Preface
1. Talty, Stephen, Empire of Blue Water: Henry Morgan and the Pirates Who Ruled the Caribbean Waves, Simon & Schuster, 2007, p.56.
Introduction
1. Peterson, Mendel, The Funnel of Gold, Little Brown, 1975, p.315.
2. Earle, Peter, The Pirate Wars, Methuen, 2004, pp.94–6.
Chapter 1
1. Cordingly, David, Life Among the Pirates, Little Brown, 1995, p.56.
2. Pope, Dudley, Harry Morgan’s Way, Stratus, 2001, p.xvii.
3. This information from Morgan’s early life about the capture of Jamaica comes from Admiral Sir Henry Morgan: The Greatest Buccaneer of Them All, by Terry Breverton, Welsh Books, 2005, pp.4–5.
4. The Spanish Main refers to the land around the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. It takes up the coasts of present-day Florida, Texas, Mexico and the north coast of South America.
5. See Breverton, p.10.
6. Ibid., p.11.
7. Ibid., p.15.
8. Ibid., p.16.
Chapter 2
1. See Breverton, p.19.
2. Sir Thomas Modyford to Lord Archingdale, Secretary to Lord Arlington, 16 November 1665, Colonial and State Papers America and West Indies, Vol. XIX, No. 127, held at National Archives Kew.
3. Ibid.
4. See Breverton, p.21.
Chapter 3
1. Sir Thomas Modyford’s letter to the Duke of Albemarle, 1 March 1666, Colonial and State Papers America and West Indies, Vol. 20, 1142.
2. Talty, Stephen, Empire of Blue Water: Henry Morgan and the Pirates Who Ruled the Caribbean Waves, Simon & Schuster, 2007.
3. See Sir Thomas Modyford’s letter to the Duke of Albemarle.
4. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.65.
5. See Sir Thomas Modyford’s letter, 1 March 1666.
6. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.65.
7. Sir Thomas Modyford’s letter to the Duke of Albemarle, 1 March 1666.
8. Ibid.
9. See Breverton.
10. Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.67.
11. Sir Thomas Modyford’s letter to the Duke of Albemarle, 1 March 1666. It is interesting to note that Modyford refers to himself in the third person in his letters, which can sometimes cause confusion for the reader.
12. Interestingly, Breverton suggests that Morgan was involved with this Curaçao mission but Talty, as we can see in Chapter 3, states that Morgan was in charge of the militia and so did not go on this voyage.
Chapter 4
1. Ibid. [Ibid to what?]
2. Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.67.
3. Ibid., p.78.
4. Ibid., p 79
5. Sir Thomas Modyford’s letter to the Duke of Albemarle, 8 June 1666, Colonial and State Papers America and the West Indies, Vol. 20, p.1213.
6. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.138.
7. Lindsay, Philip, The Great Buccaneer: Being the Life, Death and Extraordinary Adventures of Sir Henry Morgan, Buccaneer and Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica, Peter Nevill, 1950, p.44.
8. The Cartago account has many inconsistencies. For example, Pope suggests that a local Indian raised the alarm that roused the Spanish militia while Lindsay states that an Indian woman warned the buccaneers that the Spanish lay in wait for them and in a fury they decided to destroy whatever they could lay their hands on. Modyford states that they were not challenged, when both Pope and Lindsay say they were. Indeed, Pope provides the most convincing argument when he states that they landed on 8 April, the alarm was received by the Governor of Cartago on 14 April and by 20 April the buccaneers were back at their ships, exhausted, having suffered great casualties and having no plunder to show for their trouble.
9. See Lindsay, The Great Buccaneer: Being the Life, Death and Extraordinary Adventures of Sir Henry Morgan, Buccaneer and Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica, p.43.
10. See Breverton, p.26.
11. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.137.
12. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.79.
13. Governor Sir Thos Modyford to Sec Lord Arlington, 16 June 1666, Colonial and State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 20, p.1216.
Chapter 5
1. See Lindsay, p.45.
2. Sir Thomas Modyford to Lord Arlington, 16 June 1666, Colonial and State Papers America and the West Indies, Vol. 20, No. 100, p.1216.
3. Ibid.
4. See Pope, p.140.
5. In his letter to Lord Arlington, dated 21 August 1666, Modyford states that he had the power to grant commissions from a letter from the Lord Chancellor dated 1 June 1665 that gave him ‘latitude to grant or not commissions against the Spaniard, as he found it for the advantage of His Majesty’s service and the good of this island’.
6. Ibid.
7. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.84.
8. See Modyford to Arlington, 21 August 1666, Colonial and State Papers America and the West Indies, Vol. 20, p.1264.
9. Sir Thomas Modyford to Lord Arlington, 21 August 1666, Colonial and State Papers America and the West Indies, Vol. 20, p.1264.
10. Deposition of Captain Henry Wasey, master of the Concord, 19 August 1668, Colonial and State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. XXIII, No. 43, p.1827.
11. See Pope, p.143.
12. Deposition of Major Samuel Smith, late governor of Old Providence, 19 August 1668, Colonial and State Papers, America and the West Indies Vol. XXIII, No. 42, p.1826.
13. Deposition of Henry Wasey, master of the Concord, 19 August 1668, Colonial and State Papers, America and the West Indies Vol. XXIII, No. 42, p.1827.
14. Letter by Sir Thomas Modyford to the Duke of Albemarle, 5 October 1668, Colonial Papers, Vol. XXIII, No. 60, p.1851.
15. Depositions of Robert Rawlinsone, Isaac Webber, and Richard Cree, before Sir Thos Modyford, enclosed with the letter to the Duke of Albemarle, dated 5 October 1668. Colonial Papers, Vol. XXIII, No. 60, p.1851.
Chapter 6
1. Letter from Richard Browne, arrived in Port Royal on HMS Oxford, to Joseph Williamson, dated 9 November 1667, Colonial Papers Vol. 23, No. 76, p.1867.
2. See Lindsay, The Great Buccaneer, p.49.
3. See Pope, p.149.
4. Letter dated 7 September 1668, Information of Admiral Henry Morgan and his officers, outlining the attacks on Puerto del Príncipe and Portobello, Col. Papers, Vol. XXIII, No. 53.
5. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.85.
6. Lindsay states that some sources spell his name as Esquemelin or Esquemeling.
7. See Lindsay regarding the character of Esquemeling, p.50.
8. Ibid., p.51.
9. Esquemeling, Alexander O., The Buccaneers of America, translated by Alexis Brown, 1969, Dover Publications, pp.70–1.
10. Ibid., p.70.
11. Ibid., p.71.
12. See Esquemeling, The Buccaneers of America, p.72. Note that Esquemeling refers to the buccaneers in this passage as ‘rovers’.
Chapter 7
1. See Esquemeling, pp.128–9.
2. See Morgan’s letter, 7 September 1668, detailing the attacks on Puerto del Príncipe and Portobello, Col. Papers, Vol. XXIII, No. 53.
3. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.88.
4. See Esquemeling, p.130.
5. Ibid., p.132.
6. See Morgan’s letter, 7 September 1668. Of note here is that Morgan uses the number of 1,000 head of cattle while Esquemeling states that Morgan asked for 500 cattle.
7. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.158. Interestingly, in the Alexis Brown translation Esquemeling does not mention where the rendezvous point was except that it was ‘on one of the islands’.
8. See Breverton, Admiral Sir Henry Morgan, p.39.
Chapter 8
1. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.164.
2. Breverton implies that he went back to Port Royal after the raid on Puerto del Príncipe but neither Pope nor Talty mention this and only Breverton mentions Captain Jackman as the privateer who had come from pillaging Campeche. The rest refer to Esquemeling’s account as the pirate from Campeche as being anonymous.
3. See Esquemeling, p.134.
4. It is interesting to note here that both Talty and Breverton claim there were six men altogether who had been prisoners of the Spanish. However, our other sources, especially Pope, do not mention the numbers or, indeed, if they were English.
5. See Morgan’s letter, 7 September 1668.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Esquemeling, p.136.
9. See Morgan’s letter, 7 September 1668.
10. Ibid.
11. We learn the names of the castles from Dudley Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, pp.163–5. However, both Breverton and Talty name them differently.
12. See Pope, p.165. He cites historian Charles Leslie’s account of the taking of Portobello as published in Leslie’s book, A New History of Jamaica, originally published in 1740.
13. See Talty, p.111.
14. Ibid.
15. Talty states that there were forty-nine Spaniards defending this fort and they had virtually no food and water, making their cause a lost one.
16. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.116.
17. Ibid., p.117.
18. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.168.
19. See Morgan’s letter, 7 September 1668.
20. Ibid.
Chapter 9
1. See Lindsay, Philip, The Great Buccaneer, p.79.
2. Ibid., p.79.
3. Ibid., p.80.
4. This quote is an extract from a book by Charles Leslie, A New History of Jamaica, published by J. Hodges, 1740. and is cited in Lindsay’s The Great Buccaneer, p.82.
5. Letter from John Styles to the Principal Secretary of State Whitehall, 4 January 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.138.
6. Ibid.
7. See Dudley Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.179. Pope does not mention that Modyford gave a commission to Morgan for this mission as Lindsay does.
8. See Lindsay, The Great Buccaneer, p.84.
9. Letter from Sir Thomas Modyford to Lord Arlington, 31 October 1668, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 23, p.1863.
10. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, pp.179–80.
11. Letter from Dr Richard Browne aboard the Oxford frigate, to Joseph Williamson, secretary to Privy Council, 20 January 1669, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 9: 1675–1676 and Addenda 1574–1674, p.1207.
12. See Esquemeling, pp.77–8.
13. Ibid.
14. See Dudley Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, pp.181–2.
Chapter 10
1. Ibid., pp.186–7.
2. At the time of writing, the author had not found a detailed reference to the Maracaibo raid from Richard Browne, the surgeon who was on board the Oxford when it blew up. There are references to the Maracaibo raid but nothing really detailed.
3. See Esquemeling, P.80.
4. See Dudley Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.187.
5. See Esquemeling, p.80.
6. Ibid., p.188.
7. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.149.
8. See Esquemeling, p.81.
9. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.149.
10. See Esquemeling, p.81.
11. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.150
12. See Esquemeling, p.81.
13. Leslie, Charles, A New History of Jamaica, J, Hodges, 1740.
14. See Esquemeling, p.82.
15. Dudley Pope suggests this in his book, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.90.
Chapter 11
1. In this case, as with the sources used for researching this book, interrogation does not imply torture.
2. See Leslie, p.123.
3. See Esquemeling, p.82.
4. These accounts can be found in Esquemeling, pp.82–4.
5. Talty’s condemnation of the accounts of torture by the buccaneers can be found on p.156 of Empire of Blue Water.
6. Ibid, pp.156–7.
7. Ibid., p.155.
8. See Esquemeling, p.85.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., p.86.
Chapter 12
1. Ibid., p.87.
2. See Esquemeling, p.90.
3. According to Esquemeling, this information came from a pilot that had been on board Santa Louisa and who ‘was a stranger’, which presumably means he was not a Spaniard. This man gave Morgan all the background information he needed on Don Alonso and the Spanish fleet.
4. Ibid., p.87.
5. The full contents of this letter can be found in Esquemeling’s account on p.87.
6. See Esquemeling, p.88.
7. Ibid.
8. A montero is a type of hunting cap, formerly worn in Spain, having a spherical crown and flaps to protect the ears and neck.
9. Ibid., p.88.
10. See Dudley Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, pp.196–7.
11. Esquemeling’s account of the attack by Morgan using the fireship is on p.89.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
Chapter 13
1. See Esquemeling, p.92.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., p.93.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.168.
7. Ibid., p.170.
8. Pope looks in greater detail at Don Alonso in his book Harry Morgan’s Way, p.201.
9. See Esquemeling, p.93.
10. Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.172. He cites many reasons why the Spanish had a difficult time in defeating Morgan, which includes the huge distances of the Spanish Main that made it virtually impossible to defend far-flung cities, inadequate weapons, lack of money for new armament, reliance on militias mostly created from local people and not trained professionals, bureaucracy that stifled initiative, bickering provincial governors and many more.
Chapter 14
1. Leslie, Charles, A New History of Jamaica, J. Hodges, 1740, p.132.
2. Taken from the Minutes of the Council of Jamaica, 29 June 1670, which included a copy of a commission sent by Wm Beck, Governor of Curaçao, to Gov Sir Thos Modyford, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.209.
3. Extract of a letter from Sir James Modyford to Colonel Lynch, 18 March 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.162.
4. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.177.
5. Ibid., p.178.
6. Interestingly, Talty states that this proclamation was read in the streets on 24 June. There is doubt as to whether it is 1669 or 1670.
7. Letter from Sir Thomas Modyford to Lord Arlington, 23 August 1669, outlining the reasons for granting commissions against the Spaniards, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.103.
8. Ibid.
9. Deposition of Cornelius Carstens, purser of the Mary and Jane, Bernard Claesen Speirdyck commander, 20 April 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, pp.172–3.
10. Depositions of Capt John Coxend and Peter Bursett, enclosed with the letter from Modyford to Arlington, 20 April 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, pp.172–1.
11. Deposition of Nicholas Hicks, gent., enclosed with letter from Modyford to Arlington, 20 April 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, pp.172–2.
12. Deposition of William Lane Boatswain of the Amity, enclosed in the letter from Modyford to Arlington, 5 May 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.182, pp.182–1.
13. See Pope, Dudley, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.214.
14. From the Minutes of the Council of Jamaica, 29 June 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.209.
15. From an extract of a letter from Port Royal, 28 June 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.207.
16. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, citing the King’s orders that were still extant at the time of the council meeting, p.217.
17. From the Minutes of the Council of Jamaica, 29 June 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.209.
18. Letter from Modyford to Arlington, 31 October 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.310.
19. Commission from Sir Thomas Modyford to Admiral Henry Morgan, 2 July 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.211.
20. Governor Modyford’s Instructions to Admiral Henry Morgan, 2 July 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.212.
21. Richard Browne to Undersecretary of State Sir Joseph Williamson, 7 August 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.227.
22. Sir Thomas Modyford to Lord Ashley, 6 July 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.216.
23. Letter from the Secretary of State Lord Arlington to Sir Thomas Modyford, 12 June 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.194.
24. Ibid.
25. Letter from Sir Thomas Modyford to Secretary of State Lord Arlington, 20 August 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.237.
Chapter 15
1. Letter from Richard Browne to Secretary Lord Arlington, 12 October 1670, when Browne was aboard the Satisfaction, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.293.
2. Letter from Modyford to Arlington, 31 October 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.310.
3. Letter from Richard Browne to Secretary Lord Arlington, 12 October 1670, when Browne was aboard the Satisfaction, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.293.
4. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.198, who goes into some detail on this very brief battle, especially his insight into Rivero’s last moments.
5. See Modyford to Arlington, 31 October 1670, p.310.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. There is an interesting discrepancy here in the timeline. Talty states that Collier finally managed to land his men on 24 February, yet by all accounts Collier sailed sometime between 12 September and 7 October 1670. According to Pope and Esquemeling, this expedition took five weeks, maximum.
9. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.197.
10. See Esquemeling, p.98.
11. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.197.
12. This sum is mentioned in Talty’s book, Empire of Blue Water, but not in Pope’s book. This could be because Talty used several Spanish sources for his work, which would also account for his assertion in this instance that the buccaneers did torture their prisoners. Ibid., p.197.
13. See Esquemeling, p.98.
14. See Pope, Dudley, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.228.
15. Letter from Modyford to Arlington, 31 October 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.310.
16. See Pope, Dudley, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.230.
17. Esquemeling, p.99.
18. This information on the various ships in Morgan’s fleet can be found in Dudley Pope’s excellent book, Harry Morgan’s Way, pp.230–1.
19. Ibid.
20. See Esquemeling, p.100.
21. Letter from Modyford to Arlington, 18 December 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.359.
Chapter 16
1. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.237.
2. See Esquemeling, p.101.
3. Ibid.
4. See p.101 of Esquemeling’s book for a full description.
5. Ibid., p.102.
6. Ibid.
7. See Esquemeling, p.102, for this whole section on the re-taking of Old Providence and Santa Catarina by Morgan.
8. Ibid., p.103.
9. Dudley Pope tells us that the captains involved in the further planning were Collier, Bradley and Morris, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.240.
10. Esquemeling talks in derogatory terms about these men on p.104.
1. Leslie, Charles, A New History of Jamaica, J. Hodges, 1740, p.133.
2. Letter from Modyford to Arlington, 18 December 1670, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.359.
3. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.241.
4. See Esquemeling, p.106.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., p.107.
8. For a full description of the fire see Esquemeling’s account, p.107.
9. Account of the expedition to Panama signed by Henry Morgan, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.504.
10. See Esquemeling, p.109.
11. Interestingly, Dudley Pope states in his book, Harry Morgan’s Way, that the number of men Morgan left to guard San Lorenzo castle was 400 and the number of men in the fleet was 140, not 150, as Esquemeling states. Both Pope and Esquemeling agree that Morgan headed for Panama with a force of 1,200 men. Pope states that Morgan left Hispaniola with 1,846 men, so, adding the 106 men killed and wounded in the battle and then subtracting 1,740, the figures add up.
12. See Esquemeling, p.109,
Chapter 18
1. See Leslie, Charles, A New History of Jamaica, J. Hodges, 1740, p.133.
2. Also, Esquemeling states that Morgan left Chagres on 18 August 1670 in the current edition while in another edition this date is changed to 18 January 1670. Morgan states they left on 9 January 1671 and as he was leading the expedition it is highly likely he would know the date of he led his men down the river towards Panama.
3. Pope tells us these boats were carved from single tree trunks and could be as long as 40 feet. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.248.
4. See Esquemeling, p.110.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid
7. Ibid
8. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.221. As Stephen Talty has researched the Spanish reports of this attack on Panama and Morgan’s previous attacks, we can be sure that it is accurate.
9. Ibid., p.222.
10. See Esquemeling, p.111.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., p.112.
13. Ibid.
Chapter 19
1. Account of the expedition to Panama signed by Henry Morgan, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.504.
2. For greater detail on the description of Panama see Pope, Dudley, Harry Morgan’s Way. He provides in-depth detail on the town that makes fascinating reading. For example, he states ‘there were seven monasteries, a convent, a cathedral, several churches, and a hospital run by forty-five monks and twenty-four nuns’, pp.253–4.
3. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.256.
4. A letter dated July 1671 written by Don Juan Perez de Guzman, President of Panama, was intercepted on its way to Spain and taken to Morgan, published in The Voyages and Adventures of Capt Bartholomew Sharp and Others in the South Sea, P.J. London, 1684.
5. This is from Sharp’s Voyages and is entitled ‘The True Relation of Sir Henry Morgan, his Expedition Against the Spaniards in the West-Indies, and his taking Panama’, p.168.
6. See Esquemeling, p.114.
7. Ibid.
8. See Sharp’s Voyages.
9. Ibid.
10. From Esquemeling, p.115.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., p.116.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid. An arquebus was a forerunner of the rifle.
17. See Morgan’s account of the expedition to Panama, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.504.
18. See Sharp’s Voyages, Captain Bartholomew Sharp’s account of the battle at Panama, 1684.
19. See Sharp’ Voyages, the letter by Don Juan reporting on the battle and fall of Panama.
20. See Morgan’s account of the expedition to Panama, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.504.
21. See Sharp’s Voyages, Captain Bartholomew Sharp’s account of the battle at Panama, 1684.
22. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.263.
23. See Sharp’s Voyages, Captain Bartholomew Sharp’s account of the battle at Panama, 1684.
24. See Esquemeling, p.117.
25. See Sharp’s Voyages, Captain Bartholomew Sharp’s account of the battle at Panama, 1684.
26. See Sharp’ Voyages, the letter by Don Juan reporting on the battle and fall of Panama.
27. Ibid. Interesting the reference to Prince is Lawrence Prince, the man whom Morgan had put in command of the vanguard.
28. See Morgan’s account of the expedition to Panama, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.504.
29. Esquemeling suggests on p.119 that this took place by Morgan.
30. See Sharp’s Voyages, Captain Bartholomew Sharp’s account of the battle at Panama, 1684.
31. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.265.
32. Taken from Morgan’s own account of the expedition to Panama, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.504.
33. Taken from the letter written by Don Juan about the sacking of Panama reprinted in Sharp’s Voyages.
34. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.268.
35. See Esquemeling, p.121.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid., for this paragraph and the preceding one, where the information comes from Pope. It is worth noting that Talty agrees with Pope on the dates.
38. Taken from Morgan’s own account of the expedition to Panama, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.504.
39. See Esquemeling, p.123.
40. Ibid., p.124.
41. Taken from William Fogg’s account of the actions of the buccaneers at Panama, dated 4 April 1671, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.483. Interestingly, Pope states that the amount was 400,000, while Talty states there is confusion over the amount, which ranges from 140,000 to 400,000.
42. Letter from Richard Browne to Joseph Williamson, 21 August 1671, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.608.
43. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.270.
44. Taken from the letter written by Don Juan about the sacking of Panama reprinted in Sharp’s Voyages.
1. Dudley Pope tells us in Harry Morgan’s Way that the date of publication for this newsletter was 23 Feb 1671.
2. These figures come from Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.272.
3. Instructions to Sir Thomas Lynch, Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica, 31 December 1670, 21 August 1671, Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.367.
4. Ibid.
5. Sir Thomas Modyford to the Governor of San Domingo of Hispaniola, America and West Indies, May 1671, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674 (1889), pp.209–22.
6. Modyford to Lord Arlington, his report ‘Considerations from Sir Thomas Modyford which moved him to give his consent for fitting the privateers of Jamaica against the Spaniard’, America and West Indies, June 1671, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674 (1889), pp.223–8.
7. Sir Thomas Lynch to Secretary Lord Arlington, 2 July 1671, America and West Indies, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674 (1889), pp.238–43, p.508.
8. Richard Browne to Joseph Williamson, 21 August, America and West Indies, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.608, British History Online.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. See Sir Thomas Lynch to Lord Arlington, 20 August 1671, America and West Indies, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 7: 1669–1674, p.604.
12. Ibid.
13. See Lynch to Arlington, 20 August 1671.
14. See Major James Bannister to Lord Arlington, 15 August 1671, America and West Indies, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 7: 1669–1674, p.600. Interestingly, Bannister states that this took place on 12 of August, while Pope suggests it took place on 15 August.
15. See the letter from Browne to Arlington, 21 August 1671.
16. Ibid.
17. Sir Thomas Lynch to Secretary Lord Arlington, 29 November 1671, America and West Indies, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.663, British History Online.
18. Minutes of the Council of War at Jamaica, 9 November, 1671, ‘America and West Indies: November 1671’, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674, p.650, British History Online.
19. Lynch to Arlington, 16 December 1671, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–16, p.697.
20. The two preceding quotes are from the letter dated 16 December 1671 by Sir Thomas Lynch to Secretary Lord Arlington, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–16, p.697.
21. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.283.
22. Letter dated 4 April 1672 with orders and instructions from Sir Thomas Lynch to Captain John Keane, America and West Indies: April 1672, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674 (1889), p.794.
23. Major James Bannister to Secretary Lord Arlington, 30 March 1672, America and West Indies: April 1672, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 7, 1669–1674 (1889), p.789.
Chapter 21
1. Thomas Lynch to the King, 6 July 1672, America and West Indies: April 1672, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 7: 1669–1674, p.887.
2. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, for this information, p.288.
3. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.264.
4. Ibid., p.265.
5. See Breverton, Admiral Sir Henry Morgan: The Greatest Buccaneer of Them All, p.97.
6. Letter from William Morgan to the Privy Council, August 1672, Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 451, cited in Pope, p.289.
7. The ages of the two men come from Breverton, p.98, while Pope states that he turned twenty in August 1673.
8. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.292.
9. Ibid.
10. Stephen Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.266.
11. Ibid.
12. See Breverton, Admiral Sir Henry Morgan: The Greatest Buccaneer of Them All, p.100.
13. This whole exchange is paraphrased from Breverton’s book on pp.100–101 in an effort to add a little life into the hearing.
14. This information is from Breverton, Admiral Sir Henry Morgan: The Greatest Buccaneer of Them All, pp.101–102.
Chapter 22
1. Lynch to Williamson, 20 November 1674, America and West Indies: April 1672, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 7: 1669–1674, p.1389.
2. Ibid.
3. See Pope, pp.294–5. While Pope doesn’t go into detail about Vaughan’s complaints, one wonders if the commissions gave greater power to Morgan or too much power to Morgan for Vaughan’s liking.
4. Morgan to Secretary Williamson, 13 April 1675, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: 1675–1676, p.521.
5. Joseph Knapman to Mr Alderman, 16 April 1675, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: 1675–1676, p.525.
6. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.269.
7. See Breverton, p.107.
8. Minutes of the Council of Jamaica, 7 March 1675, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 9: 1675–1676, p.458.
9. Minutes of the Council of Jamaica, 15 March 1675, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 9: 1675–1676, p.467.
10. See Morgan’s letter to Williamson, 13 April 1675.
11. Governor Lord Vaughan to Secretary Sir Joseph Williamson, 18 May 1675, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 9: 1675–1676 and Addenda 1574–1674, p.566.
12. Lord Vaughan’s letter to Williamson, 18 May 1675.
13. Governor Vaughan to Secretary of State Williamson, 20 September 1675, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 9: 1675–1676 and Addenda 1574–1674, p.673.
14. Cited in Breverton, p.108.
15. See Breverton, p.109.
16. Secretary Peter Beckford to Lord Williamson, 6 December 1675, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 9, 1675–1676 and Addenda 1574–1674, p.735.
17. Governor Vaughan to Secretary Williamson, 2 May 1676, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 9, 1675–1676, p.912.
18. St Jago de la Vega.998. Journal of the Council of Jamaica, 24 July, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 9, 1675–1676, p.912.
19. See Pope for full details of this transaction, pp.307–308.
20. See Breverton, p.112, for more detail on both these quotes. Interestingly, Pope does not mention this part of Morgan’s defence so it could be that Breverton is using Morgan’s letter to embellish or speculate on what answers Morgan gave at this trial.
21. See Breverton for both these quotes, p.112.
22. List of papers touching Sir Henry Morgan and Robert Byndloss, 10 Novmeber, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 9, 1675–1676, p.1129.
23. Governor Vaughan to Secretary Coventry, 02 August 1676, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 9, 1675–1676, p.1006.
24. List of papers touching Sir Henry Morgan and Robert Byndloss, 10 Novmeber, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 9, 1675–1676, p.1129.
Chapter 23
1. Governor Lord Vaughan to Secretary Sir Henry Coventry, 04 January 1677, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10, 1677–1680, p.2–13.
2. See Pope, p.313.
3. See Breverton, p.113.
4. Cited in Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.314.
5. Vaughan to Secretary Coventry, 28 May 1677, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10,1677–1680, p.270.
6. Ibid.
7. Vaughan to Williamson, 14 May 1677, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10, 1677–1680, p.243.
8. 8. Peter Beckford, Clerk of the Council, to Secretary Williamson, 01 August 1677, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10, 1677–1680, p.375.
9. Sir Thomas Lynch to Williamson, 5 August 1677, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10, 1677–1680, p.383.
10. Journal of Lords of Trade and Plantations, 29 October 1677, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10, 1677–1680, p.461.
11. From Whitehall, 13 January 1678, America and West Indies: January 1678, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10, 1677–1680, p.570, p.571, p.572.
Chapter 24
1. Minutes of the Council of Jamaica, 3 April 1678, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10, 1677–1680, p.646.
2. Minutes of the Council of War, 5 April 1678, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10, 1677–1680, p.649.
3. For more detail on this fleet and the incident that wrecked the fleet, see Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, pp324–5.
4. Minutes of the Council of War, Jamaica, 31 May 1678, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10, 1677–1680, p.717.
5. Relation of Thomas Wigfall, Master of the Advice sloop, 1 June 1678, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10, 1677–1680, p.718.
6. Governor Lord Carlisle to Secretary Coventry, 31 July 1678, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10, 1677–1680, p.770.
7. Governor Lord Carlisle to Secretary Coventry, 14 August 1678, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10, 1677–1680, p.779.
8. See Governor Lord Carlisle to Secretary Coventry, 10 September 1678, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10, 1677–1680, p.794.
9. Letter from Carlisle to Williamson, 24 October 1678, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10, 1677–1680, p.816.
10. Letter from Carlisle to Lords of Trade and Plantations, 15 November 1678, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10, 1677–1680, p.827.
Chapter 25
1. Report of the Lords of Trade and Plantations to the King in Council, 28 May 1679, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10, 1677–1680, p.1009.
2. Governor Lord Carlisle to Lords of Trade and Plantations, 20 June 1679, , Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10, 1677–1680, p.1030.
3. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.329.
4. Carlisle to Secretary Coventry, 10 July 1679, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10, 1677–1680, p.1059.
5. See letter, 10 July 1679, Carlisle to Sir Henry Coventry.
6. See Breverton, p.116.
7. Carlisle to Coventry, 15 September 1679, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10: 1677–1680, p.1118.
8. See Breverton, p.117.
9. Carlisle to Coventry, 20 March 1679, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10: 1677–1680, p.943.
10. Carlisle to Coventry, 23 February 1680, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10: 1677–1680, p.943.
11. Ibid.
12. Sir Henry Morgan to Lords of Trade and Plantations, 24 February 1680, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10: 1677–1680, p.943.
13. Minutes of the Council of Jamaica, 5 November 1680, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10: 1677–1680, p.1576.
Chapter 26
1. See Breverton, p.118.
2. See Pope, Harry Morgan’s Way, p.341.
3. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.272.
4. Sir Harry Morgan to Lord Sunderland, 5 July 1680, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 10: 1677–1680, p.1425.
5. Ibid.
6. See Breverton, p.118.
7. Ibid., p.119.
8. Morgan to the Lords of Trade and Plantations, 16 March 1681, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 11: 1681–1684, p.51. See also, Breverton, p.119, and a letter from Morgan to the Earl of Sunderland, 16 February, outlining the details of this action.
9. Sir Henry Morgan to the Earl of Sunderland, 1 February 1681, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 11: 1681–1684, p.16.
10. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.274.
11. See Breverton, pp.124–6.
12. Ibid., p.127.
13. Governor the Duke of Albemarle to the Lords of Trade and Plantations, 11 February 1688, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol. 12: 1685–1688, p.1624.
14. This quote from Dr Hans Sloan is cited in Breverton, p.128.
15. Governor the Duke of Albemarle to the Lords of Trade and Plantations, 8 August 1688, Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies, Vol 12: 1685–1688, p.1858.
16. See Talty, Empire of Blue Water, p.283.
Legacy
1. Ibid., p.305.