INDEX

Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.

Adams, William, 40–41, 286n92

“age of contained conflict,” 9, 15–16, 207, 259, 262

“age of partnership,” 8–9, 258–259, 264n31

Alexandrowicz, C. H., 268n40

Amboina incident, 238–41

Andrade, Tonio, 5–6, 136, 264n9, 282n7

Arima, Harunobu, 144–45, 220

article 35 (VOC Charter), 12–15, 74, 131, 205, 257, 265n43

Ayutthayan kingdom, see Siam

 

Baba, Saburōzaemon Toshishige, 123, 179

bahan, see pirates

“balance of blackmail,” 138, 283n16

Banda Islands, colony of VOC, 13; dispute with English East India Company over control, 217–18, 226; VOC diplomatic relations with, 88, VOC treaties with, 235

Banten, 33, 35, 37–38, 43, 45, 63, 140, 255–56, 262

Batavia, descriptions of, 65, 67–68; as diplomatic capital, 68–69, 104; diplomatic protocol in, 68–70; seat of the VOC Governor-General, 63

Benton, Lauren, 137–38, 173, 201, 283n13, 295n57

Blussé, Leonard, 13, 242, 272n4, 289n42

Breskens incident, 105

Borschberg, Peter, 283n19

Both, Pieter, 62, 272n12

Boxer, Charles, 11, 296n88

Brouwer, Hendrik, 58, 99

 

Calicut, 6–7, 28–29, 50

cannon, as gifts, 73, 75, 82, 156, 247; in Japanese service, 101, 124–28

chandelier, brass, 231, 246–54, 299n62; see also Nuyts

Chinese traders, in Hirado and Nagasaki, 163, 173–4, 181, 199, 288n6; legal petitions of, 164, 176–79, 185, 188, 192, 195–96, 197, in Taiwan, 181, 210–11

Clive, Robert, 19, 130

Coen, Jan Pieterszoon, 14, 98–99, 161–62, 183, 287n117

Colley, Linda, 264n23

Columbus, Christopher, 3–5

Couckebacker, Nicolaes, 126–28, 177–78, 245

Coxinga, see Zheng Chenggong

 

da Gama, Vasco, 2–3, 6–7, 28–29, 50, 282

das Gupta, Ashin, 138, 264n31

de Carpentier, Pieter, 71–74, 87, 89, 92–93, 98, 102, 104, 221

de Houtman, Cornelius, 32–33, 35, 37–8, 45

Doeff, Hendrik, 120

Doi, Toshikatsu, 92, 94, 276n121

Dutch East India Company (VOC), charter, 12, 15, 44, 74, 105, 138, 236, 257, 260; concern with jurisdiction, 234–37; as hybrid organization, 12–14, 16, 49, 94, 260, 265n41–42; and monopolies over trade, 211, 215, 256, 290n52; as privateering enterprise, 13, 138–42, 147–50, 170, 201–2; and sovereignty claims, 213–15; struggles with diplomacy, 27, 39, 65, 69–70; trade in Japan, 11, 169, 182; see also article 35; extraterritoriality

Dutch East India Company factories, in Japan, 10–11, 16–19, 44, 54, 75, 78, 117–18, 124–27, 153, 156, 163–65, 183, 228, 287n117; in Makassar, 256; in Patani, 41–43; in Siam, 258; in Surat, 141, 233; see also hofreis, opperhoofd

 

embassies, differing perceptions of, 89–90; role of ambassadors, 44–45; role of gifts, 45–46; role of letters, 45–9, 85–86; role of processions, 45

English East India Company, 266n46, 296n84; diplomacy in Asia, 26, 30–31, 61, 129; in Japan, 271n117, rivalry with the VOC, 38–39, 211, 217–18, 238–41

extraterritoriality, 235–37, 297n16

 

Frederik Hendrik, Prince, 70, 98–99

fudai daimyo, 100–1, 109, 277n13

Furber, Holden, 8–9, 264n31

 

gifts, with 1608 Sprinckel letter, 43; with 1609 embassy, 45–46, 49–50, 53; after 1615 Santo Antonio incident, 156; with 1627 Nuyts embassy, 1, 13, 60–61, 73, 75, 82; from Bakufu, 114, 224, 228, 231, 233; with hofreis, 95, 111, 113–14, 280n63; as tool of VOC diplomacy, 13, 26, 34, 38, 46, 69, 71, 101, 104, 129, 258; see also chandelier, brass

Goodman, Grant, 16, 278n30, 281n89

governor-general (of the VOC), creation and evolution of the office, 62–3, 65–68; as diplomatic actor, 59, 68–70; 74, 82–88, 92; embassies to, 59–60, 68–69; “king of Batavia,” 69, 82, 84; relationship with Heeren, 17, 63; status in Japan, 86, 92–93

Grotius, Hugo, 15, 137–138, 147, 266n50, 294n37; defense of privateering, 149–50, 158, 166; on sovereignty, 213–14, 238, 294n43

Gulliver, Lemuel, 7–9, 17

 

Hamada, Yahyōe, 212, 222, 227–28, 233, 238–39, 293n28, 296n91

Heeren 17 (directors), 1650 instructions, 214; links with Japan, 41, 55, 260–61; role in the VOC, 62–63, 98, 272n12, 273n13; and use of force, 142

Heizō, see Suetsugu Heizō Masanao

Hesselink, Reinier, 11, 105, 265n39, 277n2

Hidetada, see Tokugawa Hidetada

Hirado, lord of, 40, 80, 91, 93, 110, 217, 221, 232, 249, 251, 278n36; see also Matsura Takanobu

Hirado domain, 10, 78–79, 90, 163, 275n77

Hirado port, first arrival of Dutch vessels, 25, 44; VOC trading post in, 55, 76–77, 162; and Zheng Zhilong, 181

Hirano, Tōjirō, 210–11, 293n18

hofreis (visit to the court), enduring nature of, 119–20; features, 108–16, 279n60; origins of, 96, 106–8, 278n30, 278n42

“Holland, king of,” in Asia, 34–38, 268n40, 269n52; in Japan, 27–28, 41–43, 50, 52–54, 61, 74, 82–84. 92–93, 98–99, 105, 158; move away from, 60, 69–70, 98–99, 105

 

Iemitsu, see Tokugawa Iemitsu

Ieyasu, see Tokugawa Ieyasu

Ikoku nikki (Chronicle of Relations with Foreign Countries), 49, 92, 224

Indijck, Hendrick, 197

International law, European origins, 266n50, 294n33

Itakura, Shigemasa, 126

Itami, Yasukatsu, 80–82, 93, 275n79

Iquan, see Zheng Zhilong

 

Janssen, Willem, 231–32, 242, 297n3

Japan-centered civilizational order (Nihon-gata kai chitsujo), 218–20, 295n61

Jayakarta (Jakarta, Jaccatra), 63, 67, 93, 176, 198, 235, 246, 272n9

Johor, 37, 43, 150, 188, 235

Joosten van Lodenstein, Jan, 40, 156, 286n92

 

Kaempfer, Engelbert, 18–20, 95, 108–9, 121, 253

Korea, 44, 45, 49–52, 56, 107, 144, 251–52, 267n7, 270n76, 270n81, 275n75

 

Lancaster, James, 30

Liefde, 39–40, 156–57

Li, Dan, 163–64, 174–75, 181, 210

 

Macao, Dutch attack on, 208–9; Portuguese base in, 151–52, 181

Macao carrack, 43–44, 145, 151–52, 155, 161–63, 168, 232, 287n117

Manila, 13, 122–26, 128, 146, 163–64, 174, 200, 210, 232, 281n93

maritime violence, see privateering

maritime passes, see shuinjō

Markley, Robert, 19, 253–254, 264n9, 267n21, 272n122

Matelieff de Jonge, Cornelius, 41–42

Matsura, Takanobu, 79–80, 83, 90, 99

Matsura province, see Hirado

Matsudaira, Nobutsuna, 126–27

Matsukura, Shigemasa, 122

Maurits, Prince, position as Stadhouder, 33–34; role in Asia, 34–38; role in Japan, 25, 27–28, 41–43, 46–58, 82–83

Military revolution thesis, 136, 264n10, 282n4

Ming China, 141, 174, 181, 184–185, 189, 205, 208–9, 212, 215–16, 257–58

Mingshi, 209

Mughal India, 7; attitude toward the sea, 283n13; relations with the English, 19, 31, 61, 282n125

Muijser, Pieter, 73, 75, 80–83, 211

Murayama Tōan, 220, 229, 293n18

 

Nagasaki, 46, 112, 115, 140, 153, 201, 237, 293n18; Chinese community in, 173–81, 185, 187, 288n6; see also Macao carrack

Nagasaki bugyō (governors), 87, 114, 120, 123–27, 140, 155, 162–63, 171–80, 185–200, 281n96

Nagasaki daikan (magistrate), 123–26, 198, 220, 293n18; see also Murayama Tōan; Suetsugu Heizō Masanao

Nagazumi, Yōko, 12, 272n4, 294n52, 295n56

Nikkō, 231, 250–252, 300n84

Nuyts, Pieter, 72; embassy to Japan, 1–2, 60–61, 72–94; as governor of Taiwan, 227–28; son (Laurens), 72, 227, 245; transfer to Japan, 229–31, 233–34, 241–46; wife (Cornelia), 299n60

 

opperhoofd, audiences with shogun, 18, 95–96, 106–7, 110–15, 119–20, 249, 279n61; see also hofreis

Oranda fuisetsugaki (reports of rumors from the Dutch), 115–16, 128, 131, 265n39, 291n86

Oranda kapitan (Holland captain), 18, 95, 112, 120

 

Penghu Islands (Pescadores), 59, 208–9, 257–58, 292n11

pirates, the Dutch as, 157–58, 164–67, 171, 184, 191–94; Japan and, 143, 155, 157–58, 163, 176–78; Japanese prohibition on bahan, 165–67, 178, 194, 198, 288n135; in Taiwan straits, 212; Zheng Zhilong as, 181, 210; see also privateering

Portuguese, diplomacy in Asia, 6, 28–29, 267n3, 273n30; in Japan, 46, 144–45, 151–52, 169–70, 182; rivalry with the Dutch, 14–15, 41, 44, 57, 141, 148–51; 152–63, 166, 217, 257

Prange, Sebastian, 283n15

Pre-companies (voorcompagnieën), 32–33, 62

privateering, Bakufu perception of, 160, 165–66, 184, 194; legal justifications for, 138–39, 158–59, 183–85, 198–99, legal restrictions placed on, 165–68, 178, 193–95, 199

Puyck, Nicolaes, 45, 47, 49–54, 57, 60, 72, 75, 83, 270

 

Quaeckernaeck, Jacob, 40–42, 44

 

Roberts, Luke, 117–19

Ryukyu kingdom, 11, 44–45, 49, 107, 219–20, 250, 267n7

 

Sakakibara, Hida-no-kami Motonao, 123, 179

sankin kōtai (alternate attendance), 108–10, 116, 143, 261, 279n46; see also hofreis

Santo Antonio, VOC seizure of, 152–64

Satsuma domain, 100, 164, 190, 219–20

Sekigahara, battle of, 40, 100–1, 250

Sengoku, Yamato-no-kami Hisataka, 176, 179

Shapinsky, Peter, 154, 169, 288n148

Shimabara rebellion, 19–20, 95, 121–22, 125–28, 131, 169, 261, 278n42

Shuinjō (maritime pass) system, origins of, 143–44; Bakufu concern with infringement of, 144–45, 160–61, 167, 228, 232; VOC and, 145–47, 228, 231–32

Siam (Ayutthaya kingdom), 8–9. 38, 46, 51, 53–54, 68, 70, 84, 88, 188, 189, 191, 235–36, 257–61, 290n52

silk, trade in, 44, 151, 163, 182–83, 187, 195, 210–12, 227, 293n22, 293n26

silver, trade and payment in, 151, 176, 197, 211, 212, 224

Sinkan embassy, see Suetsugu

Siraya, 209, 215–16, 221, 295n14

Sonck, Martinus, 208–9, 211, 227

sovereignty, acquired through conquest, 214; acquired through treaty, 214–15; European language of, 206, 213, 218; VOC understanding of, 214, 218

Specx, Jacques, as governor-general, 98–101, 104, 106, 232–33, 298n49; as opperhoofd of the Japan trading post, 55, 115, 156, 158, 161, 163, 165–66, 168

Sprinckel, Victor, 20, 41–43, 52

Stadhouder, 33–34; see also Maurits and Frederik Hendrik

States-General (of the United Provinces), 12, 13, 32–34, 240–41, 268n39, 268n42

Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 9, 15, 17, 136, 175, 283n16, 283n20, 283n25, 285n57

Suetsugu, Heizō Masanao, 293n18; conflict with the VOC, 71–72, 91, 297n4; trade with Taiwan, 210–12, 217; and embassy from Sinkan, 216, 222–25

 

Tachard, Guy, 68

Taiwan, names for, 292n1; Japanese claims to trade in, 71, 211–12, 217; Tokugawa attempts to incorporate, 220–21; VOC claims to sovereignty over, 209, 215–17; VOC colonization of, 205–6, 209–10; VOC reaction to loss of, 196

Taiwanese aboriginals, see Siraya

Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, 65–66

taxes, imposed by VOC, 206, 210–12, 221, 227

Temple, William, 14, 32

Ternate, 37, 235, 274n43, 294n43

Toby, Ronald, 11, 52, 89, 113–14, 172, 219

Toda, Ujikane, 126–27

Tokugawa, Hidetada, 10, 51, 70, 73, 224, 271n102, 297n9

Tokugawa, Iemitsu, 10, 51, 73, 224, 249–52

Tokugawa, Ieyasu, and Nikkō, 250–52; political system, 10, 100, 143, 271; and VOC diplomacy, 25, 40, 42, 49–58, 74, 84, 101–2, 156, 158

Tokugawa shogunate (Bakufu), foreign relations of, 11, 50–51, 83–84, 89–90, 130, 207, 267n7; maritime legal markers, 140, 144, 165–66, 193–95, 202; maritime restrictions, 11, 172; nature of government, 117–19; rejection of embassies, 83–84, 92–93; world order, 218–19

Toyotomi, Hideyori, 101, 277n16

Toyotomi, Hideyoshi, 50, 144, 154, 160, 163, 167, 169

translation, from Japanese, 53; into Japanese, 55, 78, 86, 100, 184, 192; and Nuyts embassy, 78, 80, 86, 92

translators, available to Dutch factory, 100, 275n69; in embassies to the shogun, 45, 75, 91, 222, 224

tsushin no kuni (diplomatic partner states), 267n7

tsusho no kuni (trade partner state), 17, 267n7

Turnbull, Stephen, 220, 295n65

 

United Provinces, legal disputes in, 147, 149–50; political system, 31–35, 57, 62, 268n31, 269n60; relations with England, 238–41

 

van den Broek, Abraham, 45, 47, 49–54, 57, 60, 72, 75, 83, 270n77

van Diemen, Antonio, 63, 65, 100, 233; and VOC privateering, 182–87

van Elserack, Jan, 185, 187

van Goor, Jurrien, 12, 265n42

van Heemskerck, Jakob, 148–50

van Neijenroode, Cornelis, 70–71, 78, 212

van Santvoort, Melchior, 40–42, 45

van Speult, Harman, 238–39, 241

Verhoeff, Pieter, 43–44

VOC (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie), see Dutch East India Company

Volger, Willem, 198–99

 

Wagenaer, Zacharias, 108–15, 118–20, 191–94, 278n41, 279n44

 

Zeelandia, Fort, 209–12, 215–16, 222, 226–27; fall of, 196, 292n102; Japanese demand for destruction of, 232, 297n6

Zheng maritime network, 136, 173, 189

Zheng, Chenggong (Coxinga): eviction of VOC from Taiwan, 207, 291n86; rivalry with the VOC, 189, 196–98, 200; war against the Qing, 188–89

Zheng, Jing, 201

Zheng, Zhilong, 173; defection to Qing, 187; early life, 181; maritime network, 181; as Ming official, 181, 184; rivalry with the VOC, 181–85, 196, 285