Introduction
1. Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, 264.
2. Lewis, “God in the Dock.”
3. Swinburne, “Religion, Problems of the Philosophy of,” 807.
4. Quinn, “Philosophy of Religion,” 699.
5. Hepburn, “Autonomy and Heteronomy,” 72.
6. Palmer, “Paul Tillich’s Theology of Culture,” 3.
7. Lewis, Problem of Pain, 24.
Chapter 1: The Problem of Moral Evil
1. Harris, End of Faith, 66–67.
2. Swinburne, “Religion, Problems of the Philosophy of,” 807.
3. Dawkins, God Delusion, 89.
4. Rowe, “Problem of Evil,” 129–30.
5. Russell, “Useful Contributions,” 29.
6. Russell, “Outline of Intellectual Rubbish,” 187.
7. Sagan, “God Hypothesis,” 237.
8. Barker, Godless, 124; emphasis in original.
9. Ibid., 126.
10. Carrier, “Why I Am Not a Christian.”
11. Smith, Atheism, 83.
12. Twain, “Thoughts of God,” 117–18; emphasis in original.
13. Russell, “Why I Am Not a Christian,” 10.
14. Hume, “Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion,” 220.
15. Ibid., 218.
16. Russell, “Do We Survive Death?,” 93.
17. Weisberger, “Argument from Evil,” 166.
18. Thomas, “In Oklahoma City.”
19. McEwan, “End of the World Blues,” 365.
20. Loftus, “Darwinian Problem of Evil,” 239.
21. Loftus, “What We’ve Got Here,” 201.
22. Ehrman, God’s Problem, 5.
23. Carrier, “Why I Am Not a Christian”; emphasis in original.
24. Weisberger, “Argument from Evil,” 179.
25. Weinberg, “What about God?,” 372.
26. Carrier, “Why I Am Not a Christian.”
27. Harris, Letter to a Christian Nation, 50–51; emphasis in original.
28. Ibid., 52.
29. Harris, End of Faith, 173.
30. Flew and Varghese, There Is a God, 13–14.
31. Ehrman, God’s Problem, 1.
32. Carrier, “Why I Am Not a Christian.”
33. George Carlin, quoted in Spiegel, Making of an Atheist, 62.
34. Quoted in Strobel, Case for Faith, 14; emphasis in original.
35. Guinness, Unspeakable, 34.
36. Barker, Godless, 212.
37. Quoted in Guinness, Unspeakable, 37.
38. Quoted in ibid.
39. Weisberger, “Argument from Evil,” 174.
40. See Guinness, Unspeakable, 43.
41. Hume, “Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion,” 223.
42. Ibid., 218.
Chapter 2: The Value of Human Autonomy
1. Einstein, “Selected Writings on Religion,” 163.
2. Barker, Godless, 353.
3. Feuerbach, Essence of Christianity, 12.
4. Freud, “From The Future of an Illusion,” 147.
5. Goldman, “Philosophy of Atheism,” 129.
6. Freud, “From The Future of an Illusion,” 152.
7. Kurtz, Humanist Manifesto 2000, 26.
8. Feuerbach, Essence of Christianity, 13.
9. Onfray, Atheist Manifesto, 67.
10. Goldman, “Philosophy of Atheism,” 130.
11. Feuerbach, Essence of Christianity, 32.
12. See Abbagnano, “Positivism,” 415.
13. Detzler, “Europe in Revolt,” 509.
14. Brinton, “Enlightenment,” 522.
15. Onfray, Atheist Manifesto, 5–6.
16. Freud, “From The Future of an Illusion,” 153.
17. Freud, Future of an Illusion, 169.
18. Shelley, “A Refutation of Deism,” 55.
19. Dennett, “The Bright Stuff.”
20. Nietzsche, Antichrist, 37–38.
21. Wilson, “Why I Believe Again.”
22. Vitz, Faith of the Fatherless, 135.
23. P. Hitchens, Rage against God, 24.
24. Nietzsche, “From The Gay Science,” 96.
25. Kurtz, Humanist Manifestos I and II, 16.
26. Geisler and Turek, I Don’t Have Enough Faith, 20.
27. Atkins, “Opening and Closing Statements.”
28. Goldman, “Philosophy of Atheism,” 133.
29. Marx, “Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,” 70.
30. Barker, Godless, 42.
31. Dawkins, God Delusion, 403–4.
32. Barker, Godless, 344.
33. C. Hitchens, “Introduction,” xvi.
34. Rushdie, “Imagine There’s No Heaven,” 383.
35. Barker, Godless, 355.
36. Kurtz, Humanist Manifesto 2000, 62–63.
37. Goldman, “Philosophy of Atheism,” 130.
38. Ibid., 133.
39. Russell, “Useful Contributions,” 47.
40. Lucretius, “De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things),” 2.
41. Dawkins, God Delusion, 420.
42. Ibid., 22; emphasis in original.
43. Ibid., 276.
Chapter 3: Submission and Favor
1. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 4.
2. Feuerbach, Essence of Christianity, 29–30.
3. Barker, Godless, 166.
4. Feuerbach, Essence of Christianity, 27; emphasis in original.
5. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 248.
6. Russell, “What I Believe,” 74.
7. Hume, “The Natural History of Religion,” 31.
8. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 230–31.
9. Ibid., 232; emphasis in original.
10. Harris, End of Faith, 226.
11. Russell, “A Free Man’s Worship,” 112.
12. Nietzsche, Antichrist, 135.
13. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 73–74.
14. Barker, Godless, 184.
15. Feuerbach, Essence of Christianity, 26.
16. Nietzsche, Antichrist, 154.
17. Russell, “Useful Contributions,” 23.
18. Kurtz, Humanist Manifestos I and II, 16.
19. Ibid., 9.
20. Russell, “Outline of Intellectual Rubbish,” 203.
21. Barker, Godless, 344.
22. Russell, “Why I Am Not a Christian,” 22.
23. Kaufmann, Critique of Religion and Philosophy, 359.
24. Dawkins, God Delusion, 260.
25. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 6.
26. Ibid., 6.
27. Goldman, “Philosophy of Atheism,” 132.
28. Barker, Godless, 184.
29. Dennett, “Thank Goodness,” 281.
30. Barker, Godless, 341.
31. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 285.
32. Russell, “Useful Contributions,” 42.
33. Harris, End of Faith, 172.
34. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 74.
35. Nietzsche, Antichrist, 122–23.
36. Harris, Letter to a Christian Nation, 74; emphasis in original.
37. Jillette, “There Is No God,” 349.
38. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 7.
39. Harris, Letter to a Christian Nation, 54.
40. Russell, “Outline of Intellectual Rubbish,” 189.
41. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 76.
42. Russell, “A Free Man’s Worship,” 109.
43. Kurtz, Humanist Manifesto 2000, 62–63.
44. Camus, Fall, 133.
45. Dawkins, God Delusion, 97–98.
46. Ibid., 98; emphasis in original.
47. Russell, “A Free Man’s Worship,” 109.
48. Feuerbach, Essence of Christianity, 27.
49. Russell, “Useful Contributions,” 23.
50. Barker, Godless, 166.
51. Russell, “Why I Am Not a Christian,” 23.
52. Quoted in Dawkins, God Delusion, 283.
53. Tait, My Father Bertrand Russell, 184.
54. Pascal, Pascal’s Pensées, 100.
55. Dennett, “Bright Stuff.”
Chapter 4: Death and Faith
1. Onfray, Atheist Manifesto, 68.
2. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 248.
3. Camus, Plague, 86–87.
4. Ibid., 205.
5. Carrier, “Why I Am Not a Christian”; emphasis in original.
6. Harris, End of Faith, 172.
7. Russell, “Why I Am Not a Christian,” 12.
8. Camus, Plague, 196–97.
9. Ibid., 116.
10. Nietzsche, Antichrist, 148.
11. Dawkins, God Delusion, 232.
12. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 71.
13. Onfray, Atheist Manifesto, 13.
14. Harris, End of Faith, 23; emphasis in original.
15. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 12.
16. Ibid., 10–11; emphasis in original.
17. Harris, End of Faith, 35; emphasis in original.
18. Ibid., 45.
19. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 32.
20. Harris, End of Faith, 29; emphasis in original.
21. Barker, Godless, 169.
22. Russell, “Our Sexual Ethics,” 176–77.
23. Russell, “Useful Contributions,” 28.
24. Ibid., 29.
25. Onfray, Atheist Manifesto, 60.
26. Russell, “Useful Contributions,” 28.
27. Dawkins, “Is Science a Religion?”
28. Harris, End of Faith, 172.
29. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 5–6.
30. Richard Dawkins, quoted in Spiegel, Making of an Atheist, 31.
31. Russell, “What I Believe,” 54.
32. Russell, “Free Man’s Worship,” 116.
33. Boswell, “Last Interview with David Hume,” 47.
34. Barker, Godless, 343.
35. Dawkins, God Delusion, 404–5.
36. Russell, “Why I Am Not a Christian,” 11.
37. Russell, “Do We Survive Death?,” 93.
38. Russell, “Why I Am Not a Christian,” 23.
39. Kurtz, Humanist Manifesto 2000, 62.
40. Kurtz, Humanist Manifestos I and II, 14.
41. Kurtz, Humanist Manifesto 2000, 13.
42. Russell, “Why I Am Not a Christian,” 22.
43. Cohen, “Monism and Religion,” 170.
44. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 262; emphasis in original.
45. Harris, End of Faith, 40.
46. Lewis, Miracles, 149.
47. Harris, End of Faith, 172.
48. Barker, Godless, 103.
49. Onfray, Atheist Manifesto, 98.
Chapter 5: Guilt and Rules
1. Nietzsche, Antichrist, 140–41.
2. Dawkins, God Delusion, 243.
3. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 173–93.
4. Ibid., 185–86.
5. Goldman, “Philosophy of Atheism,” 133.
6. Harris, End of Faith, 157.
7. Russell, “Useful Contributions,” 41.
8. Ibid., 40.
9. Russell, “New Generation,” 159.
10. Onfray, Atheist Manifesto, 51.
11. Barker, Godless, 355.
12. Ibid., 355.
13. Russell, “What I Believe,” 71.
14. Feuerbach, Essence of Christianity, 27–28.
15. Barker, Godless, 171.
16. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 7.
17. Nietzsche, Antichrist, 144.
18. Barker, Godless, 355.
19. Russell, “Religion and Morals,” 205.
20. Russell, “Useful Contributions,” 27.
21. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 56.
22. Barker, Godless, 183.
23. Russell, “New Generation,” 166.
24. Russell, “Useful Contributions,” 46–47.
25. Barker, Godless, 355.
26. Sagan, “God Hypothesis,” 237.
27. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 214.
28. Russell, “Outline of Intellectual Rubbish,” 187.
29. Russell, “Can Religion Cure Our Troubles?,” 194.
30. Harris, End of Faith, 171–72.
31. Russell, “What I Believe,” 65–66.
32. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 27.
33. Ibid., 54.
34. Russell, “Useful Contributions,” 26.
35. Harris, Letter to a Christian Nation, 26.
36. Dawkins, God Delusion, 58.
37. Ibid., 300.
38. Kurtz, Humanist Manifestos I and II, 18.
39. Harris, End of Faith, 164.
40. Russell, “What I Believe,” 68.
41. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 283.
42. Kurtz, Humanist Manifestos I and II, 18.
43. Kurtz, Humanist Manifesto 2000, 34.
44. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 100; emphasis in original.
45. Ibid., 212; emphasis in original.
46. Barker, Godless, 196.
47. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 213; emphasis in original.
48. Harris, Letter to a Christian Nation, 20.
49. Ibid., 8.
50. Ibid.
51. Harris, End of Faith, 158.
52. Ibid., 159.
53. Ibid., 171.
54. Darwin, Autobiography, 94.
55. Dawkins, God Delusion, 81.
56. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 99.
57. Harris, Letter to a Christian Nation, 24–25.
58. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 100.
59. Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra, 138.
60. Ibid., 139.
61. Ibid., 178.
62. Russell, History of Western Philosophy, 697.
63. Onfray, Atheist Manifesto, 69–70.
64. Dawkins, God Delusion, 59.
65. Ibid., 285.
66. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 64.
67. Dawkins, God Delusion, 270.
68. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 52.
69. Ibid., 211.
70. Russell, “Free Man’s Worship,” 112.
71. Barker, Godless, 202.
72. Russell, “Our Sexual Ethics,” 175.
73. Russell, “Religion and Morals,” 205.
74. Ibid., 205.
75. Russell, “Useful Contributions,” 26.
76. Russell, “Why I Am Not a Christian,” 22.
Chapter 6: Punishment and Pardon
1. Dawkins, God Delusion, 285.
2. Lewis, Problem of Pain, 50.
3. Quoted in Barker, “Foreword,” 12.
4. Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, 3:326.
5. Paine, Age of Reason, 18.
6. Darwin, Autobiography, 85.
7. Harris, End of Faith, 173.
8. Ibid., 173.
9. Barker, Godless, 170.
10. Dawkins, God Delusion, 51.
11. Ibid., 269.
12. Barker, Godless, 172–73.
13. Harris, End of Faith, 18.
14. Onfray, Atheist Manifesto, 41.
15. Harris, Letter to a Christian Nation, 96.
16. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 211.
17. Pulliam, “Absurdity of the Atonement,” 184.
18. Ibid., 183.
19. Dawkins, God Delusion, 287; emphasis in original.
20. Barker, Godless, 202.
21. Dawkins, God Delusion, 286.
22. Ibid., 284.
23. Nietzsche, Antichrist, 117.
24. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 17; emphasis in original.
25. Ibid., 13.
26. Ibid., 209.
27. Ibid., 211.
28. Anderson, “If God Is Dead,” 339.
29. Pulliam, “Absurdity of the Atonement,” 184.
30. Barker, Godless, 89.
31. Russell, “Outline of Intellectual Rubbish,” 198.
32. Quoted in Dawkins, God Delusion, 89.
33. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 56.
34. Harris, End of Faith, 52–53.
35. Goldman, “Philosophy of Atheism,” 131–32.
36. Anderson, “If God Is Dead,” 339.
37. Dawkins, God Delusion, 287.
38. Barker, Godless, 355.
39. Ibid., 59.
Chapter 7: Hell and Heaven
1. Kurtz, Humanist Manifestos I and II, 16.
2. John Lennon, “Imagine,” quoted in Henke, Lennon Legend, 48.
3. Russell, “Why I Am Not a Christian,” 17.
4. Barker, Godless, 181.
5. Ibid.
6. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 175–76.
7. Ibid., 60.
8. Templeton, “Questions to Ask Yourself,” 285; emphasis in original.
9. Smith, Atheism, 79.
10. Dawkins, God Delusion, 357–58; emphasis in original.
11. Barker, Godless, 183.
12. Ibid., 151.
13. Russell, “Why I Am Not a Christian,” 18.
14. Parsons, “Hell,” 253.
15. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 57.
16. Ibid., 56.
17. Goldman, “Philosophy of Atheism,” 131.
18. Darwin, Autobiography, 87.
19. Parsons, “Hell,” 254.
20. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 15–16.
21. Barker, Godless, 170.
22. C. Hitchens, “Introduction,” xvi.
23. Barker, Godless, 221.
24. Hume, “Natural History of Religion,” 30.
25. Dawkins, God Delusion, 259.
26. Barker, Godless, 77.
27. Twain, “Tammany and Croker,” Mark Twain’s Speeches (1910), 117, quoted in Twain, Mark Twain at Your Fingertips, 449.
28. Russell, “Our Sexual Ethics,” 169.
29. Parsons, “Hell,” 253; emphasis in original.
30. P. Hitchens, Rage against God, 103.
31. Ibid., 104–5.
32. Russell, “Outline of Intellectual Rubbish,” 189.
33. Anderson, “If God Is Dead,” 346.
34. Ibid., 347.
35. Ibid.
36. Geisler and Turek, I Don’t Have Enough Faith, 42.
37. Onfray, Atheist Manifesto, 66.
38. Kurtz, Humanist Manifestos I and II, 10.
39. Russell, “Useful Contributions,” 47.
40. Rushdie, “Imagine There’s No Heaven,” 383.
Chapter 8: Inconsistencies
1. Barker, Godless, 101.
2. Harris, Letter to a Christian Nation, 5.
3. Barker, Godless, 184.
4. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 74.
5. Lewis, Mere Christianity, 74.
6. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 5–6.
7. Barker, Godless, 343.
8. Onfray, Atheist Manifesto, 53.
9. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 52.
10. Barker, Godless, 183.
11. Harris, Letter to a Christian Nation, 10–11.
12. Barker, Godless, 168.
13. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 209.
14. Barker, Godless, 59.
15. Parsons, “Hell,” 253; emphasis in original.
16. Dawkins, God Delusion, 259.
17. Lewis, Problem of Pain, 149.
18. Dawkins, God Delusion, 97.
19. Russell, “Free Man’s Worship,” 109.
20. Barker, Godless, 343.
21. Russell, “Free Man’s Worship,” 109.
22. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 52.
23. Russell, “Our Sexual Ethics,” 175.
24. Harris, End of Faith, 52–53.
25. Dawkins, God Delusion, 287.
26. Anderson, “If God Is Dead,” 347.
27. Russell, “Useful Contributions,” 47.
28. Ibid.
29. Dawkins, God Delusion, 120.
Chapter 9: Responses and Objections
1. Barker, Godless, 36.
2. Lewis, Problem of Pain, 18.
3. Hick, “Reincarnation.”
1. Lewis, Miracles, 145.
2. C. Hitchens, God Is Not Great, 262.
3. Dawkins, God Delusion, 59.
4. Lewis, Mere Christianity, 27.
5. Lewis, Miracles, 129–30.
6. Lewis, Great Divorce, 25.
7. Huxley, Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited, 215.
8. Dostoyevsky, “From The Brothers Karamazov,” 281.
9. Ibid., 281–82.
10. Lewis, Problem of Pain, 39–40.
11. Huxley, Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited, 213–14.
12. Dostoyevsky, “From The Brothers Karamazov,” 282.
13. Dawkins, God Delusion, 26.
14. Barker, Godless, 42.
15. Nagel, Last Word, 130.
16. Ibid., 131.
17. Jastrow, God and the Astronomers, 104–5.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., 105.
21. Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morality, 80.
22. Russell, “Free Man’s Worship,” 109.
23. Augustine, City of God, 308–9.
24. Chesterton, Orthodoxy, 15.
25. Ibid., 20.
26. Lewis, Mere Christianity, 122.
27. Huxley, Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited, 213.