Introduction
1 Erich Fromm, The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (H. Holt, 1992).
2 Edward Osborne Wilson, Biophilia (Harvard University Press, 1984).
3 Richard Louv, Vitamin N (Atlantic Books, 2017).
4 Aaron Antonovsky, “A Somewhat Personal Odyssey in Studying the Stress Process,” Stress Medicine, 6/2 (1990), pp. 71–80.
5 Rick Hanson, Hardwiring Happiness (Harmony Books, 2016), p. 12.
6 L.E. Carlson et al., “Mindfulness-based Cancer Recovery and Supportive-expressive Therapy Maintain Telomere Length Relative to Controls in Distressed Breast Cancer Survivors,” Cancer, 121/3 (February 2015), pp. 476–84, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25367403.
Chapter 1: Fresh Air
1 Roger S. Ulrich, “View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery,” Science, 224/4647 (April 27, 1984), pp. 420–1.
2 Ruth Kjærsti Raanaas et al., “Health Benefits of a View of Nature Through the Window: A Quasi-Experimental Study of Patients in a Residential Rehabilitation Center,” Clinical Rehabilitation, 26/1 (2012), pp. 21–32, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21856720.
3 Cecily Maller et al., “Healthy Nature Healthy People: ‘Contact with Nature’ as an Upstream Health Promotion Intervention for Populations,” Health Promotion International, 21/1 (March 1, 2006), pp. 45–54, academic.oup.com/heapro/article/21/1/45/646436.
4 Quoted in Patty Wellborn, “Science Confirms You Should Stop and Smell the Roses,” UBC Okanagan News, November 2, 2017, www.news.ok.ubc.ca/2017/11/02/science-confirms-you-should-stop-and-smell-the-roses.
5 Christopher Bergland, “Exposure to Natural Light Improves Workplace Performance,” Psychology Today blog, June 5, 2013, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-athletes-way/201306/exposure-natural-light-improves-workplace-performance.
6 J.R. Minkel, “A Breath of Fresh Air: To Fight Tuberculosis, Open a Window,” Scientific American, February 26, 2007, www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-breath-of-fresh-air-to.
7 Quoted in Robin Finn, “Mold, Come Out with Your Hands Up,” New York Times, May 3, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/realestate/bill-sothern-remediates-mold-and-other-hazards.html.
8 Carolyn Crist, “Open Windows and Doors Can Improve Sleep Quality,” Reuters, December 7, 2017, www.reuters.com/article/us-health-sleep/open-windows-and-doors-can-improve-sleep-quality-idUSKBN1E12DK.
9 Jill Neimark, “Extreme Chemical Sensitivity Makes Sufferers Allergic to Life,” Discover, December 11, 2013, www.discovermagazine.com/2013/nov/13-allergic-life.
10 Petter Erik Leirhaug, “The Role of Friluftsliv in Henrik Ibsen’s Works,” paper delivered at “Henrik Ibsen: The Birth of ‘Friluftsliv’: A 150-Year International Dialogue Conference Jubilee Celebration,” North Troendelag University College, Norway, September 14–19, 2009, www.norwegianjournaloffriluftsliv.com/doc/172010.pdf.
11 Luke (Natural Resources Institute Finland), “The Effects of Nature on Well-Being,” www.luke.fi/en/natural-resources/recreational-use-of-nature/the-effects-of-nature-well-being, accessed August 2018.
12 Magdalena M.H.E. van den Berg et al., “Autonomic Nervous System Responses to Viewing Green and Built Settings: Differentiating Between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Activity,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12/12 (December 2015), pp. 15,860–74, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4690962.
Chapter 2: Take a Walk
1 Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong, The Essential Kierkegaard (Princeton University Press, 2013), p. 502.
2 “Sitting Is Bad for Your Brain: Not Just Your Metabolism or Heart,” Science Daily, April 12, 2018, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180412141014.htm.
3 C.E. Matthews et al., “Amount of Time Spent in Sedentary Behaviors and Cause-specific Mortality in US Adults,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 95/2 (2012), pp. 437–45, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22218159.
4 Jill K. Morris et al., “Aerobic Exercise for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial,” PLoS One, 12/2 (February 10, 2017), www.journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0170547.
5 Byambaa Enkhmaa et al., “Lifestyle Changes: Effect of Diet, Exercise, Functional Food, and Obesity Treatment on Lipids and Lipoproteins,” Endotext, June 8, 2015, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326737.
6 Esther M. Sternberg, Healing Spaces (Belknap Press, 2009).
7 Melissa R. Marselle et al., “Moving beyond Green: Exploring the Relationship of Environment Type and Indicators of Perceived Environmental Quality on Emotional Well-Being following Group Walks,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12/1 (2015), pp. 106–130.
8 Gregory N. Bratman et al., “Nature Experience Reduces Rumination and Subgenual Prefrontal Cortex Activation,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112/28 (July 14, 2015), www.pnas.org/content/112/28/8567.
9 Johannes Michalak et al., “How We Walk Affects What We Remember: Gait Modifications Through Biofeedback Change Negative Memory Bias,” Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 46 (March 2015), pp. 121–25, quoted in “How To Feel Better By Just Walking Differently,” PsyBlog, October 19, 2014, www.spring.org.uk/2014/10/how-to-feel-happy-just-by-walking-differently.php.
10 “Going Outside—Even in the Cold—Improves Memory, Attention,” Michigan News, University of Michigan, December 16, 2008, www.news.umich.edu/going-outsideeven-in-the-coldimproves-memory-attention.
11 Gregory N. Bratman et al., “Nature Experience Reduces Rumination and Subgenual Prefrontal Cortex Activation,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112/28 (July 14, 2015), www.pnas.org/content/112/28/8567.
12 May Wong, “Stanford Study Finds Walking Improves Creativity,” Stanford News, April 24, 2014, https://news.stanford.edu/2014/04/24/walking-vs-sitting-042414.
13 Clark Strand, Waking Up to the Dark (Spiegel & Grau, 2015), p. 17.
14 Thich Nhat Hanh, Present Moment, Wonderful Moment (Parallax Press, 2002), p. 57.
Chapter 3: Shinrin-yoku
1 Ahmad Hassan et al., “Effects of Walking in Bamboo Forest and City Environments on Brainwave Activity in Young Adults,” Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018, www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2018/9653857.
2 “Immerse Yourself in a Forest for Better Health,” New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, www.dec.ny.gov/lands/90720.html, accessed August 2018.; Gen Xiang Mao et al., “Additive Benefits of Twice Forest Bathing Trips in Elderly Patients with Chronic Heart Failure,” Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 31/2 (February 2018), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29606196.
3 Kyoung Sang Cho et al., “Terpenes from Forests and Human Health,” Toxicology Research, 33/2 (April 2017), pp. 97–106, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28443180.
4 Quoted in Diane Toomey, “How Listening to Trees Can Help Reveal Nature’s Connections,” Yale Environment 360, August 24, 2017, www.e360.yale.edu/features/how-listening-to-trees-can-help-reveal-natures-connections.
5 Richard Grant, “Do Trees Talk to Each Other?,” Smithsonian, March 2018, www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-whispering-trees-180968084.
6 See www.greencitysolutions.de/en/solutions.
7 David G. Haskell, The Songs of Trees (Viking Press, 2017), p. vii.
Chapter 4: Delightful Dirt
1 M.E. O’Brien et al., “SRL172 (Killed Mycobacterium vaccae) in Addition to Standard Chemotherapy Improves Quality of Life Without Affecting Survival, in Patients with Advanced Non-small-cell Lung Cancer: Phase III Results,” Annals of Oncology, 15/6 (June 2004), pp. 906–14, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15151947.
2 Jenni Laidman, “Microbes Rule Your Health—and Further Prove that Kids Should Eat Dirt,” Chicago Tribune, October 13, 2017, www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/health/sc-hlth-microbiome-1018-story.html.
3 Linda Chen, “The Old and Mysterious Practice of Eating Dirt, Revealed,” NPR, April 2, 2014, www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/04/02/297881388/the-old-and-mysterious-practice-of-eating-dirt-revealed.
4 Lisa Elaine Held, “5 Foods That Have More Potassium Than a Banana,” Well+Good, September 15, 2011, www.wellandgood.com/good-advice/5-foods-that-have-more-potassium-than-a-banana.
5 Elise Alvaro et al., “Composition and Metabolism of the Intestinal Microbiota in Consumers and Non-consumers of Yogurt,” British Journal of Nutrition, 97/1 (January 2007), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17217568.
6 Ruairi Robertson, “10 Ways to Improve Your Gut Bacteria, Based on Science,” Healthline, November 18, 2016, www.healthline.com/nutrition/improve-gut-bacteria#section5.
7 Ibid.
8 James L. Oschman et al., “The Effects of Grounding (Earthing) on Inflammation, the Immune Response, Wound Healing, and Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases,” Journal of Inflammation Research, 8 (March 24, 2015), pp. 83–96, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4378297.
9 Antygona Chadzopulu et al., “The Therapeutic Effects of Mud,” Progressive Health Sciences, 1/2 (2011), www.nymedicalcare.com/Docs/mud.pdf.
10 Hagit Matz, Edith Orion, and Ronni Wolf, “Balneotherapy in Dermatology,” Dermatologic Therapy, 16 (2003), pp. 132–40, www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/sitios/rehabilitacion-bal/matzh_et_al.pdf.
Chapter 5: Plant Therapy
1 Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Flow (HarperCollins, 1991).
2 Gardening Matters, “Multiple Benefits of Community Gardening,” 2012, www.gardeningmatters.org/sites/default/files/Multiple%20Benefits_2012.pdf.
3 “Quotes by Hildegard of Bingen,” Healthy Hildegard, www.healthyhildegard.com/hildegard-bingen-quotes, accessed August 2018.
4 Agnes E. Van Den Berg and Mariëtte H. Custers, “Gardening Promotes Neuroendocrine and Affective Restoration from Stress,” Journal of Health Psychology, 16/1 (January 2011), pp. 3–11, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20522508.
5 Anne Harding, “Why Gardening is Good for Your Health,” CNN, July 8, 2011, www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/07/08/why.gardening.good/index.html.
6 Elizabeth A. Barley et al., “Primary-care Based Participatory Rehabilitation: Users’ Views of a Horticultural and Arts Project,” British Journal of General Practice, 62/595 (January 30, 2012), pp. e127–e134, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3268492.
7 Miho Igarashi et al., “Physiological and Psychological Effects of Viewing a Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’) Orchard Landscape in Summer in Japan,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12/6 (June 2015), pp. 6657–68, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4483722.
8 American Horticultural Therapy Association, “Horticultural Therapy,” www.ahta.org/horticultural-therapy, accessed August 2018.
9 Jane S. Hirschi, Ripe for Change: Garden-based Learning in Schools (Harvard Education Press, 2015).
10 “Being Raised in Greener Neighborhoods May Have Beneficial Effects on Brain Development,” Neuroscience News, February 23, 2018, www.neurosciencenews.com/brain-development-green-environment-8551.
11 Tyra A. Olstad, Zen of the Plains: Experiencing Wild Western Places (University of North Texas Press, 2014), p. 235.
12 CIRIA, “Psychological,” www.opengreenspace.com/opportunities-and-challenges/health/psychological, accessed August 2018.
13 “Why Green Spaces Are Good for Gray Matter,” Neuroscience News, April 10, 2017, www.neurosciencenews.com/green-spaces-neurobiology-6376.
14 Robin Wall Kimmerer, Braiding Sweetgrass (Milkweed Editions, 2014), p. 10.
15 Diana Beresford-Kroeger, The Sweetness of a Simple Life (Vintage Canada, 2015) p. 77.
Chapter 6: The Sense of Nature
1 Peter Aspinall et al., “The Urban Brain: Analysing Outdoor Physical Activity with Mobile EEG,” British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49/4 (February 2015), pp. 272–76, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23467965; Chris Neale et al., ‘The Ageing Urban Brain: Analyzing Outdoor Physical Activity Using the Emotiv Affectiv Suite in Older People,” Journal of Urban Health, 94/6 (December 2017), pp. 869–80, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11524-017-0191-9.
2 R. S. Ulrich, “View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery,” Science, 224/4647 (April 27, 1984), pp. 420–421.
3 Sternberg, Healing Spaces.
4 Edward A. Vessel and Irving Biedermann, “Why Do We Prefer Looking at Some Scenes Rather than Others?,” talk presented at OPAM, a conference on Object Perception and Memory, 2001, www.cns.nyu.edu/~vessel/pubs/Vessel_OPAM2001_print.pdf.
5 Sarah Laxhmi Chellappa et al., “Photic Memory for Executive Brain Responses,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111/16 (April 22, 2014): pp. 6087-091, www.pnas.org/content/111/16/6087.
6 Quoted in Wallace J. Nicholls, Blue Mind (Little, Brown, 2014), p. 89.
7 Chorong Song, Harumi Ikei, and Yoshifumi Miyazaki, “Physiological Effects of Nature Therapy: A Review of the Research in Japan,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13/8 (August 2016), p. 781, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4997467.
8 Sarah Laxhmi Chellappa et al., “Photic Memory for Executive Brain Responses,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111/16 (April 22, 2014): pp. 6087-091, www.pnas.org/content/111/16/6087.
9 Qing Li, Forest Bathing (Penguin, 2018).
10 Richard Taylor, “Fractal Patterns in Nature and Art Are Aesthetically Pleasing and Stress-reducing,” The Conversation, March 31, 2017, www.theconversation.com/fractal-patterns-in-nature-and-art-are-aesthetically-pleasing-and-stress-reducing-73255.
11 Andrew J. Johnson, “Cognitive Facilitation Following Intentional Odor Exposure,” Sensors, 11/5 (2011), pp. 5469–88, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22163909.
12 Tapanee Hongratanaworakit, “Relaxing Effect of Rose Oil on Humans,” Natural Product Communications, 4/2 (February 2009), pp. 291–96, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370942.
13 Lyz Cooper, #What Is Sound Healing? (Watkins, 2016).
14 Cassandra D. Gould van Praag et al., “Mind-wandering and Alterations to Default Mode Network Connectivity When Listening to Naturalistic Versus Artificial Sounds,” Scientific Reports, 7 (2017), www.nature.com/articles/srep45273.
15 “How the Sounds of Nature Help Us to Relax,” Neuroscience News, March 30, 2017, www.neurosciencenews.com/nature-sound-relaxation-6311.
16 Jesper J. Alvarsson, Stefan Wiens, and Mats E. Nilsson, “Stress Recovery During Exposure to Nature Sound and Environmental Noise,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7/3 (March 2010), pp. 1036–46, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872309.
17 Denise Winterman, “The Surprising Uses for Birdsong,” BBC News, May 8, 2013, www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22298779.
18 George Prochnik, In Pursuit of Silence (Doubleday Books, 2010), p. 237.
19 “Raisin Meditation,” https://ggia.berkeley.edu/practice/raisin_meditation#
Chapter 7: From Thunderstorms to Desert Heat
1 Peter Wohlleben, The Weather Detective (Rider, 2018).
2 “How Our Bodies React to Weather,” Japan Today, May 31, 2017, www.japantoday.com/category/features/kuchikomi/how-our-bodies-react-to-weather.
3 Patrick Baylis et al., “Weather Impacts Expressed Sentiment,” PLoS One, 13/4 (April 25, 2018), www.journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0195750.
4 Megan Ware, “What Are the Health Benefits of Vitamin D?,” Medical News Today, November 13, 2017, www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161618.php.
5 Hafid Ait-Oufella and Andrew P. Sage, “The Sunlight: A New Immunomodulatory Approach of Atherosclerosis,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 37 (2017), pp. 7–9, http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/37/1/7.
6 Sian Geldenhuys et al., “Ultraviolet Radiation Suppresses Obesity and Symptoms of Metabolic Syndrome Independently of Vitamin D in Mice Fed a High-fat Diet,” Diabetes, 63/11 (November 2014), pp. 3759–69, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25342734.
7 Shelley Gorman et al., “Can Skin Exposure to Sunlight Prevent Liver Inflammation?,” Nutrients, 7/5 (May 2015), pp. 3219–3239, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4446748.
8 “Niels Ryberg Finsen: Biographical,” Nobel Prize website, from Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1901–1921 (Elsevier, 1967), www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1903/finsen-bio.html.
9 Kleyton de Carvalho Mesquita, Ana Carolina de Souza Machado Igreja, and Izelda Maria Carvalho Costa, “Atopic Dermatitis and Vitamin D: Facts and Controversies,” Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia, 88/6 (2013), pp. 945–953, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3900346.
10 James Close, “Are Stress Responses to Geomagnetic Storms Mediated by the Cryptochrome Compass System?,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B, March 14, 2012, http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/279/1736/2081.
11 Alex Myles, “Major Solar Storms Causing Anxiety, Fatigue and Powerful Energy Shifts: March 16th–26th,” Elephant Journal, March 16, 2018, www.elephantjournal.com/2018/03/major-solar-storms-causing-anxiety-fatigue-powerful-energy-shifts-march-16th-26th.
12 Christie Nicholson, “Fact or Fiction? ‘Spring Fever’ Is a Real Phenomenon,” Scientific American, March 22, 2007, www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-spring-fever-is-a-real-phenomenon.
13 “Feeling Flirty? Wait for the Sun to Shine,” Science Daily, January 28, 2013, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130128081950.htm.
14 Judy Willis, “The Science of Spring: How a Change of Seasons Can Boost Classroom Learning,” Guardian, April 2, 2015, www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/2015/apr/02/science-spring-how-seasons-classroom-learning.
15 Denise Mann, “Negative Ions Create Positive Vibes,” WebMD, www.webmd.com/balance/features/negative-ions-create-positive-vibes.
16 Vanessa Perez, Dominik D. Alexander, and William H. Bailey, “Air Ions and Mood Outcomes: A Review and Meta-analysis,” BMC Psychiatry, 13 (2013), p. 29, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3598548.
17 See Dictionary.com, www.dictionary.com/browse/petrichor.
18 Joseph Stromberg, “What Makes Rain Smell so Sweet?,” Smithsonian Magazine, April 2, 2013, www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-makes-rain-smell-so-good-13806085.
19 Ibid.
20 John Goodwin, Weather and the Mind (Lichtenstein Creative Media, 2001), p. 6.
21 Willis H. Miller, “Santa Ana Winds and Crime,” The Professional Geographer, 20/1 (January 1968), pp. 23–27, www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1968.00023.x.
22 “Out in the Cold,” Harvard Health Letter, January 2010, www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/out-in-the-cold.
23 Marjo Tourula, “The Childcare Practice of Children’s Daytime Sleeping Outdoors in the Context of Northern Finnish Winter,” ACTA, 2011, www.fatherly.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/isbn9789514296673.pdf.
24 Meaghan Brown, “The Surprising Benefits of Training in the Heat,” Outside, July 21, 2016, www.outsideonline.com/2098556/surprising-benefits-training-heat.
25 Tanjaniina Laukkanen et al., “Association Between Sauna Bathing and Fatal Cardiovascular and All-cause Mortality Events,” JAMA Internal Medicine, 175/4 (April 2015), pp. 542–48, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2130724.
26 Mikko Norros, “Bare Facts of the Sauna,” This Is Finland, December 2001, www.finland.fi/life-society/bare-facts-of-the-sauna.
Chapter 8: Water Treatment
1 Mircea Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion (1958), p. 194.
2 Rafi Letzter, “How Long Can a Person Survive Without Water?,” Live Science, November 29, 2017, www.livescience.com/32320-how-long-can-a-person-survive-without-water.html.
3 Anne Marie Helmenstine, “How Much of Your Body Is Water?,” ThoughtCo., June 1, 2018, www.thoughtco.com/how-much-of-your-body-is-water-609406.
4 “The Water in You,” United States Geological Survey, https://water.usgs.gov/edu/propertyyou.html, accessed August 2018.
5 “Drinking More Water Associated with Numerous Dietary Benefits, Study Finds,” Science Daily, March 1, 2016, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160301174759.htm.
6 “A Guide to Drinking Water Treatment and Sanitation for Backcountry Use and Travel,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/travel/backcountry_water_treatment.html, accessed August 2018.
7 “Bottled Water Contains More Bacteria than Tap Water,” The Telegraph, May 25, 2010, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/7763038/bottled-water-contains-more-bacteria-than-tap-water.html.
8 “270 Million Visits Made to English Coastlines Each Year,” Science Daily, April 5, 2018, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180405120359.htm.
9 Wallace J. Nichols, Blue Mind (Little, Brown 2014), p. 155.
10 Benedict W. Wheeler et al., “Does Living by the Coast Improve Health and Wellbeing?,” Health & Place, 18/5 (September 2012), pp. 1198–1201, www.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.06.015.
11 Mathew P. White et al., “The Effects of Exercising in Different Natural Environments on Psycho-Physiological Outcomes in Post-Menopausal Women: A Simulation Study,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12 (2015), pp. 11,929–53, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/45f2/095769b7fdf1552d2ca523c35b96dffdc17c.pdf.
12 Ibid.
13 “Percentage of Total Population Living in Coastal Areas,” United Nations, www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/oceans_seas_coasts/pop_coastal_areas.pdf.
14 Deborah Cracknell et al., “Marine Biota and Psychological Well-Being: A Preliminary Examination of Dose-Response Effects in an Aquarium Setting,” Environment and Behavior, 48/10 (December 2016), pp. 1242–69, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0013916515597512.
15 Quoted in Mark Kinver, “Aquariums ‘Deliver Significant Health Benefits,’” BBC News, July 30, 2015, www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33716589.
16 Eun-Sun Hwang, Kyung-Nam Ki, and Ha-Yull Chang, “Proximate Composition, Amino Acid, Mineral, and Heavy Metal Content of Dried Laver,” Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 18/2 (June 2013), pp. 139–44, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3892503.
17 “Where to Harvest Seaweed and How to Eat It,” Forage SF, October 14, 2015, www.foragesf.com/blog/2015/10/14/where-to-harvest-seaweed-and-how-to-eat-it.
18 Kazuko Kito and Keiko Suzuki, “Research on the Effect of the Foot Bath and Foot Massage on Residual Schizophrenia Patients,” Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 30/3 (June 2016), pp. 375–81, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883941716000030.
19 Ibid.
20 Tom B. Mole and Pieter Mackeith, “Cold Forced Open-water Swimming: A Natural Intervention to Improve Post-operative Pain and Mobilisation Outcomes?,” BMJ, 2018, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180212190941.htm.
21 “A Hot Bath Has Benefits Similar to Exercise,” The Conversation, March 20, 2017, www.theconversation.com/a-hot-bath-has-benefits-similar-to-exercise-74600.
22 François Bieuzen, Chris M. Bleakley, and Joseph Thomas Costello, “Contrast Water Therapy and Exercise-induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” PLoS One, 8/4 (April 2013), http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0062356.
23 Benoît Dugué and Esa Leppänen, “Adaptation Related to Cytokines in Man: Effects of Regular Swimming in Ice-cold Water,” Clinical Physiology, 20/2 (March 2000), pp. 114–21, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10735978.
24 Ian M. Wilcock, John B. Cronin, and Wayne A. Hing, “Water Immersion: Does It Enhance Recovery from Exercise?,” International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 1/3 (September 2006), pp. 195–206, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19116434.
25 Carina Grafetstätter et al., “Does Waterfall Aerosol Influence Mucosal Immunity and Chronic Stress? A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial,” Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 36/10 (2017), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5237191.
26 Quoted in Adam Hadhazy, “Why Does the Sound of Water Help You Sleep?,” Live Science, January 18, 2016, www.livescience.com/53403-why-sound-of-water-helps-you-sleep.html.
Chapter 9: Circadian Rhythms
1 “Sleep Scientist Warns Against Walking Through Life ‘in an Underslept State,’” Daily Good, October 16, 2017, www.dailygood.org/more.php?n=7686.
2 “Sleep Loss Linked to Nighttime Snacking, Junk Food Cravings, Obesity, Diabetes,” Science Daily, June 1, 2018, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180601171900.htm; Camille Peri, “10 Things to Hate About Sleep Loss,” WebMD, www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/features/10-results-sleep-loss.
3 “Antioxidant Benefits of Sleep,” Neuroscience News, July 13, 2018, www.neurosciencenews.com/sleep-antioxidant-9566.
4 Elie Dolgin, “How to Ruin Cancer’s Day,” Knowable, May 1, 2018, www.knowablemagazine.org/article/health-disease/2018/how-ruin-cancers-day.
5 “What is Seasonal Affective Disorder?,” www.normanrosenthal.com/seasonal-affective-disorder.
6 Quoted in Katherine Hobson, “Take Light, Not Drugs,” Nautilus, March 20, 2014, www.nautil.us/issue/11/light/take-light-not-drugs.
7 Rebecca Boyle, “The End of Night,” Aeon, April 1, 2014, aeon.co/essays/we-can-t-thrive-in-a-world-without-darkness.
8 Dirk Hanson, “Drowning in Light,” Nautilus, March 6, 2014, nautil.us/issue/11/light/drowning-in-light.
9 Fabio Falchi et al., “The New World Atlas of Artificial Night Sky Brightness,” Science Advances, 2/6 (June 2016), e1600377, advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/6/e1600377.full.
10 Jeanne F. Duffy and Charles A. Czeisler, “Effect of Light on Human Circadian Physiology,” Sleep Medicine Clinics, 4 (2009), pp. 165–77, quoted in Hanson, “Drowning in Light.”
11 NOAA, “One-Third of Humanity Can’t See the Milky Way,” Astronomy.com, June 13, 2016, www.astronomy.com/news/2016/06/one-third-of-humanity-cant-see-the-milky-way.
12 Debra Bradley Ruder, “Circadian Rhythms and the Brain,” On the Brain, https://neuro.hms.harvard.edu/harvard-mahoney-neuroscience-institute/brain-newsletter/and-brain-series/circadian-rhythms-and-brain, accessed August 2018.
13 Tony Phillips, “Strange Moonlight,” NASA, October 3, 2006, www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/watchtheskies/28sep_strangemoonlight.html
14 Ferris Jabr, “How Moonlight Sets Nature’s Rhythms,” Hakai Magazine, June 21, 2017, www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-moonlight-sets-nature-rhythms-180963778.
15 Claire Asher, “How the Moon Affects Us,” Curious Meerkat blog, October 29, 2014, www.curiousmeerkat.co.uk/indepth/moon-affects-us.
16 Strand, Waking Up to the Dark, p.8.
17 See www.yourhormones.info/hormones/prolactin.
18 Clark Strand, “Want to Enjoy the Deep, Mystical Sleep of Our Ancestors? Turn Your Lights Off at Dusk,” Washington Post, May 19, 2015, www.washingtonpost.com/news/inspired-life/wp/2015/05/19/want-to-experience-the-deep-mystical-sleep-of-our-ancestors-turn-your-lights-off-at-dusk.
Chapter 10: Inner Landscape
1 B.C. Wolverton et al., “Foliage Plants for Removing Indoor Air Pollutants from Energy-efficient Homes,” Economic Botany, 38/2 (1984), pp. 224–28, www.jstor.org/stable/4254614?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.
2 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Clean_Air_Study.
3 Elisabeth Tova Bailey, “Biophilia at My Bedside,” in Thomas Lowe Fleischner, ed., Nature, Love, Medicine (Torrey House Press, 2017), Kindle version, location 2106, 62%.
4 Chorong Song, Harumi Ikei, and Yoshifumi Miyazaki, ed. Paul B. Tchounwou, “Physiological Effects of Nature Therapy: A Review of the Research in Japan,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13/8 (August 2016), p. 781, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4997467.
5 Dacher Keltner, Richard Bowman, and Harriet Richards, “Exploring the Emotional State of ‘Real Happiness’: A Study into the Effects of Watching Natural History Television Content,” 2017, https://asset-manager.bbcchannels.com/workspace/uploads/bbcw-real-happiness-white-paper-final-v2-58ac1df7.pdf.
6 Nalini Nadkarni, “Branching Out,” in Fleischner, Nature, Love, Medicine, Kindle version, location 431, 13%.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 “Living in Greener Neighborhoods Is Associated with Slower Cognitive Decline in Elderly,” Science Daily, July 11, 2018, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180711182741.htm.
10 Lama Surya Das, “Sky Gazing”, Make Me One with Everything (Sounds True, 2015).