Notes

INTRODUCTION

1. Robert G. Parkinson, “First from the Right: Massive Resistance and the Image of Thomas Jefferson in the 1950s,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 112/1. Abstract available at http://www.vahistorical.org/publications/abstract_parkinson.htm (accessed February 11, 2011).

2. John Leland, “A Blow at the Root: Being a Fashionable Fast-Day Sermon, Delivered at Cheshire, April 9, 1801,” in The Writings of the Late Elder John Leland, Including Some Events in His Life, Written by Himself, with Additional Sketches, ed. L. F. Greene (New York: G. W. Wood, 1845), 255.

3. Edwin A. Alderman, Classics Old and New; A Series of School Readers; A Fifth Reader (New York: American Book Company, 1907), 99.

4. Moses Jacob Ezekiel, “Thomas Jefferson,” United States Senate, accessed January 31, 2011, http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/art/artifact/Sculpture_22_00002.htm.

5. Leland, “A Blow at the Root,” 55.

6. Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time: The Sage of Monticell, vol. 6 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1981).

7. Thomas Marshall Green, Historic Families of Kentucky (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke Co., 1889), 73.

8. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd, vol. 7 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953), 585.

9. Benjamin Rush, Letters of Benjamin Rush, ed. L. H. Butterfield, vol. 2 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1951), 779.

10. John Quincy Adams, Diary of John Quincy Adams, ed. David Grayson Allen, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), 233.

11. Ezra Stiles, The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, ed. Franklin Bowditch Dexter, vol. 3 (New York: Charles Scribner’s and Sons, 1901), 125.

12. George Washington, The Papers of George Washington, ed. W. W. Abbott, vol. 6 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1997), 294.

13. Alexis De Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. Henry Reeve, vol. 2 (New York: George Adlard, 1838), 186.

14. John Kennedy, “Remarks at a Dinner Honoring Nobel Prize Winners of the Western Hemisphere,” The American Presidency Project, accessed April 29, 1962, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=8623&st=&st1.

218

15. Leilani Corpus, “Tiananmen Square Massacre,” The Forerunner, June, 1989, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.forerunner.com/forerunner/X0092_Tiananmen.html.

16. Esther B. Fein, “Clamor in the East; Unshackled Czech Workers Declare Their Independence,” New York Times, November 28, 1989, http://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/28/world/clamor-in-the-east-unshackled-czech-workers-declare-their-independence.html.

17. Thomas L. Friedman, “Upheaval in the East; Havel’s ‘Paradoxical’ Plea: Help Soviets,” New York Times, February 22, 1990, http://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/22/world/upheaval-in-the-east-havel-s-paradoxical-plea-help-soviets.html?scp=2&sq=Thomas+Jefferson&st=nyt&pagewanted=all.

18. Ethan Schwartz, “Kosinski’s Literary Homecoming: ‘Painted Bird’ to Be Published in Poland,” Washington Post, April 5, 1989, 1.

19. Mikhail Gorbachev, “Notable Comments on Jefferson (20th Century),” Monticello, April 13, 1993, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/notable-comments-jefferson-20th-century.

20. David Remnick, “Ukraine Split on Independence as Republic Awaits Bush Visit,” Washington Post, August 1, 1991, 1.

21. Margaret Thatcher, “Lady Margaret Thatcher at Monticello, on the Occasion of the 253rd Anniversary of the Birth of Thomas Jefferson and the Presentation of the First Thomas Jefferson Medal for Statesmanship,” Monticello, April 13, 1996, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/notable-comments-jefferson-20th-century.

22. Benson J. Lossing, Biographical Sketches of the Signers of the Declaration of American Independence (New York: George F. Cooledge & Brother, 1848), 174.

23. George Bancroft, History of the United States of America, from the Discovery of the American Continent, vol. 3 (Boston: Little, Brown, & Company, 1864), 462–463.

24. 24. Richard Frothingham, The Rise of the Republic of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown, & Company, 1872), 235.

25. Benson J. Lossing, Harpers’ Popular Cyclopedia of United States, vol. 1 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1889), 717.

26. John Fiske, The American Revolution, vol. 1 (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1897), 193.

27. Edward S. Ellis, Great Americans of History: Thomas Jefferson a Character Sketch (Chicago: Union School Furnishing Company, 1898), 38, 47.

28. William Eleroy Curtis, The True Thomas Jefferson (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1901), 388.

29. Henry William Elson, History of the United States of America (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1914), 405.

30. Ken Burns, “Notable Comments on Jefferson (20th Century),” Monticello, June 7, 1996, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/notable-comments-jefferson-20th-century.

31. Jack M. Balkin, “Tradition, Betrayal, and the Politics of Deconstruction—Part II,” Yale.edu, 1998, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/jbalkin/articles/trad2.htm.

32. Kyle-Anne Shiver, “Deconstructing Obama,” AmericanThinker.com, July 28, 2008, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.americanthinker.com/2008/07/deconstructing_obama.html.

33. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, s.v. “deconstruction,” accessed November 08, 2011, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/155306/deconstruction.

34. Of the 27, 14 women and 5 men were tired, found guilty and hung; 1 man was tortured to death by crushing because he refused to cooperate with the court by not answering their questions. To persuade him to talk they took him to a field and put a board on him with rocks. They increased the number of rocks until he would cooperate, but he continued to refuse and was crushed to death. He was therefore never convicted but is considered the 20th victim as he was on trial for being a wizard. And 7 individuals died in prison awaiting trial; one was a baby in prison with her mother, who was awaiting trial as a witch. “The Salem Witch Trials of 1692,” Salem Witch Museum, January 13, 2011 (at: http://www.salemwitchmuseum.com/education/index.shtml) per the museum’s Department of Education.

35. William Warren Sweet, The Story of Religion in America (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950), 61.

36. Charles B. Galloway, Christianity and the American Commonwealth (Nashville: Publishing House Methodist Episcopal Church, 1898), 110

37. Ibid.

38. Dictionary of American Biography, ed. Allen Johnson, (New York: Charles Scribber’s Sons, 1929), s.v. “John Wise,” “Increase Mather,” and “Thomas Brattle.” See also Mark Gribbean, “Salem Witch Trials: Reason Returns,” Court TV: Crime Library, accessed February 3, 2001, (http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/not_guilty/salem_witches/12.html?sect=12.

39. 39. John Fiske, Civil Government in the United States Considered with Some Reference to Its Origins (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, and Company, 1890), 147–148, 192.

40. Francis J. Bremer, The Puritan Experiment (Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England, 1995), 62; “The Massachusetts Body of Liberties,” Hanover Historical Texts, 1641, accessed October 24, 2011, http://history.hanover.edu/texts/masslib.html.

41. Ann Vileisis, Discovering the Unknown Landscape (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1997), 30; William Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, ed. Charles Deane (Boston: Privately Printted, 1856), 135–136.

42. Charles H. Thurber, ed., The School Review, vol. 6 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1898), 680; Royal Ralph Hinman, A Catalog of the Names of the Early Puritan Settlers of the Colony of Connecticut (Hartford: Press of Case, Tiffany and Company, 1852), 185; The Code of 1650, Being a Compilation of the Earliest Laws and Orders of the General Court of Connecticut (Hartford: Silus Andurs, 1822), 90–92, containing America’s first common or public school law.

43. Dr. John Lye, “Some Post-Structural Assumptions,” Brock University, 1997, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.brocku.ca/english/courses/4F70/poststruct.php.

44. Ibid.

45. “Poststructuralist Approaches,” cnr.edu, accessed October 13, 2009, http://www2.cnr.edu/home/bmcmanus/poststructuralism.html.

46. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, s.v. “particularism,” accessed November 9, 2011, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/445119/particularism; Encyclopædia Britannica Online, s.v. “anthropology,” accessed November 09, 2011; “Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy, Identity Politics,” Stanford University accessed June, 16 2011, https://leibniz.stanford.edu/friends/preview/identity-politics/. See also “Identity Politics” or “Particularism,” Merriam-Webster, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/particularism?show=0&t=1308259578.

220

47. Isaac Kramnick and Laurence Moore, The Godless Constitution (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996), 12, 22, 27 passim.

48. See Ross Anderson, “ACLU President Says Organization Is Not Anti-Religion.” University Wire, 2006, HighBeam Research, accessed November 14, 2011, http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-119656688.html; Jill Goetz, “Authors Argue the Religious Right Is Wrong about the Constitution,” Cornell Chronicle, accessed February 3, 2011, http://www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/96/2.1.96/godless.html; Ed Buckner, “It’s a Free Country, Not a Christian Nation,” Stephenjaygould.com, 1998, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/buckner_ncn.html; Matthew Dallek, “The Godless Constitution,” Washington Post, February 18, 1996, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/reviews/matthewdallek.htm.

49. Kramnick and Moore, The Godless Constitution, 179.

LIE #1: THOMAS JEFFERSON FATHERED SALLY HEMINGS’ CHILDREN

1. Eugene A. Foster et al., “Jefferson Fathered Slave’s Last Child,” Nature 396 (November 5, 1998), 27–28.

2. Eric Lander and Joseph Ellis, “Founding Father,” Nature 396 (November 5, 1998), 1.

3. Christopher Hitchens, “What Do Jefferson and Clinton Have in Common (Besides Randiness)?” Ivory Tower, November 18, 1998, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www1.salon.com/it/feature/1998/11/cov_18featureb.html.

4. Dr. David N. Mayer, “The Thomas Jefferson-Sally Hemings Myth and the Politicization of American History,” John M. Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs, April 9, 2001, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.ashbrook.org/articles/mayer-hemings.html.

5. Henry Gee, “The Sex Life of President Thomas Jefferson,” Nature News, November 12, 1998, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.nature.com/news/1998/981112/full/news981112-1.html.

6. Mayer, “The Thomas Jefferson-Sally Hemings Myth and the Politicization of American History.”

7. See Andrea Dworkin, Woman Hating (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1974), 184; Gloria Steinem, Revolution from Within: A Book of Self-Esteem (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1992), 259–261; Marilyn French, The War Against Women (New York: Summit Books, 1992), 182; Robin Morgan, The Word of a Woman (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1992), 84; Catharine A. MacKinnon, Feminism Unmodified (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987), 88; Naomi Wolf, The Beauty Myth (New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1991), 138; Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 20; Andrea Dworkin, Letters from a War Zone: Writings 1976–1989 (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1988), 14, 118–119; Christina Hoff Sommers, Who Stole Feminism? How Women Have Betrayed Women (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 44–46, 220, 222.

8. Peter S. Onuf, “Every Generation Is an ‘Independent Nation’: Colonization, Miscegenation, and the Fate of Jefferson’s Children,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd. ser., vol. 57, no. 1 (January 2000), 157.

221

9. Fawn M. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, An Intimate History (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1974); Barbara Chase-Riboud, Sally Hemings: A Novel (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1979); Annette Gordon-Reed, Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy (Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia, 1997).

10. Several historical studies indicate that sexual relations between white masters and black slaves occurred only in a small minority of cases and that the overwhelming majority of white masters did not exercise a sexual prerogative over their female slaves. For example, by 1850, the American population had grown to a burgeoning 23.2 million; the slave population was 3.2 million, or 13.8 percent of the total population. Among the black population, over the sixty years since the first census in 1790, census numbers show a maximum of 11.2 percent of the 1850 population to be mulatto, which represents only 1.55 percent of the total America population. See, J. D. B. DeBow, Statistical View of the United States, Embracing Its Territory, Population—White, Free Colored, and Slave—Moral and Social Condition, Industry, Property, and Revenue; the Detailed Statistics of Cities, Towns, and Counties; Being a Compendium of the Seventh Census (Washington, DC: Beverley Tucker, 1854), 39, 63, 82; Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census, dir. William J. Harris, Negroes in the United States (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1915), 129:15. See also Edward Byron Reuter, The Mulatto in the United States (Boston: The Gorham Press, 1918), 116.. Yet despite the clear statistical facts and numerous studies, writers such as Peter S. Onuf, “Every Generation Is an ‘Independent Nation’: Colonization, Miscegenation, and the Fate of Jefferson’s Children,” The William and Mary Quarterly, (January 2000), 3rd. ser., vol. 57, no. 1, wherein he uniformly stereotypes all Anglos by decrying the “whites’ despotic power over their . . . female slaves’ bodies” (157); “the despotic power of white masters over the bodies of black female slaves,” (158); “white men exploited black women” (160); “White slave owners exploited their slave women” (160) passim.

11. Eugene A. Foster et al., “Reply: The Thomas Jefferson Paternity Case,” Nature 396 (January 7, 1999), 32.

12. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Barbara B. Oberg, vol. 31 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 274.

13. See Jone Johnson Lewis, “Mistress of Thomas Jefferson?” About.com, accessed July 14, 2011, http://womenshistory.about.com/od/hemingssally/a/sally_hemings.htm; Gordon-Reed, Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, 1, 72; Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, An Intimate History, 228–232.

14. The children generally agreed upon by most scholars include Thomas (born in 1790), Harriet I (apparently died in infancy), Beverly (son, born 1798), Harriet II (1801), Madison (1805), and Eston (1808). However, authorities from Monticello, where Hemings was a slave, indicate that she had six children. Other modern writers have placed the number of Hemings’ children at anywhere from four to seven or more. For example: four children—“Sally Hemings,” New York Times, accessed February 24, 2011, http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/h/sally_hemings/index.html; five children—McKenzie Wallenborn, “Dr. Wallenborn’s Minority Report,” Monticello, March 23, 2000, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/minority-report-monticello-research-committee-thomas-jefferson-and-sally); six children—“Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account,” Monticello, accessed February 24, 2011, http://www.monticello.org/plantation/hemingscontro/hemings-jefferson_contro.html; Lewis, “Sally Hemings: Mistress of Thomas Jefferson?”; R. F. Holznagel and Paul Hehn, “Who2.com profile of Sally Hemings,” Who2.com, accessed February 24, 2011, http://www.who2.com/sallyhemings.html; and seven children—Glenn Speark, “‘The Hemingses of Monticello’ by Annette Gordon-Reed: A Look at the Third President, His Slave Mistress and the Antebellum South,” Los Angeles Times, November 14, 2008, accessed October 24, 2011, http://articles.latimes.com/2008/nov/14/entertainment/et-book14; and other varying numbers—Patrick Mullins, “Scholars Overturn Case for Thomas Jefferson’s Relationship with Slave Sally Hemings,” Capitalism Magazine, June 2, 2001, accessed November 17, 2011, http://www.tjheritage.org/newscomfiles/CapitalismMagazine.pdf; “Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: Case Closed?” Claremont Institute, August 30, 2001, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.1015/article_detail.asp; Harry Hellenbrand, review of “Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy,” by Annette Gordon-Reed, H-Net Reviews, February, 1998, accessed October 24, 2011, www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showpdf.cgi?path=8812887909950.

15. See Jan Lewis, Joseph J. Ellis, Lucia Stanton, Peter S. Onuf, Annette Gordon-Reed, Andrew Burstein, and Fraser D. Neiman, comments in the forum published in The William and Mary Quarterly, 2nd ser., vol. 7, no. 1, (January 2000) 121–210.

16. Eric Lander and Joseph Ellis, “Founding Father,” Nature 396 (November 5, 1998), 1.

17. Joseph J. Ellis, “Jefferson: Post-DNA,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., vol. 57, no. 1 (January 2000), 136, n14.

18. Barbra Murray and Brian Duffy, “Jefferson’s Secret Life,” U. S. News Online, November 9, 1998, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/981109/archive_005152.htm.

19. Dinitia Smith and Nicholas Wade, “DNA Tests Offer Evidence that Jefferson Fathers a Child with His Slave,” The New York Times “Science,” November 1, 1998.

20. Dennis Cauchon, “Jefferson Affair No Longer Rumor,” USA Today, November 2, 1998.

21. Donna Britt, “A Slaveholder’s Hypocrisy Was Inevitable,” Washington Post, November 6, 1998, B01.

22. Clarence Page, “New Disclosures Show Two Thomas Jeffersons,” Chicago Tribune, November 5, 1998, 1.

23. Ibid., 2.

24. Hitchens, “What Do Jefferson and Clinton Have in Common,” 3–4

25. Richard Cohen, “Grand Illusion,” Washington Post, December 13, 1998, W10.

26. Page, “New Disclosures Show Two Thomas Jeffersons,” 2.

27. Smith and Wade, “DNA Test Finds Evidence.”

28. Annette Gordon-Reed, “The All Too Human Jefferson,” Wall Street Journal, November 24, 1998, in Dr. David N. Mayer, “The Thomas Jefferson-Sally Hemings Myth and the Politicization of American History,” John M. Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs, April 9, 2001, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.ashbrook.org/articles/mayer-hemings.html.

29. Ellis, “Jefferson: Post-DNA,” 130.

30. Eugene A. Foster et al., “Jefferson Fathered Slave’s Last Child,” Nature 396 (November 5, 1998), 27–28.

31. Foster et al. “Reply: The Thomas Jefferson Paternity Case,” 32.

32. The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy Report of the Scholars Commission, ed. Robert F. Turner (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2011), 11.

33. Ibid., 8.

34. Gene Edward Veith, “Founder’s DNA Revisited,” World, February 20, 1999, 24.

35. Mona Charen, “Was Jefferson Libeled by DNA?” Jewish World Review, January 19, 1999, accessed October 25, 2011, http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/charen011999asp.

36. Herbert Barger, “The Jefferson-Hemings DNA Study,” Angel Fire, last updated August 30, 2000, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.angelfire.com/va/TJTruth/background.html.

37. For a list of the professors and the schools they’re associated with, see this link: http://www.tjheritage.org/scholars.html.

38. The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy Report of the Scholars Commission, ed. Turner, 6.

39. Ibid., 16.

40. Foster et al., “Reply: The Thomas Jefferson Paternity Case,” 32.

41. Herbert Barger, “Letters to the Editor: Rushing to Rescue TJ,” C-ville Weekly, November, 2005, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.c-ville.com/index.php?cat=121304064644348&z_Issue_ID=1892509061555962&ShowArchiveArticle_ID=1892509061586567. See also Herbert Barger, review of “Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory and Civic Culture,” by Jan Ellen Lewis and Peter S. Onuf, Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society, accessed June 15, 2011, http://www.tjheritage.org/booksfiles/Barger-Hemings_and_Jefferson_by_Lewis.pdf.

42. Walter V. Robinson, “Professor’s Past in Doubt Discrepancies Surface in Claim of Vietnam Duty,” Boston Globe, June 18, 2001, A1. See also Dennis Loy Johnson, “The History Lesson of Joseph Ellis,” Mobylives.com, June 20, 2001, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.mobylives.com/Joseph_Ellis.html.

43. Johnson, “The History Lesson of Joseph Ellis.”

44. “Review & Outlook: Founding Fatherhood,” Wall Street Journal, February 26, 1999, W15.

45. Veith, “Founder’s DNA Revisited,” 24.

46. Charen, “Was Jefferson Libeled by DNA?”

47. “DNA Test Fails to Link Jefferson, Monticello Slave Descendant,” Washington Post, March 23, 2000. Additionally, on March 20, 2000, our WallBuilders office personally spoke with Dr. Eugene Foster, who had conducted the testing, to affirm that his most recent testing had again proved that Thomas Jefferson was not the father of Thomas Woodson. Dr. Foster confirmed that such was the case.

48. Madison Hemings, “Life Among the Lowly,” Pike County (Ohio) Republican, March 13, 1873, in Gordon-Reed, Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, 246.

49. Hemings, “Life Among the Lowly,” 247. See also Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time: Jefferson the Virginian, vol. 1 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1948), 384; Malone, Jefferson and His Time: The Sage of Monticello, 6:xv, 146.

50. Gordon-Reed, Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, 259.

51. Letter from Ellen Randolph Coolidge to Joseph Coolidge on October 26, 1858, original on file at the University of Virginia Library; David N. Myer, “The Thomas Jefferson-Sally Hemings Myth and the Politicization of American History,” Ashbrook Center, April 9, 2001, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.ashbrook.org/articles/mayer-hemings.html.

52. Jan Lewis, “Introduction,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., vol. 7, no. 1 (January 2000), 122.

53. Ellis, “Jefferson: Post-DNA,” 136–137, n15.

54. Allen Johnson ed., Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1929), s.v. “James Thomson Callender.”

55. Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Oberg, 30:583.

56. James Madison, The Papers of James Madison. Secretary of State Series, ed. Robert J. Brugger, vol. 1 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986), 117; Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Oberg, vol. 33, 573–574.

57. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (Charlottesville: F. Carr, and Co., 1829), 23.

58. James Madison, Letters and Other Writings of James Madison, vol. 2 (Philadelphia: J. P. Lippincott & Co., 1865), 172.

59. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 9 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1900), 260.

60. Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Ford, 9:262–263.

61. James Monroe, The Writings of James Monroe, ed. Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, vol. 3 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1900), 289.

62. Madison, Letters and Other Writings of James Madison, 2:173.

63. Ibid.

64. Monroe, The Writings of James Monroe, ed. Hamilton, 3:290.

65. Madison, The Papers of James Madison, ed. Brugger, 1:117.

66. Ibid.

67. Allen Johnson, ed., Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1929), s.v. “James Thomson Callender.”

68. Malone, Jefferson the President, First Term, 1801-1805, 4:220, n43.

69. Malone, Jefferson the President, First Term, 4:208.

70. J. T. Callender, “The President Again,” The Recorder; Or, Lady’s and Gentleman’s Miscellany (Richmond), September 1, 1802.

71. Ibid.

72. Ibid., December 8, 1802.

73. Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, “Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings,” Monticello, January 2000, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.monticello.org/sites/default/files/inline-pdfs/jefferson-hemings_report.pdf.

74. J. T. Callender, “More about Sally and the President,” The Recorder; Or, Lady’s and Gentleman’s Miscellany (Richmond), September 22, 1802.

75. Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, “Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings.”

76. Ibid.

77. J. T. Callender, “The President Again,” The Recorder; Or, Lady’s and Gentleman’s Miscellany (Richmond), September 1, 1802.

78. J. T. Callender, The Prospect Before Us, vol. 1 (Richmond: 1800), 27, 34, passim.

79. Ibid., 4, 9, 18, 22, 24, 26–28, 32, 34, and passim.

80. Malone, Jefferson the President, First Term, 1801–1805, 4:207.

81. James Truslow Adams, The Living Jefferson (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936), 315.

82. Virginius Dabney, The Jefferson Scandals: A Rebuttal (New York: Dodd, Mead, & Company, 1981), 15.

83. Malone, Jefferson the President, First Term, 4:212.

84. John Chester Miller, The Wolf by the Ears: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery (New York: The Free Press, 1977), 153.

85. Ibid., 154.

86. Benjamin Ellis Martin, “Transition Period of the American Press,” Magazine of American History 17 (January–June 1887), 285.

87. Ibid., 285–286.

88. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 10 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 368. See also Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830), 129.

89. Charles Warren, Odd Byways in American History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1942), 127. See also Malone, Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty, 3:479.

90. Malone, Jefferson the President, First Term, 1801–1805, 4:206.

91. Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Ford, 11:366.

92. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 11:155.

93. Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Randolph, 4:129.

94. Ibid., 3:439.

95. Kenneth Chang, “DNA Tests Sheds Light on Old Scandal: Jefferson Fathered Slave Son,” ABC News, November 5, 1998.

96. Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Randolph, 3:494–495.

97. Ibid., 4:23.

98. Ibid., 4:129; Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson Correspondence: Printed from the Originals in the Collections of William K. Bixby, ed. Worthington Chauncey Ford (Boston: Plimpton Press, 1916), 115.

99. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History, 229.

100. Ibid.

101. University of Texas/Texas State Historical Association, “Southwestern Historical Quarterly: A. W. Moore, A Reconnaissance in Texas in 1846,” University of Texas, accessed March 10, 2011, http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth117142/m1/278; emphasis added.

102. Alfred Theodore Andreas, A.T. Andreas Illustrated Historical Atlas of the State of Iowa (Andreas Atlas Co., 1875), 468; emphasis added.

103. James V. Drake, An Historical Sketch of Wilson County, Tennessee, from Its First Settlement to the Present Time (Nashville: Tavel, Eastman & Howell, 1879), 10; emphasis added.

104. Alfred Theodore Andreas, History of the State of Kansas, ed. William C. Cutler (Chicago: A. T. Andreas, 1883), 486; emphasis added.

105. Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Fulton County, Arkansas (1889; repr. Higginsville, MO: Hearthstone Legacy Publications, 2004), 261; emphasis added..

106. Willard Sterne Randall, Thomas Jefferson: A Life (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1994), 476.

107. Gary Wills, “Uncle Thomas’s Cabin,” New York Review of Books, April 18, 1974.

LIE # 2: THOMAS JEFFERSON FOUNDED A SECULAR UNIVERSITY

1. Dr. Daryl Cornett, David Barton, William Henard, and John Sassi, Christian America? Perspectives on Our Religious Heritage (Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2011, 289–290.

2. Anita Vickers, The New Nation (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002), 74.

3. Leonard Levy, Jefferson and Civil Liberties: The Darker Side (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1989), 15.

4. John S. Brubacher and Willis Rudy, Higher Education in Transition: A History of American Colleges and Universities (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 2004), 147–148.

5. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Henry A. Washington, vol. 1 (New York: Townsend Mac Coun., 1884, 2.

6. George Marsden, The Soul of the American University (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994), 59.

7. Gaillard Hunt, The Life of James Madison (New York: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1902), 13.

8. Case of Fries, 9 Fed. Cas. 826, no. 5, 126 (C.C.D. Pa. 1799).

9. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Andrew A. Lipscomb, vol. 12 (Washington, DC: The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1904), 392.

10. Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: Robert Bell, Union Library, 1771), 39–43.

11. Henry Sage, “The Enlightenment in America,” Academic American, 2007, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.academicamerican.com/colonial/topics/enlighten.htm.

12. “Product of the Enlightenment,” The Academy of Natural Sciences, accessed February 23, 2011, http://www.ansp.org/museum/jefferson/otherPages/enlightenment.php.

13. “Enlightenment Ideas and Philosophers,” historycorner.net, accessed November 9, 2011.

14. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Henry A. Washington, vol 7 (Washington, DC: Taylor & Maury, 1854), 305.

15. Ibid., 407.

16. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed.Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 2 (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830) 221.

17. Donald S. Lutz, The Origins of American Constitutionalism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 143.

18. Benjamin Franklin, The Works of Benjamin Franklin, ed. John Bigelow, vol. 5 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Son, 1904), 325–326.

19. John Adams, Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, ed. L. H. Butterfield, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1962), 391.

20. James Madison, The Letters and Other Writings of James Madison, vol. 4 (New York: R. Worthington, 1884), 58.

21. John Quincy Adams, An Oration Addressed to the Citizens of the Town of Quincy, on the Fourth of July, 1831 (Boston: Richardson, Lord & Holbrook, 1831), 15.

22. John Witherspoon, “The Absolute Necessity of Salvation Through Christ, January 2, 1758,” in The Works of John Witherspoon, vol. 5 (Edinburgh: J. Ogle, 1815), 242.

23. Benjamin Rush, Letters of Benjamin Rush, ed. L. H. Butterfield, vol. 2 (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1951), 748.

24. William Wirt, Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry (Philadelphia: James Webster, 1817), 386–387.

25. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed.Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (Charlottesville: F. Carr, 1829), 80.

26. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 12:405.

27. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 5 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 181.

28. Ibid., 171.

29. Ibid., 12:111.

30. Ibid., 11:168.

31. The Works of Francis Bacon, ed. James Spedding, vol. 3 (London: Spottiswoode & Co., 1857), 509, “Preface to the De Interpretatione Naturae Prooemium”; and John Timbs, Stories of Inventors and Discoverers in Science and the Useful Arts (London: Kent and Co., 1860), 91, “Lord Bacon’s ‘New Philosophy.” “Father of the Scientific Method,” Dr. Peter Hammond, “How the Reformation Changed the World,” Frontline Fellowship, accessed November 14, 2011, http://www.frontline.org.za/articles/howreformation_changedworld.htm; “Father of Modern Science,” David C. Innes, “The Novelty and Genius of Francis Bacon,” Piety and Humanity, accessed February 11, 2010, http://pietyandhumanity.blogspot.com/2010/02/novelty-and-genius-of-francis-bacon.html.

32. John William Cousin, A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1910), s.v. “Sir Francis Bacon,” accessed April 27, 2011, http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/bacon/bio.php.

33. Sir Francis Bacon, “Essays of Francis Bacon: Of Atheism,” Public Domain Books, accessed March 7, 2011, http://www.authorama.com/essays-of-francis-bacon-17.html.

34. Charles E. Hummell, “The Faith Behind the Famous: Isaac Newton,” Christian History, April 1, 1991, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/1991/issue30/3038.html. See also Mitch Stokes, Isaac Newton (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2010), 82–84.

35. “Sir Isaac Newton,” University of St. Andrews, January 2000, accessed October 24, 2011, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Newton.html.

36. Sir Isaac Newton, Newton’s Principia, the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687; repr. New York: Daniel Adee, 1848), 504.

37. John Locke, “The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, 1669,” in The Works of John Locke, vol. 10 (London: T. Davison, 1801), 175.

38. See, John Bowker, ed., Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 151; James A. Herrick, The Radical Rhetoric of the English Deists: The Discourse of Skepticism, 1680–1750 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997), 15; Kerry S. Walters, Rational Infidels: The American Deists (Durango, CO: Longwood Academic, 1992), 24, 210; Kerry S. Walters, The American Deists: Voices of Reason and Dissent in the Early Republic (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992), 6–7; John W. Yolton, John Locke and the Way of Ideas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956), 25, 115.

39. See Richard Watson, Theological Institutes: Or a View of the Evidences, Doctrines, Morals, and Institutions of Christianity (New York: Carlton and Porter, 1857), 32.

40. John Locke, The Works of John Locke, vol. 7 (London: Awnsham & Churchill, 1722), “A Paraphrase and Notes on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians” (originally published in 1705), 25–75; “A Paraphrase and Notes on St. Paul’s First Epistle to the Corinthians” (originally published in 1706), 77–202; “A Paraphrase and Notes on St. Paul’s Second Epistle to the Corinthians” (originally published in 1706), 203–270; “A Paraphrase and Notes on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans” (originally published in 1707), 271–427; “A Paraphrase and Notes on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Ephesians” (originally published in 1707), 429–495.

41. John Locke, A Common Place-Book to the Holy Bible: or, the Scripture’s Sufficiency Practically Demonstrated (London: Awnsham & Churchill, 1697).

42. John Locke, The Reasonableness of Christianity, as Delivered in the Scriptures (London: Awnsham & Churchill, 1695).

43. John Locke, A Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity, from Mr. Edward’s Reflections (London: Awnsham & Churchill, 1695), repr. in The Works of John Locke, vol. 6 (London: C. Baldwin, 1824), 159–190.

44. John Locke, A Second Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity (London: Awnsham & Churchill, 1697), repr. in The Works of John Locke, vol. 6 (London: C. Baldwin, 1824), 191–424.

45. John Adams, The Works of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1856), 10:311, 4:82–83, 1:53–54; Benjamin Franklin, The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, ed. William B. Willcox (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), 17:6, 4:107,; Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1895), 5:173, 11:222; Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford (New York: G. P. Putnam’s sons, 1905), 12:307; Benjamin Rush, The Selected Writings of Benjamin Rush, ed. Dagobert D. Runes (New York: The Philosophical Library, Inc., 1947), 78; Benjamin Rush, Medical Inquiries and Observations, vol. 1, (Philadelphia: T. & G. Palmer, 1805), 402; Ibid., 2:19; John Quincy Adams, The Jubilee of the Constitution (New York: Samuel Colman, 1839), 40–41; James Wilson, The Works of the Honourable James Wilson, ed. Bird Wilson, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: Lorenzo Press, 1804), 67–68.

46. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (London: Awnsham & Churchill, 1689), passim.

47. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol.2 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1893), 93–94; emphasis added.

48. Ibid., 11:115.

49. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd, vol. 6 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952), 432.

50. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Charles T. Cullen, vol. 23 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 271.

51. John Witherspoon, The Works of John Witherspoon, vol. 3 (Philadelphia: William W. Woodward, 1800), 42.

52. Williston Walker, John Calvin: The Organiser of Reformed Protestantism: 1509– 1564 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1906), 363.

53. Walker, John Calvin, 367.

54. Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Charles Scibner’s Sons, 1929), s.v. “Gideon Blackburn.” See also Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1851), 7th Cong., 1602; Dorothy C. Bass, “Gideon Blackburn’s Mission to the Cherokees: Christianization and Civilization,” Journal of Presbyterian History (Fall 1974), 209–210.

55. “Thomas Jefferson to the Nuns of the Order of St. Ursula on May 15, 1804,” original on file with the New Orleans Parish, accessed October 24, 2011, http://dauthazbeechphagein.blogspot.com/2010/08/thomas-jeffersons-letter-to-sister.html.

56. Thomas Jefferson, “The Thomas Jefferson Papers,” Library of Congress, accessed October 24, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib015028. This link includes a “transcription” like that has a typed and easy to read version of this letter: http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mtj:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28nc000296%29%29.

57. Thomas Jefferson, “The Thomas Jefferson Papers,” Library of Congress, accessed October 24, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib015028.

58. Records of the Columbia Historical Society, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: Columbia Historical Society, 1895), 122–123.

59. Ibid., 127.

60. Samuel Yorke, History of the Public Schools of Washington City, D.C. (Washington, DC: Gill & Witherow, 1876), 1–6; William Benning Webb, John Wooldrige, and Harvey W. Crew, Centennial History of the City of Washington, D. C. (Dayton, OH: United Brethren Publishing House, 1892), 484–486.

61. Records of the Columbia Historical Society, vol. 8 (Washington, DC: Columbia Historical Society, 1905), 62.

62. Samuel Knox, Essay on the Best System of Liberal Education (Baltimore: Warner and Hanna, 1799), 78–79.

63. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 19:365–366.

64. Ibid., 367.

65. Leonard Levy, Jefferson and Civil Liberties: The Darker Side (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1989), 8.

66. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: Taylor & Maury, 1853), 69–70.

67. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 1:71.

68. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 2 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 434.

69. Jefferson, Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 15: 405–406.

70. Ibid., 19:415.

71. Thomas Jefferson, “Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia,” The University of Virginia, August 4, 1818, accessed October 24, 2011, http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=JefRock.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div1.

72. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 19:415–416.

73. Ibid., 449–450; emphasis added.

74. Thomas Jefferson, “Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia,” The University of Virginia, August 4, 1818, accessed October 25, 2011, http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=JefRock.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div1.

75. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 12 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 272.

76. Thomas Jefferson, “Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia,” The University of Virginia, August 4, 1818, accessed October 25, 2011, http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=JefRock.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div1.

77. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 19:414.

78. Ibid.

79. William Henry Foote, Sketches of Virginia, Historical and Biographical (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1855), 325.

80. See Jefferson’s articles expressing his strong support in his own Virginia Evangelical and Literary Magazine, such as that in (January 1818) vol. 1, 548; Philip Alexander Bruce, History of the University of Virginia, 1819–1919 vol. 1 (New York: The MacMillian Company, 1920), 204; See also Robert P. Davis et al., Virginia Presbyterians in American Life: Hanover Presbytery 1755–1980 (Richmond: Hanover Presbytery, 1892), 66, 72.

81. John Holt Rice, ed., The Virginia Evangelical and Literary Magazine, vol. 1 (Richmond: William W. Gray, 1818), 548.

82. Alexander Garrett, “Outline of Cornerstone Ceremonies,” The University of Virginia, October 6, 1817, accessed October 25, 2011, http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=Jef1Gri.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=47&division=div1.

83. Thomas Jefferson, “Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia,” The University of Virginia, August 4, 1818, accessed October 25, 2011, http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=JefRock.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div1.

84. Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 3 (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1858), 467–468.

85. Ibid., 467.

86. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 11:413.

87. Ibid., 19:367.

88. Ibid., 19:389.

89. Roy Honeywell, The Educational Work of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 16 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1931), 92.

90. Thomas Jefferson, “Report to the President and Directors of the Literary Fund,” The Avalon Project, October 7, 1822, accessed October 25, 2011, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/jeffrep3.asp.

91. Thomas Jefferson, “The Papers of Thomas Jefferson,” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1&fileName=mtj1page054.db&recNum=725&itemLink=/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/mtjser1.html&linkText=7&tempFile=./temp/~ammem_kF9i&filecode=mtj&itemnum=1&ndocs=1.

92. James Madison, The Writings of James Madison, ed. Gaillard Hunt, vol. 9 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1910), 203–207.

93. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 16:19.

94. Thomas Jefferson, “Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia,” The University of Virginia, August 4, 1818, accessed October 25, 2011, http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=JefRock.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div1. See also Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 19:394, 411–412, 449–450.

95. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 19:449–450.

96. Ibid., 449–450.

97. Advertisement for the University of Virginia, printing a copy of a letter from the Rev. Mr. Tuston, the chaplain of the University of Virginia to Richard Duffield, Esq, originally printed in the Charlestown Free Press, repr. in The Globe, vol. 7 (Washington, DC: September 8, 1837), 2.

98. University of Virginia Advertisement The Globe, vol. 13 (Washington, DC: August 2, 1843.), no. 42, 2.

99. James Madison, “The Papers of James Madison,” Library of Congress, May 1, 1828, accessed October 25, 2011, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mjm&fileName=22/mjm22.db&recNum=379&itemLink=D?mjm:13:./temp/~ammem_LjNU.

100. Thomas Jefferson, The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson, eds. Adrienne Koch and Williams Peden (New York: Random House, Inc., 1944), 697.

101. Frank Mead, ed., Encyclopedia of Religious Quotations (New Jersey: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1965), 50.

102. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 2 (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830), 216.

103. Ibid., 1:286.

104. Ibid., 1:287.

105. Steve Sheppard, ed., The History of Legal Education in the United States: Commentaries and Primary Sources (Pasadena: Salem Press Inc., 1999), Part I, Section A, 156.

106. Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Randolph, 2:215.

107. Ibid, 216.

108. See Rufus K. Noyes, Views of Religion (Boston: L. K. Washburn, 1906), 197; Jim Walker, “Thomas Jefferson,” No Beliefs, accessed July 15, 2011, http://nobeliefs.com/jefferson.htm; Robin Morigan, “Fighting Words for a Secular America,” Ms. Magazine, accessed July 18, 2011, http://www.msmagazine.com/fall2004/fightingwords.asp; Gary Leupp, “On Jefferson, Diderot and the Political Use of God,” The China Rose, accessed July 18, 2011, http://chinarose.wordpress.com/2010/01/09/denis-diderot-humanist-avant-lettrist-philosopher-polymath/; and many others.

109. “Apologetics,” Apologetics Index, accessed March 2, 2011, http://www.apologeticsindex.org/a13.html; “Apologetics,” Merriam Webster, accessed March 2, 2011, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/apologetics.

110. Elias Boudinot, The Age of Revelation, or the Age of Reason Shewn to be an Age of Infidelity (Philadelphia: Asbury Dickins, 1801), iii–iv.

111. Ibid., vi.

112. John Witherspoon, Lectures on Moral Philosophy (Philadelphia: Williams W. Woodward, 1822), 5, 38.

113. Ezra Stiles, The United States Elevated to Glory and Honor; A Sermon, at the Anniversary Election, May 8th, 1783 (New Haven: Thomas & Samuel Green, 1783), 56.

114. Thomas Jefferson, Memoirs, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (Charlottesville: F. Carr & Co., 1829), 363–365.

115. Jefferson, Memoirs, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Randolph, vol. 4, 363–365.

116. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 2 (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830) 216–218.

117. See Worcester v. Georgia, 31 U.S. 515 (1832); City of Charleston v Benjamin, 2 Strob. 508 (Sup. Ct. S.C. 1846); etc.

118. Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language, vol. 1 (New York: S. Converse, 1828), s.v. “Evangelist.”

119. The Encyclopedia Britannica. A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, and General Information, vol. 3 (New York: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 1910), 878, s.v. “Bible”; Brooke Foss Westcott, A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament (London: Macmillan and Co., 1866), 390–391; and Edward Reuss, History of the Canon of the Holy Scriptures in the Christian Church, trans. David Hunter (Edinburgh: James Gemmell, 1884), 205–206.

120. Mark A. Beliles, “Religion and Republicanism in Jefferson’s Virginia” (PhD diss., Whitefield Theological Seminary, 1993), 102–103.

121. Robert M. Healey, Jefferson on Religion in Public Education (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1970), 27.

122. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 2 (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830), 216.

LIE # 3: THOMAS JEFFERSON WROTE HIS OWN BIBLE AND EDITED OUT THE THINGS HE DIDN’T AGREE WITH

1. Craig Cabaniss, Bob Kauflin, Dave Harvey, and Jeff Purswell, Worldliness: Resisting the Seduction of a Fallen World, ed. C. J. Mahaney (Wheaton: Crossway Books, 2008), 15.

2. Robert S. Alley, “The Real Jefferson on Religion,” secularhumanism.org, accessed February 8, 2011, http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/alley_18_4.html.

3. Jim Walker, “Thomas Jefferson on Christianity & Religion,” nobeliefs.com, accessed May 23, 2011, http://www.nobeliefs.com/jefferson.htm.

4. Don Landis, “Jonah and the Great Fish,” Answers in Genesis, September 5, 2006, http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v1/n1/great-fish.

5. See Steve Waldman, Founding Faith: Providence, Politics, and the Birth of Religious Freedom in America (New York: Random House, 2008), 72; Stephen J. Nichols, Jesus; Made in America: A Cultural History from the Puritans to the Passion of the Christ (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2008), 55; Rev. Peter Edward Lanzillotta, “Insights from Jefferson’s Bible,” interfaithservicesofthelowcountry.com, June 28, 2010, accessed October 25, 2011, http://interfaithservicesofthelowcountry.com/for-july-4th-insights-into-jeffersons-bible/; George H. Shriver and Bill J. Leonard, eds, Encyclopedia of Religious Controversies in the United States (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1997), 238; Daniel G. Reid, ed., Dictionary of Christianity in America, (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1990), 590, sv “Thomas Jefferson”; Winford Claiborne, “Revised Version of Christianity,” gosepelhour.net, accessed February 8, 2011, http://www.gospelhour.net/2211.html; Mark A. Noll, George M. Marsden, and Nathan O. Hatch, The Search for Christian America (Colorado Springs: Helmers & Howard, 1989), 75; “An Interview with Mikey Weinstein of Military Religious Freedom Foundation,” Pagan + Politics, February 26, 2010, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=360240177811; and more.

6. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (Charlottesville: F. Carr, and Co., 1829), 4:23, 4:228, 2: 48–50; Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 2 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 253–254; Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Andrew A. Lipscomb, vol. 14 (Washington, DC: The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1904), 71–73.

7. William Maxwell, A Memoir of the Rev. John H. Rice (Philadelphia: J. Whetham, 1835), 127.

8. Ellen Coolidge, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Sarah N. Randolph (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1871), 345.

9. Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time: The Sage of Monticello, vol. 6 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company 1981), 122.

10. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 9 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 485–488. See also Malone, Jefferson and His Time: The Sage of Monticello, 6:123.

11. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Andrew A. Lipscomb, vol. 14 (Washington, DC: The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1904), 81.

12. “Subscribers’ Names.” in The Holy Bible, Containing the Old and New Testaments: Together with the Apocrypha; Translated out of the Original Tongues and with the Former Translations, Diligently Compared and Revised, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: John Thomason & Abraham Small, 1798).

13. See “Framed Bible Pages,” Houston Baptist University, accessed December 2, 2010, http://www.hbu.edu/hbu/Framed_Bible_pages_.asp?SnID=2; “Thomas Jefferson and the Bible: Publications He Owned,” Thomas Jefferson Foundation, January 2007, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.monticello.org/library/exhibits/images/biblepublications.pdf.

14. “Subscribers’ Names” in The Holy Bible, Containing the Old and New Testaments: Together with the Apocrypha; Translated out of the Original Tongues and with the Former Translations, Diligently Compared and Revised, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: John Thomason & Abraham Small, 1798). This lists President John Adams, Vice President Thomas Jefferson, Declaration signers John Hancock and Samuel Chase, Constitution signers Gunning Bedford, George Read, James Wilson, John Dickinson, Jared Ingersoll, Thomas Mifflin, and Alexander Hamilton, Constitutional Convention delegate John Lansing, Chief Justice and author of the Federalist Papers John Jay, and Revolutionary General and Secretary of State Timothy Pickering.

15. “Thomas Jefferson and the Bible: Publications He Owned,” Thomas Jefferson Foundation, January 2007, October 25, 2011, http://www.monticello.org/library/exhibits/images/biblepublications.pdf.

16. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 11 (New York: G. P. Putman and Sons, 1905), 6.

17. Ibid., 84.

18. Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 3 (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1858), 654.

19. See Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Barbara B. Oberg (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), 30:238, 31:394.

20. Richard Peters, ed., “An Act in Addition to an Act Entitled ‘An Act, in Addition to an Act Regulating the Grants of Land Appropriated for Military Services, and for the Society of the United Brethren, for Propagating the Gospel Among the Heathen,’” The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1845), 155.

21. The Reverend William Bennet, “The Excellence of Christian Morality, A Sermon Preached before the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge, at their Anniversary Meeting, Thursday, 6th June 1799” (Edinburgh: J. Ritchie, 1800).

22. Thomas Jefferson’s Abridgement of The Words of Jesus of Nazareth (Charlottesville: Mark Beliles, 1993), 13–14.

23. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 10:376–377.

24. Thomas Jefferson’s Abridgement of the Words of Jesus of Nazareth (Charlottesville: Mark Beliles, 1993), 14.

25. Walter Lowrie and Matthew St. Claire Clarke, eds., “The Kaskaskia and Other Tribes,” American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States, vol. 4 (Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1832), 687.

26. Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38, 103, n. 5 (1983) (Rehnquist, J. dissenting).

27. Richard Peters, ed., “An Act Granting Further Time for Locating Military Land Warrants, and for Other Purposes,” The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1845), 271–272.

28. See Michael Hinton, The 100 Minute Bible (Canterbury: The 100-Minute Press, 2007); Lee Cantelon, The Words: Jesus of Nazareth (Grand Rapids: Credo House Publishers, 2007); Phillip Law, The Abridged Bible—from Adam to Apocalypse (London: Continuum, 2006); and many others. Such works have been part of the American religious landscape for generations, including, J. Talboys Wheeler, A Popular Abridgement of New Testament History, for Schools, Families, and General Reading (London: Arthur Hall, Virtue & Co., 1854); and Henricus Oort, Isaac Hooykaas, Abraham Kuenen, and Philip Henry Wicksted, The Bible for Learners (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1898); Caroline Maxwell, The History of the Holy Bible; an Abridgment of the Old and New Testament (London: Harvey and Darton, 1827); Roy B. Chamberlain, The Dartmouth Bible (Houghton Mifflin,1965); Paul Roche, The Bible’s Greatest Stories (New York: Signet Classic, 2001); and others.

29. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830), 14.

30. Dickinson W. Adams, Jefferson’s Extracts from the Gospels (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), 28.

31. Charles B. Sanford, The Religious Life of Thomas Jefferson (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1984).

32. Mark Beliles, Thomas Jefferson’s Abridgement of the Words of Jesus of Nazareth (Charlottesville: Mark Beliles, 1993).

33. Jefferson’s “Bible” The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth, ed. Judd Patton (Grove City: American Book Distributors, 1996), xiv, summarizing the 1983 Dickinson W. Adams, Jefferson’s Extracts from the Gospels, which was a reconstruction of Jefferson’s Philosophy of Jesus.

34. Charles B. Sanford, The Religious Life of Thomas Jefferson (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1984), 189.

235

35. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 15:2.

36. Malone, Jefferson the President, First Term 1801–1805, 4:205.

37. John Maclean, History of the College of New Jersey, from Its Origin in 1746 to the Commencement of 1854, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1877), 364–365.

38. John Witherspoon, “Lectures on Moral Philosophy,” in The Works of John Witherspoon, vol. 3 (Philadelphia: William W. Woodward, 1802), 367–475.

39. “Officers of Government and Instruction: Instructors,” in Quinquennial Catalogue of the Officers and Graduates of Harvard University, 1636–1895 (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1895), 41.

40. Herbert Baxter Adams, Thomas Jefferson and the University of Virginia, issues 1–3, (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1888), 158; Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, 3:467–468.

41. See “Extracts from the Laws of the College of William and Mary,” The History of the College of William and Mary from Its Foundation, 1660 to 1874 (Richmond: J. W. Randolph & English, 1874), 153–162; The Laws of Yale College, in New Haven, in Connecticut, Enacted by the President and Fellows, The Sixth Day of October, A. D. 1795 (New Haven: T & S Green, 1795), 13–14.

42. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (London: A. Millar, 1759).

43. Richard Price, A Review of the Principal Questions and Difficulties in Morals (London: T. Cadall, 1757).

44. See Benjamin Rush, “An Address to the Ministers of the Gospel of Every Denomination in the United States upon Subjects Interesting to Morals,” in Essays: Literary, Moral, and Philosophical (Philadelphia: Thomas & Samuel Bradford, 1798), 114–124; Benjamin Rush, An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits Upon the Human Body and Mind, with an Account of the Means of Preventing, and of the Remedies for Curing Them (New York: 1811); Benjamin Rush, an illustration titled “A Moral and Physical Thermometer: Or, a Scale of the Progress of Temperance and Intemperance,” http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM~1~1~101449214~157641:A-Moral-and-Physical-Thermometer?printerFriendly=1; Benjamin Rush, “Observations upon the Influence of the Habitual Use of Tobacco upon Health, Morals, and Property,” in Essays: Literary, Moral, and Philosophical (Philadelphia: Thomas & Samuel Bradford, 1798), 263–274; Benjamin Rush, An Inquiry into the Physical Causes upon the Moral Faculty Delivered Before a Meeting of the American Philosophical Society, Held at Philadelphia, on the Twenty-Seventh of February, 1796 (Philadelphia: Haswell, Barrington, and Haswell, 1839); John Witherspoon, “Lectures on Moral Philosophy” in The Works of the Rev. John Witherspoon, vol. 3 (Philadelphia: William W. Woodward, 1802), 367–475; Noah Webster, A Collection of Papers on Political, Literary, and Moral Subjects (New York: Webster & Clark, 1843).

45. See, for example, Gouverneur Morris, A Diary of the French Revolution, vol. 2 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1939), 172, 452; David Ramsay, The History of the American Revolution, vol. 2 (Dublin: William Jones, 1795), 452; Judge William Paterson, United States Oracle (New Hampshire), May 24, 1800, quoted in Maeva Marcus, ed., The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789-1800 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 436; Richard Henry Lee, The Letters of Richard Henry Lee, ed. James Curtis Ballagh, vol. 2 (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1914), 411; John Adams, The Works of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, vol. 9 (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1854), 636; Joseph Story, Vidal v. Girard’s Executors, 43 U.S. 127, 200 (1844); Independent Chronicle (Boston), February 22, 1787; Fisher Ames writing as Camillus, Fisher Ames, The Works of Fisher Ames, ed. Seth Ames, vol. 1 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1854), 67; The Speeches of the Different Governors of the Legislature of the State of New York, Commencing with Those of George Clinton and Continued Down to the Present Time (Albany: J. B. Van Steenbergh, 1825), 108; John Adams, John Hancock, Samuel Adams et al., “Declaration of Rights, Part the First, Article III A Constitution or Frame of Government Agreed Upon by the Delegates of the People for the State of Massachusetts (Boston: Benjamin Edes & Sons, 1780), 7; John Sanderson, Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence, vol. 4 (Philadelphia; R. W. Pomeroy, 1824), 333, James McHenry in Bernard C. Steiner, One Hundred and Ten Years of Bible Society Work in Maryland, 1810-1920 (Baltimore: The Maryland Bible Society, 1921), 14; Daniel Webster, “Remarks to the Ladies of Richmond” in The Works of Daniel Webster, vol. 2 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1853), 107–108; and many similar quotes.

46. See The Civil and Executive Officers Assistant (New Haven: Abel Morse, 1793), 254–255; Zephaniah Swift, A System of the Laws of the State of Connecticut (Windham, CT: John Byrne, 1795), 185; The Code of 1650, Being a Compilation of the General Court of Connecticut: Also, the Constitution or Civil Compact, Entered into and Adopted by the Towns of Winsdor, Hartford and Wethersfield in 1638–9. To Which Is Added Some Extracts from the Laws and Judicial Proceedings of New Haven Colony Commonly Called Blue Laws (Hartford: Silas Andrus, 1825), 28–29; The Public Statute Laws of the State of Connecticut, book 1 (Hartford: Hudson & Goodwin, 1808), 295, 304, 480; Oliver H. Prince, Digest of the Laws of the State of Georgia (Milledgeville: Grantland & Orme, 1822), 180–186, 349–350, 365–366, 380, 510–512; Laws of the State of Maine (Haldwell: Goodale, Glazier & Co., 1822), 58, 66–68, 71–72; The Charters and General Laws of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay (Boston: T. B. Wait & Co., 1814), 58–61; The Laws of the State of New Hampshire, the Constitution of the State of New Hampshire and the Constitution of the United States with its Proposed Amendments (Portsmouth: John Melcher, 1797), 279, 285; Constitution and Laws of the State of New Hampshire; Together with the Constitution of the United States (Dover: Samuel Bragg, 1805), 267, 275, 278–279, 286, 374; Laws of the State of New York, Comprising the Constitution and Acts of the Legislature Since the Revolution from the First to the Twentieth Session, Inclusive, vol. 1 (New York: Thomas Greenleaf, 1798), 57–60, 336-338, 428; John Haywood, A Manual of the Laws of North Carolina, Arranger Under Distinct Heads in Alphabetical Order (Raleigh: J. Gales, 1814), 65, 264–265, 267; Collinson Read, An Abridgment of the Laws of Pennsylvania, Being a Complete Digest of All Such Acts of Assembly, as Concern the Commonwealth at Large (Philadelphia: Printed for the Author, 1801), 31, 175, 379, 286, 382; Laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: John Bioren, 1810), 26–27, 29, 113; The Public Laws of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, as Revised by a Committee and Finally Enacted by the Honourable General Assembly at their Session in January, 1798 (Providence: Carter and Wilkinson, 1798), 585–586, 594–595; Joseph Brevard, An Alphabetical Digest of the Public Statute Law of South Carolina (Charleston: John Hoff, 1814), 1:99, 2:119, 2;179; James Coffield Mitchell, The Tennessee Justice’s Manual and Civil Officer’s Guide (Nashville: J. C. Mitchell and C. C. Norvell, 1834), 174–186; Statutes of the State of Vermont (Bennington: Anthony Haswell, 1791), 17–18, 50, 155, 265; The Revised Code of the Laws of Virginia; Being a Collection of All Such Acts of the General Assembly, of a Public and Permanent nature, as Are Now in Force, vol. 1 (Richmond: Thomas Ritchie, 1819), 585–586; William Waller Hening, The Virginia Justice, Comprising the Office and Authority of a Justice of the Peace, in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Together with a Variety of Useful Precedents, Adapted to the Laws Now in Force (Richmond: Shephard & Pollard, 1825), 155, 548–553; Private and Local Laws Passed by the Legislature of Wisconsin in the Year Eighteen Hundred and Fifty-Nine (Madison: James Ross, 1859), 226–227, 334–335.

47. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830), 509, from his “Syllabus of an Estimate of the Merits of the Doctrines of Jesus, Compared with Those of Others,” sent with a letter to Benjamin Rush on April 21, 1803.

48. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 15:219–220; emphasis added.

49. Ibid., 10:374–375.

50. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830), 223; emphasis added. The Christian movements mentioned in this excerpt had each been studied by Jefferson. The Platonists were Christian theologians and ministers who used the philosophy of Plato to prove the existence of God and the immortality of the soul. Plotinists were those who combined the Christian mystical elements of Plotinus (a third-century philosopher) with Plato’s philosophy. Stagyrites were Christians who followed the teachings of Aristotle. Gamaelielites were those Christians who adopted the philosophy of Gamaliel set forth in Acts 5:34-39. Eclectics were the Christians who mixed many elements together—often elements that contradicted each other. Gnostics were those on a never ending search for truth and wisdom. Scholastics were those who followed the teachings of St. Augustine in an effort to resolve ancient philosophical problems with new solutions. This website link has a good summary of Gnosticism: http://www.gnosis.org/gnintro.htm.

51. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830), 242.

52. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 10:376–377, 12:315, 13:377–378, 14:232–233; Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830), 3:506–507, 4:222–226; Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 12 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 241.

53. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830), 4:13–14, 3:509.

54. Ibid., 4:223–224.

55. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 14:232–233.

56. Ibid., 14:385.

57. Ibid., 14:386.

58. Ibid., 14:246. See also Marie Kimball, Jefferson: The Road to Glory, 1743 to 1776 (New York: Coward-McCann, 1943), 106–109.

59. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, 3: 671–672.

60. See Congressional Record: Containing the Proceedings and Debates of the Fifty-Seventh Congress, First Session; Also Special Session of the Senate, vol. 35 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1902), 5272–5273, 5783–5784.

61. Ibid., 5272.

62. Ibid., 5273.

63. Thomas Jefferson, ed., The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth, Extracted Textually from the Gospels in Greek, Latin, French, and English (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904), 19.

64. Thomas Jefferson, Jefferson’s “Bible”; The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth XV–XVI, ed. Judd Patton (Grove City: American Book Distributors, 1996), xv.

65. Ibid.

66. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 3 (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830), 506.

LIE # 4: THOMAS JEFFERSON WAS A RACIST WHO OPPOSED EQUALITY FOR BLACK AMERICANS

1. Conor Cruise O’Brien, “Thomas Jefferson: Radical and Racist,” Atlantic Monthly, October 1997, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/96oct/obrien/obrien.htm.

2. Stephen E. Ambrose, To America: Personal Reflections of an Historian (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), 2.

3. “Thomas Jefferson’s Dark Side,” The Abolitionist, February 12, 1997, accessed October 25, 2011, http://afgen.com/jeffersn.html.

4. Stephen J. Lyons. “Thomas Jefferson, Shameless Slavemaster,” review of Negro President by Garry Wills, Chicago Sun-Times, November 16, 2003.

5. James Madison, “Journal of the Constitutional Convention of 1787,” in The Works of James Madison, ed. Gaillard Hunt, vol. 3 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1900), July 11–13, 1787, accessed October 25, 2011, http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1935&Itemid=99999999); John Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: Printed for the Editor, 1836), 226, June 17, 1788, accessed October 25, 2011, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwed.html; James Madison, Debates on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution. In the Convention Held at Philadelphia in 1787, ed. Jonathan Elliot, vol. 5 (Washington, DC: Printed for the Editor, 1845), 181, 295–305, 307– 308, June 11, 1787, July 11–13, 1787, accessed October 25, 2011, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwed.html.

6. “The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription, Article 1, Section 2,” The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, September 17, 1787, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html.

7. “Historical Census Browser,” University of Virginia Library, Census Results for 1790, accessed June 10, 2011, http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/php/state.php.

8. James Madison, Debates on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution. In the Convention Held at Philadelphia in 1787, ed. Jonathan Elliot, vol. 5 (Washington, DC: Printed for the Editor, 1845), 392–393.

9. Jonathan Elliot, The Debates of the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: Printed for the Editor, 1836), 363.

10. “The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription, Article 1, Section 2,” The U. S. National Archives and Records Administration, September 17, 1787, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html; James Madison, Debates on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution. In the Convention Held at Philadelphia in 1787, ed. Jonathan Elliot, vol. 5 (Washington, DC: Printed for the Editor, 1845), 300–301.

11. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393, 572-573 (1856) (Curtis, J., dissenting); John Hancock, Essays on the Elective Franchise; or, Who Has the Right to Vote? (Philadelphia: Merrihew & Son, 1865), 22–23.

12. The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Max Farrand, ed., vol. 3 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), 35.

13. Fredrick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom (New York: Miller, Orton & Mulligan, 1855), 395–398; Frederick Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (Hartford: Park Publishing Company, 1882), 469–470.

14. Dred Scott v. Sanford, 60 U.S. 393, 572-573 (1856) (Curtis, J., dissenting); John Hancock, Essays on the Elective Franchise; or, Who Has the Right to Vote? (Philadelphia: Merrihew & Son, 1865), 22–23.

15. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd, vol. 8 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953), 258–259.

16. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 1 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 268.

17. Ibid., 268.

18. Ibid., 268–269.

19. Ibid., 269.

20. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 11 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 264.

21. W. O. Blake, The History of Slavery and the Slave Trade; Ancient and Modern (Ohio: J. & H. Miller, 1857), 374.

22. Ibid., 386.

23. George M. Stroud, A Sketch of the Laws Relating to Slavery in the Several States of the United States of America (Philadelphia: Henry Longstreth, 1856), 150.

24. “Virginia, ACT XXI. An act to authorize the manumission of slaves,” University of Virginia, May 1782, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/xslt/servlet/XSLTServlet?xsl=/xml_docs/slavery/documents/display_laws2.xsl&xml=/xml_docs/slavery/documents/laws.xml&lawid=1782-05-02.

25. Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time: The Sage of Monticello, vol. 6 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1981), 319.

26. The Revised Code of the Laws of Virginia, vol. 1 (Richmond: Thomas Ritcher, 1819), 434.

27. Ibid. 435.

28. Ibid., 436. See also George M. Stroud, A Sketch of the Laws, 150–151.

29. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 11 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 238.

30. William Cohen, “Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery,” Institute of Advanced Studies, accessed July 1, 2011, http://www.iea.usp.br/iea/english/journal/38/cohenjefferson.pdf.

31. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 11 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1898), 197.

32. Edward Ellis, Thomas Jefferson, A Character Sketch (Chicago: The University Association, 1898), 45–46.

33. Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 3 (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1858), 676.

34. “Jefferson and Slavery,” Monticello, accessed May 31, 2011, http://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/jefferson-and-slavery.

35. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Charles T. Cullen, vol. 22 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 49.

36. Ibid., 49–51.

37. Ibid., 51–52.

38. Ibid., 97–98.

39. Ibid., 98–99.

40. Franziska Massner, Thomas Jefferson and Slavery—Was He Really an Opponent of the Institution? (Norderstedt: Druck and Bindung, 2005), 7.

41. Oscar Reiss, Blacks in Colonial America (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 1997), 173.

42. Garry Wills, Augustine’s Confessions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011), 7.

43. Joseph M. Hentz, The Real Thomas Paine (Bloomington: iUniverse, 2010), 67.

44. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (Philadelphia: Matthew Carey, 1794), 232, 239.

45. Ibid., 239.

46. Ibid., 232.

47. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Charles T. Cullen, vol. 22 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 97–98, to Benjamin Banneker on August 30, 1791.

48. Ibid., 98–99, emphasis added.

49. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 11 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 99–100.

50. Ibid., 121.

51. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Andrew A. Lipscomb, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1903), 4.

52. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 11 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 417.

53. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 1:4.

54. Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Ford, 1:474.

55. Thomas Jefferson, The Thomas Jefferson Papers: Jefferson’s Memorandum Books, eds. James Bear and Lucia Stanton, vol. 1 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 271.

241

56. Benjamin Franklin, The Works of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Jared Sparks, vol. 8 (Boston: Tappan, Whittemore, and Mason, 1839), 42.

57. Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 1:130.

58. Ibid., 1:353.

59. Thomas Jefferson, “Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence,” ushistory.org, accessed May 31, 2011, http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/rough.htm.

60. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 1 (New York: G & C. & H. Carville, 1830), 16.

61. “Declaration of Rights,”A Constitution or Form of Government Agreed Upon by the Delegates of the People of the State of Massachusetts-Bay (Boston: Benjamin Edes and Sons, 1780), 7; Collinson Read, ed., An Abridgment of the Laws of Pennsylvania, (Philadelphia: 1801), 264–266; The Public Statute Laws of the State of Connecticut, book 1 (Hartford: Hudson and Goodwin, 1808), 623–62; Rhode Island Session Laws (Providence: Wheeler, 1784), 7–8; “Declaration of Rights,” The Constitutions of the Sixteen States (Boston: Manning and Loring, 1797), 279; “New Hampshire Constitution, Bill of Rights,” The Constitutions of the Sixteen States (Boston: Manning and Loring, 1797), 50; Laws of the State of New York, Passed at the Twenty-Second Session, Second Meeting of the Legislature (Albany: Loring Andrew, 1799), 721–723; Laws of the State of New Jersey, Compiled and Published Under the Authority of the Legislature, ed. Joseph Bloomfield (Trenton: James J. Wilson, 1811), 103–105. See also the Dictionary of African American Slavery, eds. Randall Miller and John Smith (Westport: Praeger Publishers, 1997), 394, 820–821.

62. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Henry A. Washington, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: Taylor & Maury, 1853), 38.

63. Thomas Jefferson, “Query XIV The Administration of Justice and Description of the Laws?” in Notes on the State of Virginia (Philadelphia: Matthew Carey, 1794), 228.

64. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 1 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 41–42.

65. Ibid.

66. Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, 270–272.

67. Journals of the Continental Congress, ed. Gaillard Hunt, vol. 26 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1928), 118–119; Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 6:604.

68. Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Ford, 3:65.

69. Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Ford, 5:71–72.

70. Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Ford, 5:388.

71. Ibid., 5:388.

72. Ibid., 10:126.

73. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 16:290.

74. Willard Carey MacNaul, The Jefferson-Lemen Compact (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1915), 10. Lemen’s records on December 11, 1782 and May, 1784, show Jefferson’s encouragement to Lemen to go to Illinois and Lemen’s decision to go.

75. Ibid., 30.

76. Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Ford, 416–418.

77. Ibid., 11:418–419.

78. Ibid., 11:419–420.

79. Edward Coles, Governor Edward Coles, ed. Clarence Walworth Alvord (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1920), 28.

80. W. T. Norton, Edward Coles, Second Governor of Illinois (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1911), 12, 24.

81. Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Ford, 470–471.

82. “Missouri Compromise,” Teaching American History, March 6, 1820, accessed October 25, 2011, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=841.

83. George Adams Boyd, Elias Boudinot (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952), 290.

84. John Adams, The Works of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, vol. 10 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1856), 386.

85. James Madison, The Writings of James Madison, ed. Gaillard Hunt, vol. 9 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1910), 12.

86. Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Ford, 12:157.

87. Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Randolph 4:323–324.

88. Ibid., 324.

89. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 16:119–120.

90. Ibid., 16:162–163.

91. John Quincy Adams, An Oration Delivered Before the Inhabitants of the Town Of Newburyport at Their Request on the Sixty-First Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1837 (Newburyport: Charles Whipple, 1837), 50.

92. Daniel Webster, The Writings and Speeches of Daniel Webster, ed. Edward Everett, vol. 15 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1903), 205.

93. Abraham Lincoln, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler, vol. 2 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 249–250.

94. Fredrick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom (New York: Miller, Orton & Mulligan, 1855), 440.

95. Frederick Douglas, The Frederick Douglass Papers, Series One, Speeches, Debates, and Interviews, eds. John W. Blassingame and John McKivigan, vol. 4 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 307.

96. Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass: A Critical Reader, eds. Bill Lawson and Frank Kirkland (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1999), 237.

97. Frederick Douglass, “Letter to Horace Greeley,” The Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, & Abolition, April 15, 1846, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/1096.htm; Douglas, in The Frederick Douglass Papers, ed. Blassingame3:180.

98. Henry Highland Garnet, Memorial Discourse (Philadelphia: Joseph M. Wilson, 1865), 80–81.

99. Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” Bates College, April 16, 1963 (http://abacus.bates.edu/admin/offices/dos/mlk/letter.html), accessed June 2, 2011.

100. Colin Powell, “Acceptance Speech,” National Constitution Center, July 4, 2002, accessed October 25, 2011, http://constitutioncenter.org/libertymedal/recipient_2002_ speech.html.

LIE # 5: THOMAS JEFFERSON ADVOCATED A SECULAR PUBLIC SQUARE THROUGH THE SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

1. John E. Remsburg, Six Historic Americans (New York: The Truth Seeker Company, 1906), 81.

2. “Secularism,” Dictionary.com, accessed April 13, 2011, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/secularism.

3. “Secularism,” Merriam-Webster, accessed April 12, 2011, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/secularism.

4. “Secularism,” The Free Dictionary, accessed April 13, 2011, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/secularist.

5. Deuce, “Our Religious Forefathers II,” Modern Ghana, November 15, 2007, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.modernghana.com/blogs/147715/31/our-religious-forefathers-ii.html.

6. Sembj, “Humanism, Thomas Jefferson and the Constitution,” Hub Pages, accessed April 18, 2011, http://hubpages.com/hub/Humanism-Thomas-Jefferson-and-The-Constitution.

7. Tom Head, “The First Amendment: Text, Origins, and Meaning,” About.com, accessed May 10, 2011, http://civilliberty.about.com/od/firstamendment/tp/First-Amendment.htm.

8. Proposed Restriction of Immigration: Hearing before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. House of Representatives, Sixty-Sixth Congress Second Session on H.R.12320 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1921), 57. See also “A Few Words from the Father of the First Amendment,” KintaLake Blog, accessed June 13, 2011, http://kintlalake.blogspot.com/2010/03/few-words-from-author-of-first.html.

9. B. A. Robinson, “The First Amendment to the U. S. Constitution: Religious Aspects,” Religious Tolerance.org, accessed May 10, 2011, http://www.religioustolerance.org/amend_1.htm; “O’Reilly Ignored First Amendment, Misrepresented Jefferson’s Position,” Media Matters for America, December 15, 2006, accessed October 25, 2011, http://mediamatters.org/research/200612150010; Charles C. Haynes, “Farewell, Justice Souter, Defender of Mr. Jefferson’s Wall,” First Amendment Center, June 21, 2009, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/farewell-justice-souter-defender-of-mr-jefferson%E2%80%99s-wall.

10. Everson v.Bd. of Educ. 330 U.S. 1, 13 (1947).

11. See Abington Sch. Dist. v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203, 214, 234–235 (1963) and McDaniel v. Paty, 435 U.S. 618, 629, n9 (1978).

12. Forty-three major decisions on religion have been delivered since 1947, and Jefferson was cited authoritatively in sixteen: Everson v. Bd. of Educ. 330 U.S. 1, 13, 16 (1947); McCollum v. Bd. of Educ. 333 U.S. 203, 211 (1948); McGowan v. Maryland, 366 U.S. 420, 443 (1961); Torcaso v. Watkins, 367 U.S. 488, 493 (1961); Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421, 425 (1962); Sch. Dist. of Abington TP. v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203, 234–235 (1963); Bd. of Educ.v. Allen, 392 U.S. 236, 251 (1968); Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97, 106 (1968); Comm. for Pub. Educ. v. Nyquist, 413 U.S. 756, 760–761, 771 (1973); Larkin v. Grende’s Den, Inc., 459 U.S. 116, 122–123 (1982); Marsh v. Chambers, 463 U.S. 783, 802 (1983); Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668, 673 (1984); Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577, 600–601 (1992); Capitol Square Rev. & Advisory Bd. v. Pinette, 515 U.S. 753 (1995); Mitchell v. Helms, 530 U.S. 793, 873 (2000); and Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 639, 711 122 S. Ct. 2460, 2485 (2002). Jefferson’s “wall of separation between Church and State” metaphor (or some slight modification thereof) was cited in an additional ten: Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306, 317 (1952); Lemon v.Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602, 614 (1971); Roemer v. Maryland Pub. Works Bd. 426 U.S. 736, 768 (1976); Wolman v. Walter, 433 U.S. 229, 236, 257 (1977); Comm. for Pub. Educ. v. Regan, 444 U.S. 646, 671 (1980); Aguilar v. Felton, 473 U.S. 402, 420 (1985); Bowen v. Kendrick, 487 U.S. 589, 617–618, 638 (1988); Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock, 489 U.S. 1, 1, 43 (1989); Allegheny County v. Greater Pittsburgh ACLU, 492 U.S. 573, 650–651, 657–658 (1989); and Santa Fe Indep.Sch. Dist.v.Doe, 530 U.S. 290, 323 (2000). Of the remaining seventeen cases, all of them relied on a case in which Jefferson had already been invoked by the Court as a primary authority in reaching its decision to restrict or remove religious expressions: Walz v. Tax Comm’n, 397 U.S. 664 (1970); Tilton v. Richardson, 403 U.S. 672 (1971); Lemon v. Kurtzman, 411 U.S. 192 (1973); Levitt v. Comm.for Pub. Educ., 413 U.S. 472 (1973); Sloan v. Lemon, 413 U.S. 825 (1973); Norwood v. Harrison, 413 U.S. 455 (1973); Wheeler v. Barrera, 417 U.S. 402 (1974); Meek v. Pittenger, 421 U.S. 349 (1975); Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S. 39 (1980); Larson v. Valente, 456 U.S. 228 (1982); Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985); Sch. Dist. of the City of Grand Rapids v. Ball, 473 U.S. 373 (1985); Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc. 472 U.S. 703 (1985); Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578 (1987); Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills Sch. Dist., 509 U.S. 1 (1993); Bd. of Educ. Kiryas Joel v. Grumet, 512 U. . 687 (1994); and Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203 (1997). Therefore, Jefferson has been evoked either directly or indirectly as the constitutional authority in all forty-three major Supreme Court cases on religion.

13. See the documentation of this trend by Professor Mark David Hall, “Jeffersonian Wall and Madisonian Lines: The Supreme Court’s Use of History and Religion Clauses Cases,” Oregon Law Review 85, no. 2 (2006), 563–614.

14. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Andrew A. Lipscomb, vol. 10 (Washington, DC: The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1904), 325.

15. Ibid., 10:325.

16. Ibid., 10:325.

17. “The Veto Power. To the Editor of The Nation: Notes,” The Nation 46, no. 1196 (1888), 450; Thomas Jefferson, “The Thomas Jefferson Papers: to Martha Jefferson Randolph on April 25, 1803,” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib012345; Thomas Jefferson, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Sarah N. Randolph (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1871), 292.

18. Charles B. Galloway, Christianity and the American Commonwealth (Nashville: Publishing House Methodist Episcopal Church, 1898), 144.

19. “The Legitimization of Authority,” Shelton Hall University, accessed May 16, 2011, http://pirate.shu.edu/~wisterro/coronation.htm.

20. See An Ordinance of the Lords and Commons Assembled in Parliament. Together with Rules and Directions concerning Suspension from the Sacrament of the Lords Supper in Cases of Ignorance and Scandal. Also the Names of Such Ministers and Others That are Appointed Triers and Judges of the Ability of Elders in the Twelve Classes Within the Province of London (London: John Wright, October 21, 1645); A Declaration of the Commons Assembled in Parliament Against all Such Persons as Shall Take Upon Them to Preach or Expound the Scriptures in any Church or Chapel, or any other Public Place, Except They be Ordained Either Here or in Some Other Reformed Church (London: Edward Husband, January 2, 1646); etc.

245

21. Richard Hooker, The Works of the Learned and Judicious Divine, Mr. Richard Hooker, vol. 2 (Oxford: University Press, 1845), 484.

22. “Anglicanism,” Catholic Encyclopedia, accessed May 19, 2011, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01498a.htm.

23. Frederick Greenwood, “The Execution of John Greenwood,” in Greenwood Genealogies, 1154–1914 (New York: The Lyons Genealogical Company, 1914), 30.

24. Ibid., 34.

25. Ibid., 35.

26. Claude H. Van Tyne, The Causes of the War of Independence (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1922), 3.

27. Roger Williams, The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience Discussed: and Mr. Cotton’s Letter Examined and Answered (London: 1644, repr. London: J. Haddon, 1848), 1–2, 171.

28. John Wise, A Vindication of the Government of New-England Churches. And the Churches Quarrel Espoused, or a Reply to Certain Proposals (Boston: John Boyles, 1772), 35.

29. Thomas Clarkson, Memoirs of the Private and Public Life of William Penn (London: Richard Taylor and Co., 1813), 240–244.

30. See John Wise, A Vindication of the Government of New-England Churches. And the Churches Quarrel Espoused, or a Reply to Certain Proposals (Boston: John Boyles, 1772), 47–48; Reverend Isaac Backus, An Appeal to the Public for Religious Liberty Against the Oppressions of the Present Day (Boston: John Boyle, 1773), 19, 26; Frederick Converse Beach, ed., “Pennsylvania,” in The Americana, A Universal Reference Library, vol. 12 (New York: Scientific American Compiling Department, 1908), 312 Bishop Charles Galloway, Christianity and the American Commonwealth (Nashville: Publishing House Methodist Episcopal Church, 1898), 179; John Leland, The Writings of the Late Elder John Leland, Including Some Events in His Life, Written by Himself, with Additional Sketches, L. F. Greene, ed. (New York: G. W. Wood, 1845), 579–580; Roger Williams, The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience Discussed: and Mr.Cotton’s Letter Examined and Answered (London: 1644; repr. London: J. Haddon, 1848), 1–2, 171; etc.

31. Will C. Wood, Five Problems of State and Religion (Boston: Henry Hoyt, 1877), 92.

32. Galloway, Christianity and the American Commonwealth, 143.

33. William Cathcart, Baptist Patriots in the American Revolution (Philadelphia: S. A. George & Co., 1876), 12–18; Isaac Backus, A History of New England, with Particular Reference to the Denomination of Christians Called Baptists, vol. 2 (Newton, MA: Backus Historical Society, 1871), 97–98; George Bancroft, A History of the United States of America, vol. 1 (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1858), 449–450; Sanford Hoadley Cobb, The Rise of Religious Liberty in America Republicanism in Jefferson’s Virginia (New York: MacMillan, 1902), 112; etc.

34. See James Madison, Debates on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution. In the Convention Held at Philadelphia in 1787, ed. Jonathan Elliot, vol. 5 (Washington, DC: Printed for the Editor, 1845), 564–565; Benson J. Lossing, “Constitutional Convention: The Names of the Delegates to the Convention Which Met at Philadelphia in May, 1787 to Frame a New Constitution,” in Biographical Sketches of the Signers of the Declaration of American Independence (New York: J. C. Derby, 1854), 383–384; “Delegates to the Constitutional Convention,” National Archives, accessed July 11, 2011, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers.html.

35. See John Eidsmoe, Christianity and the Constitution (Michigan: Baker Book House, 1987), 353. Eidsmoe compiled the figures from a dissertation by James Hutchinson Smylie, American Clergyman and the Constitution of the United States of America (Princeton: 1954).

36. B. L. Rayner, Life of Thomas Jefferson (Boston: Lilly, Wait, Colman, & Holden, 1834), 113–119; Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 1 (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1858), 203; John T. Morse, Jr., Thomas Jefferson (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1898), 41; Samuel M. Schmucker, The Life of Thomas Jefferson (New York: A. L. Burt Company, 1903), 67–71. See also Thomas Jefferson, “A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress Assembled,” in The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 1 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 61–64.

37. See, for example, Thomas Jefferson, “Thomas Jefferson Papers,” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib018945; Thomas Jefferson, “Thomas Jefferson Papers,” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib019174; Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Retirement Series, ed. J. Jefferson Looney, vol. 1 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 63; etc.

38. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Barbara B. Oberg, vol. 35 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 407–408.

39. Ibid., 408.

40. Jonathan Elliot, ed., “Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 and 1799 [The Original Draft Prepared by Thomas Jefferson],”Debate in the Several State Conventions, on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, as Recommended by the General Convention at Philadelphia in 1787, vol. 4 (Washington, DC: Printed for the Editor, 1836), 540.

41. James D. Richardson, “Second Inaugural Address,” in A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: Published by the Authority of Congress, 1899), 379.

42. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 16:325.

43. Ibid., 16:281–282

44. James L. Adams, Yankee Doodle Went to Church: The Righteous Revolution of 1776 (Old Tappan, NJ: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1989), 12–13.

45. Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145, 162–164 (1878).

46. Reynolds v.U.S., 98 U.S. 145, 164 (1878).

47. Reynolds v.U.S., 98 U.S. 145, 163 (1878).

48. See Commonwealth v. Nesbit, 84 Pa. 398 (Pa. Sup. Ct. 1859); Lindenmuller v. People, 33 Barb 548 (Sup. Ct. N.Y. 1861); and others.

49. Everson v.Bd. of Educ. 330 U.S. 1, 18 (1947).

50. McCollum v.Bd. of Educ. 333 U.S. 203, 212 (1948).

51. McCollum v.Bd. of Educ. 333 U.S. 203, 207–209 (1948).

52. Doe v. Santa Fe Indep. Sch., 530 U.S. 290 (1999).

53. Graham v. C. Cmty. Sch. Dis.t of Decatur County, 608 F. Supp. 531 (D. Iowa 1985); Kay v. Douglas Sch. Dist., 719 P.2d 875 (Or. App. 1986); Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992); Gearon v. Loudon County Sch. Bd., 844 F. Supp. 1097 (E.D. Va. 1993); Deveney v. Bd. of Educ., Kanawha County, 231 F. Supp. 2d 483 (S.D. W. Va. 2002).

54. Chandler v. James, 180 F.3d 1254 (11th Cir. 1999); Doe v.Santa Fe Indep. Sch., 530 U.S. 290 (1999).

55. Patrick Buchanan, “The de-Christianization of VMI,” World Net Daily, January 29, 2002, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.wnd.com/index.php?pageId=12556.

56. Doug Huntington, “Graduation Choir Wants to Sing ‘Lord’s Prayer’ in Honor of Deceased,” Christian Post, May 28, 2007, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.christianpost.com/news/graduation-choir-wants-to-sing-lords-prayer-in-honor-of-deceased-27653/.

57. Roberts v. Madigan, 921 F.2d 1047, 59 USLW 2415, 19 Fed.R.Serv.3d 530, 64 Ed. Law Rep. 1038 (1989).

58. Brittney Kaye Settle v. Dickson County Sch.Bd., 53 F. 3d 152 (6th Cir. 1995).

59. Cicely Gosier, “Student Penalized Over Religious Artwork,” Christian Broadcast Network, April 6, 2008, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/us/2008/April/Student-Penalized-Over-Religious-Artwork/.

60. “Student Files Suit to Defend His Right to Bring Bible to School,” Standard News Wire, accessed June 29, 2011, http://www.standardnewswire.com/news/224236110.html; Harvey Rice, “Suit Claims Students Not Allowed to Carry Bibles,” Houston Chronicle, May 23, 2000, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2000_3216815.

61. Conrad deFiebre, “Suit Claims Man’s Religious Freedom Is Being Thwarted; A Revenue Employee Says He’s Not Allowed to Display Signs on His Car or Cubicle,” Star Tribune [Minneapolis], July 2, 2004.

62. Broadus v. Saratoga Springs City Sch. Dist., 02-cv-0136 (N.D.N.Y. 2002); Ellen Sorokin, “Deal Reached on Praying Toddler,” Washington Times, June 12, 2002.

63. Diane Lynne, “Petition Posted to Defend ‘God Bless America!’” World Net Daily, January 31, 2003, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=16879; “‘God Bless’ Spells Trouble for Guardsman,” World Net Daily, August 22, 2003, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=34213.

64. “Seniors Sue After City Stifles Sermons at Community Center,” Associated Press, October 31, 2003, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/seniors-sue-after-city-stifles-sermons-at-community-center; Terry Eastland, “Understanding the First Amendment,” Weekly Standard, January 15, 2004, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/003/599kpgpv.asp; “Dallas Suburb, Senior Citizens Settle Religious-Rights Case,” Associated Press, January 9, 2004, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/dallas-suburb-senior-citizens-settle-religious-rights-case; Robert Longley, “Texas Seniors Win Religious Speech Battle,” About.com, accessed May 16, 2011, http://usgovinfo.about.com/cs/usconstitution/a/seniorswin.htm; issue decided in J. B. Barton et al. v. City of Balch Springs et al., No. 3:03-CV-2258-G (N.D. Tex. 2004).

65. Draper v. Logan County Pub.Lib., 403 F. Supp. 2d 608 (W.D. Ky. Aug. 29, 2003).

66. Carrie Antlfinger, “UW-Eau Claire Is Reviewing Legalities of Bible Study Ban,” Associated Press, November 3, 2005, accessed October 25, 2011, http://thefire.org/article/6399.html; Michael Gendall, “Campus Dorm Policy Under Review,” Badger Herald, November 10, 2005, accessed October 25, 2011, http://badgerherald.com/news/2005/11/10/campus_dorm_policy_u.php; settled in Steiger v. Lord-Larson, No. 05-C-0700-S (W.D. Wis. Mar. 2006).

67. Susan Jones, “‘Jesus Christ’ Sweatshirt Ends Up Offending Everyone,” Cybercast News Service, March 6, 2001, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.christianity.com/news/religiontoday/525160/.

68. Laurie Goodstein, “Disciplining of Student Is Defended; Gingrich Said Prayer Brought Punishment,” Washington Post, December 6, 1994.

69. The following cases and articles detail the facts surrounding the refusal of officials to permit handing out religious literature or preaching on public sidewalks: Colston v. Crowley Indep. Sch. Dist., No. 4:06-CV-00097 (N.D. Tex. June 20, 2006); Hodges v.City of Lebanon, No. 1:03-cv-00596 (S.D. Ind. 2003); Parks v. Finan, 385 F.3d 694 (6th Cir. 2004); Baumann v.City of Cumming, 2:07-CV-0095 (N.D. Ga. Feb. 27, 2008); and Pulver v. City of Hastings, 4:07-cv-03006 (D. Neb. Feb. 4, 2008); “Blind Justice: Free Speech Prohibited on Sidewalk Outside Calif. Courthouse,” Alliance Defense Fund, February 9, 2010, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.adfmedia.org/News/PRDetail/3731; “Christian Arrested for Reading the Bible in Public,” Christian Newswire, February 2, 2011, accessed October 25, 2011, www.christiannewswire.com/news/8717116846.html; “Black Preacher Arrested for Preaching on Public Right of Way,” Christian Newswire, July 17, 2011, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.christiannewswire.com/news/2704114444.html; Andrea Phillips, “Religious Freedom Sought in Public School,” Worldwide Religious News, August 27, 2011, accessed October 25, 2011, http://wwrn.org/articles/4074/?&section=church-state; “One Man Is Not a Parade,” Alliance Defense Fund, accessed May 26, 2011, http://www.alliancedefensefund.org/Home/ADFContent?cid=4213; Bob Unruh, “Mall to Christians: God Talk Banned,” World Net Daily, January 30, 2010, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=123535; “Men Jailed for Being on the Public Sidewalk,” World Net Daily, February 8, 2007, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=40073; “Pennsylvania Christians Face 47 Years in Prison for Reading Bible in Public,” About.com, January 2005, accessed October 25, 2011, http://urbanlegends.about.com/library/bl_christians_arrested.htm; Elizabeth O’Brien, “Christian Minister Arrested for Praying Near Gay Fest,” Life Site News, July 10, 2007, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/archive/ldn/2007/jul/07071001; Jack Minor, “Kansas Pastor Arrested for Gospel Tracts at Mosque,” Greeley Gazette, November 30, 2010, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.greeleygazette.com/press/?p=6893; Bob Unruh, “Praying in Park Puts Man in Jail for 9 Days,” World Net Daily, March 24, 2010, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=131521; Lori Arnold, “Calif. Pastor Arrested for Reading Bible in Public,” Christian Examiner Online, May 2011, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.christianexaminer.com/Articles/Articles%20May11/Art_May11_23.html; Jack Minor, “Kansas Pastor Arrested for Gospel Tracts at Mosque,” Greeley Gazette, November 30, 2010, accessed October 25, 2011, www.greeleygazette.com/press/?p=6893; “Four Christians Arrested Outside Arab Festival,” Christian Examiner Online, June 2010, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.christianexaminer.com/Articles/Articles%20Jul10/Art_Jul10_01.html; etc.

70. For more examples, see the author’s book Original Intent: The Courts, the Constitution, and Religion (Aledo: WallBuilder Press, 2011), 13–21. See also “Get Resources,” Alliance Defense Fund, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.alliancedefensefund.org/About/Detail/4236); “Press Releases,” American Center for Law and Justice, accessed October 25, 2011, http://aclj.org/press-releases; “Newsletter Archive,” Christian Law Associates, accessed October 25, 2011, www.christianlaw.org/cla/index.php/articles/; “Press Release Archives,” Liberty Counsel, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.lc.org/index.cfm?pid=14099; “Issues,” Liberty Legal Institute, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.libertylegal.org/issues_main.php; “Resources,” The National Legal Foundation, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.nlf.net/Resources/literature/Literature.htm; “Legal Battles,” Pacific Justice Institute, accessed October 25, 2011, www.pacificjustice.org/news; “Legal Landmines,” Religious Organization Legal Defense Association, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.sharpefirm.com/rolda/landmines.html; “Press Room,” Thomas More Law Center, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.thomasmore.org/qry/page.taf?id=20; etc.

71. Thomas Jefferson, “Notice of Fast to the Inhabitants of the Parish of Saint Anne,” in The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Ford, vol. 2 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 42.

72. Jefferson, “Resolution of the House of Burgesses Designating a Day of Fasting and Prayer,” in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 1:105–106.

73. Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 1:116.

74. Ibid., 1:117n.

75. Jefferson, “Report on a Seal for the United States, with Related Papers,” in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, vol. 1. See also John Adams, Letters of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, vol. 1 (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1841), 152.

76. Jefferson, “A Bill for Punishing Disturbers of Religious Worship and Sabbath Breakers,” in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 2:555.

77. Jefferson, “A Bill for Appointing Days of Public Fasting and Thanksgiving,” in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 2:555.

78. Jefferson, “A Bill Annulling the Marriages Prohibited by the Levitical Law, and Appointing the Mode of Solemnizing Lawful Marriage,” in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 1:556.

79. Jefferson, “A Bill for Saving the Property of the Church Heretofore by Law Established,” in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 1:553.

80. Jefferson, “A Bill for Punishing Disturbers of Religious Worship and Sabbath Breakers,” in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 1:555.

81. Jefferson, “A Bill for Appointing Days of Public Fasting and Thanksgiving,” in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 2:556.

82. Jefferson, “A Bill Annulling the Marriages Prohibited by the Levitical Law, and Appointing the Mode of Solemnizing Lawful Marriage,” in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 2:557.

83. Jefferson, “A Bill for Establishing a General Court,” in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 1:621.

84. Jefferson, “Robert Scot’s Invoice for Executing Indian Medal, with Jefferson’s Memoranda,” in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 4:35–36.

85. Jefferson, “Report on a Seal for the United States, with Related Papers,” in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, vol. 1:495. See also John Adams, Letters of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, vol. 1 (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1841), 152.

86. Dumas Malone, Jefferson the Virginian, vol. 1 (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1948), 226.

87. Originally, the federal government met in New York City for its first year, then spent the next ten in Philadelphia before moving to the newly constructed Washington as its permanent home.

88. Federal Orrery (Boston), July 2, 1795, 2, “Domestic Intelligence.”

89. Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1851), 6th Cong., 797, December 4, 1800.

90. Bishop Claggett’s letter of February 18, 1801, attests that while vice president, Jefferson attended church services in the House. Available in the Maryland Diocesan Archives.

91. Margaret Smith, The First Forty Years of Washington Society (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1906), 13; James Hutson, Religion and the Founding of the American Republic (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1998), 84.

92. Rev. Manasseh Cutler, Life, Journal, and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, eds. William Parker Cutler and Julia Perkins Cutler, vol. 2 (Cincinnati: Colin Robert Clarke & Co., 1888), 119.

93. Margaret Smith, The First Forty Years of Washington Society (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1906), 13.

94. Ibid.

95. See Rev. Manasseh Cutler, Life, Journal, and Correspondence, eds. William Parker Cutler and Julia Perkins Cutler, vol. 2 (Cincinnati: Colin Robert Clarke & Co., 1888), 119.

96. Ibid.

97. Ibid., 2:114.

98. James Hutson, Religion and the Founding of the American Republic (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1998), 89.

99. Margaret Smith, The First Forty Years of Washington Society (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1906), 14.

100. Ibid., 16.

101. John Quincy Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, vol. 1 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1874), 265, 268; National Intelligencer, December 9, 1820, 3; National Intelligencer, December 30, 1820, 3. See also James Hutson, Religion and the Founding of the American Republic (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1998), 89.

102. Rev. Ethan Allen, “Washington Parish, Washington City,” Handwritten history in possession of the Library of Congress, quoted in James Hutson, Religion and the Founding of the American Republic (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1998), 96.

103. James Hutson, Religion and the Founding of the American Republic (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1998), 91.

104. Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Oberg, 35:202.

105. Ibid., 30:545.

106. Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (Washington, DC: The Government Printing Office, 1851), 7th Cong., 1st Sess., 1332, “An Act in Addition to an Act, Entitled, ‘An Act in Addition to an Act Regulating the Grants of Land Appropriated for Military Services, and for the Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel Among the Heathen,’” April 26, 1802; Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States, 7th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1602, “An Act to Revive and Continue in Force An Act in Addition to an Act, Entitled, ‘An Act in Addition to an Act Regulating the Grants of Land Appropriated for Military Services, and for the Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel Among the Heathen,’ and for Other Purposes,” March 3, 1803; Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States, 8th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1279, “An Act Granting Further Time for Locating Military Land Warrants, and for Other Purposes,” March 19, 1804.

107. Dorothy C. Bass, “Gideon Blackburn’s Mission to the Cherokees,” Journal of Presbyterian History (Fall 1974), 52.

108. Walter Lowrie, ed., “The Kaskaskia and Other Tribes,” in American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States, vol. 4 (Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1832), 687.

109. “Thomas Jefferson to the Nuns of the Order of St. Ursula on May 15, 1804,” original on file with the New Orleans Parish.

110. Jonathan Elliot, ed., “Treaty of Peace and Amity Between the United States of America and the Bashaw, Bey, and Subjects of Tripoli in Barbary,” The American Diplomatic Code, Embracing a Collection of Treaties and Conventions Between the United States and Foreign Powers: From 1778 to 1834. With an Abstract of Important Judicial Decisions, on Points Connected with Our Foreign Relations, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: Jonathan Elliot, 1834), 501; Ibid., 1: 498, “Treaty of Peace and Friendship Between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary.”

111. Ibid., 1:499, “Treaty of Peace and Friendship Between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary.”

112. The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1852), 9th Cong., 1st Sess. 1238, “An Act for Establishing Rules and Articles for the Government of the Armies of the United States.”

113. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 16:291.

114. See, for example, his signature on the presidential act of October 18, 1804 (from an original document in our possession), Four Language Ship’s Papers on January 16, 1804, and Ship’s Papers on September 24, 1807 (from originals in our possession); etc.

115. Marsh v. Chambers, 463 U.S. 783, 807 (1983) (Brennan, J. and Marshall, J., dissenting).

116. Allegheny County v. Greater Pittsburgh ACLU, 492 U.S. 573, 679, n. 8 (1989) (Kennedy, J., concurring and dissenting).

117. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830), 104.

118. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Lancaster Ford, vol. 1 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 11.

119. Thomas Jefferson, “Proclamation,” in R. McIlwaine, ed., Official Letters of the Governors of the State of Virginia, vol. 2 (Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1928), 65; Thomas Jefferson, “Proclamation Appointing a Day of Thanksgiving and Prayer,” in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 3:178.

120. Thomas Jefferson, “Proclamation,” in H. R. McIlwaine, ed., Official Letters of the Governors of the State of Virginia, vol. 2 (Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1928), 65. Thomas Jefferson, “Proclamation Appointing a Day of Thanksgiving and Prayer,” in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 3:178

121. Joseph J. Ellis, American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Vintage Books, 1998), 310.

LIE # 6: THOMAS JEFFERSON DETESTED THE CLERGY

1. John E. Remsburg, Six Historic Americans (New York: The Truth Seeker Project Company, 1906), 78.

2. Farrell Till, “The Christian Nation Myth,” the Secular Web, accessed June 7, 2011, http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/farrell_till/myth.html.

3. Bill Fairchild, “Thomas Jefferson and the ‘Clergy;’” the Painful Truth, accessed June 7, 2011, http://www.hwarmstrong.com/thomas_jefferson_clergy.htm.

4. Austin Cline, “What Is Anti-Clericalism?” About.com, accessed June 6, 2011, http://atheism.about.com/od/Criticism-Religious-Critique/f/Anti-Clericalism.htm.

5. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd, vol. 8 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953), 468.

6. Ibid.

7. John Adams, The Works of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, vol. 9 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1854), 637.

8. See Charles Warren, Odd Byways in American History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1942), 127–128; Dumas Malone, Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty, vol. 3 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1962), 481; Charles O. Lerche, Jr., “Jefferson and the Election of 1800: A Case Study in the Political Smear,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., vol. 5, no. 4 (October 1948), 466–491.

9. Wilburn E. MacClenny, The Life of Rev. James O’Kelly and the Early History of the Christian Church in the South (Suffolk: Edwards & Broughton Printing Company, 1910), 171–173.

10. John Adams, The Works of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, vol. 9 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1854), 636.

11. Appleton’s Cyclopedia (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887), s.v. “Cotton Mather Smith.”

12. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Barbara B. Oberg, vol. 32 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 58–59.

13. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 3 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 438–440.

14. William Linn, Serious Considerations on the Election of a President: Addressed to the Citizens of the United States (New York: John Furman, 1800), 24, Evans no. 37835.

15. William Linn, Serious Considerations on the Election of a President: Addressed to the Citizens of the United States (New York: John Furman, 1800), 30.

16. John Mitchell Mason, A Voice of Warning to Christians, on the Ensuing Election of a President of the United States (New York: G. F. Hopkins, 1800), 22–23.

17. Ibid., 37–38.

18. Nathanael Emmons, “Jeroboam. Annual Fast, April 9, 1801,” in The Works of Nathanael Emmons, D. D., Late Pastor of the Church in Franklin, Mass., with a Memoir of His Life, ed. Jacob Ide, vol. 2 (Boston: Crocker & Brewster, 1842), 194.

19. Nathanael Emmons, “Rights of the People. National Thanksgiving, November 25, 1813,” The Works of Nathanael Emmons, D. D., Late Pastor of the Church in Franklin, Mass. with a Memoir of His Life, ed. Jacob Ide, vol. 2 (Boston: Crocker & Brewster, 1842), 284–285.

20. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 3 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 478.

21. Claude G. Bowers, Jefferson in Power—the Death Struggle of the Federalists (Cambridge: The Riverside Press, 1936), 145.

22. Saul K. Padover, Jefferson (1942, repr. New York: Penguin Books, 1970), 119.

23. Allen Johnson, ed., Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Charles Scribber’s Sons, 1929), s.v. “Rev. John Leland.”

24. John Leland, “A Blow at the Root, Being a Fashionable Fast-Day Sermon, Delivered at Cheshire, April 9, 1801,” in The Writings of the Late Elder John Leland, Including Some Events in His Life, Written by Himself, with Additional Sketches, ed. L. F. Greene (New York: G. W. Wood, 1845), 255.

25. Rev. Manasseh Cutler, Life, Journals and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, eds. William Parker Cutler and Julia P. Cutler, vol. 2 (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1888), 54, editor’s note in journal entry for January 1, 1802.

26. Charles Cist, Cincinnati in 1841: Its Early Annals and Future Prospects (Cincinnati: Published for the Author, 1841), 187; Dumas Malone, Jefferson the Virginian, vol. 1 (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1948), 226.

27. Ellen M. Raynor and Emma L. Petitclerc, History of the Town of Cheshire (Holyoke, MA: Clark W. Bryan & Company, 1885), 87.

28. Rev. Manasseh Parker, Life, Journals and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, eds. William Parker Cutler and Julia P. Cutler, vol. 2 (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke and Co., 1888), 66–67.

29. Ibid.

30. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson; Jefferson’s Memorandum Books, eds. James Bear and Lucia Stanton, vol. 2 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 1062.

31. Wilbur E. MacClenny, “James O’Kelly: A Champion of Christian Freedom,” in The Centennial of Religious Journalism, ed. John Pressley Barrett (Dayton: Christian Publishing Association, 1908), 265.

32. Dr. J. P. Barrett, editor of the Herald of Gospel Liberty, Dayton, Ohio, quoted in Wilburn E. MacClenny, The Life of Rev. James O’Kelly and the Early History of the Christian Church in the South (Suffolk: Edwards & Broughton Printing Company, 1910), 171–173.

33. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 1 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904–1905), 13.

34. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, vol. 1 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950), 116.

35. Ibid., 2:6–7.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid., 3:67.

38. Ibid., 1:23.

39. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Barbara B. Osberg, vol. 35 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 350–351.

40. Mark A. Beliles, “Religion and Republicanism in Jefferson’s Virginia” (PhD diss., Whitfield Theological Seminary, 1993), 69–70.

41. Samuel Stanhope Smith, The Divine Goodness to the United States of America—A Discourse on the Subjects of National Gratitude (Philadelphia: William Young, 1795); Jonathan French, A Sermon Delivered on the Anniversary of Thanksgiving, November 29, 1798 (Andover: Ames and Parker, 1799); Rev. Joseph Willard, A Thanksgiving Sermon Delivered at Boston December 11, 1783 (Boston: T. and J. Fleet, 1784); William Hazlitt, A Thanksgiving Sermon Preached at Hallowell, December 15, 1785 (Boston: Samuel Hall, 1786); John Evans, The Happiness of American Christians, A Thanksgiving Sermon Preached on Thursday the 24th of November 1803 (Hartford: Hudson and Goodwin, 1804); Isaac Backus, An Appeal to the Public for Religious Liberty (Boston: John Boyle, 1783); etc.

42. See “Our Founding Fathers Were Not Christians,” BibleTrash.com, July 4, 2000, accessed June 13, 2011, http://freethought.mbdojo.com/foundingfathers.html; Jim Walker, “Thomas Jefferson of Christianity and Religion,” Nobeliefs.com, accessed October 25, 2011, http://nobeliefs.com/jefferson.htm.

43. Lorenzo Dow, Biography and Miscellany (Norwich, CT: William Faulkner, 1834), 242–243.

44. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 3 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 441.

45. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Andrew A. Lipscomb, vol. 15 (Washington, DC: The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1904), 60.

46. Samuel Knox, A Vindication of the Religion of Thomas Jefferson (Baltimore: W. Pechin, 1800); Thomas E. Buckley, “Thomas Jefferson and Myth of Separation,” Religion and American Presidency, accessed July, 14, 2011, http://www.thedivineconspiracy.org/Z5212U.pdf.

47. Fred Hood, Reformed America: The Middle and Southern States, 1783–1837 (Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama, 1980), 83.

48. Elias Smith, The Whole World Governed by a Jew, or, The Government of the Second Adam as King and Priest (Exeter: Henry Ranlet, 1805), 34–35, 76–77.

49. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson; Jefferson’s Memorandum Books, eds. James A. Bear Jr. and Lucia C. Stanton (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 1:402, 403, 407; 2:1093, 1177, 1196, 1403, 1068, etc.

50. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson; Jefferson’s Memorandum Books, eds. James A. Bear Jr. and Lucia C. Stanton, vol. 2 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 1070, 1144, 1146, 1180, 1403.

51. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson; Jefferson’s Memorandum Books, eds. James A. Bear Jr. and Lucia C. Stanton, vol. 2 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 884.

52. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson; Jefferson’s Memorandum Books, eds. James A. Bear Jr. and Lucia C. Stanton (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 1:285; 2:837, 1057, 1062, 1071, 1095, 1111, 1130, 1154, 1348, etc.

53. Mark A. Beliles, “Religion and Republicanism in Jefferson’s Virginia” (PhD diss., Whitfield Theological Seminary School, 1993), 143. See also Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 3 (Charlottesville: F. Carr and Co., 1829), 463.

54. John Leland, “Which Has Done the Most Mischief in the World, The Kings-Evil or Priest-Craft?” in The Writings of the Late Elder John Leland, Including Some Events in His Life, Written by Himself, with Additional Sketches, ed. L. F. Greene (New York: G. W. Wood, 1845), 484.

55. David Ramsay, The History of the American Revolution, vol. 1 (Dublin: William Jones, 1795), 212.

56. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 9 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 393.

57. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 3 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 3:304–305, 377–378, 461–462; 4:204–206, 274–277; Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Ford, vol. 11 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 51, 491.

58. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Andrew A. Lipscomb, vol. 14 (Washington, D. C.: The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1907), 119.

59. Farrell Till, “The Christian Nation Myth,” the Secular Web, accessed June 7, 2011, http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/farrell_till/myth.html.

60. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 11 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 204.

61. Ibid., 11:358–359.

62. “The Constitution of Virginia,” The Constitution of the Sixteen States (Boston: Manning and Loring, 1797), 212 “. . . all ministers of the gospel, of every denomination, be incapable of being elected members . . .”

63. Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 8:470.

64. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 9 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 14.

LIE # 7: THOMAS JEFFERSON WAS AN ATHEIST AND NOT A CHRISTIAN

1. Joseph J. Ellis, Founding Brothers (New York: Vintage Books, 2000), 139 quoted in Mark A Gifford, “Country Mouse and Town Mouse,” hyerliterature.com, May 18, 2010, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.hyperliterature.com/?p=1763.

2. “Cloudy Judgment,” Minds Alike, April 18, 2011, accessed October 25, 2011, http://mindsalike.co/2011/04/18/cloudy-judgement/.

3. Paul O’Brien, “Jefferson,” Paul O’Brien’s Web, accessed May 12, 2011, http://home.comcast.net/~pobrien48/jefferson_Letters.htm.

4. “An Interview with Michael Weinstein of Military Religious Freedom Foundation,” Pagan + Politics, February 26, 2010, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=360240177811.

5. John E. Remsburg, Six Historic Americans (New York: The Truth Seeker Company, 1906), 65.

6. See “Freethinker,” Thesaurus.com, accessed June 20, 2011, http://thesaurus.com/browse/freethinker; “Freethinker,” Dictionary.com, accessed June 20, 2011, dictionary.reference.com/browse/freethinker; “Freethinker,” synonyms.net, accessed June 20, 2011, http://www.synonyms.net/synonym/freethinker; “Freethinker,” thesaurus. yourdictionary.com, accessed June 20, 2011, http://thesaurus.yourdictionary.com/freethinker.

7. “Atheist,” Merriam-Webster Dictionary, accessed May 11, 2011, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/atheist?show=0&t=1305132077.

8. “Atheist,” About.com, accessed May 11, 2011, http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/general/bldef_atheist.htm.

9. “Atheist,” Dictionary.com, accessed May 11, 2011, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/atheist.

10. Benjamin Franklin, The Works of Benjamin Franklin, ed. John Bigelow, vol. 5 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Son, 1904), 325–326.

11. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 12:405.

12. Claude G. Bowers, The Young Jefferson (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1945), 312.

13. Rosalie David, ed., Fredericksville Parish Vestry Book, 1742–1787 (Manchester, Missouri, 1978), 88.

14. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 2 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 255.

15. Sarah Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1871), 343–345.

16. William Stoddard, The Lives of the Presidents: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, vol. 2 (New York: White, Stokes, & Allen, 1887), 270.

17. Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, 62–63.

18. Ibid.

19. Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 3 (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1858), 101–103.

20. William H. B. Thomas, Faith of Our Fathers: Religion and the Churches in Colonial Orange County (Orange, VA: Orange County Bicentennial Commission, 1975), 8.

21. John Leland, The Writings of the Late Elder John Leland, Including Some Events in His Life, Written by Himself, with Additional Sketches, ed. L. F. Greene (New York: G. W. Wood, 1845), 98.

22. William Maxwell, A Memoir of the Rev. John H. Rice, D. D. (J. Whetham: Philadelphia, 1835), 50–51.

23. Ibid.

24. Edgar Woods, Albemarle County in Virginia (Charlottesville: Michie Company, 1901), 131.

25. W. Hopkins, “The Literature of the Disciples of Christ,” in W. T. Moore, ed., The Christian Quarterly (Columbia, MO: G. A. Hoffman, 1897), 498.

26. Elias Smith, The Life, Conversion, Preaching, Travels and Sufferings of Elias Smith, vol. 1 (Boston: 1840), 275.

27. “Christianity on the Early American Frontier: A Gallery of Trendsetters in the Religious Wilderness,” Christian History Magazine 45 (1995), 23.

28. Michael G. Kenny, The Perfect Law of Liberty: Elias Smith and the Providential History of America (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994), 93.

257

29. Wilburn E. MacClenny, The Life of Rev. James O’Kelly and the Early History of the Christian Church in the South (Suffolk: Edwards & Broughton Printing Company, 1910), 217–221.

30. Thomas Campbell, On Religious Reformation, accessed June 6, 2011, http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/tcampbell/etc/ORR.HTM.

31. Michael G. Kenny, The Perfect Law of Liberty: Elias Smith and the Providential History of America (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994), 128.

See also William B. Erdman, Erdman’s Handbook to Christianity in America, ed. Mark Noll (Grand Rapids: William B. Erdmans Publishing Co., 1983), 210.

32. William Maxwell, A Memoir of the Rev. John H. Rice (Philadelphia: J. Wetham, 1835), 51–52.

33. Alexander Campbell, “To Timothy,” Memorial University, March 1, 1827, accsessed October 25, 2011, http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/acampbell/tcb/TCB410.HTM#Essay5.

34. Douglas Allen Foster, The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004), 356.

35. J. F. Burnett, Elias Smith: Reformer, Journalist, Doctor; Horace Mann: Christian Statesman and Educator (Dayton: The Christian Publishing Association, 1921), accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/jburnett/eshm/ESHM.HTM.

36. Thomas Jefferson, “Thomas Jefferson Papers, to Francis A. Van Der Kemp on July 9, 1820” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib023864.

37. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 35–354.

38. Ibid., 4:360–361.

39. Thomas Jefferson, “Thomas Jefferson Papers, to Salma Hale on July 26, 1818,” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib023250.

40. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 349.

41. Ibid. 4:358.

42. Ibid.

43. Thomas Jefferson, “Thomas Jefferson Papers, to Ezra Styles Ely on June 25, 1819,” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib023541.

44. Thomas Jefferson, The Adams-Jefferson Letters, ed. Lester J. Cappon, vol. 2 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1959), 421.

45. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvil, 1830), 321.

46. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Henry A. Washington, vol. 7 (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1859), 395.

47. Thomas Jefferson, “The Thomas Jefferson Papers, to Martha (Patsy) Jefferson on December 11, 1783,” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib000839.

48. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 326.

49. Ibid., 327.

50. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 1 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 69.

51. Thomas Jefferson, “The Thomas Jefferson Papers, to Ezra Styles Ely on June 25, 1819,” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib023541.

52. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 2 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 260, “Notes on Religion,” October 1776.

53. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), Vol. IV, p. 322, to William Short on April 13, 1820.

54. Thomas Jefferson, “The Thomas Jefferson Papers, to Thomas B. Parker on May 15, 1819,” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib023495.

55. Thomas Jefferson, “The Thomas Jefferson Papers, to Salma Hale on July 26, 1818,” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib023250.

56. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 358.

57. Ibid.

58. Ibid., 4:363.

59. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 10 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1899), 144n.

60. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 366.

61. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 9 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1898), 412.

62. Judith S. Levey, ed., The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia (New York: Avon Books, 1983), 872.

63. See Rev. Charles Buck, A Theological Dictionary Containing Definitions of All Religious Terms (Philadelphia: Edwin T. Scott, 1823), 582; An Answer to the Question, Why Do You Attend a Unitarian Church? (Christian Register Office, circa 1840); Daniel Rupp, An Original History of the Religious Denominations at Present Existing in the United States (Philadelphia: J. Y. Humphrys, 1844), 711; etc.

64. Daniel Rupp, An Original History of the Religious Denominations at Present Existing in the United States (Philadelphia: J. Y. Humphrys, 1844), 711.

65. James Truslow Adams, ed., Dictionary of American History (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1940), s.v. “Unitarians.”

66. John Quincy Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, vol. 7 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1875), 324.

67. Ibid.

68. Eliakim Littell, ed., “The Antislavery Revolution in America,” in The Living Age, vol. 86 (Boston: Littell, Son, and Company, 1865), 200.

69. Samuel J. May, Some Recollections of Our Antislavery Conflict (Boston: Fields, Osgood, & Co., 1869), 335.

70. Including Benjamin Rush, Charles Clay, John Adams, William Short, and Thomas Cooper.

71. See Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 206; Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 15:1; etc.

72. See Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 9 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 459n; Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 320; Benjamin Rush, Letters of Benjamin Rush, ed. L. H. Butterfield, vol. 2 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951), 863– 864; Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 4:44–49, 3:413; Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 4 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 413; Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 8 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1897), 130; etc.

73. Thomas Jefferson, “Syllabus of an Estimate of the Merit of the Doctrines of Jesus, Compared with Those of Others,” in The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 9 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 459n.

74. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830), 361.

75. Ibid., 4:360.

76. Ibid., 4:350.

77. Wilburn E. MacClenny, from “The Prospect Before Us,” in The Life of Rev. James O’Kelly and the Early History of the Christian Church in the South (Suffolk: Edwards & Broughton Printing Company, 1910), 217.

78. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 14:385.

79. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 3 (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1830), 506.

80. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Henry A. Washington, vol. 7 (New York: Derby and Jackson, 1859), 127.

81. Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President, First Term 1801–1805, vol. 4 (Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1970), 205.

82. Ibid., 202.

83. Benjamin Rush, The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1948), 152.

84. Benjamin Rush, Letters of Benjamin Rush, ed. L. H. Butterfield, vol. 2 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951), 864.

85. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Henry A. Washington, vol. 7 (New York: H. W. Derby, 1861), 281.

86. American Heritage Dictionary (1983), 2nd College Edition, s.v. “Deism”; American College Dictionary (1947), s.v. “Deism.”

87. See Thomas Jefferson, “Query XVIII The particular customs and manners that may happen to be received in that state?” Notes of the State of Virginia (Philadelphia: Matthew Carey, 1794), 236–237; Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 11 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 419–420; Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 11 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 471; and others.

88. Thomas Jefferson, “Second Inaugural Address on April 4, 1805,” The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 8 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1897), 348.

89. See Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph (Charlottesville: F. Carr and Co., 1829), 3:439, 4:23; Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 12 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 474n; etc.

90. See Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 4:349–350, “Syllabus of an Estimate of the Merits of the Doctrines of Jesus, Compared with Those of Others,” 3:514–517; Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 10:376–377, 12:315; Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph (Charlottesville: F. Carr and Co., 1829); etc.

91. See, for example, Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 4 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 23–24, 176.

92. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, 672.

CONCLUSION: THOMAS JEFFERSON: AN AMERICAN HERO

1. Jack M. Balkin, “Tradition, Betrayal, and the Politics of Deconstruction—Part II,” Yale University, 1998, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/jbalkin/articles/trad2.htm.

2. Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 3 (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1858), 673.

3. Paul Vitz, Censorship; Evidence of Bias in our Children’s Textbooks (Ann Arbor: 1986), 77.

4. Ibid., 80.

5. John Adams, The Works of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, vol. 2 (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1850), 17.

6. See, for example, B. L. Rayner, Life of Thomas Jefferson (Boston: Lilly, Wait, Colman, & Holden, 1834); Sarah Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1871); John T. Morse, Jr., Thomas Jefferson (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Company: 1885); Andrew Allison, The Real Thomas Jefferson (Washington, DC: National Center for Constitutional Studies, 1983); Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vols. 1–6 (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1951–1981); etc.

7. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 1 (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1858), http://books.google.com/books?id=TRxCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:Q73dCAMDp8QC&hl=en&ei=T1X_TdfhBMuutwfGyIy-Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false); Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 2 (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1858), http://books.google.com/books?id=lxxCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:Q73dCAMDp8QC&hl=en&ei=T1X_TdfhBMuutwfGyIy-Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false); Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 3 (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1858), http://books.google.com/books?id=a9NQEl4jfP8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:Q73dCAMDp8QC&hl=en&ei=T1X_TdfhBMuutwfGyIy-Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false).

8. Margaret Thatcher, “Lady Margaret Thatcher at Monticello, on the Occasion of the 253rd Anniversary of the Birth of Thomas Jefferson and the Presentation of the First Thomas Jefferson Medal for Statesmanship,” document from Monticello, April 13, 1996.

9. The Debates, Resolutions, and Other Proceedings, in Convention, on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, ed. Jonathan Elliot, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: Printed for the Editor, 1828), 281.

10. Jefferson, Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 14:384.

11. “Take the Quiz: What We Don’t Know,” Newsweek.com, accessed June 21, 2011, http://www.newsweek.com/2011/03/20/take-the-quiz-what-we-don-t-know.html.

12. Scopes v. State, 289 S.W. 363 (Tenn. 1927).

13. Clarence Darrow, as quoted in The World’s Most Famous Court Trial: Tennessee Evolution Case (Cincinnati: National Book Company, 1925), 74.

14. Robert Byrd, “A Failure to Produce Better Students,” Library of Congress, June 9, 1997, accessed November 11, 2011, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/search/citation.result.CREC.action?congressionalRecord.volume=143&congressionalRecord.pagePrefix=S&congressionalRecord.pageNumber=5393&publication=CREC.

15. D. Salahu-Din, H. Persky, and J. Miller, “The Nation’s Report Card: Writing 2007,” National Center for Education Statistics, 2008, accessed October 25, 2011, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/main2007/2008468.pdf.

16. Sheldon and Jeremy Stern, “The State of State U. S. History Standards in 2011,” Thomas Fordham Institute, February 2011, accessed October 25, 2011, www.edexcellencemedia.net/publications/2011/20110216_SOSHS/SOSS_History_FINAL.pdf. These findings are based on the published scope and sequence of history standards for the various states. States that require students to learn only from 1900 forward are California, Connecticut, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, and Washington. States that require students to learn from Reconstruction forward are Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico, Ohio, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and Utah.

17. “Losing America’s Memory: Historical Illiteracy in the 21st Century,” American Council of Trustees and Alumni, August 4, 2003, accessed October 25, 2011, https://www.goacta.org/publications/downloads/LosingAmerica%27sMemory.pdf.

18. Peter Wood, “Vanishing Act,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 19, 2011, accessed October 25, 2011, http://chronicle.com/blogs/innovations/vanishing-act/29479.

19. Sean Alfano, “Poll: Majority Reject Evolution,” CBS, February 11, 2009, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/10/22/opinion/polls/main965223.shtml.

20. Google Books, http://books.google.com/; Project Gutenberg, http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Main_Page; Page By Page Books, http://www.pagebypagebooks.com/authorlist.html; Online Books (Monergism), http://www.monergism.com/free_online_books.php; Read Print, http://www.readprint.com/; Internet Archive, http://www.archive.org/details/texts); etc.

21. Mark Noll, Nathan Hatch, and George Marsden, The Search for Christian America (Colorado Springs: Helmers & Howard, 1989).

22. Thomas Paine, The Writings of Thomas Paine, ed. Moncure Daniel Conway, vol. 3 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1894), 68, “Letter Addressed to the Addressers on the Late Proclamation [Royal Proclamation Against Seditious Writings],” 1792.

23. Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language, vol. 1 (New York: S. Converse, 1828), 101, s.v. “History.”

24. Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, 38.

25. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, 3:675; Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, 337.

26. Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, 289–290.

27. Ibid.

28. “Social Hours of Daniel Webster,” Harper’s Magazine (July, 1856), as quoted in Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, 1:490–491.

29. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, 3:671

30. Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, 344–345.

31. Ibid.

32. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, 3:671.

33. Ibid., 3:673.

34. Randolph, “Dr. Dunglison’s Memoranda,” in The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, 394–395.

35. Calvin Coolidge, “Address Before the Congress Sitting in Joint Session in the House of Representatives,” American Presidency Project, February 22, 1927, accessed October 25, 2011,, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=418&st=&st1=#ixzz1PNL7rdMJ.