NOTES

CHAPTER 1: THE BEGINNINGS

1.	My discussion of the geography and economy of Russia refers to the Russian Empire down to 1917 and the Soviet Union to 1991. During the latter year the country split into fifteen separate states.
2.	For a discussion of this school and its opponents, see Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, ‘The Norman Theory of the Origin of the Russian State’, Russian Review, 7 (1947), pp. 96–110.
3.	B. D. Grekov, Kiev Rus, trans. Y. Sdobnikov (Moscow, 1959); V. V. Mavrodin, ‘Osnovnie momenty razvitiia russkogo gosudarstva do XIII v’ [The Fundamental Stages in the Development of the Russian State to the Eighteenth Century] Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, 3 (1947), p. 84; S. V. Yuzhkov, Istoriia gosudarstva i prava SSSR [The History of the State and Law of the USSR] (Moscow, 1947), vol. 1.
4.	V. O. Kliuchevsky, A History of Russia, trans. C. J. Hogarth (New York, 1960), vol. 1, pp. 239–93; M. N. Pokrovsky, A History of Russia from the Earliest Times to the Rise of Commercial Capitalism, trans. and ed. J. D. Clarkson and M. R. M. Griffith (New York, 1931), vol. 1.

CHAPTER 3: TIMES OF TROUBLES AND GRANDEUR, 1584–1725

1.	Kliuchevsky, A History of Russia, vol. 3, p. 57.
2.	V. I. Sergeevich, Russkiia iuridecheskiia drevnosti [Russian Legal Antiquities], 3 vols (St. Petersburg, 1900–3).
3.	Jerome Blum, Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, 1961), passim; Kliuchevsky, A History of Russia, vol. 2, pp. 219–41.
4.	Exactly how much land the average peasant had is hard to determine. According to a study of twenty provinces, late in the eighteenth century ‘each male peasant on obrok had an average of 13.5 desiatins [one desiatin equals 2.7 acres], including 4 desiatins of arable, and each male on barshchina had 10.6 desiatins, including three desiatins of arable.’ Blum, Lord and Peasant in Russia, p. 528; see pp. 528–35 for more details.

CHAPTER 5: RUSSIA AS A GREAT POWER, 1801–55

1.	Eugene V. Tarle, Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia, 1812 (London, 1942), p. 231.
2.	Ibid., p. 393.
3.	For more about the state peasants, about forty percent of the population at the time, see chapter 6, pp. 121–3.

CHAPTER 6: REFORM AND COUNTER-REFORM, 1861–94

1.	For more on Russian serfdom, see chapter 3, pp. 57–8.
2.	For more on the mir, see chapter 3, p. 57.
3.	I. M. Aronson, Troubled Waters. The Origins of the 1881 Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Russia (Pittsburgh, 1990); John D. Klier and Shlomo Lambroza (eds), Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History (Cambridge, 1991); Louis Greenberg, The Jews in Russia (New Haven, 1951), vol. 2, pp. 19–26.

CHAPTER 7: REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA, 1894–1917

1.	Abraham Ascher, P. A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia (Stanford, CA, 2001), pp. 376–86; A. Ia. Avrekh, Stolypin i tretiia duma [Stolypin and the Third Duma] (Moscow, 1968), pp. 367–406; Richard Pipes, The Russian Revolution (New York, 1990), p. 190.
2.	E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–1923 (New York, 1951–61), vol. 1, p. 115.

CHAPTER 8: THE SOVIET UNION UNDER LENIN AND STALIN

1.	The Russian acronym for ‘Chief Administration of Corrective-Labor Camps’, a loose reference to the penal system under Stalin.
2.	Robert Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment (New York, 1990), pp. 484–89. For a different assessment of the number of victims, see J. Arch Getty and Roberta T. Manning (eds), Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 11–13.

CHAPTER 9: REFORM, STAGNATION, COLLAPSE

1.	Lilia Shevtsova, Yeltsin’s Russia: Myths and Reality (Washington, 1999), p. 91.

CHAPTER 10: THE RISE AND RISE OF PUTIN

1.	Anton Barbashin and Hannah Thoburn, ‘Putin’s Philosopher: Ivan Ilyin and the Ideology of Moscow’s Rule’, Foreign Affairs, 20 September 2015, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/2015-09-20/putin’s-philosopher.
2.	Quoted in Iben Thranholm, ‘Putin’s Christian Vision’, Russia Insider, 9 October 2014, http://russia-insider.com/en/culture/putins-christian-vision/ri436.
3.	Andrew Higgins, ‘Russia Mobilizes Faith to Extend its Influence’, New York Times, 14 September 2016, pp. A1, A8.
4.	Ukrainian census of 2001.
5.	NATO’s top military commander, General Philip M. Breedlove, is quoted confirming Russian weaponry and forces in Ukraine by David M. Herszenhorn, ‘Fear Rises as Military Units Pour into Ukraine’, New York Times, 13 November 2014, p. A5.
6.	Eric Schmitt, ‘U.S. Lending Support to Baltic States Fearing Russia’, New York Times, 2 January 2017, p. A3.
7.	Anne Barnard, ‘Death Toll from Syria Now 470,000, Group Finds’, New York Times, 2 January 2017, p. A3; Guardian, 10 February 2016; Priyanka Boghani, ‘A Staggering New Death Toll for Syria’s War – 470,000’, PBS Frontline, 11 February 2016, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/a-staggering-new-death-toll-for-syrias-war-470000/.
8.	Credit Suisse Research Institute, Global Wealth Report 2013, p. 53; Sydney Morning Herald, 10 October 2013; Walter Laqueur, Putinism: Russia and Its Future in the West (New York, 2015), p. 178.
9.	New York Times, 9 December 2016, p. A1.
10.	David E. Sanger, ‘Obama Strikes Back at Russia for Election Hacking’, New York Times, 29 December 2016.
11.	Neil MacFarquhar, ‘Vladimir Putin Won’t Expel U.S. Diplomats as Russian Foreign Minister Urged’, New York Times, 30 December 2016.
12.	Andrew Kramer, ‘More Enemies of the Kremlin End Up Dead’, New York Times, 21 August 2016, pp. A1, A6.
13.	‘Russian Election: Big Victory for Putin-backed party, United Russia’, BBC News, 19 September 2016, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-37403242.
14.	Neil MacFarquhar, ‘Kremlin Says it Wants a Spotless Election, But Locally It Is Marred’, New York Times, 17 September 2016.
15.	Neil MacFarquhar, ‘“Revolution? What Revolution?” Russia Asks 100 Years Later’, New York Times, 10 March 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/10/world/europe/russian-revolution-100-years-putin.html.
16.	MacFarquhar, ‘Revolution? What Revolution?’.
17.	Howard Amos, ‘Want to mark a revolution? Kremlin says you can count it out’, Associated Press, 15 March 2017.