehensive Behavioral Health Reform and Recovery Act of 2016, HR 4435, 114th Cong. (February 2, 2016), https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/4435 (accessed July 12, 2016).
30. Bill de Blasio, ThriveNYC: A Mental Health Roadmap for All (New York City: 2015), https://thrivenyc.cityofnewyork.us/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/MentalHealthRoadmap.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
31. SAMHSA-NREPP, “Triple P-Positive Parenting Program,” May 15, 2014. Link expired.
32. Philip Wilson, Robert Rush, Susan Hussey, et al., “How Evidence-Based is an ‘Evidence-Based Parenting Program’? A PRISMA Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Triple P,” BMC Medicine 10 (November 2012), http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1741-7015-10-130.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016); James C. Coyne and Linda Kwakkenbos, “Triple P-Positive Parenting Programs: The Folly of Basing Social Policy on Underpowered Flawed Studies,” BMC Medicine 11 (January 2013), http://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-11-11 (accessed July 12, 2016).
33. SAMHSA-NREPP, “Wellness Recovery Action Plan,” NREPP, September 2010, http://legacy.nreppadmin.net/ViewIntervention.aspx?id=208 (accessed September 19, 2016).
34. Mental Illness Policy Org., “WRAP is Certified as ‘Evidence Based’ by SAMHSA, But Is It?” Mental Illness Policy Org., 2013, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/samhsa/wrapunproven.html (accessed July 12, 2016). SAMHSA recently awarded a program run by Ms. Copeland $330,000 for each of three years.
35. Mental Illness Policy Org., “Teen Screen Certified by SAMHSA in Spite of Zero Research,” Mental Illness Policy Org., 2013, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/samhsa/teenscreenunproven.html (accessed July 12, 2016).
36. Mental Illness Policy Org., “Kognito At-Risk for College Students Certified by SAMHSA as Effective Way to Identify Mentally Ill Students in Spite of Lack of Evidence,” Mental Illness Policy Org., 2013, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/samhsa/kognitounproven.html (accessed July 12, 2016).
37. US House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, “Examining SAMHSA's Role in Delivering Services to the Severely Mentally Ill: Hearings Before the House Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce,” Sally Satel testimony, 113th Cong., May 22, 2013, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/samhsa/satel.5.22.13.samhsa.testimony.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016). The American Psychiatric Association also criticized SAMHSA for failing to “develop explicit goals for evidence-based medical care for serious psychiatric illnesses.” Summergrad, “SAMHSA Strategic Plan Falls Short.”
38. One reason SAMHSA hasn't certified these is that SAMHSA requires programs to be submitted to them for review. When programs help persons with mental illness, but no one profits from them, there is no submitter.
39. HHS, “Fiscal Year 2017, SAMHSA,” p. 55 (accessed September 25, 2016). Block grants are federal funds that are supposed to be distributed to states (“block granted”) with little federal direction. Before Congress established the block grants, the funds were appropriated for specific legislatively mandated programs, including Community Mental Health Centers. Block granting was supposed to give states more flexibility.
40. Mental Illness Policy Org., “How SAMHSA Mental Health Block Grant Guidance and Application Form Encourages States to Not Use Block Grants for the Most Seriously Ill,” Mental Illness Policy Org., February 3, 2013, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/samhsa/samhsa-block-grant-problems.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
41. SAMHSA, “FY 2014–2015 Block Grant Application,” SAMHSA, 2014, http://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/fy2014-2015-bg-application.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), “FY 2012–2013 Block Grant Application,” SAMHSA, 2012, http://beta.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/bg_planning_section.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
42. SAMHSA, “Block Grant Public Comment Log,” 2012. Archived at http://web.archive.org/web/20130213155030/http://www.samhsa.gov/grants/blockgrant/docs/BGComment-Question-Log-Continuous.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
43. In 1986, states were required to conduct mental health planning as a condition for receiving the block grant, but the statute put providers in the planning groups. Family members of the seriously ill on the planning councils are simply outvoted by the industry representatives. Joseph N. de Raismes, III, “The Evolution of Federal Mental Health Planning Legislation” (paper, National Association of Mental Health Planning & Advisory Councils, 2005). Link to article available under Frequently Asked Questions, http://www.namhpac.org/about.html (accessed July 12, 2016).
44. US Congress, Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2014, HR 3547, 113th Congress (2013–2014) enacted as Public Law 113-76, January 17, 2014, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-113publ76/pdf/PLAW-113publ76.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016). The legislative history is at https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3547/text. The accompanying Senate Report 113-71 (2014) is at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-113srpt71/pdf/CRPT-113srpt71.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016). When the 21st Century Cures Act (H.R. 34) was passed in December 2016, the set-aside was raised to ten percent. US Congress, “21st Century Cures Act,” https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/34/text (accessed December 10, 2016).
45. SAMHSA, “Guidance for Revision of the FY 2014–2015 MHBG Behavioral Health Assessment and Plan,” SAMHSA, 2014, http://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/mhbg-5-percent-set-aside-guidance.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016). See chapter 12 for a discussion of peer support and SAMHSA support for it.
46. SAMHSA, “Stakeholder Feedback: Trauma,” SAMHSA, December 31, 2010. First page archived at http://web.archive.org/web/20140728143636/http://feedback.samhsa.gov/forums/186681--closed-definition-of-trauma (accessed July 12, 2016). The idea of focusing on trauma started at a 1994 SAMHSA-sponsored conference that was supposed to address victimized women. Instead, it promoted SAMHSA's anti-treatment narrative by highlighting alleged “re-victimization experienced in residential or inpatient settings through such practices as seclusion and restraint.” SAMHSA, “About the National Center for Trauma Informed Care,” SAMHSA, 2005. Archived at http://web.archive.org/web/20140406182517/http://samhsa.gov/nctic/about.asp (accessed July 12, 2016).
47. SAMHSA, “Trauma Definition,” SAMHSA, December 10, 2012. First page archived at http://web.archive.org/web/20140701164137/http://samhsa.gov/traumajustice/traumadefinition/definition.aspx (accessed July 12, 2016).
48. Boris Vatel, “Unmasking Trauma-Informed Care,” Clinical Psychiatry News, October 9, 2015, http://www.clinicalpsychiatrynews.com/views/single-view/unmasking-trauma-informed-care/dfa0935dfbb07b1c60fc7c3bc3ed5fac.html (accessed July 12, 2016).
49. HHS, “Fiscal Year 2017, SAMHSA,” p. 56.
50. Christina Hoff Sommers and Sally Satel, One Nation Under Therapy: How the Helping Culture is Eroding Self-Reliance (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2005).
51. The National Center for Trauma-Informed Care seems to have morphed into anti-treatment territory. Its original purpose was “to offer technical assistance to stimulate and support interest in and implementation of trauma-informed care in publicly funded systems and programs.” SAMHSA, “About the National Center for Trauma-Informed Care,” SAMHSA, 2005. But the active website says it was renamed the National Center for Trauma-Informed Care and Alternatives to Seclusion and Restraint (emphasis added): http://www.samhsa.gov/nctic/about (accessed July 12, 2016). We don't know what alternatives they are proposing. Most likely it is not medication or treatment.
52. Mental Illness Policy Org., “SAMHSA Supports Groups That Lobby Against Improved Treatment,” Mental Illness Policy Org., 2012, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/samhsa/samhsa-support-antipsychiatry.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
53. SAMHSA's Resource Center to Promote Acceptance, Dignity, and Social Inclusion Associated with Mental Health (ADS Center), “Mental Illness Awareness Week Guide,” SAMHSA, October 2010, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/samhsa/samhsa_miaw_guide.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
54. Mindfreedom, “The Truth Behind the MFI Truth Brochure,” Mindfreedom, September 6, 2008, http://www.mindfreedom.org/kb/mental-health-system/truth (accessed July 12, 2016).
55. Icarus Project, “Welcome to the Icarus Project,” Icarus Project, 2014, http://www.theicarusproject.net (accessed February 28, 2015).
56. National Coalition for Mental Health Recovery (NCMHR), “Coalition of Individuals with Psychiatric Labels Supports Protestors’ Efforts to ‘Occupy’ the American Psychiatric Association Convention,” press release, May 3, 2012, http://www.ncmhr.org/press-releases/5.3.12.htm (accessed July 12, 2016).
57. Mental Illness Policy Org., “SAMHSA Supports Groups.”
58. Joseph Rogers, interview by Joanne Silberner, “The Closing of Haverford State: A Special Report,” NPR: The Infinite Mind, June 21, 2000.
59. SAMHSA, “Listing of Active Contracts,” May 2011. Archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20140530185530/http://www.hhs.gov/about/smallbusiness/smallbusiness/pdf/samhsa.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
60. Pat Risser, “Pat Risser Highlights,” http://www.patrisser.com/personalinfo/res.html (accessed July 12, 2016).
61. Pat Risser, “Personal Stories,” MindFreedom, http://www.mindfreedom.org/personal-stories/risserpat (accessed December 19, 2016).
62. Dr. Sally Satel told a House subcommittee, “Despite the fact that we were called an ‘advisory council,’ it was clear that CMHS did not want our advice.” House Committee on Energy and Commerce, “Examining SAMHSA's Role,” Satel testimony.
63. SAMHSA, “Building Blocks: Sing-Along Songs,” SAMHSA, 2011, formerly at https://bblocks2015-stage.icfwebservices.com/activities/songs/healthy-snacks.aspx (accessed July 12, 2014).
64. US Government Accountability Office (GAO), “Federal Efforts on Mental Health: Why Greater HHS Leadership is Needed,” Transcript of Hearings on the GAO Report on SAMHSA, Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, 114th Cong., February 11, 2015, http://docs.house.gov/meetings/IF/IF02/20150211/102944/HHRG-114-IF02-Transcript-20150211.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
65. E. Fuller Torrey, “The Ridiculous ‘National Wellness Week,’” National Review, September 17, 2014, http://www.nationalreview.com/article/388140/ridiculous-national-wellness-week-e-fuller-torrey (accessed July 12, 2016).
66. Treatment Advocacy Center, “SAMHSA Receives Worst Government Agency Award,” National Review, November 10, 2011, http://www.nationalreview.com/article/388140/ridiculous-national-wellness-week-e-fuller-torrey (accessed December 21, 2016). Until recently, SAMHSA also put on an annual in-house musical to celebrate World AIDS Day.
67. Tom Coburn (then US Senator, R–OK), 2013 Wastebook, Analysis, United States Congress, Washington, DC, 2013, p. 175.
68. US Congress, “21st Century Cures Act (H.R. 34) 114th Cong. 2015,” Congress.gov, https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/34/text (accessed December 10, 2016).
CHAPTER 8: THE MENTAL HEALTH NONPROFIT COMPLEX AND ITS CRITICS
1. National Coalition for Mental Health Recovery (NCMHR), “Member Organizations and Friends of the National Coalition,” NCMHR, http://www.ncmhr.org/members.htm (accessed July 13, 2016). NCMHR is partially funded by dues from members, many of whom receive SAMHSA funds.
2. NCMHR, “Coalition of Individuals with Psychiatric Labels Supports Protestors’ Efforts to ‘Occupy’ the American Psychiatric Association Convention,” press release, May 3, 2012, http://www.ncmhr.org/press-releases/5.3.12.htm (accessed July 13, 2016).
3. Lauren Spiro, “From the Director,” National Coalition News, June 2013, http://www.ncmhr.org/newsletters.htm (accessed July 13, 2016).
4. Virginia Organization of Consumers Asserting Leadership, “About VOCAL,” VOCAL, 2002, http://www.vocalvirginia.org/#/about-vocal/4534688342 (accessed July 13, 2016).
5. NCMHR claims “studies have shown that psychiatric diagnosis and labeling can result in increased stigma and discrimination in employment, housing, and community relationships.” So, presumably letting and encouraging people to go undiagnosed is the goal. National Coalition for Mental Health Recovery, “Coalition of Individuals with Psychiatric Labels.”
6. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), “FY 2010 SAMHSA Grant Awards,” SAMHSA, October 13, 2010, http://media.samhsa.gov/Grants/2010/awards/SM-10-008.aspx (accessed July 13, 2016).
7. E. Fuller Torrey and DJ Jaffe, “After Newtown: The Existing Federal Mental-Health Agency Actually Opposes Efforts to Treat Mental Illness,” National Review, August 13, 2013, http://www.nationalreview.com/article/355826/after-newtown-e-fuller-torrey-d-j-jaffe (accessed July 13, 2016).
8. National Empowerment Center (NEC), “Home page,” NEC, http://www.power2u.org/ (accessed July 13, 2016).
9. Oryx Cohen, “Welcome Page,” Freedom Center, http://freedom-center.org/welcome (accessed July 13, 2016).
10. NEC, “Emotional CPR: Saving Lives, Healing Communities (webinar and slides),” NEC, http://emotional-cpr.org. Also see “Emotional CPR: Saving Lives, Healing Communities,” YouTube video, 1:30:17, posted by “Emotional CPR,” April 19, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfriXNOq40w&feature=youtu.be (accessed July 13, 2016).
11. SAMHSA, “FY 2010 SAMHSA Grant Awards”; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), “FY 2001 Grant Funding Awards as of October 2001,” October 19, 2001. Archived at http://web.archive.org/web/20140714054112/http://www.samhsa.gov/grants/content/2001/awardees/sm01-003.awardees.htm (accessed July 13, 2016).
12. Joseph Rogers, interview by Joanne Silberner, “The Closing of Haverford State: A Special Report,” NPR: The Infinite Mind, June 21, 2000.
13. National Mental Health Consumers’ Self-Help Clearinghouse, “Who We Are!” Mental Health Association of Southeastern Pennsylvania, 2015, http://www.mhselfhelp.org/about-us/ (accessed July 13, 2016). In 2016, SAMHSA gave the Clearinghouse a grant to another organization without explaining why, leading to rumors.
14. National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), “About NAMI: Who We Are, What We Do,” NAMI, 2014, http://www.nami.org/template.cfm?section=About_NAMI (accessed July 13, 2016). The author was a former board member of the New York City, New York State, and national organizations.
Examples of NAMI national's historic focus on serious mental illness: In 1993, when President Clinton was formulating a national health plan, the industry argued it should cover all mental health problems. Recognizing that that would drive up costs and likely result in the plan excluding all mental health benefits, NAMI national broke with the industry and proposed a compromise that “would concentrate mental health coverage on treatment of the most severe illnesses.” Daniel Goleman, “Mental Health Professionals Worry over Coming Change in Health Care,” New York Times, May 10, 1993, http://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/10/us/mental-health-professionals-worry-over-coming-change-in-health-care.html (accessed July 13, 2016). In 1995, NAMI again broke with the industry by endorsing various forms of involuntary treatment when needed. NAMI, “Involuntary Commitment and Court-Ordered Treatment,” NAMI, 1995, http://www.nami.org/About-NAMI/Policy-Platform/9-Legal-Issues (accessed July 21, 2016). As late as 1999, NAMI and its executive director were criticizing the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) for conducting useless research like that on the mating habits of birds. E. Fuller Torrey, Michael B. Knable, John M. Davis, et al., A Mission Forgotten: The Failure of the National Institute of Mental Health to Do Sufficient Research on Severe Mental Illnesses (Arlington, VA: NAMI and the NAMI Research Institute/Stanley Research Programs, December 1999), http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/amissionforgotten_-_nimh.pdf (accessed July 13, 2016).
But by 2002, everything changed. NAMI was defending the research they previously criticized. NAMI, “NAMI Condemns CBS's 60 Minutes for ‘Sound Bite Journalism,’” press release, April 24, 2002, http://www.nami.org/Press-Media/Press-Releases/2002/NAMI-Condemns-CBS-s-60-Minutes-for-Sound-Bite-Jou (accessed July 13, 2016). They committed to ignoring the policy on involuntary treatment they used to support and embraced many politically correct, wasteful programs described in this book.
15. Mental Illness Policy Org., “WRAP Certified as ‘Evidence-Based,’ by SAMHSA, But is It?” Mental Illness Policy Org., 2012, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/samhsa/wrapunproven.html (accessed July 13, 2016).
16. Rael Jean Isaac and Virginia C. Armat, Madness in the Streets: How Psychiatry and the Law Abandoned the Mentally Ill (New York: Free Press, 1990); E. Fuller Torrey, Nowhere to Go: The Tragic Odyssey of the Homeless Mentally Ill (New York: Harper & Row, 1988).
17. Amanda Peters, “Lawyers Who Break the Law: What Congress Can Do to Prevent Mental Health Patient Advocates from Violating Federal Legislation,” Oregon Law Review 89, no. 1 (2010): 133–74, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/myths/mental-health-bar.pdf (accessed July 13, 2016).
18. Morton Birnbaum, “The Right to Treatment,” American Bar Association Journal 46 (1960): 499–504.
19. See Wyatt v. Stickney, chapter 15.
20. For example, Disability Rights California continually raises the specter of suits to prevent treatment of the mentally ill who have a history of incarceration. Dan Morain, “Mentally Ill Deserve More of Our Attention,” Sacramento Bee, October 5, 2014, http://www.sacbee.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/dan-morain/article2620121.html (accessed July 13, 2016).
21. Darold Treffert, “Dying with Their Rights On,” Prism 2, no. 2 (February 1974): 49–52. Originally published in American Journal of Psychiatry 130, no. 9 (September 1973): 1041, http://www.dorotheadixthinktank.org/Portals/0/Literature/Dying%20with%20Their%20Rights%20On_Darold%20Treffert_MD_AMA_1974.pdf (accessed July 13, 2013).
22. Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, “Who We Are,” Bazelon, 2013, http://www.bazelon.org/Who-We-Are.aspx (accessed July 13, 2016).
23. Bazelon CEO Robert Bernstein told the Institute of Medicine, “We are writing into [Olmstead] settlement agreements…peer support. Peer support is being incorporated as part of the remedy.” Robert Bernstein, “Mental Health and Violence: Opportunities for Prevention and Early Intervention—A Workshop,” 13:54, National Academy of Sciences, February 26, 2014, http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Activities/Global/ViolenceForum/2014-FEB-26/Day%201/Panel%201/19-Bernstein-Video.aspx (accessed July 13, 2016).
24. US Congress, Protection and Advocacy for Mentally Ill Individuals Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-319, 1986, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-100/pdf/STATUTE-100-Pg478.pdf (accessed July 13, 2016). See chapter 14.
25. Elizabeth Bernstein and Nathan Koppel, “A Death in the Family: Aided by Advocates for the Mentally Ill, William Bruce Left the Hospital—Only to Kill His Mother,” Wall Street Journal, August 16, 2008, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB121883750650245525 (accessed July 13, 2016).
26. PsychRights, “Involuntary Commitment/Treatment,” PsychRights, http://psychrights.org/Research/nypainvol.htm (accessed July 13, 2016).
27. State and county mental health officials do support beds when the federal government will pay. NASMHPD sagely identified how certain provisions of the Affordable Care Act will hurt the ability to provide hospital beds. National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors, The Vital Role of State Hospitals, Joe Parks and Alan Q. Radke (eds.) (Alexandria, VA: NASMHPD, July 2014), http://nasmhpd.org/content/vital-role-state-psychiatric-hospitals-0 (accessed July 13, 2016). Robert W. Glover and Joel E. Miller, “The Interplay between Medicaid DSH Payment Cuts, the IMD Exclusion, and the ACA Medicaid Expansion Program: Impacts on State Mental Health Services (policy statement),” April 13, 2013, http://nasmhpd.org/sites/default/files/TheDSHInterplay04_26_13WebsiteFINAL.pdf (accessed July 13, 2016). National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors, “Position Statement on Repeal of the Medicaid IMD Exclusion,” NASMHPD, June 6, 2000, http://nasmhpd.org/content/position-statement-repeal-medicaid-imd-Exclusion (accessed July 26, 2016).
28. In 2013, the Mental Health Liaison Group lobbied for more money for prevention, in spite of the fact that serious mental illness can't be prevented. Mental Health Liaison Group, letter to Senators Tom Harkin and Lamar Alexander, Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, April 8, 2013, http://mhlg.org/issue-statements/mental-health (accessed July 13, 2016).
29. Mental Health America (MHA), “Who We Are,” MHA, http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/who-we-are (accessed July 13, 2016).
30. DJ Jaffe, “Just Say No, Governor Cuomo: New York State Should Not Close Its Psychiatric Hospitals,” City Journal, February 13, 2014, http://www.city-journal.org/2014/eon0213dj.html (accessed July 13, 2016).
31. See chapter five for anosognosia. Eduardo Vega, “Forced Treatment and Constitutional Rights: Can They Coexist?” YouTube video, 53:59, posted by “sfpublicdefender,” March 19, 2013, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYJDbDEeOzg (accessed July 13, 2016).
32. Mr. Davison regularly calls for common sense policies like preventing persons with serious mental illness from owning firearms and allowing treatment before tragedy.
33. National Council for Behavioral Health, 2014 Annual Report, 2013–2014, http://www.thenationalcouncil.org/about/annual-report/ (accessed July 13, 2016). Also see their press releases. In 2014, the National Council merged with the State Associations of Addiction Services (SAAS).
34. DJ Jaffe, “Counterproductive Craziness at Federal Agency,” Washington Times, September 16, 2011, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/sep/16/counterproductive-craziness-at-federal-agency/ (accessed December 19, 2016).
35. National Council for Behavioral Health, “Mental Health and Addiction Policy Agenda,” National Council for Behavioral Health, 2014, http://www.thenationalcouncil.org/policy-action/policy-agenda/ (accessed July 13, 2016).
36. “Mental Health First Aid Legislation,” National Council for Behavioral Health, https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/about/mental-health-first-aid/mental-health-first-aid-legislative-activity/ (accessed December 19, 2016).
37. American Hospital Association, “Trend Watch: Bringing Behavioral Health into the Care Continuum: Opportunities to Improve Quality, Costs and Outcomes,” January 2012, aha.org/research/reports/tw/12jan-tw-behavhealth.pdf (accessed July 13, 2016). American Hospital Association (AHA), Letter to Senators Max Baucus and Orrin Hatch, Senate Finance Committee, September 30, 2013, http://www.aha.org/advocacy-issues/letter/2013/130930-let-aha-senate-behave-health.pdf (accessed July 13, 2016). See IMD Exclusion in Chapter 14.
38. National Association of Psychiatric Health Systems (NAPHS), “NAPHS History, 2008,” https://www.naphs.org/about/history (accessed July 13, 2016).
39. Allen Frances, Saving Normal (New York: HarperCollins, 2013).
40. Psychiatry Under the Influence documented both real and imagined problems with pharmaceutical research, and his suggested “fixes” will likely make the problem worse. Robert Whitaker and Lisa Cosgrove, Psychiatry Under the Influence: Institutional Corruption, Social Injury, and Prescriptions for Reform [prepub version] (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).
41. Mike Debonis, “Congress passes 21st Century Cures Act, Boosting Research and Easing Drug Approvals,” Washington Post, December 7, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2016/12/07/congress-passes-21st-century-cures-act-boosting-research-and-easing-drug-approvals/ (accessed December 20, 2017).
42. Inae Oh, “John Oliver: Big Pharma Is Like Your High School Boyfriend, Only Concerned With ‘Getting Inside You,’” Mother Jones, February 9, 2015, http://www.motherjones.com/mixed-media/2015/02/john-oliver-big-pharma (accessed December 20, 2016).
43. The NYAPRS board of directors is comprised of those who run mental health programs. Some are not peers. Membership in the National Coalition for Mental Health Recovery (NCMHR) is limited to genuine peer organizations. NYAPRS is not a member.
44. DJ Jaffe, “Just Say No, Governor Cuomo”; Mental Illness Policy Org., “Analysis of NYAPRS Opposition to Kendra's Law,” Mental Illness Policy Org., June 2012, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/kendras-law/nyaprs-opposition-kendras-law.html (accessed July 13, 2016).
45. House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, “Where Have All the Patients Gone? Examining the Psychiatric Bed Shortage, Hearings Before the House Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce,” Jon Mark Hirshon statement on behalf of the American College of Emergency Physicians, 113th Cong., March 26, 2014, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/imd/emergencydocpsychhospitaltestimony.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
46. American Psychiatric Nurses Association, Workplace Violence (position statement) (Falls Church, VA: American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 2008), http://www.apna.org/files/public/APNA_Workplace_Violence_Position_Paper.pdf (accessed July 13, 2016).
47. Jeffrey Lieberman, Shrinks: The Untold Story of Psychiatry (New York: Little, Brown, 2015).
48. Paul Summergrad, “SAMHSA Strategic Plan Falls Short on Serious Mental Illness,” Psychiatric News, September 11, 2014, http://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.pn.2014.9b17 (accessed July 13, 2016).
49. Some psychiatrists see relatively easy-to-treat, insured patients with depression or other issues during the day in their private practice. These patients are often grateful for their services. Public-sector psychiatrists see difficult-to-treat, seriously mentally ill, uninsured patients in hospitals, jails or clinics. They are often overworked, underpaid, and under intense pressure to check the right boxes on forms or to deny services to the ill. They are called on at nights and weekends to handle emergencies. Many burn out and get out.
50. American Psychological Association, “Most Popular Topics,” APA, 2014, http://apa.org (accessed July 13, 2015).
51. 1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East, “About 1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East,” SEIU, 2013, http://www.1199seiu.org/about#sthash.KNxM9xch.dpbs (accessed July 13, 2016).
52. Roger Glass, “PEF Cautiously Optimistic about New Mental Health Plan,” Public Employees Federation, January 8, 2014, http://www.aft.org/news/pef-cautiously-optimistic-about-new-mental-health-plan (accessed December 20, 2016).
53. One Mind for Research, “Gemini, Apollo, the Stigma,” One Mind for Research, 2014.
54. Patrick Kennedy, “Patrick Kennedy Speaks at Mental Health Liaison Group's Annual Meeting,” Patrick J. Kennedy, January 27, 2014, http://patrickjkennedy.net/patrick-kennedy-speaks-at-mental-health-liaison-groups-annual-meeting/ (accessed August 17, 2016).
55. Patrick Kennedy, “Speech 2014 NAMI,” C-Span video, 20:47, September 7, 2014, http://www.c-span.org/video/?c4507851/patrick-kennedy-speech-2014-nami (accessed July 13, 2016).
56. Carter Center, “The 30th Annual Rosalynn Carter Symposium on Mental Health Policy,” Carter Center, 2013, https://www.cartercenter.org/health/mental_health/symposium/2014/index.html (accessed July 13, 2016).
57. Katharine Mieszkowski, “Scientology's War on Psychiatry,” Salon, July 1, 2005, http://www.salon.com/2005/07/01/sci_psy (accessed March 4, 2015).
58. Mental Illness Policy Org., “Mindfreedom and Scientology,” Mental Illness Policy Org., 2011, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/myths/mindfreedom-scientology-oaks-cchr.html (accessed March 4, 2015).
59. National Sheriffs’ Association, “National Sheriffs’ Association Supports Mission of Treatment Advocacy Center,” Sherrifs.org, March 2013, http://www.sheriffs.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/GovAffairs/2013-03%20Treatment%20Advocacy%20Center.pdf (accessed July 13, 2016).
60. Kevin Fritz, “Thank You, Sheriff,” Lake Mary News, October 31, 2016, https://www.lakemarylife.com/lake-mary-news/article/thank-you-sheriff (accessed December 22, 2016).
61. International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), Resolution: “Assisted Outpatient Treatment,” Mental Illness Policy Org., October 21, 2014, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/crimjust/iacpadoptsaot.pdf (accessed July 13, 2016).
62. Michael Biasotti, “State's Mentally Ill Need Treatment, Not Incarceration,” Times Union (Albany, NY), October 14, 2013, http://www.timesunion.com/opinion/article/State-s-mentally-ill-need-treatment-not-4894707.php (accessed July 13, 2016)
63. “CIT Center,” University of Memphis, http://www.cit.memphis.edu (accessed July 19, 2016); “Welcome to CIT International,” http://citinternational.org (accessed July 19, 2016).
CHAPTER 9: THE INDUSTRY FIGHTS EFFORTS TO REDUCE VIOLENCE
1. Thomas R. Insel, “Mental Health and Violence: Opportunities for Prevention and Early Intervention,” 30:19, keynote address, Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, February 26, 2014, http://www.national-academies.org/hmd/Activities/Global/ViolenceForum/2014-FEB-26/Day%201/Welcome%20and%20Morning%20Presentations/4-Insel-Video.aspx (accessed July 13, 2016).
2. SAMHSA's Resource Center to Promote Acceptance, Dignity and Social Inclusion Associated with Mental Health (ADS Center), “Violence and Mental Illness: The Facts,” SAMHSA. Original link expired. First page available at https://web.archive.org/web/20150125014241/http://www.promoteacceptance.samhsa.gov/publications/facts.aspx.
3. Various mental health lobbyists, “Mental Health Advocates Blast Rep. Tim Murphy's Bill as a Costly Step Backward, to the Days When a Mental Illness Diagnosis Was a Life Sentence,” PR Newswire, December 12, 2013, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mental-health-advocates-blast-rep-tim-murphys-bill-as-a-costly-step-backward-to-the-days-when-a-mental-illness-diagnosis-was-a-life-sentence-235602341.html (accessed July 13, 2016).
4. After mentally ill Jared Loughner shot Representative Giffords, NCMHR wrote, “Contrary to popular belief, research has shown we [people with lived experience] are no more violent than the general population” and repeated the claim when Congress tried to reform the mental health treatment system. NCMHR, “National Coalition of Individuals with Mental Health Conditions Calls for Reasonable Response to Arizona Tragedy,” press release, January 10, 2011, http://www.ncmhr.org/press-releases/1.10.11.htm (accessed July 13, 2016). NCMHR, “Mental Health Advocates Decry Forced Treatment Provision in ‘Doc Fix’ Bill,” press release, March 28, 2014, http://ncmhr.org/press-releases/3.28.14.htm (accessed July 13, 2016).
“No connection between mental illness and violence” was also trumpeted in press releases from the National Federation of Families for Children's Mental Health. Admin, “The National Federation Responds to Rep. Tim Murphy's Mental Health Bill,” National Federation of Families for Children's Mental Health, December 18, 2013, https://www.ffcmh.org/blog/national-federation-responds-rep-tim-murphys-mental-health-bill (accessed July 13, 2016).
After the Sandy Hook shootings, Bazelon proclaimed, “[P]eople with mental illnesses are no more violent than people without mental illnesses.” “The Relationship between the Availability of Psychiatric Hospital Beds, Murders Involving Firearms, and Incarceration Rates,” Bazelon, January 15, 2013, http://www.bazelon.org/portals/0/Archives/Statements%20&%20Releases/Relationship%20Between%20Psychiatric%20Hospital%20Beds%20and%20Firearm%20Murder1.15.13.pdf (accessed July 13, 2016).
The National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors created a toolkit for state mental health commissioners on how to avoid community pressure to take steps to reduce violence. NASMHPD, Responding to a High-Profile Tragic Incident Involving a Person with a Serious Mental Illness: A Toolkit for State Mental Health Commissioners, NASMHPD and the Council of State Governments Justice Center, 2010.
5. Mental Health America (MHA), “Position Statement 72: Violence: Community Mental Health Response,” September 17, 2011, http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/positions/violence (accessed July 13, 2016).
6. Associated Press, “FBI Prevented 148 Mass Shootings in 2013,” New York Post, December 16, 2013, http://nypost.com/2013/12/16/fbi-stopped-148-mass-shootings-in-2013-eric-holder (accessed July 13, 2016).
7. Henry J. Steadman, Edward P. Mulvey, John Monahan, et al., “Violence by People Discharged from Acute Psychiatric Inpatient Facilities and by Others in the Same Neighborhoods,” Archives of General Psychiatry 55, no. 5 (May 1998): 393–401. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9596041 (accessed July 13, 2016).
8. The researchers only included patients released from short-term, acute-care hospitals, i.e., patients who were receiving treatment. The authors counted as violence only acts that produced bodily harm. If you're a good ducker, your relative is not considered violent. They did not include setting fires or trashing rooms as violence. They compared their sample of mentally ill to residents of high-crime areas of Pittsburgh, thereby making the high violence rate among mentally ill seem more normal. Sally Satel and DJ Jaffe, “Violent Fantasies,” National Review, July 28, 1998, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/consequences/macarthur-violence-mental-illness.html (accessed July 13, 2016).
9. Eighteen percent of the patients without a drug or alcohol problem committed at least one act of violence (e.g., throwing objects, kicking, hitting, using a weapon), and an additional 33 percent engaged in at least one act of aggression (same as above except that no harm resulted). Violence was 31 percent among mentally ill people who also abused drugs and alcohol. Those who received six or fewer mental health treatment sessions per quarter were significantly more likely to become violent than those who received seven or more. E. Fuller Torrey, Jonathan Stanley, John Monahan, et al., “The MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study Revisited: Two Views Ten Years after Its Original Publication,” Psychiatric Services 59, no. 2 (February 2008): 147–52, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/consequences/Torrey-McArthur-Foundation.pdf (accessed July 13, 2016).
10. John Monahan, H. Steadman, and E. Silver, Rethinking Risk Assessment: The MacArthur Study of Mental Disorder and Violence (New York: Oxford University 2001).
11. A. Sariaslan, H. Larsson, and S. Fazel, “Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Violence Risk in Psychotic Disorders: A Multivariate Quantitative Genetic Study of 1.8 Million Swedish Twins and Siblings,” Molecular Psychiatry, December 2015, http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/mp2015184a.html (accessed July 13, 2016).
12. Michael Luo and Mike McIntire, “When the Right to Bear Arms Includes the Mentally Ill,” New York Times, December 21, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/22/us/when-the-right-to-bear-arms-includes-the-mentally-ill.html (accessed July 13, 2016).
13. Jeffrey Swanson, Charles E. Holzer, Vijay K. Ganju et al, “Violence and Psychiatric Disorder in the Community: Evidence from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Surveys,” Hospital and Community Psychiatry 41, no. 7 (July 1990): 761–70. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2142118 (accessed July 13, 2016).
14. Various mental health lobbyists, “Mental Health Advocates.”
15. More than one-quarter of persons with serious mental illness claim to have been victims of violent crime in the past year, a rate more than eleven times that of the general population. Linda A. Teplin, Gary M. McClelland, Karen M. Abram, et al., “Crime Victimization in Adults with Severe Mental Illness: Comparison With the National Crime Victimization Survey,” Archives of General Psychiatry 62, no. 8 (August 2005): 911–21, http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=208861 (accessed July 13, 2016).
16. Jeffrey W. Swanson, Marvin S. Swartz, Susan M. Essock, et al., “The Social-Environmental Context of Violent Behavior in Persons Treated for Serious Mental Illness,” American Journal of Public Health 92, no. 9 (September 2002): 1523–31, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447272 (accessed July 13, 2016).
17. The significant finding that people with mental illness were more likely to perpetrate injury-causing violence than be victims of it was in the study but not the abstract. The authors created two descriptions of “violence.” One definition (“community violence”) did not require having received or given an injury. The other definition (“violence”) did. The abstract focused on community violence—violence without injury—and reported that people with mental illness are more likely to be victims than perpetrators. But when injury occurred, the results were reversed. Sarah L. Desmarais, Richard A. Van Dorn, Kiersten L. Johnson, et al., “Community Violence Perpetration and Victimization among Adults with Mental Illnesses,” American Journal of Public Health 104, no. 12 (December 2014): 2342–49. Abstract at http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301680 (accessed July 25, 2016).
18. C. Rodway, S. Flynn, M. S. Rahman, et al., “Patients with Mental Illness as Victims of Homicide: A National Consecutive Case Series,” Lancet 1, no. 2 (2014): 129−34.
19. Jay Carney, “Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney, 5/15/2013,” White House Press Office, May 15, 2013, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/05/15/press-briefing-press-secretary-jay-carney-5152013 (accessed July 13, 2016).
20. The CDC calculates that 61 percent of all firearms fatalities in the United States, 19,393 of 31,672, were suicides, and one-third had documented mental illness. That would be 5,817 suicides. That figure is likely low because it does not include those who did not get treatment. Jeffrey Swanson, E. Elizabeth McGuinty, Seena Fazel, et al., “Mental Illness and Reduction of Gun Violence and Suicide: Bringing Epidemiologic Research to Policy,” Annals of Epidemiology 25 (2015) 366e376: 366–76. The American Foundation for Suicide notes that roughly half of the 42,000 suicides in 2014 were by gun. American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, “Suicide Statistics,” 2014, http://afsp.org/about-suicide/suicide-statistics/ (accessed July 13, 2016). The mental health industry claims 90% of suicides are mental illness related. That would be 18,900 gun-related suicides.
21. Vanessa O'Connell and Gary Fields, “Many Mentally Ill Can Buy Guns: Federal Law Prohibits Sales Only to People Declared Unfit by Judge; States Slow to Update Database,” Wall Street Journal, January 12, 2011, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704515904576076200491395200 (accessed July 13, 2016).
22. Michael Ollove, “States Tackle Mental Illness and Gun Ownership,” Pew Charitable Trusts: Stateline, March 21, 2013, http://www.pewstates.org/projects/stateline/headlines/states-tackle-mental-illness-and-gun-ownership-85899461407 (accessed July 13, 2016).
23. David Sherfinski, “Mental Illness in Youth Could Prevent Gun Purchases in Adulthood,” Washington Times, January 7, 2014, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/jan/7/mental-illness-in-youth-could-prevent-gun-purchase (accessed July 13, 2016).
24. Wayne Lindstorm, “Opposing View: Don't Link Violence with Mental Illness,” USA Today, January 10, 2013, http://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2013/01/10/mental-health-america-wayne-lindstrom/1566226 (accessed July 13, 2016).
25. Pamela S. Hyde, “Informing Public Health Strategies: Challenges and Opportunities in Behavioral Health,” (PowerPoint presentation), New Orleans, LA: 3rd Annual Public Health Law Research Meeting, January 18, 2013, http://store.samhsa.gov/product/Informing-Public-Health-Strategies-Challenges-and-Opportunities-in-Behavioral-Health/SMA13-PHYDE011813 (accessed July 13, 2016).
26. The Bazelon report purported to show that gun violence was not correlated with a reduction in psychiatric hospital beds. But the report was a study of all gun violence and did not study gun violence by persons with mental illness.
27. Barack Obama, “Fact Sheet: New Executive Actions to Reduce Gun Violence and Make Our Communities Safer,” White House, January 4, 2016, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/04/fact-sheet-new-executive-actions-reduce-gun-violence-and-make-our (accessed July 13, 2016).
When Texas passed an “open-carry” law that allowed guns in state psychiatric hospitals, USA Today and the Texas Statesman ran headlines like “Texas Allows Guns into State Hospitals.” NAMI should have theoretically supported the law since it comported with its “mentally ill are no more violent than others” rhetoric, but families of those with serious mental illness and the public were outraged. NAMI Texas, one of the better NAMI organizations, distanced itself by relying on the old standby, “stigma,” claiming it was stigmatizing to think guns were needed in psychiatric hospitals. “Stigma,” which had previously been used as a justification for why people with mental illness should be allowed access to firearms, quickly became the argument for preventing it.
28. Lois Beckett, “Myth vs Fact: Violence and Mental Health,” ProPublica, June 10, 2014, http://www.propublica.org/article/myth-vs-fact-violence-and-mental-health (accessed July 13, 2016).
29. New York State Legislature, NY Secure Ammunition and Firearms Enforcement (SAFE) Act of 2013 (Albany, January 14, 2013), http://assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?default_fld=&bn=S02230&term=2013&Summary=Y&Actions=Y&Text=Y (accessed July 13, 2016).
30. Karen Dewitt, “Mental Health Advocates Critical of New Gun Law,” WBFO 88.7 (Buffalo, NY), March 7, 2013, http://news.wbfo.org/post/mental-health-advocates-critical-new-gun-law (accessed July 13, 2016); Harvey Rosenthal, “It Shouldn't Take a Tragedy to Improve Treatment,” New York Times, January 17, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/01/17/can-mental-health-care-reduce-gun-violence/it-shouldnt-take-a-tragedy-to-improve-mental-health-care (accessed March 6, 2015).
31. Thomas Kaplan and Danny Hakim, “New York Has Gun Deal, with Focus on Mental Ills,” New York Times, January 14, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/15/nyregion/new-york-legislators-hope-for-speedy-vote-on-gun-laws.html (accessed July 13, 2016).
32. DJ Jaffe, “Require Therapists to Warn Authorities of Danger,” New York Times, January 17, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/01/17/can-mental-health-care-reduce-gun-violence/require-therapists-to-warn-authorities-of-danger (accessed July 13, 2016).
33. New York State Conference of Local Mental Hygiene Directors, “Memo in Opposition to Provisions of the New York SAFE Act,” scribd, 2013, http://www.scribd.com/doc/127579710/Safe-Act-9-46-Memo-Clmhd-lh (accessed July 13, 2016).
34. New York Coalition of Behavioral Health Agencies, Hearing on the New York SAFE Act, Before the New York State Mental Health & Developmental Disabilities Committee, Statement of Jason Lippman, May 31, 2013, http://coalitionny.org/policy_advocacy/testimony/documents/CBHATestimonyNYSAFEAct.pdf (accessed July 13, 2016).
35. Lisa Pickering, “Mental Health First Aid Discourages Gun Violence,” Guardian Liberty Voice, February 13, 2014, http://guardianlv.com/14/02/mental-health-first-aid-discourages-gun-violence (accessed July 13, 2016).
36. Jeffrey Swanson, interview by Lois Beckett, “Myth vs. Fact: Violence and Mental Health: A Q&A with an Expert Who Studies the Relationship between Mental Illness and Violence,” Pro Publica, June 10, 2014, http://www.propublica.org/article/myth-vs-fact-violence-and-mental-health (accessed July 13, 2016).
37. Robert N. Davison, “Gun Laws and the Mentally Ill” letter to the editor, New York Times, December 25, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/26/opinion/gun-laws-and-the-mentally-ill.html (accessed July 13, 2016).
CHAPTER 10: THE INDUSTRY FIGHTS LIFE-SAVING INVOLUNTARY INTERVENTIONS
1. Leah Harris, “First They Ignore You: Impressions From Today's Hearing on H.R. 3717,” Mad in America, April 3, 2014, https://www.madinamerica.com/2014/04/first-ignore-impressions-todays-hearing-h-r-3717/ (accessed December 20, 2016).
2. Don Edward Green, “We Are Making a Mockery of Civil Rights—Personally Speaking,” Treatment Advocacy Center, June 23, 2014, http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/about-us/our-blog/69-no-state/2577-we-are-making-a-mockery-of-civil-rights-personally-speaking (accessed July 14, 2016).
3. Darold A. Treffert, “1995 Wisconsin Act 292: Finally, the Fifth Standard,” Wisconsin Medical Journal 95, no. 8 (August 1996): 537–40.
4. Allen Frances, “When Is It Justified to Force Treatment on Someone,” Huffington Post, October 3, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/allen-frances/when-is-it-justified-to-f_b_4038218.html (accessed July 14, 2016).
5. Adam G. Gerhardstein, “A First Episode Standard for Involuntary Treatment,” University of St. Thomas Law Journal 10, no. 2 (Fall 2012): 469, http://ir.stthomas.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1312&context=ustlj (accessed December 20, 2016).
6. Bellevue: New York's Bellevue Pilot Program was conducted in the 1990s and had numerous problems. For example, there was no procedure in place to bring the noncompliant in for reevaluation. Researchers learned much from the pilot program and did not take it statewide. Instead, they fixed the problems and introduced it as Kendra's Law, which has proven very successful. See appendix B. Rand: The 2001 Rand Study only includes data prior to 2000. Per Brian Stettin of the Treatment Advocacy Center, “the RAND authors acknowledged multiple studies finding substantial patient improvements after AOT. Their objection was that none had attempted to isolate the court order, as opposed to the enhanced quality of services, as a determinative factor in AOT's success.” Subsequent research in New York ignored by those who quote Rand, shows the court order does add value.
7. Treatment Advocacy Center, “No Relevance to Assisted Outpatient Treatment (AOT) in the OCTET Study of English Compulsory Treatment,” TAC, May 2013, http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/Research/may2013-octet-study.pdf (accessed July 14, 2016).
8. Bazelon says, “Forced mental health care is never appropriate, except when there are immediate and serious safety risks.” Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, “Self-Determination,” Bazelon, http://www.bazelon.org/Where-We-Stand/Self-Determination.aspx (accessed July 14, 2016). “Force is not treatment,” claimed the head of MHA of San Francisco. Eduardo Vega, “Forced Treatment and Constitutional Rights: Can They Coexist?” YouTube video, 53:59, posted by “sfpublicdefender,” March 19, 2013, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYJDbDEeOzg (accessed July 14, 2016).
9. Medication over objection generally requires a separate hearing to determine if the individual lacks capacity or competency. That requirement is not superseded by AOT legislation.
10. New York courts have ruled that AOT is an appropriate use of the state's police powers and parens patriae powers. They did so by noting it is limited to those who have previously, on multiple occasions, refused treatment and had it lead to tragedy, and by observing that AOT allows people to continue to live in the community and doesn't allow for “forced” medication. K. J. Brennan, Kendra's Law: Final Report on the Status of Assisted Outpatient Treatment (New York State Office of Mental Health, Albany, NY: 2005) Appendix 2. Original at http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/kendras-law/research/kendras-law-study-2005.pdf. (accessed March 15, 2015). Unpublished revision available at http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/kendras-law/kendras-law-constitutional.html (accessed July 14, 2016).
11. Elizabeth Marcellino, “County Will Seek Court-Ordered Treatment of Mentally Ill: Advocates Split on Effectiveness of ‘Laura's Law,’” EGP News (Los Angeles), July 17, 2014, http://egpnews.com/2014/07/county-will-seek-court-ordered-treatment-of-mentally-ill (accessed July 14, 2016).
12. Dan Fisher, letter to the editor, “Outpatient Commitment Would Harm Patients in Need,” Boston Globe, January 1, 2013, http://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/letters/2013/01/01/outpatient-commitment-would-harm-patients-need/EplTlGyIBg66QTngV9iEVJ/story.html (accessed July 14, 2016). NEC also issued a press release stating that AOT “would bring America back to the dark ages before deinstitutionalization, when people with mental health conditions languished in institutions, sometimes for life.” NCMHR, “Mental Health Advocates Decry Forced Treatment Provision in ‘Doc Fix’ Bill,” press release, March 28, 2014, http://ncmhr.org/press-releases/3.28.14.htm (accessed July 14, 2016). As far back as 1998, NEC lent support to opponents of New York State's AOT law. New York City Involuntary Outpatient Commitment Pilot Program, “Testimony Regarding the Results of the Research Study of the New York City Involuntary Outpatient Commitment Pilot Program,” Harvey Rosenthal testimony, National Association for Rights Protection and Advocacy, December 16, 1998, http://www.narpa.org/testimony.ioc.nyc.htm (accessed July 14, 2016).
13. Pennsylvania Committee on Health and Human Services, Hearings Before the Pennsylvania Committee on Health and Human Services, on House Bill 2186, Assisted Outpatient Treatment, statement of Lynn M. Keltz on behalf of the Pennsylvania Mental Health Consumers’ Association, April 8, 2010, http://www.papeersupportcoalition.org/advocacy/TestimoneyHB2186.pdf (Link expired, accessed February 28, 2015).
14. National Mental Health Consumers’ Self-Help Clearinghouse, “Issues of Involuntary Intervention with Core Values and Principles,” NCMHR, March 18, 1999, http://www.ncmhr.org/downloads/InvoluntaryTreatment31899.pdf (accessed July 14, 2016). Other SAMHSA-funded organizations opposing reform include the California Network for Mental Health Clients, which called for “No expansion of forced treatment or involuntary outpatient commitment,” lobbies against Laura's Law, and organized a petition drive in opposition. The SAMHSA-supported Mental Health Empowerment Project held a demonstration in Albany protesting AOT.
15. California: Disability Rights California, “Collection of DRC Memos, California PAIMI Opposition to Laura's Law,” Mad in America, 2013, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/states/california/p&aopposition.pdf (accessed July 14, 2016). Colorado: Electa Draper, “Debate Rages in Colorado over Involuntary Holds for Mental Illness,” Denver Post, May 25, 2014, http://www.denverpost.com/2014/05/24/debate-rages-in-colorado-over-involuntary-holds-for-mental-illness/ (accessed July 14, 2016). Ohio: Disability Rights Ohio, Letter to Senator Dave Burke on Ohio Senate Bill 43, March 20, 2013, http://www.disabilityrightsohio.org/news/disability-rights-ohio-sends-letter-senator-burke-ohio-senate-bill-43 (accessed July 14, 2016). Kentucky: Kentucky Protection and Advocacy, “Kentucky P&A's Response to Proposed Amendments to Hospitalization of the Mentally Ill Statute (KRS 202A),” KYPA, 2013. Washington: Brian M. Rosenthal, “Some Mental-Health Officials Oppose Commitment Bill,” Seattle Times, February 3, 2014. Wisconsin: Disability Rights Wisconsin, “The Fifth Standard for Civil Commitment,” Disability Rights Wisconsin, December 13, 1988, http://www.disabilityrightswi.org/archives/85 (accessed July 14, 2016). West Virginia: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Evaluation of the Protection and Advocacy for Individuals with Mental Illness (PAIMI) Program, Phase III: Evaluation Report, HHS Publication No. PEP12-EVALPAIMI. (Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services, SAMHSA, 2011), http://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/PEP12-EVALPAIMI/PEP12-EVALPAIMI.pdf (accessed July 14, 2016).
16. AOT was used in New York City more frequently than in the rest of New York state because it had a pilot program that enabled it to ramp up faster. Since there are more people of color in New York City, especially in the public system where AOT is more likely to be used, opponents disingenuously positioned that as an example of being non-racially neutral. New York Lawyers for the Public Interest, “Implementation of ‘Kendra's Law’ is Severely Biased,” April 7, 2005.
17. The legislature got worried about this faux evidence and commissioned an independent study. It found no evidence of racial bias. Jeffrey Swanson, Marvin Swartz, Richard Van Dorn, et al., “Racial Disparities in Involuntary Outpatient Commitment: Are They Real?” Health Affairs 28, no. 3 (May/June 2009): 816–26, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/28/3/816.full.pdf+html (accessed July 14, 2016). This finding of racial neutrality was confirmed at a December 2013 SAMHSA webinar on AOT by Dr. Stephanie Le Melle, co-director of public psychiatry at NYS Psychiatric Institute. She stated unequivocally that any racial bias within the mental health system—of which there may be a lot—is not taking place within the Kendra's Law program. Dr. Le Melle is African American. New York's Kendra's Law is also endorsed by the Harlem chapter of the National Alliance on Mental Illness, with a primarily African American membership.
18. Tim Gardner, Disability Rights New Mexico, “‘Kendra's Law’ won't work in NM,” Albuquerque Journal, January 2015, http://www.abqjournal.com/521236/opinion/kendras-law-wont-work-in-nm.html (accessed July 14, 2016).
19. The only incremental cost is the cost of the court order and proceedings. That is around $5,000 per person and is more than offset by reduced hospitalization and incarceration. Jeffrey W. Swanson, Richard A. Van Dorn, Marvin S. Swartz, et al., “The Cost of Assisted Outpatient Treatment: Can It Save States Money?” American Journal of Psychiatry 170, no. 12 (December 2013): 1423–32, http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/2013-duke-aot-cost-study.pdf (accessed July 14, 2016).
The services AOT enrollees receive, like case management, are services that they are already entitled to. Some claim that new services are needed for those in AOT because there are not enough services to go around and that those new services are part of the cost of AOT. But it is disingenuous to “run a bill” for those in AOT (i.e., assume they are not eligible for existing services) and not run the bill for those who do volunteer. Their costs are identical. If there are not enough services to go around, the community has two choices. It can increase services or cut services for the worried well, in order to fund services for the seriously ill. AOT therefore accomplishes an important imperative: it focuses new and existing resources on the most seriously ill.
20. The following quotes from the 2011 SAMHSA evaluation of PAIMI prove that SAMHSA is aware that PAIMI programs are working to block implementation of AOT. “A number of PAIMIs worked to prevent the enactment of state laws creating outpatient commitment systems.” PAIMI may “collaborate with…a consumer advocacy organization to block passage of a proposed expansion of an outpatient commitment law,” (p. 30). “PAIMIs reported joining other advocates in activities such as: Ad hoc partnerships focused on specific issues (e.g., opposing outpatient commitment),” (p. 66). “At the state level, PAIMIs have been involved in systemic issues including outpatient civil commitment,” (p. 79). “A number of PAIMIs worked to prevent the enactment of state laws creating outpatient commitment systems,” (p. 94). SAMHSA, Evaluation of the PAIMI Program, HHS Pub. No. PEP12-EVALPAIMI.
21. NYS/OMH, Kendra's Law: Final Report on the Status of Assisted Outpatient Treatment.
22. William M. Greenberg, Lanna Moore-Duncan, and Rachel Herron, “Patients’ Attitudes toward Having Been Forcibly Medicated,” Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 24, no. 4 (1996): 513–24, http://www.jaapl.org/content/24/4/513.full.pdf (accessed July 14, 2016).
23. Robert A. Van Putten, Jose M. Santiago, and Michael R. Berren, “Involuntary Outpatient Commitment in Arizona: A Retrospective Study,” Hospital and Community Psychiatry 39, no. 9 (1998): 953–58. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3215643 (accessed July 14, 2016).
24. E. Fuller Torrey, “Does Involuntary Treatment Scare People with Mental Illness Away from Treatment?” Mental Illness Policy Org., http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/ivc/ivc_doesnt_drive_ptnts_from_care.pdf (accessed December 10, 2016).
25. Jennifer Bain, “Kendra Webdale's Infamous Subway-Push Killer Says Mental-Health Law Needs to be Restructured,” New York Post, December 29, 2012, http://nypost.com/2012/12/29/kendra-webdales-infamous-subway-push-killer-says-mental-health-law-needs-to-be-restructured (accessed July 14, 2016). The New York Times Magazine chronicled Mr. Goldstein starting from when he was denied voluntary admission to a hospital, causing some mental health advocates to claim that it was the lack of access to voluntary care that was responsible for the tragedy. But Mr. Goldstein had gone off medications before seeking admission to the hospital. Had the Times started its story at the point at which Mr. Goldstein went off treatment, the ability of AOT to prevent the tragedy would have been obvious.
26. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, 1859, http://www.utilitarianism.com/ol/one.html (accessed July 14, 2016).
CHAPTER 11: THE INDUSTRY FIGHTS ACCESS TO HOSPITALS, MEDICATIONS, AND ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY
1. E. Fuller Torrey, Kurt Entsminger, Jeffrey Geller, et al., “The Shortage of Public Hospital Beds for Mentally Ill Persons,” Treatment Advocacy Center, 2006, http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/the_shortage_of_publichospital_beds.pdf (accessed July 12, 2016).
2. In opposition to H.R. 2646, Val Marsh, executive director of NCMHR wrote, fixing the IMD Exclusion “advances the agenda of forced treatment.” Val Marsh, “The Murphy Bill, HR 2646—a Heinous Piece of Legislation—Is Coming to a Vote. Act Now,” Mad in America, July 5, 2016, http://www.madinamerica.com/2016/07/hr-2646-coming-to-a-vote (accessed September 19, 2016).
3. Pete Earley, “Sending the Mentally Ill from Group Homes to an Uncertain Future,” (opinion), Washington Post, October 30, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/pete-earley-sending-the-mentally-ill-from-group-homes-to-an-uncertain-future/14/10/30/f4bd84ce-5b22-11e4-8264-deed989ae9a2_story.html (accessed July 14, 2016).
4. Joseph Rogers, interview by Joanne Silberner, “The Closing of Haverford State: A Special Report,” NPR: The Infinite Mind, June 21, 2000.
5. Suzy Khimm, “How the Obamacare Wars Hurt the Mentally Ill,” MSNBC, January 21, 2014, http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/how-the-obamacare-wars-hurt-the-mentally-ill (accessed July 14, 2016).
6. E. Fuller Torrey, MD, Aaron D. Kennard, Don Eslinger, et al., “More Mentally Ill Persons Are in Jails and Prisons than Hospitals: A Survey of the States,” Treatment Advocacy Center, May 2010, http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/final_jails_v_hospitals_study.pdf (accessed July 14, 2016).
7. E. Fuller Torrey, American Psychosis: How the Federal Government Destroyed the Mental Illness Treatment System (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).
8. Jon Campbell, “Mental Health Advocates Say State Has to ‘Reinvest,’” Politics on the Hudson, July 16, 2013, http://polhudson.lohudblogs.com/2013/07/16/mental-health-advocates-say-state-has-to-reinvest (accessed July 14, 2016).
9. New York State Association of Psychiatric Rehabilitation Services (NYAPRS), “Alert: Call Albany NOW to Protect PWD's Right to Live in the Community!” NYAPRS, June 18, 2014, http://www.nyaprs.org/e-news-bulletins/2014/006383.cfm (accessed July 14, 2016).
10. Bazelon claims, “Nationwide many such beds are occupied by people who simply do not need hospital care.” Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, “Bazelon Center Statement on Sandy Hook Shooting,” Bazelon, December 17, 2012, http://www.bazelon.org/News-Publications/Press-Releases/12.17.12-Sandy-Hook-PR.aspx (accessed July 14, 2016).
11. Amanda Pustilnik, “Calling Mental Illness ‘Myth’ Leads to State Coercion,” Cato Unbound, August 13, 2012, http://www.cato-unbound.org/2012/08/13/amanda-pustilnik/calling-mental-illness-myth-leads-state-coercion (accessed July 14, 2016).
12. Bernard E. Harcourt, “An Institutionalization Effect: The Impact of Mental Hospitalization and Imprisonment on Homicide in the United States, 1934–2001,” Journal of Legal Studies 40, no. 1 (January 2011), http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/658404 (accessed July 14, 2016).
13. John S. Hausman, “Mental Illness and Criminal Justice: Law Enforcement Copes with Issues Hospitals Once Handled,” Muskegon (MI) Chronicle, December 16, 2013, http://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/index.ssf/2013/12/mental_health-criminal_justice.html (accessed July 14, 2016).
14. Sheriff Tom Dart, interview by Steve Kroft, as part of “Imminent Danger,” 60 Minutes, CBS, New York, September 29, 2013, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/untreated-mental-illness-an-imminent-danger (accessed July 14, 2016).
15. Tony Leys, “Plan Means Fewer Beds in Southern Iowa for Mentally Ill,” Des Moines Register, January 15, 2015, http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/health/2015/01/15/eliminate-beds-mentally-southern-iowa/21836511 (accessed July 14, 2016).
16. “Forensic” patients are ones that arrived via the criminal justice system. They include the mentally ill who have been convicted of a crime, people being held for psychiatric evaluation, those who are not fit to stand trial or were found not guilty by reason of insanity.
17. A study of 348 inpatients in a Virginia state psychiatric hospital found that patients who refused to take medication “were more likely to be assaultive, were more likely to require seclusion and restraint, and had longer hospitalizations.” J. A. Kasper, S. K. Hoge, T. Feucht-Haviar, et al., “Prospective Study of Patients’ Refusal of Antipsychotic Medication under a Physician Discretion Review Procedure,” American Journal of Psychiatry 154, no. 4 (1997): 483–89. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9090334 (accessed July 14, 2016).
18. Stephanie Janard, “Crisis Point: Mentally Ill and Incarcerated in the Rutherford County Jail,” Daily Courier (Forest City, NC), March 2, 2014, http://www.thedigitalcourier.com/features/x112098019/Crisis-point (accessed July 14, 2016).
19. Foundation for Excellence in Mental Health, 2012 Form 990 filed with IRS, Guidestar, 2012, http://www.mentalhealthexcellence.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/2012-990-on-Guidestar.pdf (accessed July 14, 2016); MindFreedom, “Does Your Mental Health Care Need a TRUTH Injection?” MindFreedom International, July 2009, http://www.mindfreedom.org/truth/mfi-truth-200907.pdf (accessed July 14, 2016);
20. National Empowerment Center, “Resources,” National Empowerment Center, May 6, 2014, http://www.power2u.org/resources.html (accessed July 14, 2016).
21. Christine Y. Lu, Fang Zhang, Matthew D. Lakoma, et al., “Changes in Antidepressant Use by Young People and Suicidal Behavior after FDA Warnings and Media Coverage: Quasi-Experimental Study,” BMJ 348 (2014): g3596, http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g3596 (accessed July 14, 2016).
22. Followers of Whitaker argue (correctly) that double-blind, active-placebo studies are the best, except when they want to show that talk therapy works, and then any study will do. They suggest there are methodological faults with almost every study that supports the benefits of medication but don't see any faults with those that highlight problems with medications or purport to solve mental illness with talk.
23. Zebulon Taintor, Book Review: “Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill,” Psychiatric Services 54, no. 1 (January 2003): 112–13, http://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.54.1.112-a (accessed July 14, 2016); E. Fuller Torrey, “Anatomy of a Non-Epidemic: How Robert Whitaker Got It Wrong,” Treatment Advocacy Center, http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/component/content/article/2085-anatomy-of-a-non-epidemic-a-review-by-dr-torrey (accessed July 14, 2016); Allen Frances, “A Debate between Allen Frances and Robert Whitaker,” Mad in America, December 4, 2014, http://www.madinamerica.com/14/12/debate-allen-frances-robert-whitaker (accessed July 14, 2016).
24. Tyrone D. Cannon, Yoonho Chung, George He, et al., “Progressive Reduction in Cortical Thickness as Psychosis Develops: A Multisite Longitudinal Neuroimaging Study of Youth at Elevated Clinical Risk,” Biological Psychiatry 77, no. 2 (January 2015): 147–57. Abstract at http://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(14)00414-4/abstract (accessed July 14, 2016). Also see E. Fuller Torrey, “Schizophrenia Changes Brain Structure: A Review of Studies of Individuals with Schizophrenia Never Treated with Antipsychotic Medications,” Mental Illness Policy Org., 2013, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/medical/brain-change-schizophrenia.html (accessed July 14, 2016).
25. Minna Torniainen, Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz, Antti Tanskanen, et al., “Antipsychotic Treatment and Mortality in Schizophrenia,” Schizophrenia Bulletin [Epub ahead of print], November 24, 2014. Abstract at http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/11/24/schbul.sbu164.full.pdf+html (accessed July 14, 2016).
26. Ed Knight, “Opinion: Mental Health Advocate Ed Knight Calls for Investigating SAMHSA,” MindFreedom International, October 29, 2010, http://www.mindfreedom.org/kb/mental-health-advocacy/samhsa-alternatives/ed-knight-opinion (accessed July 14, 2016).
27. MindFreedom International, “Stop FDA from Down-Classifying the Shock Device to a Class II Device. Stop Shock Treatment,” Change.org, https://www.change.org/p/fda-stop-fda-from-down-classifying-the-shock-device-to-a-class-ii-device-stop-shock-treatment (accessed August 31, 2016). NCMHR encouraged people to sign the petition on their home page. Numerous other SAMHSA-funded organizations did the same.
28. Mental Health America, “Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT),” Mental Health America, 2016, http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/ect (accessed August 31, 2016).
29. Dick Cavett, “Goodbye, Darkness,” People, August 3, 1992, http://people.com/archive/goodbye-darkness-vol-38-no-5/ (accessed December 20, 2016).
30. Lisa W. Foderaro, “With Reforms in Treatment, Shock Therapy Loses Shock,” New York Times, July 19, 1993, B2, http://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/19/nyregion/with-reforms-in-treatment-shock-therapy-loses-shock.html (accessed August 31, 2016).
CHAPTER 12: THE INDUSTRY DIVERTS FUNDS TO PROGRAMS THAT LACK EVIDENCE AND DON'T HELP
1. Children's Mental Health Network, “Friday Update, July 3, 2015,” CMH Network, July 3, 2015, http://www.cmhnetwork.org/friday-update-back-issues/friday-update-7-3-15 (accessed July 27, 2016).
2. John Grohol, “The 2015 Murphy Mental Health Crisis Act: Little Better This Time Around,” PsychCentral, July 25, 2015, http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2015/07/25/the-2015-murphy-mental-health-crisis-act-little-better-this-time-around (accessed August 2, 2016).
3. Hannah Dreier, “California Mental-Health Spending Often Bypasses the Mentally Ill,” Los Angeles Daily News, July 28, 2012, http://www.dailynews.com/20120728/california-mental-health-spending-often-bypasses-the-mentally-ill (accessed July 16, 2016).
4. Mental Illness Policy Org., “California's Mental Health Service Act: A Ten Year $10 Billion Bait and Switch: An Investigation of Proposition 63 by Mental Illness Policy Org. and Individual Californians,” Mental Illness Policy Org., August 14, 2013, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/states/california/mhsa/mhsa_prop63_bait&switchsummary.html (accessed July 16, 2016).
5. Joy Torres, Comments on Proposed Mental Health Services Act Regulations, proposed by Mental Health Services Oversight and Accountability Commission, July 21, 2014, p. 16, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/states/california/mhsa/JoyTorrescomments2mhsaRegs.pdf (accessed March 7, 2015).
6. Mental Illness Policy Org., “California's Mental Health Service Act.”
7. Butte County, California, did a study on the need for housing for people of Hmong ancestry. Eight people participated. We do not know if any had serious mental illness or if any housing was ever built. But this “study” found participants wanted “gardens” and a “community room.” The researchers aggregated the two to conclude that if they built housing, 58 percent wanted a “community room and garden.” This formed the bases for claiming a garden was a mental health service that would prevent mental illness from becoming severe and disabling, thereby allowing mental health funds to be allocated to it.
8. Mental Illness Policy Org., “California's Mental Health Service Act.”
9. At the May 2013 Sacramento County Mental Health Board meeting, department officials told attendees they were funding “Strengthening Families Programs.” When an advocate told the official that those are social services programs, not a mental illness program and therefore ineligible for MHSA funding, the official simply stated, “When the public hearings were held, the community wanted them.”
10. California Mental Health Services Authority, Annual Revenue and Expenditure Report: Adopted Budget, June 30, 2013, http://calmhsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/CalMHSA-Budget-Package-2012-2013-FINAL.pdf (accessed July 16, 2016).
11. Mental Illness Policy Org., “California's Mental Health Service Act: A Ten Year $10 Billion Bait and Switch; An Investigation of Proposition 63 by Mental Illness Policy Org. and Individual Californians,” Mental Illness Policy Org., August 14, 2013, p. 21. http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/states/california/mhsa/mhsa.prop63.baitswitch.fullreport.pdf (accessed July 16, 2016).
12. California State Auditor, Mental Health Services Act, Report 2012-122 (Sacramento, CA: California State Auditor, August 2013) http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/states/california/mhsa/state-auditor-mhsa-report.pdf (accessed July 16, 2016); Little Hoover Commission, Promises Still to Keep: A Decade of the Mental Health Services Act, Report #225 (Sacramento, CA: Little Hoover Commission, January 2015), http://www.lhc.ca.gov/studies/225/Report225.pdf (accessed July 16, 2016); Little Hoover Commission, Promises Still to Keep: A Second Look at the Mental Health Services Act (Sacramento, CA: Little Hoover Commission, September 2016), http://www.lhc.ca.gov/studies/233/Report233.pdf (accessed September 19, 2016); Kathy Day and DJ Jaffe, “Mental Health Money ‘Fix’ Will Compound the Problem,” Sacramento Bee, February 2, 2015, http://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/soapbox/article8960117.html (accessed July 16, 2016).
13. Thomas R. Insel, “Director's Blog: Can We Prevent Psychosis?” November 20, 2014, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/2014/can-we-prevent-psychosis.shtml (accessed July 16, 2016).
14. V. B. Perez, S. W. Woods, and B. J. Roach, et al., “Automatic Auditory Processing Deficits in Schizophrenia and Clinical High-Risk Patients: Forecasting Psychosis Risk with Mismatch Negativity,” Biological Psychiatry 75, no. 6 (March 2014): 459–69. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24050720 (accessed July 16, 2016).
15. Ron Manderscheid, “Breaking the Chains of Mental Illness That Bind Those in Poverty: Poverty Causes Mental Illness; How Can We Defeat This Trap?” Behavioral Healthcare, June 25, 2013, http://www.behavioral.net/blogs/ron-manderscheid/breaking-chains-mental-illness-bind-those-poverty (accessed July 16, 2016).
16. Prevention is appropriate for the substance abuse part of SAMHSA's responsibilities, not the serious mental illness part.
17. National Coalition for Mental Health Recovery, “Statement of Support for 5/5: Occupy the APA,” NCMHR, 2012, http://www.ncmhr.org/statement-of-support-for-occupy-APA.html (accessed July 16, 2016).
18. Mental Health America, “Prevention and Early Intervention in Mental Health,” Mental Health America, http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/issues/prevention (accessed March 4, 2015).
19. American Mental Health Counselors Association, letter to Vice President Joe Biden, January 9, 2013, URL expired. A reference to it is at http://www.amhca.org/?page=Advocate20130202&hhSearchTerms=%22Biden%22 (accessed July 16, 2016); Ron Manderscheid, “A Time to Act for the Innocents,” Behavioral Healthcare, January 12, 2013, http://www.behavioral.net/blogs/ron-manderscheid/time-act-innocents-0 (accessed July 16, 2016).
20. Mental Illness Policy Org., “California's Mental Health Service Act.”
21. Gerald N. Grob, “Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health,” Milbank Quarterly 83, no. 3 (September 2005): 425–56, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151/ (accessed July 16, 2016).
22. Bill Clinton, “Annual Report to Congress on the State of the Union,” Congressional Record—Senate 145, no. 8 (January 1999): S330-335, http://beta.congress.gov/crec/1999/01/19/CREC-1999-01-19-pt1-PgS330-3.pdf (accessed July 16, 2016).
23. Paul Tonko, “It's Not the Time for Bickering,” Albany Times Union, June 19, 2014, http://www.timesunion.com/opinion/article/It-s-not-the-time-for-bickering-5565156.php (accessed July 16, 2016).
24. Institute of Medicine (IOM), Reducing Risk for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventative Intervention Research, ed. Patricia Beezley Mrazek and Robert J. Haggerty (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1994), http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2139/reducing-risks-for-mental-disorders-frontiers-for-preventive-intervention-research (accessed July 16, 2016).
25. Mary Ellen O'Connell, Thomas Boat, and Kenneth E. Warner, eds., Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders among Young People: Progress and Possibilities (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2009), http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12480/preventing-mental-emotional-and-behavioral-disorders-among-young-people-progress (accessed July 16, 2016).
26. The report did find that some issues the industry considers mental “health” problems (e.g., failed marriages) could be prevented (e.g., by marriage counseling).
27. O'Connell, Boat, and Warner, Preventing.
28. “Peer support” colloquially means being helped by someone who has been in a similar situation. Peer support promoters almost never define peer support as “being helped by someone who has a mental illness,” because that entails admitting mental illness exists. That is considered “labeling,” which they consider to be offensive, perhaps traumatizing.
29. National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors (NASMHPD), “Enhancing the Peer Provider Workforce: Recruitment, Supervision and Retention,” NASMHPD, September 15, 2014, http://www.nasmhpd.org/sites/default/files/Assessment%201%20-%20Enhancing%20the%20Peer%20Provider%20Workforce_9-15-14.pdf (accessed July 16, 2016).
30. Mental Illness Policy Org., “How SAMHSA Mental Health Block Grant Guidance and Application Form Encourages States to Not Use Block Grants for the Most Seriously Ill,” Mental Illness Policy Org., 2013, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/samhsa/samhsa-block-grant-problems.pdf (accessed July 16, 2016).
31. Peer-run respite centers are billed as an alternative to hospitalization for those in crisis and may be of utility to those in a substance abuse crisis. But consumer advocate Iris Loomknitter notes that the website for Wisconsin's peer run respite center, Iris Place, shoos the seriously ill away with a message that says, “Individuals who utilize the Peer Run Respite don't need the level of services provided by the traditional mental health system—individuals must be able to manage their own medications and support their self-care. To utilize the center, individuals must self-refer…. Individuals may not be homeless…. The respite does not have a medical-psychiatric component, guests must manage their own medications and other treatments.” http://irisplacewi.org/faq (accessed July 24, 2016). The website has now moved to a new location that gives less information, so the above statements are no longer included. “About Iris Place,” NAMI, http://www.namifoxvalley.org/iris-place-about.html (accessed December 20, 2016).
Arizona family advocate Lois Earley found that the website for Arizona's peer respite center, Hopes Door, states that it “is NOT [a] good option for people who: are looking for a change in medication; are seeking specialized counseling; need ongoing support from others to stay safe other than someone already in their lives, are unwilling to take responsibility for what is happening to them and for getting better.” “Hope's Door,” REN, http://www.renaz.org/services/hopes-door (accessed July 27, 2016).
32. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), “SAMHSA's Working Definition of Recovery Updated,” SAMHSA (blog), March 23, 2012, http://blog.samhsa.gov/2012/03/23/defintion-of-recovery-updated/#.U3YZFShJ-6k (accessed July 16, 2016).
33. SAMHSA, Bringing Recovery Supports to Scale (SAMHSA-BRSS), Equipping Behavioral Health Systems & Authorities to Promote Peer Specialist/Peer Recovery Coaching Services (Rockville, MD: Expert Panel Meeting Report, SAMHSA, Bringing Recovery Supports to Scale), August 17, 2012, http://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/expert-panel-03212012.pdf (accessed July 16, 2016).
34. Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), Consumer-Operated Services: The Evidence, HHS Publication No. SMA-11-4633 (Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services, SAMHSA, 2011).
35. Jean Campbell, “Emerging Research Base of Peer-Run Support Programs,” National Empowerment Center, May 2005, http://www.power2u.org/emerging_research_base.html (accessed July 16, 2016).
36. The IOM report combined mental health with substance abuse and did not allow any conclusion to be drawn about peer support for mental illness or serious mental illness. There is evidence peer support works for substance abuse. Institute of Medicine (IOM), Improving the Quality of Health Care for Mental and Substance-Use Conditions (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006), http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11470.html (accessed July 16, 2016).
37. Susan Eisen, Mark Schultz, Lisa Mueller, et al., “Outcome of a Randomized Study of a Mental Health Peer Education and Support Group in the VA,” Psychiatric Services 63, no. 12 (December 2012): 1243-46. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23203360 (accessed July 16, 2016).
38. Maura Dolan, “S.F. Approves Laura's Law to Ensure Mentally Ill Receive Treatment,” Los Angeles Times, July 8, 2014, http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-lauras-law-20140708-story.html (accessed July 16, 2016).
39. Barack Obama, Now Is the Time: The President's Plan to Protect Our Children and Our Communities by Reducing Gun Violence (Washington, DC: The White House, January 16, 2013), http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/wh_now_is_the_time_full.pdf (accessed July 16, 2016).
40. Mary Gibson-Leek, “Personal Accounts: Client Versus Client,” Psychiatric Services 54, no. 8 (August 2003): 1101-2, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/firstperson/consumers-mary-gibson-leek.html (accessed July 16, 2016).
41. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), “Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD),” NIMH, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/index.shtml (accessed July 16, 2016). American Psychiatric Association (APA), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5 (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
42. In DSM III-R, a PTSD diagnosis required “an event that is outside the range of usual human experience and that would be markedly distressing to anyone.” In subsequent versions this language was removed. Anyone learning about “unexpected or violent death, serious harm, or threat of death or injury experienced by a family member or other close associate” can be said to have PTSD if it affects the ability to cope. As a result, there is now a whole trauma industry, and people are encouraged to believe they have it, that it is severe, unmanageable, and chronic.
43. Sally Satel, “The Battle over Battle Fatigue: Soldiers Can Now Claim Trauma from Events They Didn't Actually Experience. Is the Diagnosis Losing Meaning?” Wall Street Journal, July 17, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704913304575371130876271708 (accessed July 16, 2016).
44. Benedict Carey, “Report Calls for Tracking Data on Stress Disorder,” New York Times, June 20, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/21/us/report-calls-for-tracking-data-on-stress-disorder.html (accessed July 16, 2016).
45. Ron Manderscheid, “Response to Dr. E. Fuller Torrey Regarding Progress in Recovery,” Children's Mental Health Network, October 19, 2014, http://www.cmhnetwork.org/media-center/morning-zen/manderscheid-response-torrey (accessed July 16, 2016). Trauma can cause major severe depression and depression, and those can often be treated with medications or electroconvulsive therapy. Trauma does not cause schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or all severe depression, although it can exacerbate symptoms in those who already have them.
46. National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, “Experts Say Mental Health Effects of Hurricane Sandy Could be Powerful,” DrugFree.org, 2012, Version available at http://www.drugfree.org/join-together/experts-say-mental-health-effects-of-hurricane-sandy-could-be-powerful (accessed July 16, 2016). David Ferris, “Is Climate Change a Mental Health Emergency?” Forbes, March 31, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidferris/2012/03/31/is-climate-change-a-mental-health-emergency (accessed July 16, 2016). No doubt hurricanes cause stress and anxiety in people who experience them, but stress and anxiety used to be normal. The APA has defined even moderate versions as illness.
47. To put the 1.5 million in perspective, 3,000 people died in the World Trade Center attack. If each had ten people close to them, 30,000 experienced trauma. Triple it and you've still got only 90,000. Of the 1.5 million who received federally funded trauma services, 750,000 people received crisis counseling (presumably they called a phone line), and 740,000 people received public education, that is to say, probably saw or heard one of the public service announcements. Lloyd I. Sederer, “Lessons from New York City's 9/11 Mental Health Response,” Huffington Post, September 8, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lloyd-i-sederer-md/911-mental-health-response_b_949390.html (accessed July 16, 2016).
48. Lauren Spiro, “Our Liberation Is a Catalyst for Changing Our Culture: Escaping the Trap; Women Caught in the Mental Health System” (speech, Bethesda, MD: National Organization of Women), July 18, 2008, http://ncmhr.org/downloads/escaping-the-trap.pdf (accessed July 16, 2016).
49. Leah Harris told an audience, “Our movement goes so far beyond mental health: it is a social justice movement, a multi-issue struggle. It's radical in the sense that it seeks to address the root causes of the conditions that cause people to go into crisis in the first place—overwhelming traumatic stress, exposure to violence and abuse, isolation, lack of access to timely support, coupled with social ignorance, prejudice, and discrimination.” She then explained how trauma causes schizophrenia: “People have extreme experiences (voices, visions, non-consensus reality) that more often than not are triggered by severe trauma[s], and are often scary to them and for those who love them. That's what's usually called schizophrenia.” Leah Harris, director, National Coalition for Mental Health Recovery, “The Personal Is the Political: Reflections on an Advocacy Journey,” speech at NYAPRS Conference, September 17, 2014, http://leahidaharris.com/14/09/nyaprs-speech-september-17-2014 (accessed July 16, 2016).
50. NASMHPD, “The National Center for Trauma Informed Care,” NASMHPD, 2010, http://www.nasmhpd.org/content/national-center-trauma-informed-care-nctic-0 (accessed July 16, 2016).
51. Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), “About NCTIC [National Center for Trauma Informed Care],” SAMHSA, May 20, 2014, http://www.samhsa.gov/nctic/about (accessed July 16, 2016).
52. “The need for restraint and seclusion of patients decreased and all but disappeared in inverse ratio to increase in patients receiving tranquilizing drugs.” Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, Action for Mental Health (New York: Basic Books, 1961).
53. Mental Health America, “Talking to Kids about School Safety,” Mental Health America, http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/conditions/talking-kids-about-school-safety (accessed July 16, 2016).
54. Tamsin B. R. Short, Stuart Thomas, Stefan Luebbers, et al., “A Case-Linkage Study of Crime Victimisation in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders over a Period of Deinstitutionalisation,” BMC Psychiatry 13 (2013), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3599537 (accessed July 16, 2016).
55. Virginia A. Hiday, Marvin S. Swartz, Jeffrey W. Swanson, et al., “Criminal Victimization of Persons with Severe Mental Illness,” Psychiatric Services 50, no. 1 (January 1999): 62-68, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9890581 (accessed July 16, 2016).
56. Jaakko Seikkula, Birgitta Alakare, and Jukka Aaltonen, “The Comprehensive Open-Dialogue Approach in Western Lapland: II. Long-Term Stability of Acute Psychosis Outcomes in Advanced Community Care,” Psychosis, August 2011, http://leonardo.otwartydialog.pl/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Materials-for-the-Tromso-Conference13.pdf (accessed July 14, 2016).
57. Marvin Ross, “Don't Be Too Quick to Praise This New Treatment,” Huffington Post, November 11, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/marvin-ross/schizophrenia-treatment_b_4254350.html (accessed July 14, 2016).
58. Mary Olson, “The Promise of Open Dialogue,” Mad in America, January 1, 2014, http://www.madinamerica.com/2014/01/promise-open-dialogue-response-marvin-ross/ (accessed July 14, 2016).
59. Alex Langford, “Open Dialogue: Reflections on the Model and the Evidence,” Psychiatry SHO, March 20, 2015, https://psychiatrysho.wordpress.com/2015/03/20/133698 (accessed July 14, 2016).
60. Ibid.
61. For example, in 2012, the California mental health industry created a $32 million suicide media campaign. California Mental Health Services Authority (CalMHSA), “California Mental Health Services Authority Launches Statewide Suicide Prevention Campaign,” PRWEB, December 12, 2012, http://www.prweb.com/releases/prweb2012/12/prweb10229719.htm (accessed July 16, 2016).
62. J. John Mann, Alan Apter, Jose Bertolote, et al., “Suicide Prevention Strategies: A Systematic Review,” Journal of the American Medical Association 294, no. 16 (October 2005): 2064–74, http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=201761 (accessed July 16, 2016).
63. Josh Sanburn, “Inside the National Suicide Hotline: Preventing the Next Tragedy,” Time, September 13, 2013, http://healthland.time.com/2013/09/13/inside-the-national-suicide-hotline-counselors-work-to-prevent-the-next-casualty (accessed July 16, 2016).
64. Kana Enomoto, Hearing: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Budget, testimony by acting director of Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration to House Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies delivered March 2, 2016, http://www.c-span.org/video/?405122-1/appropriations-labor-health-human-services-education-related-agencies (accessed July 16, 2016).
65. SAMHSA, Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Mental Health Findings. NSDU Series H-45, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12-4725. (Rockville, MD: SAMHSA), 2012, http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2k11MH_FindingsandDetTables/2K11MHFR/NSDUHmhfr2011.pdf (accessed May 5, 2013).
66. J. John Mann, et al., “Suicide Prevention Strategies.”
67. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “10 Leading Causes of Death by Age Group, United States: 2014,” https://www.cdc.gov/injury/images/lc-charts/leading_causes_of_death_age_group_2014_1050w760h.gif (accessed December 20, 2016).
68. American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP), “Facts and Figures,” AFSP, 2014, http://www.afsp.org/understanding-suicide/facts-and-figures (accessed July 16, 2016). The AFSP statistics are culled from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2014 Fatal Injury Reports that can be queried at http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/fatal_injury_reports.html (accessed July 16, 2016). However AFSP presents the data in useful tables.
69. Mark Olfson, Melanie Wall, Shuai Wang, et al., “Short-Term Suicide Risk after Psychiatric Hospital Discharge,” JAMA Psychiatry, September 21, 2016, http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2551516 (accessed September 27, 2016).
70. Diego De Leo, “Why Are We Not Getting Any Closer to Preventing Suicide?” (editorial), British Journal of Psychiatry 181 (2002): 372–74, http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/181/5/372.full.pdf (accessed July 16, 2016).
71. Josh Sanburn, “Inside the National Suicide Hotline.”
72. M. T. Tsuang, “Risk of Suicide in the Relatives of Schizophrenics, Manics, Depressives, and Controls,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 44, no. 11 (November 1983): 398-400. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6643403 (accessed July 16, 2016).
73. Lindsay M. Hayes, National Study of Jail Suicide: 20 Years Later (Washington, DC: National Institute of Corrections, DOJ), April 2010, http://static.nicic.gov/Library/024308.pdf (accessed July 16, 2016).
74. Kahyee Hor and Mark Taylor, “Suicide and Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of Rates and Risk Factors,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 24, no. 4, suppl. (November 2010): 81-90, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2951591/ (accessed July 16, 2016).
75. Following are studies compiled by the Treatment Advocacy Center suggesting suicide is more likely in individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder who are not being treated:
• A Swiss study found the suicide rate was more than twice as high among patients who had not been treated compared with those who had been treated (p = 0.04), a difference the authors called “spectacular.” F. Angst, H. H. Stassen, P. J. Clayton, et al., “Mortality of Patients with Mood Disorders: Follow-up over 34–38 Years,” Journal of Affective Disorders 68 (2002): 167-81. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12063145 (accessed July 16, 2016).
• In a study of suicide among psychiatric patients, 71.1 percent of patients who were depressed in their last episode [of hospitalization] were not receiving adequate antidepressant or lithium carbonate medication at the time of suicide. A. Roy, “Risk Factors for Suicide in Psychiatric Patients,” Archive of General Psychiatry 39 (1982): 1089-95. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7115014 (accessed July 16, 2016).
• A study in Kentucky found that only two of twenty-eight individuals with schizophrenia who committed suicide had evidence in their blood of having taken antipsychotic medication. Thus, 93 percent of them were not being treated. Lisa B. E. Shields, Donna M. Hunsaker, and John C. Hunsaker III, “Schizophrenia and Suicide: A 10-Year Review of Kentucky Medical Examiner Cases,” Journal of Forensic Sciences 52, no. 4 (July 2007): 930-37. Abstract at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00485.x/abstract (accessed July 16, 2016).
• A case-control study of sixty-three individuals with schizophrenia who committed suicide and sixty-three individuals with schizophrenia who did not reported that “there were seven times as many patients who did not comply with treatment in the suicide group as there were in the control group.” M. De Hert, K. McKenzie, and J. Peuskens, “Risk Factors for Suicide in Young People Suffering from Schizophrenia: A Long-Term Follow-up Study,” Schizophrenia Research 47, no. 2–3 (March 2001): 127–34. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11278129 (accessed July 16, 2016).
• A study from Germany using a case-control methodology compared twenty-seven inpatients with schizophrenia and twenty-four inpatients with affective psychoses, all of whom suicided, with their matched inpatient case controls who did not suicide. The authors concluded that there is “a significantly increased risk” of suicide when medications are not used. I. Gaertner, C. Gilot, P. Heidrich, et al., “A Case Control Study on Psychopharmacotherapy before Suicide Committed by 61 Psychiatric Inpatients,” Pharmacopsychiatry 35, no. 2 (March 2002): 37–43. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951144 (accessed July 16, 2016).
76. Lithium: B. Müller-Oerlinghausen, “Arguments for the Specificity of the Antisuicidal Effect of Lithium,” European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 251, suppl. 2 (February 2001): 1172–75. Abstract at http://www.researchgate.net/publication/11535132_Arguments_for_the_specificity_of_the_antisuicidal_effect_of_lithium (accessed July 16, 2016). U. Lewizka, E. Severus, R. Bauer et al, “The Suicide Prevention Effect of Lithium: More than 20 Years of Evidence—A Narrative Review, International Journal of Bipolar Disorder 3, no. 15 (July 2015), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4504869/ (accessed September 2, 2016). Clozaril: HY Meltzer, L. Alphs, Al Green, et al., “Clozapine Treatment for Suicidality in Schizophrenia: International Suicide Prevention Trial (InterSePT),” Archive of General Psychiatry 60, no. 1 (January 2003): 82–91, http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=207092 (accessed August 2, 2016). ECT: Charles H. Kellner, Erin Li, Kate Farber, et al., “Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and Suicide Prevention,” Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry 3, no. 1 (March 2016): 73–81, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40501-016-0067-8 (accessed September 2, 2016).
77. New York State Office of Mental Health, Kendra's Law: Final Report on the Status of Assisted Outpatient Treatment, Report to Legislature (Albany: New York State, 2005), http://www.omh.ny.gov/omhweb/kendra_web/finalreport/ (accessed July 16, 2016).
78. Andy Wolf, “Veteran Turned Away from VA after Requesting Mental Treatment, Kills Himself,” Popular Military, July 14, 2016, http://popularmilitary.com/veteran-turned-away-va-requesting-mental-treatment-kills (accessed August 13, 2016).
79. Paul S. F.Yip, Eric Caine, Saman Yousuf, et al., “Means Restriction for Suicide Prevention,” Lancet 379, no. 9834 (June 2012): 2393–99. Abstract at http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60521-2/fulltext (accessed July 16, 2016).
80. California mental health funds funded a net under the Golden Gate Bridge. But that was largely a PR ploy to defuse criticism of waste in mental health spending. Darrell Steinberg, Steinberg Statement on Vote for Suicide Barrier at Golden Gate Bridge, June 27, 2014.
81. Christina Hoff Sommers, and Sally Satel, One Nation Under Therapy: How the Helping Culture is Eroding Self-Reliance (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2005).
82. When former SAMHSA administrator Pamela Hyde told a congressional subcommittee, “Half of all lifetime cases of mental and substance use disorders begin by age 14 and three-fourths by age 24,” she correctly noted the figure is only true if one combines mental disorders and substance abuse. Pamela Hyde, statement. See chapter 5 for age of onset explanation. Examining SAMHSA's Role in Delivering Services to the Severely Mentally Ill. Hearings Before the House Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Energy and Commerce Committee, 113th Cong. (May 22, 2013), http://docs.house.gov/meetings/IF/IF02/20130522/100900/HHRG-113-IF02-Wstate-HydeP-20130522.pdf (accessed July 16, 2016).
83. Robert Whitaker, Anatomy of an Epidemic: Magic Bullets, Psychiatric Drugs, and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America (New York: Crown Publishers, 2010).
84. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “ADHD Estimates Rise,” May 16, 2014, http://www.cdc.gov/media/dpk/2013/dpk-ADHD-estimates-rise.html (accessed July 16, 2016). In 1999, the Surgeon General claimed 21% of children ages 9–17 had a diagnosable mental or addictive disorder that caused at least minimal impairment. US Surgeon General, Mental Health: A Report of the U.S. Surgeon General (Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, 1999), http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/NNBBHS.ocr (accessed July 16, 2016).
85. Anthony James, Uy Hoang, Valerie Seagroatt, et al., “A Comparison of American and English Hospital Discharge Rates for Pediatric Bipolar Disorder, 2000 to 2010,” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 53, no. 6 (June 2014): 614–24. Abstract at http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567(14)00160-9/abstract (accessed July 16, 2016).
86. Open Minds, “New York Court Strikes Down Limits on Executive Compensation at For-Profit Human Service Organizations,” Open Minds, June 8, 2014, http://www.openminds.com/market-intelligence/news/new-york-court-strikes-state-limits-executive-compensation-profit-human-service-provider-organizations.htm (accessed July 16, 2016).
CHAPTER 13: THE INDUSTRY DIVERTS FUNDS TO IRRELEVANT STIGMA PROGRAMS
1. Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, Action for Mental Health (New York: Basic Books, 1961).
2. The Dr. Phil episode was removed from circulation, but parts of the interview can be found at “Dr. Phil—3 Minutes of Shelley Duvall,” YouTube video, 3:00, from Dr. Phil televised on November 18, 2016, posted by “gerbho1,” November 22, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ioTXdO5qt0 (accessed December 20, 2016).
3. Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, Action for Mental Health.
4. AOT: Alli Sofer, “Effectiveness of Kendra's Law Being Debated,” Legislative Gazette (Albany, NY), April 30, 2012; Commitment reform: Lori Ashcroft, “Life, Unrestrained,” Behavioral Healthcare, January 10, 2013, http://www.behavioral.net/article/life-unrestrained (accessed July 17, 2016); Gun restrictions: Michael Fitzpatrick (then executive director of NAMI), “Gun Laws and Mental Health,” NAMI (blog), August 21, 2012, http://blog.nami.org/2012/08/gun-laws-and-mental-health.html (accessed July 17, 2016). Expanding hospital care, and diagnosis, by claiming “psychiatric diagnosis and labeling can result in increased stigma”: National Coalition for Mental Health Recovery, “Coalition of Individuals with Psychiatric Labels Supports Protestors’ Efforts to ‘Occupy’ the American Psychiatric Association Convention,” National Coalition for Mental Health Recovery, May 3, 2012, http://www.ncmhr.org/press-releases/5.3.12.htm (accessed July 27, 2016).
5. Barack Obama, “Obama Calls for End to Mental Illness Stigma,” YouTube video, 2:14, from a televised press conference on June 3, 2013, posted by “Associated Press,” June 3, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqnF3UicuQs (accessed July 27, 2016).
6. National Alliance on Mental Illness, “How We Talk about NAMI,” NAMI, http://www.nami.org/Extranet/NAMI-State-Organization-and-NAMI-Affiliate-Leaders/NAMI-Marketing/NAMI-Identity-Guide/How-We-Talk-About-NAMI (accessed July 27, 2016). As a result of industry pressure, the Associated Press (AP) tells its writers to “avoid descriptions that connote pity, such as afflicted with, suffers from or victim of.” Associated Press, “Entry on Mental Illness Is Added to AP Stylebook,” March 7, 2013, http://www.ap.org/content/press-release/2013/entry-on-mental-illness-is-added-to-ap-stylebook (accessed July 27, 2016).
7. Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, “Bazelon Center Statement on Sandy Hook Shooting,” Bazelon, December 17, 2012, http://www.bazelon.org/News-Publications/Press-Releases/12.17.12-Sandy-Hook-PR.aspx (accessed July 17, 2016).
8. Susan Rogers, “Gun Laws and the Mentally Ill” (letter to the editor), New York Times, December 25, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/26/opinion/gun-laws-and-the-mentally-ill.html (accessed July 27, 2016).
9. Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, “Help 60 Minutes Get the Story Right on People with Schizophrenia,” Bazelon, October 8, 2013, http://www.bazelon.org/What-You-Can-Do/Take-Action/Alerts/Alerts-Archive/10-8-2013-60-Minutes-Alert.aspx (accessed July 17, 2016).
10. H. Richard Lamb, “Taking Issue: Combating Stigma by Providing Treatment,” Psychiatric Services 50, no. 6 (June 1999), http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/index.php?option=com_content&id=584&Itemid=221 (accessed July 17, 2016). The former executive director of NAMI inadvertently recognized violence causes stigma when he wrote for CNN, “Stigma perpetuated by the Navy Yard tragedy will be internalized by many people living with mental health problems, causing them to stay silent and withdraw from others. This will impede their recovery in many ways.” Michael Fitzpatrick, “How Shootings Stigmatize People Living with Mental Illness,” CNN, September 20, 2013, http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/20/opinion/mental-health-stigma-shootings/ (accessed July 27, 2016).
11. Henry J. Steadman, “Critically Reassessing the Accuracy of Public Perceptions of the Dangerousness of the Mentally Ill,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 22, no. 3 (September 1981): 310-16. Abstract at http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2136524 (accessed July 27, 2016).
12. Peter C. Campanelli, “Beyond the Open Door: Challenges in Housing for People with Mental Illness (editorial),”National Council Magazine (of the National Council for Community Behavioral Healthcare), issue 3 (2009), http://spcsb.org/pdfs/resources/independent-living-national-council-article.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
13. US Surgeon General, Mental Health: A Report of the U.S. Surgeon General (Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, 1999), http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/NNBBHS.ocr (accessed July 27, 2016).
14. E. Fuller Torrey, “Stigma and Violence: Isn't It Time to Connect the Dots?” Schizophrenia Bulletin 37, no. 5 (September 2011): 892–96, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/consequences/stigma.html (accessed July 27, 2016).
15. “Repeated use of the term ‘stigma’ in conjunction with ‘mental illness’…may establish stigma as an element of mental illness—as inevitable and intrinsic to psychiatric conditions.” Otto F. Wahl, “Is ‘Stigma’ the Right Word?” University of Hartford, 2003, http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/owahl/inmyopinion.htm (accessed July 27, 2016).
16. Kevin Earley, “If You Are Afraid to Tell Your Story, Stigma Wins,” PeteEarley, July 14, 2014, http://www.peteearley.com/14/07/14/son-says-afraid-tell-story-stigma-wins/ (accessed July 17, 2016).
CHAPTER 14: FEDERAL POLICIES THAT FAIL THE SERIOUSLY ILL
1. E. Fuller Torrey, Nowhere to Go: The Tragic Odyssey of the Homeless Mentally Ill (New York: Harper & Row, 1988).
2. National Mental Health Act (1946), Pub. L. 79-487, July 3, 1946.
3. Ellen Herman, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995), http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft696nb3n8;brand=ucpress (accessed July 17, 2016).
4. Gerald N. Grob, “The National Institute of Mental Health and Mental Health Policy, 1949-1965,” in Caroline Hannaway (ed.), Biomedicine in the Twentieth Century: Practices, Policies, and Politics (Amsterdam, NY: IOS Press, 2008), pp. 59–94.
5. Jeffrey Lieberman, Shrinks: The Untold Story of Psychiatry (New York: Little, Brown, 2015).
6. E. Fuller Torrey, American Psychosis: How the Federal Government Destroyed the Mental Illness Treatment System (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).
7. Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, Action for Mental Health (New York: Basic Books, 1961).
8. Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1963 Pub. L. 88-164, Vol. 77 (October 31, 1963) http://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/PL88-164.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016). It is colloquially known as the Community Mental Health (Centers) Act.
9. H. Goldman, N. H. Adams, C. A. Taube, “Deinstitutionalization: The Date Demythologized,” Hospital and Community Psychiatry 34, no. 2 (February 1983): 129–34. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6860396 (accessed July 17, 2016).
10. E. Fuller Torrey, American Psychosis.
11. Gerald N. Grob, “The National Institute of Mental Health and Mental Health Policy.”
12. E. Fuller Torrey, American Psychosis.
13. D. G. Langsley, “The Community Mental Health Center: Does It Treat Patients?” Hospital and Community Psychiatry 31, no. 12 (December 1980): 815–19. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7203401 (accessed July 17, 2016).
14. E. Fuller Torrey, Nowhere to Go.
15. Rachel L. Garfield, Mental Health Financing in the United States: A Primer (Menlo Park, CA: Henry J Kaiser Foundation, April 2011), http://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/8182.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
16. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), letter from OMB director Sylvia M. Burwell to Representative Tim Murphy, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, November 7, 2013, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/national-studies/mentalhealthexpenditurenational.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
17. For a listing of provisions that exempted those twenty-one and under, and sixty-four and over from the IMD Exclusion see John Fergus Edwards, “The Outdated Institution for Mental Diseases Exclusion: A Call to Re-examine and Repeal the Medicaid IMD Exclusion,” Mental Health Policy Org., May 1997, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/imd/imd-legal-analysis.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
18. William Gronfein, “Incentives and Intentions in Mental Health Policy: A Comparison of the Medicaid and Community Mental Health Programs,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 26, no. 3 (September 1985): 192–206. Abstract at http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2136752 (accessed July 17, 2016).
19. Jeffrey L. Geller, “Excluding Institutions for Mental Diseases from Federal Reimbursement for Services: Strategy or Tragedy?” Psychiatric Services 51, no. 11 (November 2000): 1397–1403 http://ps.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=85111 (accessed July 17, 2016).
20. Morton Kramer, Psychiatric Services and the Changing Institutional Scene, 1950-1985 (Rockville, MD: US Department of Health Education and Welfare, 1977), as quoted in Gronfein, “Incentives and Intentions in Mental Health Policy,” 1985.
21. Eddie Bernice Johnson, An Act to Amend Title XIX of the Social Security Act to Remove the Exclusion from Medical Assistance under the Medicaid Program of Items and Services for Patients in an Institution for Mental Diseases, H.R. 2757, 113th Cong. (July 19, 2013) https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2757 (accessed July 17, 2016).
22. OMB, letter from Sylvia M. Burwell.
23. Pub. L. 89–97, 79 Stat. 286.
24. E. Fuller Torrey, DJ Jaffe, Jeffrey Geller, et al., Fraud, Waste and Excess Profits: The Fate of Money Intended to Treat People with Serious Mental Illness (New York: report, Mental Illness Policy Org., 2015), 2015, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/national-studies/wastereport.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
25. OMB, letter from Sylvia M. Burwell.
26. Edward Berkowitz, Disability Policy & History, testimony, Hearings before the House Subcommittee on Social Security of the Committee on Ways and Means, 106th Cong. (July 13, 2000) http://www.ssa.gov/history/edberkdib.html (accessed July 17, 2016). Section 223(d)(1) of the Social Security Act defines disability as “an inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than twelve months.” A medically determinable physical or mental impairment was defined as “an impairment that results from anatomical, physiological, or psychological abnormalities that can be shown by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques. An impairment must be established by medical evidence consisting of signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings.” Social Security Administration, Annual Statistical Report on the Social Security Disability Insurance Program, 2014 (Washington, DC: Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, 2015), p. 2, https://www.socialsecurity.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/di_asr/2014/di_asr14.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
27. The Social Security Amendments of 1965 deleted the requirement that the impairment be of “long-continued and indefinite duration” and substituted in its place a requirement that the impairment “be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” Social Security Administration, “A History of Social Security Disability Programs,” SSA, 1986, https://www.ssa.gov/history/1986dibhistory.html. The 1984 Social Security Disability Benefits Reform Act changed the “mental impairment” listings and allowed for the consideration of the combined effect of all impairments when determining SSDI eligibility. It also allowed applicants to rely on their own doctors to establish illness. Social Security Administration, Annual Statistical Report, 2014.
28. Howard H. Goldman and Antoinette A. Gatozzi, “Murder in the Cathedral Revisited: President Regan and the Mentally Disabled,” Psychiatric Services 39, no. 5 (May 1988): 505–509. Abstract at http://ps.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=72585 (accessed July 17, 2016). Social Security Administration, Annual Statistical Report, 2014, Table 21, p. 62.
29. In 2014, 10,261,268 individuals received SSDI benefits. Of these, 3,589,006 were receiving SSDI due to mental disabilities including 50,346 with autistic disorders; 13,890 with developmental disorders; 12,852 with childhood and adolescent disorders not elsewhere classified; 855,263 with intellectual disability; 1,418,157 with mood disorders; 336,682 with organic mental disorders; 510,082 with schizophrenic and other psychotic disorders; and 391,734 with “other.” Ibid. Table 10a, p. 37.
30. Children of those who paid into SSDI are eligible for survivor benefits if they are unmarried and under eighteen (nineteen, if a full-time student) or of any age if they were disabled before age twenty-two and remain disabled.
31. Garfield, Mental Health Financing.
32. Ibid.
33. Social Security Administration, History of Social Security Disability Programs.
34. James C. McKinley, Jr., “Plea Deal for Ex-Police Officer in Huge Disability Scheme,” New York Times, September 12, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/13/nyregion/plea-deal-for-ex-police-officer-in-huge-disability-scheme.html (accessed July 17, 2016).
35. Disability criteria for SSI are similar to those for SSDI but do not require prior work experience. Generally, those who qualify for SSI also qualify for Medicaid.
36. Garfield, Mental Health Financing.
37. Parents enter into contracts with their ill children that “charge” children for the housing and food parents provide. Parents have no desire or intent to collect the charges, but contend that the existence of a contract requiring children to pay prevents the SSI checks from being reduced by one-third.
38. President [Carter] Commission on Mental Health, Report to the President from the President's Commission on Mental Health (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1978), http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/30015739 (accessed July 17, 2016).
39. Gerald N. Grob, “Public Policy and Mental Illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health,” Milbank Quarterly 83, no. 3 (September 2005): 425–56, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690151/ (accessed July 16, 2016).
40. Jimmy Carter, “Mental Health Systems Legislation Message to the Congress Transmitting the Proposed Legislation,” May 15, 1979. This can be found online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley on The American Presidency Project: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=32339 (accessed July 17, 2016).
41. Mental Health Systems Act (S. 1177), Pub. L. 96-398, US Statutes at Large, vol. 94 (October 7, 1980), 1564–1613, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-94/pdf/STATUTE-94-Pg1564.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
42. Robert Epstein, interview with Tipper Gore and Rosalynn Carter, Psychology Today, September 1, 1999, http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199909/tipper-gore-and-rosalynn-carter (accessed July 17, 2016).
43. Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act, Pub. L. 96-247, U.S. Statutes at Large, vol. 94 (May 23, 1980), pp. 349–54, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-94/pdf/STATUTE-94-Pg349.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
44. Department of Justice, The Attorney General's Annual Report to Congress Describing the Department's Enforcement Efforts under the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act, Reports 2000–2013, http://www.justice.gov/crt/publications/index.php#cripa (accessed July 17, 2016).
45. National Council on Disability (NCD), The Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act: Has It Fulfilled Its Promise? Report to the President (Washington, DC: National Council on Disability, 2005), http://www.ncd.gov/publications/2005/08082005 (accessed July 17, 2016).
46. C. Lee Ventola, “Direct-to-Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising: Therapeutic or Toxic?” Pharmacy and Therapeutics 36, no. 10 (October 2011): 669–74, 681–84, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278148 (accessed July 17, 2016); Banning: Allen Frances, Saving Normal (New York: HarperCollins, 2013).
47. Some take antidepressants for reasons other than depression, and some, as a result of ongoing treatment, do not currently have depressive symptoms. Laura A. Pratt, Debra J. Brody, and Qiuping Gu, “Antidepressant Use in Persons Aged 12 and Over: United States, 2005–2008,” National Center for Health Statistics, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db76.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
48. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), “Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act,” CMS, March 26, 2012, https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/EMTALA/index.html (accessed September 10, 2012).
49. Protection and Advocacy for Individuals with Mental Illness Act, as amended (42 U.S.C. §§ 10801-10807, 10821-10827), https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-100/pdf/STATUTE-100-Pg478.pdf (accessed August 18, 2016).
50. Amanda Peters, “Lawyers Who Break the Law: What Congress Can Do to Prevent Mental Health Patient Advocates from Violating Federal Legislation,” Oregon Law Review 89, no. 1 (2010): 133–74, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/myths/mental-health-bar.pdf (accessed March 6, 2015).
51. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Evaluation of the Protection and Advocacy for Individuals with Mental Illness (PAIMI) Program, Phase III: Evaluation Report, HHS Publication No. PEP12-EVALPAIMI (Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services, SAMHSA, 2011), http://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/PEP12-EVALPAIMI/PEP12-EVALPAIMI.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
52. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended by the ADA Amendments Act of 2008, Pub. L. 110-325 (June 15, 2009) http://www.ada.gov/pubs/adastatute08.htm (accessed July 17, 2016). Implementing regulations are 29 CFR Parts 1630, 1602 (Title I, EEOC); 28 CFR Part 35 (Title II, Department of Justice); 49 CFR Parts 27, 37, 38 (Title II, III, Department of Transportation); 28 CFR Part 36 (Title III, Department of Justice); 47 CFR §§ 64.601 et seq. (Title IV, FCC).
53. National Advisory Mental Health Council, Caring for People with Severe Mental Disorders: A National Plan of Research to Improve Services (Washington, DC: Public Health Service/ADAMHA, HHS, 1991).
54. ADAMHA Reorganization Act of 1991, Pub. L. 102-321, Public Law 102-321, U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 106 (July 10, 1992), pp. 323–442. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-106/pdf/STATUTE-106-Pg323.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016) History at http://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/PL102-321.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016). The act created two block grants, one for substance abuse (SABG) and one for mental health (MHBG). Two-thirds of the SAMHSA budget is allocated to substance abuse. This book only concerns itself with how SAMHSA spends its mental illness funds.
55. When presenting the July 1, 1992, conference report on S. 1306, ADAMHA Reorganization Act, to the House, Representative Henry Waxman (D-CA), chairman of the Energy and Commerce Committee's Subcommittee on Health and Environment inserted in the Congressional Record that “the funding formula for allotting block grant funds between the States is revised to more accurately target funds to populations most in need.”
56. Examining SAMHSA's Role in Delivering Services to the Severely Mentally Ill: Hearings Before the House Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Energy and Commerce Committee, 113th Cong. (2013) (statement of Pamela S. Hyde, SAMHSA administrator), http://docs.house.gov/meetings/IF/IF02/20130522/100900/HHRG-113-IF02-Wstate-HydeP-20130522.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
57. Robert Pear, “Hillary Clinton Sees Hurdles in Forging Health-Care Plan,” New York Times, February 12, 1993, http://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/12/us/hillary-clinton-sees-hurdles-in-forging-health-care-plan.html (accessed July 17, 2016).
58. Ibid.
59. C. Koyanagi, and J. Manes, “What Did the Health Care Reform Debate Mean for Mental Health Policy?” Health Affairs 14, no. 3 (1995): 124–30, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/14/3/124.full.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
60. L. J. Scallet and J. T. Havel, “Reflections on the Mental Health Community's Experience in the Health Care Reform Debate,” Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45, no. 9 (September 1994): 888–92. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7989019 (accessed July 17, 2016).
61. “Senate Report 102-397 Attached to HR 5677, HHS Appropriations Bill, ADAMHA Reorganization Act,” Federal Register, September 10, 1993: 93. See appendix A for the definition.
62. These savings included disability payments to people with serious mental illness. However, this author is dubious that SSDI payments to people with severe mental illness would decrease significantly, because treatments are not yet efficacious enough to return the seriously ill to work in nonsubsidized positions outside the mental health field.
63. Mental Health Parity Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-204, U.S. Statutes at Large, vol. 110 (September 26, 1997), pp. 2874–2950, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-110/pdf/STATUTE-110-Pg2874.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
64. Ramya Sundararaman and C. Stephen Redhead, The Mental Health Parity Act: A Legislative History, Report to US House of Representatives, February 8, 2008, http://congressionalresearch.com/RL33820/document.php (accessed July 17, 2016); Sarah Goodell, “Mental Health Parity,” Health Affairs, Health Policy Briefs, April 3, 2014, http://www.healthaffairs.org/healthpolicybriefs/brief.php?brief_id=112 (accessed July 17, 2016).
65. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-191, US Statutes at Large, August 26, 1996, Sec. 264, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ191/html/PLAW-104publ191.htm (accessed July 17, 2016).
66. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office for Civil Rights, “HIPAA Administrative Simplification,” March 26, 2013, http://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ocr/privacy/hipaa/administrative/combined/hipaa-simplification-201303.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
67. Department of Education, “Federal Regulations: Part 99—Family Educational Rights and Privacy (FERPA),” July 31, 2014, http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp=&SID=0b4547396fd9a36b869a1ea376ce85b7&r=PART&n=34y1.1.1.1.33 (accessed July 17, 2016).
68. Virginia Tech Review Panel, “Mass Shootings at Virginia Tech: Addendum to the Report of the Review Panel,” November 2009, http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/prevail/docs/April16ReportRev20100106.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
69. Rachel Pruchno, “Mental Illness Laws Block Parents,” USA Today, April 10, 2013 http://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2013/04/10/mental-illness-laws-block-parents-column/2072523 (accessed July 17, 2016).
70. Surgeon General, Mental Health: A Report of the US Surgeon General (Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, 1999) http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/NNBBHS.ocr (accessed July 17, 2016).
71. “Public health” approaches aim to improve sick societies by providing education as opposed to providing medical treatment to sick individuals. For example, educating the public on the benefits of condoms and clean needles is a public health approach that can reduce rates of contagious disorders including AIDS and hepatitis. But two Institute of Medicine (IOM) reports found that a public health approach (universal prevention) does not prevent or treat serious mental illness. Mary Ellen O'Connell, Thomas Boat, and Kenneth E. Warner, eds., Preventing, Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders among Young People: Progress and Possibilities (Washington, DC: National Academy of Science, IOM: 2009), http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12480 (accessed July 17, 2016); Patricia Beezley Mrazek and Robert J. Haggerty, eds., Reducing Risk for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventative Intervention Research (Washington, DC: National Academy of Science, IOM: 1994), http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=2139 (accessed July 17, 2016).
72. National Council on Disability (NCD), From Privileges to Rights: People Labeled with Psychiatric Disabilities Speak for Themselves, Report on Hearings (Washington, DC: National Council on Disability, 2000) http://www.ncd.gov/publications/2000/Jan202000 (accessed July 17, 2016).
73. “Survivors” is a term used by radical antipsychiatrists to equate being diagnosed with a mental illness to surviving Nazi concentration camps or cancer. “The National Association of Psychiatric Survivors (NAPS) was founded in 1985 to espouse the ideas of Thomas Szasz that mental illness doesn't exist.” Judi Chamberlin, “The Ex-Patients’ Movement: Where We've Been and Where We're Going,” Journal of Mind and Behavior 11, no. 3 (Summer 1990): 323–36, http://www.power2u.org/articles/history-project/ex-patients.html (accessed July 17, 2016); Peter Breggin, Toxic Psychiatry: Why Therapy, Empathy and Love Must Replace the Drugs, Electroshock, and Biochemical Theories of the “New Psychiatry” (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991).
74. National Association for Rights Protection and Advocacy (NARPA), “In Memory and Celebration of Rae Unzicker,” NARPA, March 2001, http://www.narpa.org/rae.unzicker.htm (accessed July 17, 2016).
75. NCD scheduled their 1998 hearing in Albany for November 20 so they could hear from scores of antipsychiatrists who they knew would be in Albany November 19–22, attending the radical NARPA “Redoubling Our Efforts” conference.
76. National Council on Disability (NCD), “NCD Recommendations for the Helping Families in Mental Health Crisis Act,” April 17, 2014, http://www.ncd.gov/publications/2014/04172014 (accessed July 17, 2016).
77. Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (H.R. 1), Pub L. 108-173, US Statutes at Large, December 8, 2003 https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/house-bill/1 (accessed July 17, 2016). Thomas R. Oliver, Philip R. Lee, and Helene L. Lipton, “A Political History of Medicare and Prescription Drug Coverage,” Milbank Quarterly 82.2 (2004): 283–354, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690175 (accessed July 17, 2016)
78. George W. Bush, “Executive Order No. 13263 of April 29, 2002 Establishing President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health,” Federal Register, Doc. 02-11166, filed May 3, 2002, pp. 22337–38, https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2002/05/03/02-11166/presidents-new-freedom-commission-on-mental-health (accessed July 17, 2016).
79. Michael Hogan, 2009–2013 Statewide Comprehensive Plan for Mental Health Services (Albany, NY: NYS Office of Mental Health, October 2009)
80. Sally Satel and Mary Zdanowicz, “Commission's Omission: The President's Mental-Health Commission in Denial,” National Review, July 29, 2003 http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/mentalhealth/new-freedom-commission.html (accessed July 17, 2016).
81. New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, Achieving the Promise: Transforming Mental Health Care in America (Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, 2003). Executive summary available at http://store.samhsa.gov/product/Achieving-the-Promise-Transforming-Mental-Health-Care-in-America-Executive-Summary/SMA03-3831 (accessed July 17, 2016).
82. E. Fuller Torrey, “Leaving the Mentally Ill Out in the Cold,” City Journal, September 2003, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/mentalhealth/new-freedom-commission.html (accessed July 17, 2016).
83. Rich Lowry, “Mistreating the Mentally Ill,” Town Hall, July 31, 2003, http://townhall.com/columnists/richlowry/2003/07/31/mistreating_the_mentally_ill/page/full (accessed July 17, 2016).
84. Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA), Pub. L. 108-446 (2004), https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-118/pdf/STATUTE-118-Pg2647.pdf (accessed July 16, 2016).
85. MHPAE was signed into law as part of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008, Pub. L. 110-343 (2008), http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ343/html/PLAW-110publ343.htm (accessed July 17, 2016).
86. Department of Labor, Employee Benefits Security Administration, “Fact Sheet: The Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 (MHPAEA),” Department of Labor, January 29, 2010, http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/newsroom/fsmhpaea.html (accessed July 17, 2016).
87. Robert W. Glover and Joel E. Miller, “The Interplay between Medicaid DSH Payment Cuts, the IMD Exclusion and the ACA Medicaid Expansion Program: Impacts on State Mental Health Services (policy statement),” April 13, 2013, http://www.nasmhpd.org/sites/default/files/TheDSHInterplay04_26_13WebsiteFINAL.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
88. National Alliance on Mental Illness, “State Mental Health Cuts: The Continuing Crisis,” NAMI, November 2011, http://www.nami.org/getattachment/About-NAMI/Publications/Reports/StateMentalHealthCuts2.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
89. Treatment Advocacy Center, “No Room at the Inn: Trends and Consequences of Closing Public Psychiatric Hospitals 2005–2010,” Treatment Advocacy Center, July 19, 2012, http://tacreports.org/storage/documents/no_room_at_the_inn-2012.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
90. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Pub. L. 111-148 (2010), http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-111publ148/pdf/PLAW-111publ148.pdf (accessed July 23, 2016). The Medicaid Emergency Psychiatric Demonstration was established under Section 2707.
91. Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS) Innovation Center, “Medicaid Emergency Psychiatric Demonstration,” https://innovation.cms.gov/initiatives/medicaid-emergency-psychiatric-demo (accessed September 20, 2016). The letter to the eleven participating states cancelling the program went out in late August 2016. The federal government does not look at net savings to taxpayers, i.e, include savings in state correction or hospital budgets, it only calculates savings to the federal budget. So if a program has net savings to taxpayers, but not to the federal government, it is not considered to have saved money.
92. Glover and Miller, “Interplay.”
93. Barack Obama, “Now Is the Time: The President's Plan to Protect Our Children and Our Communities by Reducing Gun Violence,” White House, January 16, 2013, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/wh_now_is_the_time_full.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016).
94. Barack Obama, “Presidential Memorandum: Improving Availability of Relevant Executive Branch Records to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System,” White House, January 16, 2013, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/01/16/presidential-memorandum-improving-availability-relevant-executive-branch (accessed July 17, 2016).
95. Helping Families in Mental Health Crisis Act of 2013, H.R. 3717, 113th Cong. (2013), https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3717 (accessed January 16, 2016).
96. Helping Families in Mental Health Crisis Act of 2015, H.R. 2646, 114th Cong. (2015), https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2646 (accessed September 20, 2016).
97. There are provisions in the bill that guide future research and development of pharmaceuticals that will affect the mentally ill and others. We are only looking at the provisions specific to mental illness. 21st Century Cures Act, H.R. 34, 114th Cong. (2015), https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/34/text (accessed December 10, 2016).
98. DJ Jaffe, “Stop the Madness,” City Journal, December 6, 2016, http://www.city-journal.org/html/stop-madness-14886.html (accessed December 10, 2016).
99. Provisions in earlier versions to rein in anti-treatment advocacy by PAIMI and significantly dismantle the IMD Exclusion did not make it into the final bill. The HIPAA provisions may not have much utility. Counterproductively Democrats added provisions that raise the stature of peer support, absent evidence it works, and embeds the recovery, stigma, prevention, and education-solves-all narratives into public law. For other important positive provisions see Treatment Advocacy Center take on bill. Treatment Advocacy Center, “Monumental: What the Cures Act Means for Mentally Ill,” Treatment Advocacy Center, December 7, 2016, http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/fixing-the-system/features-and-news/3706-monumental-what-the-cures-act-means-for-severe-mental-illness (accessed December 10, 2016).
CHAPTER 15: COURT DECISIONS THAT FAILED THE SERIOUSLY ILL
1. Treatment Advocacy Center, “Emergency Hospitalization for Evaluation: Assisted Psychiatric Treatment Standards by State,” Treatment Advocacy Center, June 2011, http://treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/Emergency_Hospitalization_for_Evaluation.pdf (accessed July 19, 2016).
2. Treatment Advocacy Center, “Civil Commitment Laws and Standards,” Treatment Advocacy Center, October 2014, http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/legal-resources/civil-commitment-laws (accessed July 19, 2016).
3. The full description of the standard is in WIS. STAT. §51.20(1)(a)2.e., http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/51/20/1/a/2/e (accessed July 20, 2016). In 2002, the Wisconsin Supreme Court upheld the Fifth Standard. 647 N.W.2d 851 in the Commitment of Dennis H.
4. Steven K. Erickson, Michael J. Vitacco, and Gregory J. Van Rybroek, “Beyond Overt Violence: Wisconsin's Progressive Civil Commitment Statute as a Marker of a New Era in Mental Health Law,” Marquette Law Review 89 (Winter 2005): 359–405, http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1102&context=mulr (accessed July 19, 2016).
5. O'Connor v. Donaldson, 422 US 563 (1975), http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/422/563/case.html (accessed July 19, 2016).
6. Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 US 346 (1997), http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/95-1649.ZS.html (accessed July 19, 2016).
7. State of Kansas, “Chapter 59: Probate Code: Article 29a: Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators: Statutes,” Kansas Office of Revisor Statutes, July 1, 2007, http://www.ksrevisor.org/statutes/ksa_ch59.html (accessed July 19, 2016).
8. Some have argued that the case does not bear on civil commitment, because Kendricks was convicted criminally, but these were civil proceedings subsequent to conviction. “It does not make criminal conviction a prerequisite for commitment.”
9. Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 US 307 (1982), https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/457/307/case.html (accessed July 19, 2016).
10. Washington v. Harper, 494 US 210 (1990), https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/494/210 (accessed July 19, 2016).
11. Riggins v. Nevada, 504 US 127 (1992), http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=504&invol=127 (accessed July 19, 2016).
12. Sell v. United States, 539 US 166 (2003), http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/02-5664.ZO.html (accessed July 19, 2016).
13. Olmstead v. L. C., 527 US 581 (1999), http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/98-536.ZO.html (accessed July 19, 2016).
14. Department of Justice, “The Attorney General's Annual Report to Congress Describing the Department's Enforcement Efforts under the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act, Reports 2000–2013,” Department of Justice, http://www.justice.gov/crt/publications/index.php#cripa (accessed July 19, 2016).
15. Mary Zdanowicz, “Keeping the Mentally Ill Out of Jail: Sheriffs as Litigants,” Albany Government Law Review 8, no. 2 (2015): 536–62.
16. Pete Earley, “Sending the Mentally Ill from Group Homes to an Uncertain Future” (opinion), Washington Post, October 30, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/pete-earley-sending-the-mentally-ill-from-group-homes-to-an-uncertain-future/14/10/30/f4bd84ce-5b22-11e4-8264-deed989ae9a2_story.html (accessed July 19, 2016). Stephanie McCrummen, “In Transition to Independent Living, the ‘Dignity of Risk’ for the Mentally Ill,” Washington Post, December 27, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/in-transition-to-independent-living-the-dignity-of-risk-for-the-mentally-ill/2014/12/27/decec1ee-8ad6-11e4-9e8d-0c687bc18da4_story.html (accessed July 19, 2016).
17. Zdanowicz argues sheriffs could bring Olmstead suits to force localities to provide services to prisoners with a history of recidivism who are being discharged. Doing so would enable these individuals to receive treatment in a less-restrictive environment than jail. Mary Zdanowicz, “Keeping the Mentally Ill Out of Jail.” Others believe Olmstead requires states to implement Assisted Outpatient Treatment because it is a “less restrictive setting” than the institutional alternatives—incarceration and hospitalization—and is “within the resources available to states” because it saves 50 percent of the cost of care.
18. Addington v. Texas, 441 US 418 (1979), http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/441/418/case.html (accessed July 19, 2016).
19. Zinermon v. Burch, 494 US 113 (1990), http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/494/113/case.html (accessed July 19, 2016)
20. Justice Blackmun wrote that “the very nature of mental illness makes it foreseeable that a person needing mental health care will be unable to understand…the [admission and consent to treatment] forms…and unable to make a ‘knowing and willful decision’ whether to consent to admission.” Ibid.
21. Kimberly Collins, Gabe Hinkebein, and Staci Schorgl, “The John Hinckley Trial & Its Effect on the Insanity Defense,” University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law, http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hinckley/hinckleyinsanity.htm (accessed July 19, 2016).
22. Clark v. Arizona, 548 US 735 (2006), http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/05-5966 (accessed July 19, 2016).
23. Ford v. Wainwright, 477 US 399 (June 26, 1986), http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/477/399#writing-USSC_CR_0477_0399_ZO (accessed March 8, 2015).
24. Panetti v. Quarterman, 551 US 930 (US Supreme Court, June 28, 2007) http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/06pdf/06-6407.pdf (accessed March 8, 2015).
25. Michael Perlin, Mental Disability and the Death Penalty: The Shame of the States (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2013).
26. District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 US 570 (June 26, 2008), https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/554/570/opinion.html (accessed September 23, 2016). In Tyler v. Hillsdale [Michigan] Sheriffs’ Department, the Sixth Court of Appeals allowed Tyler to continue his case, arguing that his involuntary commitment of thirty years ago should not preclude him from gun ownership.
27. Riese v. St. Mary's Hospital, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (1987), California Court of Appeals, http://law.justia.com/cases/california/court-of-appeal/3d/209/1303.html (accessed July 30, 2016); Rivers v. Katz, 67 N.Y.2d 485 (1986), New York Court of Appeals, http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12167532942286784057&hl=en&as_sdt=6&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr (accessed July 30, 2016). Rogers v. Okin, 738 F. 2d 1 (1984), US Court of Appeals First Circuit, http://openjurist.org/738/f2d/1/rogers-v-okin (accessed July 30, 2016). Rennie v. Klein, 653 F.2d 836 (1981) US Court of Appeals Third Circuit, http://openjurist.org/653/f2d/836/rennie-v-klein-m-d-m-d (accessed July 30, 2016). In Rennie v. Klein, the court allowed the hearing to be conducted by independent treatment professionals rather than a court. Rogers v. Mills, 457 US 291 was a case on medication over objection of hospitalized non-criminally involved patients that did make it to the Supreme Court. However, the court remanded the case, and the Massachusetts Supreme Court decided it by relying upon state law.
28. Jurasek v. Utah State Hospital, 158 F. 3d 506 (1998), http://openjurist.org/158/f3d/506/jurasek-v-utah-state-hospital (accessed July 30, 2016).
29. Wyatt v. Stickney, 325 F. Supp. 781 US District Court (1971) https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16580065974523676222 (accessed July 19, 2016).
30. Morton Birnbaum, “The Right to Treatment,” American Bar Association Journal 46 (1960): 499–504.
31. Rael Jean Isaac and Virginia C. Armat, Madness in the Streets: How Psychiatry and the Law Abandoned the Mentally Ill (New York: Free Press, 1990).
32. A procedural issue did reach the Supreme Court in Lessard v. Schmidt, but in this section we only address the mental illness–related decision made by the Appeals Court. Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (1972), US District Court. E. D. Wisconsin http://www.leagle.com/decision/19721427349FSupp1078_11264 (accessed July 19, 2016).
33. K. J. Brennan, Kendra's Law: Final Report on the Status of Assisted Outpatient Treatment (Albany, NY: New York State Office of Mental Health, 2005), appendix 2, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/kendras-law/research/kendras-law-study-2005.pdf (accessed July 19, 2016). Unpublished revision at http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/kendras-law/kendras-law-constitutional.html (accessed July 20, 2016).
CHAPTER 16: SOLUTIONS
1. John Talbott and Steven Sharfstein, “A Proposal for Future Funding of Chronic and Episodic Mental Illness,” Hospital and Community Psychiatry 37, no. 11 (November 1986): 1126–30.
2. An Act to Amend Title XIX of the Social Security Act to Remove the Exclusion from Medical Assistance under the Medicaid Program of Items and Services for Patients in an Institution for Mental Diseases, H.R. 2757, 113th Cong. (2013), https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2757/ (accessed July 19, 2016).
3. Pub. L. 89–97, 79 Stat. 286.
4. Mental Illness Policy Org., “SAMHSA Supports Groups That Lobby against Improved Treatment,” Mental Illness Policy Org., 2012, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/samhsa/samhsa-support-antipsychiatry.pdf (accessed July 21, 2016).
5. Mental Illness Policy Org, “How SAMHSA Mental Health Block Grant Guidance and Application Form Encourages States to Not Use Block Grants for the Most Seriously Ill,” Mental Illness Policy Org., 2013, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/samhsa/samhsa-block-grant-problems.pdf (accessed July 21, 2016).
6. Amanda Peters, “Lawyers Who Break the Law: What Congress Can Do to Prevent Mental Health Patient Advocates from Violating Federal Legislation,” Oregon Law Review 89, no. 1 (2010): 133–74, http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/myths/mental-health-bar.pdf (accessed July 21, 2016).
7. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-191, US Statutes at Large, August 26, 1996, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-104publ191/html/PLAW-104publ191.htm (accessed July 17, 2016); Regulations: US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office for Civil Rights, “HIPAA Administrative Simplification,” HHS, March 26, 2013, http://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ocr/privacy/hipaa/administrative/combined/hipaa-simplification-201303.pdf (accessed August 17, 2016).
8. Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (H.R. 1). Pub L. 108-173, US Statutes at Large, December 8, 2003, https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/house-bill/1 (accessed July 17, 2016). Effect on prices: Thomas R. Oliver, Philip R Lee, and Helene L Lipton, “A Political History of Medicare and Prescription Drug Coverage,” Milbank Quarterly 82.2 (2004): 283–354, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690175/ (accessed July 21, 2016)
9. Thomas R. Insel, “Transforming Diagnosis,” NIMH, April 29, 2013, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/2013/transforming-diagnosis.shtml (accessed July 19, 2016).
10. Some worry that this proposal will make the FDA too dependent on income from those it regulates. Others worry about placing research within a government bureaucracy. Some propose direct funding of the FDA via a pharmaceutical tax.
11. Thomas R. Insel, “P-Hacking,” NIMH, November 14, 2014, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/2014/p-hacking.shtml (accessed July 19, 2016).
12. Richard Nisbett, “The Crusade Against Multiple Regression Analysis: A Conversation with Richard Nisbett,” Edge, January 21, 2016, http://edge.org/conversation/richard_nisbett-the-crusade-against-multiple-regression-analysis (accessed July 21, 2016).
13. “Erick H, Turner, “Publication Bias with a Focus on Psychiatry,” CNS Drugs 27 (May 2013): 457-6, http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/education/schools/school-of-medicine/departments/clinical-departments/psychiatry/news-events/upload/CNS-Drugs-2013-Turner.pdf (accessed July 21, 2016).
14. Insel, “P-Hacking.”
15. Unlike antipsychiatrists, “neuro-critics” acknowledge serious mental illness exists, but they are appalled by the shoddy research that passes as science. The Coynster, led by James Coyne (@CoyneoftheRealm and coyneoftherealm.com) often takes a look at the faulty math and modeling that works its way into the peer-reviewed press. NeuroSkeptic (@Neuro_Skeptic and neuroskeptic.blogspot.com) covers a broad swath of psychiatry with a skeptical eye and is always interesting. Keith Laws (@Keith_Laws) often covers overstated claims for cognitive treatments. The Neurocritic (http://neurocritic.blogspot.com/) looks at some of the most sensationalistic findings concerning neuroscience and brain imaging.
16. Various scientists on editorial boards, “Trust in Science Would Be Improved by Study Pre-registration,” Guardian, June 5, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2013/jun/05/trust-in-science-study-pre-registration (accessed July 21, 2016).
17. A problem with making data sets publicly available is that it allows one researcher to analyze and sponge off the work of the researcher who collected the data, essentially creating “research parasites.”
18. B. A. Nosek, G. Alter, and GC Banks, “Scientific Standards: Promoting An Open Research Culture,” Science 348 (6242): 1422–25, June 26, 2015, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26113702 (accessed July 21, 2016). The actual guidelines are at https://cos.io/top (accessed July 21, 2016).
19. Katherine Burton, L. Bal, Anna Clark, et al., “Preventing the Ends from Justifying the Means: Withholding Results to Address Publication Bias in Peer-Review,” BMC Psychology, December 1, 2016, http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-016-0167-7 (accessed December 10, 2016).
20. On October 20, 2015, the New York Times ran a front page article, “Talk Therapy Found to Ease Schizophrenia,” purporting that a large multistate study found people who took lower doses of antipsychotics did better than others. It wasn't true. As a result of advocacy by Mental Illness Policy Org., on October 29, the paper ran a begrudging correction, but the original story is still in circulation. They have also run misleading reports on peer support and Open Dialogue.
21. Charles Krauthammer, “How Best to Help the Homeless,” Deseret News (Salt Lake City, UT), December 25, 1988, http://www.deseretnews.com/article/28130/HOW-BEST-TO-HELP-THE-HOMELESS.html (accessed February 25, 2015).
22. Treatment Advocacy Center, “Model Assisted Treatment Law,” Treatment Advocacy Center, 2011, http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/legal-resources/tac-model-law (accessed March 8, 2015).
23. New York State Legislature, NY MHY. LAW § 9.60 : NY Code--Section 9.60: Assisted Outpatient Treatment, 2010 http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/nycode/MHY/B/9/9.60 (accessed July 21, 2016).
24. Many of these policy recommendations were overwhelmingly endorsed by direct vote of the grassroots membership of NAMI in 1995. But subsequent NAMI National boards and staffs have refused to help enact these reforms. National Alliance on Mental Illness, “Involuntary Commitment and Court-Ordered Treatment,” NAMI, 1995, http://www.nami.org/About-NAMI/Policy-Platform/9-Legal-Issues (accessed July 21, 2016).
25. Involuntarily committed (dangerous) patients maintain the right to refuse treatment unless a capacity hearing is held. As a result, individuals are often committed but not allowed treatment.
26. Rael Jean Isaac and DJ Jaffe, “Mental Illness, Public Safety,” New York Times, December 23, 1995.
27. Steven K. Erickson, Michael J. Vitacco, and Gregory J. Van Rybroek, “Beyond Overt Violence: Wisconsin's Progressive Civil Commitment Statute as a Marker of a New Era in Mental Health Law,” Marquette Law Review 89 (Winter 2005): 359–405, http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1102&context=mulr (accessed July 19, 2016).
28. Assembly Bill 1194, October 7, 2015, Chaptered 5150.05 Welfare and Institutions Code, http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=WIC§ionNum=5150.05 (accessed August 3, 2016).
29. In the 1990s, when President Clinton tried to create a universal health plan, anti-treatment mental health lawyers tried to insert a sentence along the lines of, “Only services requested by the patient shall be reimbursed.” It seemed reasonable, but their motive was to reduce the use of involuntary commitment and treatment for the seriously ill by preventing reimbursement for it.
30. CIT Center, “CIT Center,” University of Memphis, http://www.cit.memphis.edu (accessed July 19, 2016). CIT International, “Welcome to CIT International,” CIT International, http://citinternational.org (accessed July 19, 2016). NAMI, “Crisis Intervention Teams,” NAMI, 2014, http://www.nami.org/Get-Involved/Law-Enforcement-and-Mental-Health/What-Is-CIT/Creating-a-Successful-CIT-Program (accessed July 2, 2016).
31. The Mental Health Courts Program was created by America's Law Enforcement and Mental Health Project, Pub. L. 106-515 (2000), http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-106publ515/pdf/PLAW-106publ515.pdf (accessed July 21, 2016). Funding also comes through the Mentally Ill Offender Treatment and Crime Reduction Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108-414 (2004) and renewals, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-108publ414/pdf/PLAW-108publ414.pdf (accessed July 21, 2016).
32. In a 2014 video interview with the Vera Institute of Justice, Mathew J. D'Emic, the Brooklyn mental health court presiding judge, disclosed that 24 percent of the mentally ill individuals in it have bipolar disorder; 30 percent have major depression; 21 percent have, schizophrenia; 12 percent have schizoaffective disorder; and 13 percent have PTSD. Vera Institute of Justice, “Justice in Transition–NYC: Cops, Courts, and Corrections: Can NYC's Justice System Help Those with Mental Illness?” YouTube video, 1:25:33, posted by VeraInstitute, March 26, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzFCfJFHLXo (accessed July 19, 2016).
33. Council of State Governments Justice Center, Criminal Justice/Mental Health Consensus Project, Mental Health Courts: A Primer for Policymakers and Practitioners, Prepared for the Bureau of Justice Assistance, DOJ, 2008, http://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/mhc-primer.pdf (accessed July 19, 2016).
34. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance, “Mental Health Courts Program,” Bureau of Justice Assistance, https://www.bja.gov/ProgramDetails.aspx?Program_ID=68 (accessed March 8, 2015). National Center for State Courts, “Mental Health Courts,” NCSC, http://www.ncsc.org/Topics/Problem-Solving-Courts/Mental-Health-Courts/Resource-Guide.aspx (accessed July 19, 2016).
35. Kimberly Collins, Gabe Hinkebein, and Staci Schorgl, “The John Hinckley Trial & Its Effect on the Insanity Defense,” University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law, http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hinckley/hinckleyinsanity.htm (accessed July 29, 2016).
36. Methods for successfully monitoring patients to ensure they take their medications exist. Assisted Outpatient Treatment programs already monitor potentially dangerous mentally ill individuals. In New York, programs monitor those with tuberculosis to see that they don't go off treatment.
37. “New York State District Attorneys Support Hope House,” Greenburger Center for Social and Criminal Justice, http://www.greenburgercenter.org/article?ID=101 (accessed August 16, 2016).
38. Almost all psychiatrists receive public funds because Medicare funds most residency programs. Psychiatrists who receive these public funds could also be required to serve the seriously ill. Some argue this will insure fewer enter the profession. But if they won't serve the seriously ill, they should not be publicly funded. There is general agreement that telepsychiatry could help patients in underserved areas. But some fear that insurers in urban areas will replace face-to-face visits with less expensive and less effective phone visits. A useful model might be Washington's Partnership Access Line (PAL), which doesn't serve patients directly. It is a pediatrician to psychiatrist consult line that provides a rapid connection to a psychiatrist for pediatricians serving clients with mental illness.
39. There are many different proven models, from group homes with on-premises case management to scatter site housing with visits from case managers to in-home services for those who live with relatives.
40. Stephen Eide, “Supportive Housing and the Mentally Ill Homeless,” Manhattan Institute, September 2016, http://www.manhattan-institute.org/sites/default/files/R-SE-0916.pdf (accessed September 20, 2016).
41. “Clubhouse International,” Clubhouse International, http://www.clubhouse-intl.org (accessed July 19, 2016).
CHAPTER 17: THE FUTURE
1. Alluding to HIPAA, President-elect Donald Trump's policy platform noted, “Finally, we need to reform our mental health programs and institutions in this country. Families, without the ability to get the information needed to help those who are ailing, are too often not given the tools to help their loved ones. There are promising reforms being developed in Congress that should receive bi-partisan support.” Donald Trump Presidential Campaign, “Healthcare Reform,” Donald J. Trump, https://assets.donaldjtrump.com/HCReformPaper.pdf (accessed December 10, 2016).
On reducing violence, his platform said, “Fix our broken mental health system. All of the tragic mass murders that occurred in the past several years have something in common—there were red flags that were ignored. We can't allow that to continue. We must expand treatment programs, and reform the laws to make it easier to take preventive action to save innocent lives. Most people with mental health problems are not violent, but just need help, and these reforms will help everyone.” Donald Trump Presidential Campaign, “Constitution and Second Amendment,” Donald J. Trump, https://www.donaldjtrump.com/policies/constitution-and-second-amendment (accessed December 10, 2016).
APPENDIX A: SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS DEFINED
1. The definition derives from two steps included in the legislation creating SAMHSA and requiring it to distribute mental health block grants to states proportional to the number of persons with serious mental illness in each state. As the first step, Congress required CMHS to define “serious mental illness in adults.” ADAMHA Reorganization Act of 1991, Pub. L. 102-321, Pub. L. 102-321 (1992), pp. 323–442, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-106/pdf/STATUTE-106-Pg323.pdf (accessed July 17, 2016). The second step, after it was defined, was to estimate its prevalence in each state.
2. “[A]dults with a serious mental illness’ are persons: (1) age 18 and over and (2) who currently have, or at any time during the past year, had a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder of sufficient duration to meet diagnostic criteria specified within DSM-IV or their ICD-9-CM equivalent (and subsequent revisions) with the exception of DSM-IV ‘V’ codes, substance use disorders, and developmental disorders which are excluded, unless they co-occur with another diagnosable serious mental illness, and (3) that has resulted in functional impairment, which substantially interferes with or limits one or more major life activities.” “[A]dults who would have met functional impairment criteria during the referenced year without the benefit of treatment or other support services are considered to have serious mental illnesses.” The same legislation and steps defined “serious emotional disturbance” in children. Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), Federal Register 58, no. 96 (May 1993): 29422, http://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/federal-register-notice-58-96-definitions.pdf (accessed July 22, 2016).
3. When explaining how functional impairment was defined, CMHS stated: “Strict criteria were used, such as reports of extreme deficits in social functioning…. A respondent must either have one of the following two profiles: (i) Complete social isolation, defined as having absolutely no social contact of any type—telephone, mail, or in-person—with any family member or friend and having no one in his or her personal life with whom he/she has a confiding personal relationship; or (ii) extreme dysfunction in personal relationships, defined as high conflict and no positive interactions and no possibility of intimacy or confiding with any family member or friend. These persons comprise about 10% of those classified as having SMI.” However, in the actual definition included in the Federal Register, the criteria were not quite as strict. For example “consistently missing at least one full day of work per month as a direct result of mental health” counts as a qualifying functional impairment.
4. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, “Behavioral Health Trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health,” HHS Publication No. SMA 15-4927, NSDUH Series H-50, 2015, http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FRR1-2014/NSDUH-FRR1-2014.pdf (accessed July 26, 2016).
5. In 2016, in reaction to outside pressure for its failure to focus on serious mental illness, SAMHSA developed a Byzantine policy paper that expanded the definition of serious mental illness far beyond the one created as a result of SAMHSA's establishing legislation. For example, the paper argued that ADHD, anxiety, mood disorders, and other often mild illnesses are in fact “nested within” or “interchangeable” with the term “serious mental illness.” SAMHSA, “Behind the Term: Serious Mental Illness,” SAMHSA, 2016, http://www.nrepp.samhsa.gov/Docs/Literatures/Behind_the_Term_Serious%20%20Mental%20Illness.pdf (accessed December 26, 2016).
6. National Advisory Mental Health Council, “Health Care Reform for Americans with Severe Mental Illnesses: Report of the National Advisory Mental Health Council,” American Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 10 (October 1993): 1447–65. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8379547 (accessed July 22, 2016).
7. US Senate, “Senate Report 102-397” attached to “HR 5677, HHS Appropriations Bill. ADAMHA Reorganization Act,” Federal Register (September 10, 1993): 96. The government sometimes uses “severe” versus “serious.” From a policy perspective, there is very little difference. After the 1993 report was issued, autism was reclassified as a developmental disability, not a mental illness.
8. Ronald C. Kessler, Wai Tat Chiu, Olga Demler, et al., “Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication,” Archives of General Psychiatry 6, no. 2 (June 2005): 617–27, http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=208671 (accessed July 22, 2016).
9. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5 (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
10. COLO. REV. STAT. § 27-65-102(9), http://tornado.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/olls/2014TitlePrintouts/CRS%20Title%2027%20(2014).pdf (accessed August 17, 2016).
APPENDIX B: STUDIES ON VIOLENCE AND MENTAL ILLNESS
1. John Monahan, “Mental Disorder and Violent Behavior,” American Psychologist 47, no. 4 (April 1992): 511–21. Abstract at http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/47/4/511/ (accessed July 6, 2016).
2. Thomas Insel, “Keynote Address,” video, 30:19, February 26, 2014, http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Activities/Global/ViolenceForum/2014-FEB-26/Day%201/Welcome%20and%20Morning%20Presentations/4-Insel-Video.aspx (accessed July 25, 2016).
3. Sarah L. Desmarais, Richard A. Van Dorn, Kiersten L. Johnson, et al., “Community Violence Perpetration and Victimization among Adults with Mental Illnesses,” American Journal of Public Health 104, no. 12 (December 2014): 2342–49. Abstract at http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301680 (accessed July 25, 2016).
4. K. S. Douglas, L. S. Guy, and S. D. Hart, “Psychosis as a Risk Factor for Violence to Others: A Meta-Analysis,” Psychological Bulletin 135, no. 5 (September 2009): 679–706. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19702378 (accessed July 25, 2016).
5. Richard A. Van Dorn, Jan Volavka, and Norman Johnson, “Mental Disorder and Violence: Is There a Relationship beyond Substance Use?” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47, no. 3 (March 12, 2012): 487–503. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21359532 (accessed July 25, 2016).
6. M. Large, G. Smith, and O. Nielssen, “The Relationship between the Rate of Homicide by Those with Schizophrenia and the Overall Homicide Rate,” Schizophrenia Research 112, no. 1–3 (July 2009): 123–29. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19457644 (accessed July 25, 2016).
7. Seena Fazel, Niklas Langstrom, Anders Hjern, et al., “Schizophrenia, Substance Abuse, and Violent Crime,” Journal of the American Medical Association 301, no. 19 (May 2009): 2016–23 http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=183929 (accessed July 25, 2016).
8. C. Rodway, S. Flynn, M.S. Rahman et.al, “Patients with Mental Illness as Victims of Homicide: A National Consecutive Case Series,” Lancet 1, no. 2 (2014): 129–34.
9. Christine C. Joyal, Jean-Luc Dubreucq, Catherine Gendron, et al., “Major Mental Disorders and Violence: A Critical Update,” Current Psychiatry Reviews 3 (March 2007): 33–50, https://oraprdnt.uqtr.uquebec.ca/pls/public/docs/GSC409/F1512875772_Article_2007.pdf (accessed July 25, 2016).
10. Louise Arseneault, Terrie E. Moffitt, Avshalom Caspi, et al., “Mental Disorders and Violence in a Total Birth Cohort,” Archives of General Psychiatry 57, no. 10 (October 2000): 979–86, http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=481658 (accessed July 25, 2016).
11. Seena Fazel, Paul Lichtenstein, Martin Grann, et al., “Bipolar Disorder and Violent Crime,” Archives of General Psychiatry 67, no. 9 (September 2010): 931–38, http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=210872 (accessed July 25, 2016).
12. P. J. Taylor, “Psychosis and Violence: Stories, Fears, and Reality,” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 53, no. 10 (October 2008): 647–59. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18940033 (accessed July 25, 2016).
13. Marvin S. Swartz, Jeffrey W. Swanson, and Virginia A. Hiday, “Violence and Severe Mental Illness: The Effects of Substance Abuse and Nonadherence to Medication,” American Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 2 (1998): 226–31. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9464202 (accessed July 25, 2016).
14. Jeffrey W. Swanson, Charles E. Holzer, Vijay K. Ganju, et al., “Violence and Psychiatric Disorder in the Community: Evidence from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Surveys,” Hospital and Community Psychiatry 41, no. 7 (July 1990): 761–70. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2142118 (accessed July 25, 2016).
15. Bruce G. Link, Howard Andrews, and Francis T. Cullen, “The Violent and Illegal Behavior of Mental Patients Reconsidered,” American Sociological Review 57, no. 3 (June 1992): 275–92. Abstract at http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2096235?sid=21105861640113&uid=3739832&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256 (accessed July 25, 2016).
16. Seena Fazel and Martin Grann, “Psychiatric Morbidity among Homicide Offenders: A Swedish Population Study,” American Journal of Psychiatry 161, no. 11 (November 2004): 2129–31. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15514419 (accessed July 25, 2016). S. Fazel, P. Buxrud, V. Ruchkin, et al., “Homicide in Discharged Patients with Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses: A National Case-Control Study,” Schizophrenia Research 123, no. 2–3 (November 2010): 263–69. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20805021 (accessed July 25, 2016).
17. K. G. W. W. Koh, K. P. Gwee, and Y. H. Chan, “Psychiatric Aspects of Homicide in Singapore: A Five-Year Review,” Singapore Medical Journal 47, no. 4 (2006): 297–304, http://www.sma.org.sg/smj/4704/4704a8.pdf (accessed July 25, 2016).
18. Jason C. Matejkowski, Sara W. Cullen, and Phyllis L. Solomon, “Characteristics of Persons with Severe Mental Illness Who Have Been Incarcerated for Murder,” Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 36, no. 1 (March 2008): 74–86, http://www.jaapl.org/content/36/1/74.full (accessed July 25, 2016).
19. David Tuller, “Nurses Step Up Efforts to Protect against Attacks,” New York Times, July 8, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/08/health/08nurses.html (accessed July 25, 2016).
20. Marilyn Lewis Lanza, Robert Zeiss, and Jill Rierdan, “Violence against Psychiatric Nurses: Sensitive Research as Science and Intervention,” Contemporary Nurse 21, no. 1 (2006): 71–84. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16594884 (accessed July 25, 2016).
21. Joy Jacobson, “Violence and Nursing,” American Journal of Nursing 107, no. 2 (February 2007): 25–26.
22. Lee Romney, “State Mental Hospitals Remain Violent, Despite Gains in Safety,” Los Angeles Times, October 9, 2013, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/oct/09/local/la-me-mental-hospital-safety-20131010 (accessed July 25, 2016).
23. American Psychiatric Nurses Association, “Workplace Violence (Position Statement),” APNA, 2008, http://www.apna.org/files/public/APNA_Workplace_Violence_Position_Paper.pdf (accessed July 25, 2016).
24. Henry J. Steadman, Edward P. Mulvey, John Monahan, et al., “Violence by People Discharged from Acute Psychiatric Inpatient Facilities and by Others in the Same Neighborhoods,” Archives of General Psychiatry 55, no. 5 (May 1998): 393–401. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9596041 (accessed July 25, 2016).
25. E. F. Torrey, Joe Bruce, DJ Jaffe, et al., “Raising Cain: The Role of Serious Mental Illness in Family Homicide,” June 2016, http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/raising-cain.pdf (accessed December 24, 2016).
26. Donald M. Steinwachs, Judith D. Kasper, and Elizabeth A. Skinner, “Family Perspectives of Meeting the Needs for Care of Severely Mentally Ill Relatives: A National Survey,” final report to the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, Johns Hopkins University and the University of Maryland, July 1992.
27. John M. Dawson and Patrick A. Langan, Murder in Families (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, DOJ, July 1994) http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/mf.pdf (accessed July 25, 2016).
28. Seena Fazel, Johan Zetterqvist, Henrik Larsson, et al., “Antipsychotics, Mood Stabilisers, and Risk of Violent Crime,” Lancet 384 (September 27, 2014): 1206–14, http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60379-2/fulltext (accessed July 25, 2016).
29. Robert Keers, Simone Ullrich, Bianca L. DeStavola, et al., “Association of Violence with Emergence of Persecutory Delusions in Untreated Schizophrenia,” American Journal of Psychiatry 171, no. 3 (March 2014): 332–39. Abstract at http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=1773703 (accessed July 25, 2016).
30. Olav Nielssen and Matthew Large, “Rates of Homicide during the First Episode of Psychosis and after Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Schizophrenia Bulletin 36, no. 4 (July 2010): 702–12, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894594/ (accessed July 25, 2016).
31. Nelly Alia-Klein, Thomas M. O'Rourke, Rita Z. Goldstein, et al., “Insight into Illness and Adherence to Psychotropic Medications Are Separately Associated with Violence Severity in a Forensic Sample,” Aggressive Behavior 33, no. 1 (2007): 86–96. Abstract at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ab.20170/abstract;jsessionid=A2A18A8D4A27C220186B855F2C5F87D5.f01t04 (accessed July 25, 2016).
32. Eric Elbogen, Sarah Mustillo, Richard van Dorn, et al., “The Impact of Perceived Need for Treatment on Risk of Arrest and Violence among People with Severe Mental Illness,” Criminal Justice and Behavior 34, no. 2 (February 2007): 197–210. Abstract at http://cjb.sagepub.com/content/34/2/197 (accessed July 25, 2016).
33. Eric B. Elbogen, Richard A. Van Dorn, Jeffrey W. Swanson, et al., “Treatment Engagement and Violence Risk in Mental Disorders,” British Journal of Psychiatry 189, no. 4 (September 2006), http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/189/4/354 (accessed July 25, 2016).
34. J. Swanson, S. Swartz, and M. Estroff, “Violence and Severe Mental Disorder in Clinical and Community Populations: The Effects of Psychotic Symptoms, Comorbidity, and Lack of Treatment,” Psychiatry 60 (Spring 1997): 1–22. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9130311 (accessed July 25, 2016).
35. J. Bartels, R.E. Drake, and M.A. Wallach, “Characteristic Hostility in Schizophrenic Outpatients,” Schizophrenia Bulletin 17, no. 1 (1991): 163–71, http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/1/163.full.pdf (accessed July 25, 2016)
36. L. D. Smith, “Medication Refusal and the Rehospitalized Mentally Ill Inmate,” Hospital and Community Psychiatry 40 (1999): 491–96. Abstract at https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=118885 (accessed July 25, 2016).
37. J. A. Yessavage, “Inpatient Violence and the Schizophrenic Patient: An Inverse Correlation between Danger-Related Events and Neuroleptic Levels,” Biological Psychiatry 17 (1982): 1331–37. Abstract at http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1983-23962-001 (accessed July 25, 2016).
APPENDIX C: STUDIES CORRELATING ANOSOGNOSIA WITH VIOLENCE
1. Treatment Advocacy Center, “The Anatomical Basis of Anosognosia (Lack of Awareness of Illness),” Treatment Advocacy Center, September 2012, http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/Anosognosia--Anatomical_Basis_-_August_2012.pdf (accessed July 25, 2016).
2. Lisette van der Meer, Annerieke E. de Vos, and Annemarie P. M. Stiekema, “Insight in Schizophrenia: Involvement of Self-Reflection Networks?” Schizophrenia Bulletin 39, no. 6 (November 2013): 1288–95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3796073 (accessed July 25, 2016).
3. For a discussion of overstated claims being made for brain imaging, see Sally Satel and Scott O. Lilienfeld, Brainwashed: The Seductive Appeal of Mindless Neuroscience (New York: Basic Books, 2013).
4. Xavier Amador, “Anosognosia and Serious Mental Illness,” video, 9:01, June 1, 2011, http://ssnsc.blogspot.com/2011/03/anosognosia-1-of-2.html (accessed July 10, 2016).
5. P. F. Buckley, D. R. Hrouda, and L. Friedman, “Insight and Its Relationship to Violent Behavior in Patients with Schizophrenia,” American Journal of Psychiatry 161, no. 9 (2004): 1712–14. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15337667 (accessed December 24, 2016).
6. Marvin S. Swartz, Jeffrey W. Swanson, and Virginia A. Hiday, “Violence and Severe Mental Illness: The Effects of Substance Abuse and Nonadherence to Medication,” American Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 2 (1998): 226–31. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9464202 (accessed July 25, 2016).
7. Nelly Alia-Klein, Thomas M. O'Rourke, Rita Z. Goldstein, et al., “Insight into Illness and Adherence to Psychotropic Medications Are Separately Associated with Violence Severity in a Forensic Sample,” Aggressive Behavior 33, no. 1 (2007): 86–96. Abstract at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ab.20170/abstract;jsessionid=A2A18A8D4A27C220186B855F2C5F87D5.f01t04 (accessed July 25, 2016).
8. Michelle Grevatt, Brian Thomas-Peter, and Gary Hughes, “Violence, Mental Disorder and Risk Assessment: Can Structured Clinical Assessments Predict the Short-Term Risk of Inpatient Violence?” Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology 15, no. 2 (2004): 278–92. Abstract at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1478994032000199095 (accessed July 25, 2016).
9. Arango Celso, Alfredo Calcedo Barba, Teresa González-Salvador, et al., “Violence in Inpatients with Schizophrenia: A Prospective Study,” Schizophrenia Bulletin 25, no. 3 (1999): 493–503. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10478784 (accessed July 25, 2016).
10. Strand Susanne, Henrik Belfrage, and Goran Fransson, “Clinical and Risk Management Factors in Risk Prediction of Mentally Disordered Offenders: More Important than Historical Data?” Legal and Criminological Psychology 4, no. 1 (1999): 67–76. Abstract at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1348/135532599167798/abstract (accessed July 25, 2016)
11. P. Woods, V. Reed, and M. Collin, “The Relationship between Risk and Insight in a High-Security Forensic Setting,” Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 10, no. 5 (2003): 510–17. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12956629 (accessed July 25, 2016).
12. S. R. Foley, B. D. Kelly, and M. Clarke, “Incidence and Clinical Correlates of Aggression and Violence at Presentation in Patients with First Episode Psychosis,” Schizophrenia Research 72, no. 2–3 (2005): 161–68. Abstract at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15560961 (accessed July 25, 2016).