Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc

The wc (word count) command counts the number of lines, words, and characters in the files you specify. (Like most Unix utilities, wc reads from its standard input if you don't specify a filename.) For example, the file letter has 120 lines, 734 words, and 4,297 characters:

% wc letter
     120     734    4297 letter

You can restrict what is counted by specifying the options -l (count lines only), -w (count words only), and -c (count characters only). For example, you can count the number of lines in a file:

% wc -l letter
     120 letter

or you can count the number of files in a directory:

% cd man_pages
% ls | wc -w
     233

The first example uses a file as input; the second example pipes the output of an ls command to the input of wc. (Be aware that the -a option (Section 8.9) makes ls list dot files. If your ls command is aliased (Section 29.2) to include -a or other options that add words to the normal output — such as the line total nnn from ls -l — then you may not get the results you want.)

The following command will tell you how many more words are in new.file than in old.file:

% expr `wc -w < new.file`  -  `wc -w < old.file`

Many shells have built-in arithmetic commands and don't really need expr ; however, expr works in all shells.

Note

In a programming application, you'll usually want wc to read the input files by using a < character, as shown earlier. If instead you say:

% expr `wc -w new.file` - `wc -w old.file`

the filenames will show up in the expressions and produce a syntax error.^[1]

Taking this concept a step further, here's a simple shell script to calculate the difference in word count between two files:

count_1=`wc -w < $1`   # number of words in file 1
count_2=`wc -w < $2`   # number of words in file 2

diff_12=`expr $count_1 - $count_2`   # difference in word count

# if $diff_12 is negative, reverse order and don't show the minus sign:
case "$diff_12" in
-*) echo "$2 has `expr $diff_12 : '-\(.*\)'` more words than $1" ;;
*)  echo "$1 has $diff_12 more words than $2" ;;
esac

If this script were called count.it, then you could invoke it like this:

% count.it draft.2 draft.1
draft.1 has 23 more words than draft.2

You could modify this script to count lines or characters.

Note

Unless the counts are very large, the output of wc will have leading spaces. This can cause trouble in scripts if you aren't careful. For instance, in the previous script, the command:

echo "$1 has $count_1 words"

might print:

draft.2 has       79 words

See the extra spaces? Understanding how the shell handles quoting (Section 27.12) will help here. If you can, let the shell read the wc output and remove extra spaces. For example, without quotes, the shell passes four separate words to echo -- and echo adds a single space between each word:

echo $1 has $count_1 words

that might print:

draft.2 has 79 words

That's especially important to understand when you use wc with test or expr commands that don't expect spaces in their arguments. If you can't use the shell to strip out the spaces, delete them by piping the wc output through tr -d ' ' (Section 21.11).

Finally, two notes about file size:

• wc -c isn't an efficient way to count the characters in large numbers of files. wc opens and reads each file, which takes time. The fourth or fifth column of output from ls -l (depending on your version) gives the character count without opening the file.

• Using character counts (as in the previous item) doesn't give you the total disk space used by files. That's because, in general, each file takes at least one disk block to store. The du ( Section 15.8) command gives accurate disk usage.

—JP, DG, and SP

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^[1] You could also type cat new.file | wc -w, but this involves two commands, so it's less efficient (Section 43.2).