1. Jennifer S. Hirsch et al., “Transforming the Campus Climate: Advancing Mixed-Methods Research on the Social and Cultural Roots of Sexual Assault on a College Campus,” Voices: 13, no. 1 (2018): 23–54, https://doi.org/10.1111/voic.12003.
2. Peggy Sanday, Fraternity Gang Rape: Sex, Brotherhood, and Privilege on Campus (NYU Press, 2007); Elizabeth A. Armstrong, Laura Hamilton, and Brian Sweeney, “Sexual Assault on Campus: A Multilevel, Integrative Approach to Party Rape,” Social Problems 53, no. 4 (2006): 483–99, https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2006.53.4.483.
3. U. Bronfenbrenner, “Toward an Experimental Ecology of Human Development,” American Psychologist 32, no. 7 (1977): 513–31.
4. Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness, rev. and expanded ed (New York: Penguin Books, 2009).
5. Jennifer S. Hirsch, “Desire across Borders: Markets, Migration, and Marital HIV Risk in Rural Mexico,” Culture, Health and Sexuality 17, no. S1 (2015): 20–33, https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2014.963681.
6. Claude A. Mellins et al., “Sexual Assault Incidents among College Undergraduates: Prevalence and Factors Associated with Risk,” PLOS ONE 12, no. 11 (November 8, 2017): e0186471, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186471.
7. Bonnie S. Fisher, Francis T. Cullen, and Michael G. Turner, “The Sexual Victimization of College Women: Research Report” (Washington, DC: Department of Justice, National Inst. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000), http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED449712; Lisa Fedina, Jennifer Lynne Holmes, and Bethany L. Backes, “Campus Sexual Assault: A Systematic Review of Prevalence Research From 2000 to 2015,” Trauma, Violence, and Abuse 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 76–93, https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016631129; Christopher P. Krebs et al., “The Campus Sexual Assault Study (CSA) Final Report: Performance Period: January 2005 through December 2007” (Rockville, MD: National Institute of Justice, 2007).
8. Mellins et al., “Sexual Assault Incidents among College Undergraduates.”
9. William George Axinn, Maura Elaine Bardos, and Brady Thomas West, “General Population Estimates of the Association between College Experience and the Odds of Forced Intercourse,” Social Science Research 70 (February 2018): 131–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.10.006; Ann L. Coker et al., “Are Interpersonal Violence Rates Higher among Young Women in College Compared with Those Never Attending College?,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 31, no. 8 (May 2016): 1413–29, https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514567958; Sofi Sinozich and Lynn Langton, “Rape and Sexual Assault among College-Age Females, 1995–2013” (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, December 11, 2014), https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=5176.
10. Cora Peterson et al., “Lifetime Economic Burden of Rape among U.S. Adults,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 52, no. 6 (2017): 691–701, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.11.014.
11. Jennifer S. Hirsch et al., eds., The Secret: Love, Marriage, and HIV (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2010); Hirsch, “Desire across Borders.”
12. Stephanie Sanders et al., “Misclassification Bias: Diversity in Conceptualisations about Having ‘Had Sex,’” Sexual Health 7, no. 1 (2010): 31–34.
13. Maggie Jones, “What Teenagers Are Learning from Online Porn,” New York Times, February 7, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/07/magazine/teenagers-learning-online-porn-literacy-sex-education.html.
14. Daniel Jordan Smith and Benjamin C. Mbakwem, “Antiretroviral Therapy and Reproductive Life Projects: Mitigating the Stigma of AIDS in Nigeria,” Social Science and Medicine 71, no. 2 (July 2010): 345–52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.006.
15. Janet Zollinger Giele and Glen H. Elder, eds., Methods of Life Course Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998).
16. Steven Epstein and Héctor Carrillo, “Immigrant Sexual Citizenship: Intersectional Templates among Mexican Gay Immigrants to the USA,” Citizenship Studies 18, no. 3–4 (April 3, 2014): 259–76, https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2014.905266; Jessica Fields, Risky Lessons: Sex Education and Social Inequality (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008); Diane Richardson, “Constructing Sexual Citizenship: Theorizing Sexual Rights,” Critical Social Policy 20, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 105–35, https://doi.org/10.1177/026101830002000105.
17. Karen Benjamin Guzzo, “Trends in Cohabitation Outcomes: Compositional Changes and Engagement among Never-Married Young Adults,” Journal of Marriage and Family 76, no. 4 (August 2014): 826–42, https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12123.
18. Lawrence B. Finer and Jesse M. Philbin, “Trends in Ages at Key Reproductive Transitions in the United States, 1951–2010,” Women’s Health Issues 24, no. 3 (May 2014): e271–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2014.02.002; Guttmacher Institute, “Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in the United States” (New York: Guttmacher Institute, September 2017), https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/american-teens-sexual-and-reproductive-health.
19. Guttmacher Institute, “Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in the United States.”
20. Lawrence B. Finer, “Trends in Premarital Sex in the United States, 1954–2003,” Public Health Reports 122, no. 1 (January 2007): 73–78, https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490712200110.
21. Finer and Philbin, “Trends in Ages at Key Reproductive Transitions in the United States, 1951–2010.”
22. John S. Santelli et al., “Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage: An Updated Review of U.S. Policies and Programs and Their Impact,” Journal of Adolescent Health 61, no. 3 (September 2017): 273–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.05.031.
23. Santelli et al., “Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage.”
24. Fields, Risky Lessons.
25. Laura Duberstein Lindberg, Isaac Maddow-Zimet, and Heather Boonstra, “Changes in Adolescents’ Receipt of Sex Education, 2006–2013,” Journal of Adolescent Health 58, no. 6 (June 2016): 621–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.02.004.
26. Guttmacher Institute, “American Adolescents’ Sources of Sexual Health Information” (New York: Guttmacher Institute, December 2017), https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/facts-american-teens-sources-information-about-sex.
27. Maddow-Zimet Lindberg and Heather Boonstra, “Changes in Adolescents’ Receipt of Sex Education, 2006–2013.”
28. Robert J. Sampson, Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011); Jennifer S. Hirsch, A Courtship after Marriage: Sexuality and Love in Mexican Transnational Families (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003); Hirsch et al., The Secret; Lynda Johnston and Robyn Longhurst, Space, Place, and Sex: Geographies of Sexualities (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010).
29. Elizabeth A. Armstrong and Laura T. Hamilton, Paying for the Party: How College Maintains Inequality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013).
30. Kimberle Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics,” University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989: 139–67.
31. Gerda Lerner, ed., Black Women in White America: A Documentary History (New York: Vintage Books, 1992).
32. Danielle L. McGuire, At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance—A New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010); The National Museum of African-American History and Culture, “The Scottsboro Boys,” 2019, https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog/scottsboro-boys.
33. Combahee River Collective, “Combahee River Collective Statement,” in Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology, ed. Barbara Smith (New York: Kitchen Table—Women of Color Press, 1983), 264–74; McGuire, At the Dark End of the Street.
34. Combahee River Collective, “Combahee River Collective Statement.”
35. Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape, reprinted edition (New York: Ballantine Books, 1993); Megan Gibson, “I Am Woman, Hear Me Roar: Take Back the Night,” Time, August 12, 2011.
36. Desiree Abu-Odeh, Constance Nathanson, and Shamus Khan, “Bureaucratization of Sex at Columbia and Barnard, 1955 to 1990,” Social Science History, forthcoming.
37. Sanday, Fraternity Gang Rape; Regina Kulik Scully et al., The Hunting Ground (Anchor Bay Entertainment, Inc., 2015).
38. Clifford Kirkpatrick and Eugene Kanin, “Male Sex Aggression on a University Campus,” American Sociological Review 22, no. 1 (February 1957): 52, https://doi.org/10.2307/2088765.
39. Kirkpatrick and Kanin, “Male Sex Aggression on a University Campus”; Mary P. Koss, Christine A. Gidycz, and Nadine Wisniewski, “The Scope of Rape: Incidence and Prevalence of Sexual Aggression and Victimization in a National Sample of Higher Education Students,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 55, no. 2 (1987): 162–70; Robin Warshaw and Mary P. Koss, I Never Called It Rape: The Ms. Report on Recognizing, Fighting, and Surviving Date and Acquaintance Rape (New York: Harper/Perennial, 1994).
40. Jody Jessup-Anger, Elise Lopez, and Mary P. Koss, “History of Sexual Violence in Higher Education: History of Sexual Violence in Higher Education,” New Directions for Student Services 2018, no. 161 (March 2018): 9–19, https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20249; Heather M. Karjane, Bonnie Fisher, and Francis T. Cullen, Sexual Assault on Campus: What Colleges and Universities Are Doing about It (US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 2005), https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/abstractdb/AbstractDBDetails.aspx?id=205521.
41. Lori L. Heise, “Violence against Women: An Integrated, Ecological Framework,” Violence against Women 4, no. 3 (June 1, 1998): 262–90, https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801298004003002; Rebecca Campbell, Emily Dworkin, and Giannina Cabral, “An Ecological Model of the Impact of Sexual Assault on Women’s Mental Health,” Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 2009, http://tva.sagepub.com/content/early/2009/05/10/1524838009334456.short; Erin A. Casey and Taryn P. Lindhorst, “Toward a Multi-Level, Ecological Approach to the Primary Prevention of Sexual Assault: Prevention in Peer and Community Contexts,” Trauma, Violence and Abuse 10, no. 2 (April 2009): 91–114, https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838009334129.
42. “Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act of 1990,” 20 U.S.C. § §1092(f) (2018); Title IX, 20 U.S.C. Education Amendments Act of 1972 § §§1681–1688; “Violence Against Women Act of 1993,” 42 U.S.C § §13701–14040 (1994).
43. A. Russlynn, “Dear Colleague Letter” (U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, April 4, 2011); Celene Reynolds, “The Mobilization of Title IX across U.S. Colleges and Universities, 1994–2014,” Social Problems 66, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 245–73, https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spy005.
44. Reynolds, “The Mobilization of Title IX across U.S. Colleges and Universities, 1994–2014.”
45. Nick Anderson, “At First, 55 Schools Faced Sexual Violence Investigations. Now the List Has Quadrupled,” Washington Post, January 18, 2017; Juliet Eilperin, “Seeking to End Rape on Campus, White House Launches ‘It’s On Us,’” Washington Post, September 19, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2014/09/19/seeking-to-end-rape-on-campus-wh-launches-its-on-us/.
46. Shannen Doherty and Cypress Hill, “Is It Date Rape?,” Saturday Night Live, season 19 (NBC, October 2, 1993); “Affirmative Consent Laws (Yes Means Yes) State by State,” AffirmativeConsent.com, accessed July 17, 2017, http://affirmativeconsent.com/affirmative-consent-laws-state-by-state/.
47. Catharine A. MacKinnon, “Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: Toward Feminist Jurisprudence,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 8, no. 4 (July 1983): 635–58, https://doi.org/10.1086/494000.
48. John J. Dilulio, “Fill Churches, Not Jails: Youth Crime and ‘Superpredators’” (1996).
49. John D. Foubert, Angela Clark-Taylor, and Andrew F. Wall, “Is Campus Rape Primarily a Serial or One-Time Problem? Evidence From a Multicampus Study,” Violence against Women, March 18, 2019, 107780121983382, https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219833820.
50. David Cantor et al., “Report on the AAU Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct: Columbia University” (Rockville, MD: The American Association of Universities, September 21, 2015).
51. Amy T. Schalet, Not under My Roof: Parents, Teens, and the Culture of Sex (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011).
52. Sharyn J. Potter, “Reducing Sexual Assault on Campus: Lessons From the Movement to Prevent Drunk Driving,” American Journal of Public Health 106, no. 5 (2016): 822–29.
53. Victoria L. Banyard, Mary M. Moynihan, and Maria T. Crossman, “Reducing Sexual Violence on Campus: The Role of Student Leaders as Empowered Bystanders,” Journal of College Student Development 50, no. 4 (2009): 446–57; A. Mabry and M. M. Turner, “Do Sexual Assault Bystander Interventions Change Men’s Intentions? Applying the Theory of Normative Social Behavior to Predicting Bystander Outcomes,” Journal of Health Communication 21, no. 3 (2015): 276–92; Sarah DeGue et al., “A Systematic Review of Primary Prevention Strategies for Sexual Violence Perpetration,” Aggression and Violent Behavior 19 (2014): 346–62.
54. Cantor et al., “Report on the AAU Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct: Columbia University.”
55. Hirsch, A Courtship after Marriage.
56. Shamus Khan, Privilege: The Making of an Adolescent Elite at St. Paul’s School, first paperback printing, Princeton Studies in Cultural Sociology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2011).
57. Colin Jerolmack and Shamus Khan, “Talk Is Cheap: Ethnography and the Attitudinal Fallacy,” Sociological Methods and Research 43, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 178–209, https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124114523396.
58. Reuven Fenton and Danika Fears, “Columbia Profs Creep out Students by Watching Them Drink for Sex Study,” New York Post, October 21, 2015, https://nypost.com/2015/10/21/columbia-profs-creeping-out-students-by-watching-them-drink/.
59. Mellins et al., “Sexual Assault Incidents among College Undergraduates.”
60. Wick Sloane, “Veterans at Elite Colleges, 2016,” Chronicle of Higher Education, November 11, 2016, https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2016/11/11/how-many-veterans-do-elite-colleges-enroll-not-enough-essay.
61. Barnard College, “Fact Sheet,” 2019, https://barnard.edu/pressroom/fact-sheet; Columbia University, “Class of 2022 Profile,” May 1, 2018, https://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/classprofile/2022.
62. National Center for Education Statistics, “Fast Facts” (Washington, DC: Institute of Education Sciences, 2018), https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=372.
63. Patrick A. Wilson et al., “Using a Daily Diary Approach to Examine Quality of Sex and the Temporal Ordering of Stressful Events, Substance Use, and Sleep Patterns among College Students,” in process.
64. Mellins et al., “Sexual Assault Incidents among College Undergraduates.”
1. Fedina, Holmes, and Backes, “Campus Sexual Assault”; Fisher, Cullen, and Turner, “The Sexual Victimization of College Women.”
2. Campbell, Dworkin, and Cabral, “An Ecological Model of the Impact of Sexual Assault on Women’s Mental Health”; Janine M. Zweig, Bonnie L. Barber, and Jacquelynne S. Eccles, “Sexual Coercion and Well-Being in Young Adulthood: Comparisons by Gender and College Status,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 12, no. 2 (April 1997): 291–308, https://doi.org/10.1177/088626097012002009.
3. Armstrong and Hamilton, Paying for the Party; Armstrong, Hamilton, and Sweeney, “Sexual Assault on Campus”; Scott B. Boeringer, “Influences of Fraternity Membership, Athletics, and Male Living Arrangements on Sexual Aggression,” Violence against Women 2, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 134–47, https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801296002002002; Kaitlin M. Boyle, “Social Psychological Processes That Facilitate Sexual Assault within the Fraternity Party Subculture: Sexual Assault and the Fraternity Subculture,” Sociology Compass 9, no. 5 (May 2015): 386–99, https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12261; Sanday, Fraternity Gang Rape.
4. Antonia Abbey et al., “Alcohol and Dating Risk Factors for Sexual Assault among College Women,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 20, no. 1 (1996): 147–169; Fedina, Holmes, and Backes, “Campus Sexual Assault”; Koss, Gidycz, and Wisniewski, “The Scope of Rape”; Alan M. Gross et al., “An Examination of Sexual Violence against College Women,” Violence against Women 12, no. 3 (2006): 288–300; Mellins et al., “Sexual Assault Incidents among College Undergraduates”; Charlene L. Muehlenhard and Melaney A. Linton, “Date Rape and Sexual Aggression in Dating Situations: Incidence and Risk Factors,” Journal of Counseling Psychology 34, no. 2 (1987): 186; Paige Hall Smith, Jacquelyn W. White, and Lindsay J. Holland, “A Longitudinal Perspective on Dating Violence among Adolescent and College-Age Women,” American Journal of Public Health 93, no. 7 (2003): 1104–9.
5. Martha McCaughey and Jill Cermele, “Changing the Hidden Curriculum of Campus Rape Prevention and Education: Women’s Self-Defense as a Key Protective Factor for a Public Health Model of Prevention,” Trauma, Violence, and Abuse 18, no. 3 (July 2017): 287–302, https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015611674; Laura Kipnis, Unwanted Advances: Sexual Paranoia Comes to Campus, first edition (New York: Harper, 2017); Michael A. Messner, “Bad Men, Good Men, Bystanders: Who Is the Rapist?,” Gender and Society 30, no. 1 (February 2016): 57–66, https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243215608781.
6. Victoria L. Banyard, Mary M. Moynihan, and Elizabethe G. Plante, “Sexual Violence Prevention through Bystander Education: An Experimental Evaluation,” Journal of Community Psychology 35, no. 4 (2007): 463–81.
7. Alexander Wamboldt et al., “Friends, Strangers, and Bystanders: Informal Practices of Sexual Assault Intervention,” Global Public Health 14, no. 1 (May 7, 2018): 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2018.1472290.
8. Kathleen A. Bogle, Hooking Up: Sex, Dating, and Relationships on Campus (New York: New York University Press, 2008); Lisa Wade, American Hookup: The New Culture of Sex on Campus (W. W. Norton & Company, 2018).
9. Elizabeth A. Armstrong et al., “Is Hooking Up Bad For Young Women?” Contexts, http://contexts.org/articles/is-hooking-up-bad-for-young-women/.
10. Louisa Gilbert et al., “Situational Contexts and Risk Factors Associated with Incapacitated and Nonincapacitated Sexual Assaults among College Women,” Journal of Women’s Health, November 27, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.7191.
11. Paula England, “Has the Surplus of Women over Men Driven the Increase in Premarital and Casual Sex among American Young Adults?,” Society 49, no. 6 (October 18, 2012): 512–14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-012-9594-0.
12. Christine A. Gidycz and Christina M. Dardis, “Feminist Self-Defense and Resistance Training for College Students: A Critical Review and Recommendations for the Future,” Trauma, Violence, and Abuse 15, no. 4 (October 2014): 322–33, https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014521026.
13. Kate Walsh et al., “Dual Measures of Sexual Consent: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Internal Consent Scale and External Consent Scale,” Journal of Sex Research, March 18, 2019, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1581882.
14. Rachel Allison and Barbara J. Risman, “A Double Standard for ‘Hooking Up’: How Far Have We Come toward Gender Equality?,” Social Science Research 42, no. 5 (September 2013): 1191–1206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.04.006; Laura Hamilton and Elizabeth A. Armstrong, “Gendered Sexuality in Young Adulthood: Double Binds and Flawed Options,” Gender and Society 23, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 589–616, https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243209345829.
15. J. Ford and J. G. Soto-Marquez, “Sexual Assault Victimization among Straight, Gay/Lesbian, and Bisexual College Students,” Violence and Gender 3, no. 2 (2016): 107–15; Alexander Wamboldt et al., “‘It Was a War of Attrition’: Queer and Trans Undergraduates’ Practices of Consent and Experiences of Sexual Assault,” in process.
16. Melanie Beres, “Sexual Miscommunication? Untangling Assumptions about Sexual Communication between Casual Sex Partners,” Culture, Health and Sexuality 12, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1080/13691050903075226.
17. M. Burkett and K. Hamilton, “Postfeminist Sexual Agency: Young Women’s Negotiations of Sexual Consent,” Sexualities 15, no. 7 (2012): 815–33; Heather R. Hlavka, “Normalizing Sexual Violence: Young Women Account for Harassment and Abuse,” Gender and Society 28, no. 3 (June 2014): 337–58, https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243214526468.
18. Rachael O’Byrne, Susan Hansen, and Mark Rapley, “‘If a Girl Doesn’t Say “No” . . . ’: Young Men, Rape and Claims of ‘Insufficient Knowledge,’” Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 18, no. 3 (May 2008): 168–93, https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.922.
19. Mellins et al., “Sexual Assault Incidents among College Undergraduates.
20. Cindy Struckman-Johnson, “Forced Sex on Dates: It Happens to Men, Too,” Journal of Sex Research 24, no. 1 (January 1988): 234–41, https://doi.org/10.1080/00224498809551418; Victoria L. Banyard et al., “Unwanted Sexual Contact on Campus: A Comparison of Women’s and Men’s Experiences,” Violence and Victims 22, no. 1 (2007): 52–70; J.A. Turchik, “Sexual Victimization among Male College Students: Assault Severity, Sexual Functioning, and Health Risk Behaviors,” Psychology of Men and Masculinity 13, no. 3 (2012): 243–55.
21. S. J. T. Hust, K. B. Rodgers, and B. Bayly, “Scripting Sexual Consent: Internalized Traditional Sexual Scripts and Sexual Consent Expectancies among College Students,” Family Relations 66 (2017): 197–210.
22. Fields, Risky Lessons; Richardson, “Constructing Sexual Citizenship.”
23. Burkett and Hamilton, “Postfeminist Sexual Agency.”
24. Elizabeth A. Armstrong, Paula England, and Alison C. K. Fogarty, “Accounting for Women’s Orgasm and Sexual Enjoyment in College Hookups and Relationships,” American Sociological Review 77, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 435–62, https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412445802; Jane Gerhard, “Revisiting ‘The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm’: The Female Orgasm in American Sexual Thought and Second Wave Feminism,” Feminist Studies 26, no. 2 (2000): 449, https://doi.org/10.2307/3178545.
1. Megan C. Lytle, John R. Blosnich, Susan M. De Luca, and Chris Brownson, “Association of Religiosity With Sexual Minority Suicide Ideation and Attempt,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 54, no. 5 (May 2018): 644–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.01.019.
2. Lesley Scanlon, Louise Rowling, and Zita Weber, “‘You Don’t Have like an Identity . . . You Are Just Lost in a Crowd’: Forming a Student Identity in the First-Year Transition to University,” Journal of Youth Studies 10, no. 2 (May 2007): 223–41, https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260600983684.
3. Candy Chan, “Can Columbia’s Fraternities Survive the National Threat to Greek Life?,” Columbia Daily Spectator, November 13, 2018, https://www.columbiaspectator.com/eye-lead/2018/11/14/can-columbias-fraternities-survive-the-national-threat-to-greek-life/.
4. American College Health Association, “American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reference Group Undergraduates Executive Summary Fall 2015” (Hanover, MD: American College Health Association, 2016).
5. David R. Reetz, Victor Barr, and Brian Krylowicz, “The Association for University and College Counseling Center Directors Annual Survey” (Indianapolis, IN: Association for University and College Counseling Center Directors, 2013).
6. American College Health Association, “American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reference Group Data Report Fall 2008.” (Baltimore: American College Health Association, 2009); American College Health Association, “American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment Spring 2018 Reference Group Data Report” (Baltimore: American College Health Association, 2018).
7. Jaison R. Abel, Richard Deitz, and Yaqin Su, “Are Recent College Graduates Finding Good Jobs?,” The Federal Reserve Bank of New York: Current Issues in Economics and Finance 20, no. 1 (2014): 1–8.
8. Jesus Cisneros, “College as the Great Liberator: Undocuqueer Immigrants’ Meaning Making in and out of Higher Education,” Journal of Diversity in Higher Education 12, no. 1 (March 2019): 74–84, https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000075.
9. Anthony A. Jack, The Privileged Poor: Rich College, Poor Students, and the Gap Between Access and Inclusion (Harvard University Press, 2019).
10. Marta Tienda, “Diversity ≠ Inclusion: Promoting Integration in Higher Education,” Educational Researcher 42, no. 9 (2013): 467–75.
11. Columbia University, “Under1Roof,” 2019, https://www.cc-seas.columbia.edu/OMA/diversityed/u1r.php.
12. These numbers don’t add to 100% because students can pick more than one racial/ethnic category. Columbia University, “Class of 2022 Profile.”
13. Mellins et al., “Sexual Assault Incidents among College Undergraduates.
14. Columbia University, “Class of 2022 Profile.”
15. Darren Fishell, “Census Survey: Maine’s Still the Oldest, Whitest State,” Bangor Daily News, June 25, 2015, https://bangordailynews.com/2015/06/25/business/census-survey-maines-still-the-oldest-whitest-state/.
16. Office of Planning U.S. Department of Education Evaluation and Policy Development and Office of the Under Secretary, “Advancing Diversity and Inclusion in Higher Education: Key Data Highlights Focusing on Race and Ethnicity and Promising Practices” (Washington, DC: US Dept. of Education, 2016), https://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/research/pubs/advancing-diversity-inclusion.pdf.
17. Erwin Chemerinsky and Howard Gillman, Free Speech on Campus, paperback edition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018); Alan Charles Kors and Harvey A. Silverglate, The Shadow University: The Betrayal of Liberty on America’s Campuses (Portland, OR: Powells, 2000), http://www.myilibrary.com?id=899115.
18. Columbia University Office of the Planning and Research, “Columbia College and School of Engineering Undergraduate Fall Admissions Statistics, 2009–2018” (New York: Columbia University Office of the Provost, November 26, 2018), https://provost.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/Institutional%20Research/Statistical%20Abstract/opir_admissions_history.pdf.
19. William Deresiewicz, Excellent Sheep: The Miseducation of the American Elite and the Way to a Meaningful Life, First Free Press hardcover edition (New York: Free Press, 2014).
20. Ella Christophe, “Acceptance Rate Falls by One Third, Reaching Record Low of 18 Percent,” The Chicago Maroon, April 2, 2010, https://www.chicagomaroon.com/2010/4/2/acceptance-rate-falls-by-one-third-reaching-record-low-of-18-percent/; Dennis Rodkin, “College Comeback: The University of Chicago Finds Its Groove,” Chicago, March 16, 2011, https://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/March-2011/College-Comeback-The-University-of-Chicago-Finds-Its-Groove/.
21. Shira Boss, “Class of 1987 Heralds New Era at Columbia,” Columbia College Today, Spring 2012, https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/archive/spring12/cover_story_0; Amy Callahan, “Columbia College Breaks Admissions Records Again,” Columbia University Record, April 18, 1997, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol22/vol22_iss21/record2221.13.html; Michael Matier and Cathy Alvord, “Undergraduate Enrollment Trends Fall 1998” (Cornell University Institutional Research and Planning, 1998), https://dpb.cornell.edu/documents/1000023.pdf.
22. Matier and Alvord, “Undergraduate Enrollment Trends Fall 1998.”
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4. In the methodological appendix we outline our ethical protocols for observing illegal or potentially harmful behaviors. As we explain, we did intervene if someone was clearly in imminent danger of harming themselves or others.
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1. Some of the materials and analysis in this chapter are drawn from Jennifer S. Hirsch et al., “Social Dimensions of Sexual Consent among Cisgender Heterosexual College Students: Insights From Ethnographic Research,” Journal of Adolescent Health 64, no. 1 (2018): 26–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.06.011.
2. M. A. Beres, “‘Spontaneous’ Sexual Consent: An Analysis of Sexual Consent Literature,” Feminism and Psychology 17, no. 1 (2007): 93–108; K. N. Jozkowski and Z. D. Peterson, “College Students and Sexual Consent: Unique Insights,” Journal of Sex Research 50, no. 6 (2013): 517–23.
3. Charlene L. Muehlenhard and Zoë D. Peterson, “Wanting and Not Wanting Sex: The Missing Discourse of Ambivalence,” Feminism and Psychology 15, no. 1 (February 2005): 15–20, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353505049698.
4. Heidi C. Fantasia et al., “Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs About Contraceptive and Sexual Consent Negotiation among College Women,” Journal of Forensic Nursing 10, no. 4 (2014): 199–207; Hust, Rodgers, and Bayly, “Scripting Sexual Consent.”
5. Burkett and Hamilton, “Postfeminist Sexual Agency”; H. C. Fantasia, “Really Not Even a Decision Any More: Late Adolescent Narratives of Implied Sexual Consent,” Journal of Forensic Nursing 7, no. 3 (2011): 120–29; K. N. Jozkowski et al., “Gender Differences in Heterosexual College Students’ Conceptualizations and Indicators of Sexual Consent: Implications for Contemporary Sexual Assault Prevention Education,” Journal of Sex Research 51, no. 8 (2014): 904–16.
6. Antonia Abbey, “Alcohol-Related Sexual Assault: A Common Problem among College Students,” Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 14 (2002): 118–28.
7. M. A. Lewis et al., “Predictors of Hooking Up Sexual Behaviors and Emotional Reactions among U.S. College Students,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 41, no. 5 (2011): 1219–29.
8. Hust, Rodgers, and Bayly, “Scripting Sexual Consent”; Jozkowski and Peterson, “College Students and Sexual Consent: Unique Insights.”
9. “Affirmative Consent Laws (Yes Means Yes) State by State.”
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11. Charlene L. Muehlenhard et al., “The Complexities of Sexual Consent among College Students: A Conceptual and Empirical Review,” The Journal of Sex Research 53, no. 4–5 (May 3, 2016): 457–87, https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1146651.
12. Abbey, “Alcohol-Related Sexual Assault”; C. A. Franklin, “Physically Forced, Alcohol-Induced, and Verbally Coerced Sexual Victimization: Assessing Risk Factors among University Women,” Journal of Criminal Justice 38, no. 2 (2010): 149–59.
13. Beres, “Sexual Miscommunication?”
14. Mellins et al., “Sexual Assault Incidents among College Undergraduates.
15. John H. Gagnon and William Simon, Sexual Conduct: The Social Sources of Human Sexuality, 2nd ed (New Brunswick, NJ: AldineTransaction, 2005); Hust, Rodgers, and Bayly, “Scripting Sexual Consent.”
16. Fantasia, “Really Not Even a Decision Any More: Late Adolescent Narratives of Implied Sexual Consent”; Jozkowski et al., “Gender Differences in Heterosexual College Students’ Conceptualizations and Indicators of Sexual Consent.”
17. Michelle Fine, “Sexuality, Schooling, and Adolescent Females: The Missing Discourse of Desire,” Harvard Educational Review 58, no. 1 (April 1988): 29–54, https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.58.1.u0468k1v2n2n8242.
18. Jozkowski et al., “Gender Differences in Heterosexual College Students’ Conceptualizations and Indicators of Sexual Consent.”
19. Chin et al., “Time for Sex.”
20. Charlene L. Muehlenhard and Stephen W. Cook, “Men’s Self-Reports of Unwanted Sexual Activity,” Journal of Sex Research 24, no. 1 (1988): 58–72.
21. Armstrong, England, and Fogarty, “Accounting for Women’s Orgasm and Sexual Enjoyment in College Hookups and Relationships.”
22. Some of the materials and analysis in this chapter are drawn from Alexander Wamboldt et al., “‘It Was a War of Attrition:’ Queer and Trans Undergraduates’ Practices of Consent and Experiences of Sexual Assault,” in process.
23. Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, 25th printing, Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology 16 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2010).
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26. Judith Lewis Herman, “The Mental Health of Crime Victims: Impact of Legal Intervention,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 16, no. 2 (April 2003): 159–66, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022847223135.
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29. Patricia C. Dunn, Karen Vail-Smith, and Sharon M. Knight, “What Date/Acquaintance Rape Victims Tell Others: A Study of College Student Recipients of Disclosure,” Journal of American College Health 47, no. 5 (1999): 213–19.
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17. For more on these dynamics, see our paper, Wamboldt et al., “‘It Was a War of Attrition’: Queer and Trans Undergraduates’ Practices of Consent and Experiences of Sexual Assault.”
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22. Gilbert et al., “Situational Contexts and Risk Factors Associated with Incapacitated and Nonincapacitated Sexual Assaults among College Women.”
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24. Erin E. Ayala, Brandy Kotary, and Maria Hetz, “Blame Attributions of Victims and Perpetrators: Effects of Victim Gender, Perpetrator Gender, and Relationship,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 1 (January 2018): 94–116, https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515599160; Bullock and Beckson, “Male Victims of Sexual Assault”; David Lisak, “Men as Victims: Challenging Cultural Myths,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 6, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 577–80, https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490060414; Sable et al., “Barriers to Reporting Sexual Assault for Women and Men.”
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