developed capabilities: 1, 160–161, 167–168, 187, 192, 200
high ability students: 167
human capital: 11, 23–24, 154, 209, 216–217, 218
innate potential: 1, 2, 73, 160–161, 167–168, 187, 191
IQ: 3, 7, 8, 66, 157, 160–162, 195, 212, 218, 230 (note 18), 268 (note 25)
Acculturation, 62, 63–64, 65–66
Achievements, 188, 195, 201, 219
achievements versus privileges: 123–125, 191
preferences and priorities: 2, 9, 156–157, 196, 197–198, 208, 211
prerequisites: 1–28, 106, 153–154, 159, 163, 186–187, 191, 200, 202
resentment of achievements: 203, 207–208
Affirmative Action, 51–52, 215, 259 (note 18), 278 (note 28), 280 (note 60)
Africa, 2, 17, 26, 59, 126–127, 153, 163, 170, 197–198, 199, 220, 221, 266 (note 5)
Africans, 70, 152–153, 208, 221
Age, 23–24, 40, 54–55, 80, 96, 163–164, 187
Agriculture, 5, 43, 155, 248 (note 93)
origins: 5
role in urbanization: 5, 19–20, 21–22
soil fertility: 19–20
Airlines, 132
Alcoholics, 31–32
American Telephone and Telegraph Company (A.T.&T.), 49, 50
Argentina, 58–59, 155, 163, 207
Asia, 2, 17, 26, 103, 154, 180–181, 197, 220, 258 (note 14), 264 (note 92), 266 (note 5)
Asian Americans, 88–89, 102, 124, 126, 128, 129, 203, 207, 211
Asians, 24, 40, 60, 69, 76, 88–89, 102, 103, 123, 128, 129, 163, 169, 173, 195, 199, 202, 203, 211, 217, 252 (note 22)
Astronauts, 8
Atlantic Ocean, 12–13, 17, 25, 26, 127, 132, 165, 166, 168, 172, 178, 182, 196
Atomic Bomb, 13–14
Australia, 59, 60, 63–64, 93, 102, 103, 152–153, 155, 170, 174, 196, 241 (notes 1, 2), 242 (note 9)
Automobiles, 20, 125, 131–132, 155, 206–207
Balkanization, 120
The Balkans, 23, 120, 121, 205
Bartley, Robert L., 212
Basketball, 94
Becker, Gary, 226
Beer, 155
Bell Curve, 2, 4, 153, 186–187, 229 (note 1)
Bias, vii, 1, 6, 21, 24, 25, 26, 29, 34, 39, 42–43, 121, 124, 152, 161, 164, 166, 198, 211, 218
Birth Order, 6–8, 117, 157, 161, 165, 187, 191
Black Americans, 23, 46–52, 60, 71, 81, 109, 116, 144, 156, 158, 160, 162, 178, 223, 258 (note 9), 264 (note 92), 277–278 (note 24)
acculturation: 62, 63, 64, 65–66, 71, 72
black elites: 61–62, 68, 71, 124
“black English”: 194
civil rights: 46–49, 73–74, 82–86, 181, 182
competitive markets: 43–44, 49, 52–54, 55, 56–57
crime and violence (see also safety and security): 32–33, 34–35, 36, 37, 62–63, 68, 94–97, 118, 129–130
demand for black workers: 43, 53–55, 84–86, 239 (note 17), 240 (note 31)
discriminatory treatment: 46–52, 60, 68, 74, 88–89, 94–96
education: 55, 63, 64, 71–77, 78, 102, 103–104, 117, 128–129, 181, 201, 202
external factors: 47–49, 70, 73–74, 78, 101, 125
“free persons of color”: 70
housing: 61
income: 43–44, 61, 101, 104, 236 (note 83)
internal differences: 61–65, 77, 78–80, 202–203
internal factors: 62–65, 72–73, 89, 101–102, 125, 142
isolation: 160
labor force participation: 54–55, 119
mortgages: 88–89
mulattoes: 61
non-profit organizations: 51–52
occupations: 44–45, 51, 61, 63
Pacific coast: 64–65
poverty: 116, 118, 143, 180, 181–182
preferential treatment: 51–52
racism: 54–55, 65, 68, 85–86, 116, 126
regulated monopolies: 49–51
residential patterns: 56–57, 60–62, 64, 69, 71, 78–82
retrogressions: 62–66, 68, 70, 72, 73, 116–117, 128–129, 182, 244 (note 34)
sex ratio: 61
slavery: 47, 69, 70, 77, 116, 117, 221, 223
sorting and unsorting: 47–49, 71–72, 73
the South: 46–51, 62–63, 64, 65–66, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 85
Black, Joseph, 10
Black South Africans, 44–46, 85
Brazen Non Sequitur, vii, 214, 280 (note 58)
Britain, 7, 10, 13, 17, 25, 93, 110, 152–153, 159, 193, 203, 204, 206, 207, 209n, 217, 226–227
behavior: 118, 128, 173–175, 177, 178, 182, 185, 272 (note 75)
crime and violence: 168, 171, 174–175, 182, 185
education: 7, 103, 126–127, 128, 160, 167, 168–169, 185
in ancient times: 14, 21–22, 219
medical facilities: 176
Brown, Sterling A., 96
Brown v. Board of Education, 74–76, 78
Building Restrictions, 55–57
Burke, Edmund, 222
Bush, George W., 112, 114, 139, 169
Businesses, 189–190, 238 (notes 5, 14), 261 (note 52)
competitive markets: 44–46
decision-making: 44
government-regulated monopolies: 49–51
prices charged: 35–36
South African: 44–46
Camarata, Stephen, 228
Canary Islands, 152–153, 196, 266 (note 5)
Capital Gains, 97–101, 110–111, 151, 252–253 (note 31)
Capitalists, 170
Catchwords, 139, 149, 159, 171
Causation, 1, 18, 21, 35, 68, 69–73, 115–119, 123, 135, 136, 139–140, 150–151, 152, 157, 158, 159, 162, 165, 175, 176, 187, 191, 198, 199, 200, 207, 215, 218
correlation: 14, 55, 66, 102, 103, 117–118, 153
external causation: 2–3, 6, 11, 18–23, 29–30, 40, 78, 159
hypothesis testing: 27, 28, 44, 53, 94–95, 99, 119, 171
influence versus determinism: 225, 282 (note 1)
intentional causation: 42–43, 110
internal causation: 2, 6, 13, 29–30, 40, 41
locus of causation: 35, 41, 68, 103–104, 158, 215
moral issues versus causal issues: 117, 159, 165, 198–199
multiple factors: 2, 4, 9, 16–17, 26, 153, 164, 186–187, 229 (note 1)
systemic causation: 42
unintended consequences: 52–57
Central Planning, 212–213
Chance (see Luck; Probabilities)
“Change,” 130–136
Charney, Joseph, 228
Charter Schools, 76–77, 201–202
Chicago, 51, 59, 61–63, 72, 78–79, 80, 85–86, 226, 244 (note 34)
Children, 3, 6, 8–9, 160, 275–276 (note 127)
birth order: 6–8, 117, 157, 161, 165, 187, 191
child-rearing: 8–9, 41, 152, 157, 161, 164, 232 (notes 34, 36)
late-talking children: 150–151
single-parent families: 164, 180–181
China, 5, 12–13, 14, 19, 110, 126, 155, 212, 213, 219
Chinese Language, 195
Chinese People
in China: 12–13
overseas Chinese: 13, 64, 69, 102, 123, 124, 126, 128, 163, 199, 208, 252 (note 22)
Cities (see Urban Societies)
“de-civilizing”: 166
origins: 5
Classical Music Composers, 8
Climate, 16–17, 19–20, 26, 153–154, 236–237 (note 93)
Coasts, 18–19, 21, 64–65, 225, 235 (notes 71, 72)
Colleges and Universities, vii, 3–4, 7–8, 11, 25, 31, 44, 51–52, 63, 66, 75, 104–105, 132, 144, 151, 157, 158, 160, 171, 175, 183, 198, 201, 208–209, 225, 246–247 (note 68), 280 (note 60)
Communism, 27
Competition, 42–46, 49, 51, 52, 53, 85, 86, 210, 233–234 (note 56)
Coolidge, Calvin, 110, 113, 114, 133–134, 257 (note 82), 264 (note 81)
Correlation, 14, 55, 66, 102, 103, 117–118, 153
Costa, Elizabeth, 228
Costs, 208
costs of knowledge: 32–33, 68, 73, 85–86, 210
discrimination costs: 30, 31–32, 38, 39–52
transportation costs: 18–19, 21
Crime, 34, 37, 40, 61, 67, 68, 87, 94–96, 118, 129, 157, 158, 175–176, 206, 207
arrests: 94–95
high-crime neighborhoods: 34–36, 68
homicide: 27, 79, 95, 163, 172, 185
police: 37, 94–95, 96, 172, 173, 175
riots: 129, 171, 175, 181, 207
violence: 33, 62–63, 129–130, 143, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174–175, 181, 183, 184, 199, 207, 228
Culture, 8, 18, 19, 22, 23, 41, 62, 63, 65, 96, 102, 117, 118, 120, 121, 126, 127, 129, 152, 159, 161, 165, 170, 187, 194, 203–208, 216
Dalrymple, Theodore, 127–128, 168, 171, 178, 226–227
“Dead End Jobs,” 106
Decades (see Nineteen Twenties; Nineteen Thirties; Nineteen Sixties)
Decisions (see also Goals and Priorities), 12–13
categorical decisions: 209
decision-making venues: 44
incremental decisions: 209
surrogate decision-makers: 189, 192, 209, 210, 212–213, 214
“De-civilizing,” 166
Demography, 23–24, 39–40, 96, 152, 160, 165, 172
Determinism, 26–28, 73, 150, 161, 225, 282 (note 1)
Dictatorships, 13–14, 148, 221–222
Differences of Opinion, vii, viii, 123, 134–135, 138, 144, 160, 171, 186, 215, 227
Discrimination, 28, 29–57, 77, 83, 165, 193, 226
anti-discrimination laws: 30
assumptions: 29
biased treatment: vii, 1, 6, 21, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 34, 42–43, 44–46, 121, 123, 152, 161, 164, 166, 198, 211, 218
costs of discrimination: 30, 31–32, 38, 39–52, 161
costs of knowledge: 32–33, 68, 73, 85–86, 210
discriminating tastes: 29
Discrimination I: 30, 31, 32, 33, 38, 39, 69, 70
Discrimination IA: 33, 34–35, 40, 66, 86
Discrimination IB: 33, 34–35, 36, 65, 66, 67, 68, 73, 245 (note 50)
Discrimination II: 30, 31, 32, 33, 34–35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 46, 49, 51, 52, 54, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 103–104, 151
empirical evidence: 29, 33, 43
employment discrimination: 44–46
law-enforcement discrimination: 94–96
lending discrimination: 88–89
“poor pay more”: 35–37
sex discrimination: 33–34, 39, 42
sorting: 30–31
“Disparate Impact,” 5, 82–86, 156, 157–158, 216
Dunbar High School, 74–76, 77, 200–201, 203, 246–247 (note 68)
Eastman Kodak, 15–16, 233–234 (note 56)
Economics (see also The Poor; The Rich), 1, 4, 10, 23, 41–44, 80, 226, 271 (note 66)
businesses: 189–190
competitive markets: 42–46, 49, 51, 52, 53, 85, 86, 208, 210–211, 212, 213, 233–234 (note 56)
costs: 18–19, 21, 30, 31–33, 39–52, 68, 73, 85–86, 210
“dead-end” jobs: 106
human capital: 11, 23–24, 154, 209, 216–217, 218
income: 8, 25, 76, 87, 98–101, 105, 111, 133, 145–147, 189, 191, 192, 202, 236 (note 83)
labor force participation rate: 54–55, 119
market economies: 208
minimum wage laws: 52–55, 105–110, 213
national debt: 114, 257 (note 82)
occupations: 8
regulated monopolies: 49–51
“rigging the system”: 99, 158, 166, 173
“trickle-down” theory: 137–139, 140
unemployment: 29, 53–55, 87, 105–110, 133, 135–136, 213
The Economist, 27, 110, 128, 174
Education, 22, 55, 70, 80–81, 83, 103–104, 151, 166, 199, 204, 205, 224, 225
admissions standards: 166, 278 (note 28)
Asian Americans: 88–89, 102, 126, 128, 129, 203, 207, 211
behavioral standards: 169, 200, 201, 271 (note 65)
black Americans: 55, 71–72, 167
Britain: 7, 103, 126–127, 128, 160, 167, 168–169, 185
charter schools: 76–77, 117, 201
colleges and universities: vii, 3–4, 7–8, 11, 25, 31, 44, 51–52, 63, 66, 75, 104–105, 132, 144, 151, 157, 158, 160, 171, 175, 183, 198, 201, 208–209, 225, 246–247 (note 68), 280 (note 60)
educational standards: 200
functional illiteracy: 169
high schools: 3, 71, 102, 104, 126, 128, 129, 166, 167, 205, 232 (note 36)
Hispanic Americans: 167
indoctrination: 144–145, 148–149, 175, 176
quality: 151–152
“relevance”: 227
Scotland: 10
sex differences: 41
sorting and unsorting: 191
student behavior: 166–169, 185
student performance: 167
valuation of education: 166–167
whites in England: 126–128, 167, 168, 227
Egypt, 5
Electricity, 131
Empirical Evidence, vii, viii, 3, 4, 5–17, 22, 23, 24, 31, 33, 41, 43, 74, 78, 80–82, 84, 108, 147, 159, 163, 165, 170, 172, 183, 202, 218, 227
burden of proof: 82–83, 214, 215, 216
errors of commission: 97–110
errors of omission: 88–96
hypothesis-testing: 27, 41, 87, 119, 151
revealed preference: 102
“social science”: 125, 151, 197
substitutes for evidence: 95–96, 114, 159, 163, 207
suppressing evidence: 215
survey research: 97, 102, 103, 105, 106–108
“dead-end jobs”: 106
labor force participation: 54–55, 119
measured in hours: 108
surplus job applicants: 52–53
English Language, 10, 69, 128, 194, 201
“black English”: 194
English as lingua franca: 194–195
English People, 173–176, 272 (note 75)
earlier, orderly society: 173–174, 272 (note 75)
later, disorderly society: 174–176
Entertainment and Sports, 132, 189–190, 200
Entitlement, 165
Equality, ix, 24, 187–195, 210–211
of capability: 1, 160–161, 167–168, 187, 192, 200
of opportunity: 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 34, 41, 63, 64, 84, 122, 123, 125–126, 153, 168, 187, 193, 198, 225
of outcomes: 18, 19, 22, 24, 29, 215–216, 217
of potential: 1, 2, 73, 160–161, 167–168, 187, 191
rarity of equality: ix, 6–9, 18, 19, 155–156, 163, 164
Eugenics, 6
Europe, 11–13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 23, 26, 33, 38, 60, 63, 69, 70, 154, 160, 172, 173, 174, 193, 197, 204, 206, 219, 220, 221, 225, 266 (note 5)
Eastern Europe: 26, 27, 59, 163, 193, 197, 218
Northern Europe: 14–15
Southern Europe: 14–15, 154, 225
Western Europe: 14–15, 26, 27, 59, 163, 170, 193, 204, 220–221, 225
Europeans, 12, 14, 20, 23, 205, 220–221
Ex Ante and Ex Post Words, 122–129
Exploitation, 27, 35, 165, 170
Failure, 2–5, 11, 15–16, 57, 76, 77, 80–81, 122–123, 134, 136, 151, 153, 164–165, 172, 176, 179–180, 195–196, 198, 200
Fallibility, 192
fallacies: 111
human fallibility in general: 192
the invincible fallacy: vii, 87, 152, 156, 158–159, 161, 164, 169, 170, 206, 208, 214
Families, 3, 157, 162, 180, 184, 187
birth order: 6–8, 117, 157, 161, 165, 187, 191
child-raising differences: 9, 40–41, 152, 157, 161, 164, 232 (notes 34, 36)
siblings: 66
single-parent families: 164, 180–181
Fictitious Sameness, 151–152
Fictitious Villains, 139–145
First World War, 25–26, 64, 134, 209n, 244 (note 34)
France, 8, 11, 23, 163, 177, 180, 193, 207–208, 217
“Free Persons of Color,” 70
Freedom, 70, 147–148, 208, 214–215, 222
pre-empted: 214–215
Friedman, Milton, 51
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 136n, 173, 175
Genetics, vii, 1, 5, 6, 21, 24, 25, 48, 73, 103, 119, 151, 152, 161,196
Geography, 18–23, 152–153, 154, 160, 165, 224–225, 282 (note 3)
coasts: 18–19, 21, 225, 235 (notes 71, 72)
mountains: 19, 21, 155, 160, 225, 235 (note 72)
river valleys: 5, 19, 235 (note 72)
Germans, 59–60, 155, 163, 207, 209n, 217, 223, 227, 242 (note 8)
Germany, 13–14, 17, 59–60, 174
“Glass Ceiling,” 163
Goals and Priorities, viii, 9, 34, 73, 117, 148, 165, 172, 208–215
outcome goals: 208–211, 212, 213, 214
process goals: 208, 209, 211, 212, 213
Golf, 4
Government, 49–50, 131, 208, 210
categorical decisions: 209
central economic planning: 212–213
episodic economic interventions: 134, 136
feedback: 45
government employment: 46
government-regulated public utilities: 49–51
political incentives: 45
political “solutions”: vii–viii, 186
redistribution of income: 133, 216, 262–263 (note 71), 263 (note 76)
tax rates and revenues: 112–114, 133, 138–139, 140, 256 (notes 77, 78), 262–263 (note 71)
totalitarian governments: 222
Great Depression of the 1930s, 76, 135–136, 142, 248 (note 93), 262 (note 69)
Harding, Warren G., 133–134, 139
Harlem, 36, 39, 56–57, 61, 62, 72, 117, 118, 129, 179, 264 (note 93)
Harvard, 63, 67–68, 75, 111, 143, 172, 198, 228
Higgs, Robert, 43–44
Hillbillies, 36, 80, 230 (note 9)
Hispanics, 24, 76, 77, 128–129, 158, 167, 169, 194, 200, 201, 202, 252 (note 22)
History, 113, 114, 117, 132–136, 222, 227
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 139, 151–152
Homicide, 27, 79, 95, 163, 172, 185
Honesty, 99, 176, 202, 203, 226
Housing, 61
building restrictions: 55–57
mortgages: 88–89, 250 (note 4)
public housing projects: 116, 177–178, 185
residential sorting and unsorting: 44–45, 56–57, 58–73, 78–82, 116, 178, 209–210, 244 (note 34)
Human Capital, 11, 23–24, 154, 209, 216–217, 218
Hume, David, 10
Hunger, 136
Hypothesis-testing, 27, 44, 134–135
Immigrants, 33, 58–60, 126–127, 204, 206, 207, 241 (notes 1, 2)
Incentives and Constraints, 44–46
Income, 8, 25, 76, 87, 133, 145–147, 189, 191, 192, 202, 236 (note 93)
capital gains: 97–101, 110–111, 151
earned income: 90
income “distribution”: 145–146
recipient’s ages: 105
redistribution of income: 133, 216
salaries: 97
Indentured Servants, 70
India, 12–13, 121, 127, 138, 163, 193, 199, 212, 213, 280 (note 60)
early civilization: 5
Industrial Revolution, 11, 225
Intellectuals, 26, 131, 132, 134, 136, 151, 171, 175, 176, 183, 222, 226
Intelligence
“ceiling” on intelligence: 161–162
IQ: 3, 7, 8, 66, 157, 160–162, 195, 212, 218, 230 (note 18), 268 (note 25)
Intentions, 166
Invincible Fallacy, vii, 87, 152, 156, 158–159, 161, 164, 169, 170, 206, 208, 214
IQs, 3, 7, 8, 66, 157, 160–162, 195, 212, 218, 230 (note 18), 268 (note 25)
“ceiling” on intelligence: 161–162
environmental influences: 160–161, 162
genetics: 161–162
isolation: 160
Ireland, 164–165
The Irish
in America: 33, 39, 60, 63, 124, 142, 154, 155, 158, 200
Irredentism, 222
Islamic World, 14, 59, 206, 219, 221
Isolation, 13, 19, 152–153, 160, 166, 282 (note 3)
correlation with cultural development: 19, 160
correlation with economic development: 19
correlation with IQ: 161–162
Italians, 59, 60, 154–155, 158, 163, 175, 241 (note 1)
Italy, 21, 23, 59, 60, 235 (note 74), 241 (note 1)
Japan, 9–10, 13, 15, 60, 103, 167, 180, 219
Japanese, 10, 24, 40, 60, 85, 124, 163, 194–195, 252 (note 22)
Jensen, Arthur R., 162
Jews, 10–12, 25–26, 124, 154, 155, 158, 163, 199
anti-Jewish discrimination: 14, 38, 39, 51, 60, 69, 197, 199, 206, 217
Eastern European Jews: 59, 163, 242 (note 8)
German Jews: 59–60, 242 (note 8)
internal differences: 59–60, 63–64, 242 (notes 8, 9)
nuclear bomb: 14
Keynes, John Maynard, 25, 138, 262 (note 69)
Knowledge, 4, 15, 21–22, 32, 65, 85–86, 143, 160, 187, 188, 192, 211, 225, 226
costs of knowledge: 32–33, 68, 73, 85–86, 210
human capital: 11, 23–24, 154, 209, 216–217, 218
languages as storehouses of knowledge: 10, 192–194
Kodak, 15–16, 233–234 (note 56)
Krugman, Paul, 138
Labor Force Participation, 54–55, 119
Lagging Individuals, Groups and Nations, 4, 10, 11–12, 121–122, 152–153, 155, 167, 198, 199, 200, 207, 219
Languages, 10, 21–22, 62, 64, 69, 121, 128, 192–195, 201
practicalities versus symbolism: 184–195
storehouses of knowledge: 10, 192–194
Latin America, 27, 155, 207, 225, 264 (note 92)
Latin Language, 193
Law, 8, 11, 27, 30, 36–37, 38, 44–45, 46–49, 51n, 52–57, 58, 62, 71–72, 74–76, 81–86, 94–96, 104–110, 111, 121, 122, 123, 127, 134, 156–157, 172, 179–182, 186, 208, 210, 213
breakdown of law and order: 122, 129–130, 159–160, 175, 179–180, 203
building restrictions: 55–57
burden of proof: 82–83
civil rights law: 5, 73–76, 82–86, 104, 156–157, 181–182
crime: 34, 37, 40, 61, 67, 87, 94–96, 157, 158, 175–176, 206, 207
law-abiding people: 35, 36–37, 175
minimum wage laws: 52–55, 105–110, 213
Lester, Richard A., 106, 255 (note 57)
Literacy, 2, 10, 43, 169, 196, 198
Liu, Na, 228
Location, 21–23
Luck, 191
Malaysia, 123, 197, 207, 259 (note 18)
Male-Female Differences, 41, 104–105, 158–159, 163, 208–209, 210, 229 (note 4)
Market Competition, 42–46, 49, 51, 52, 53, 85, 86, 208, 210–211, 212, 213, 233–234 (note 56)
Marshall, Alfred, 148–149, 224
Marx, Karl, 27, 42, 136n, 227, 238–239 (note 14)
Marxism, 27, 170, 271 (note 66)
Mathematics, 201–202
McWhorter, John, 194
Media, 35, 36, 88, 89, 90, 93, 96, 102, 129, 142, 161, 163, 175, 176, 183, 198
Medicine, 10, 156, 158, 191, 227
Mellon, Andrew, 112, 139–141, 143, 145, 262–263 (note 71), 264 (notes 81, 90)
Merit, vii, 188–189, 191, 193, 214
Middle East, 21–22, 170, 204–205, 206
Minimum Wage Laws, 52–55, 105–110, 213
income impact: 108
international evidence: 110
racial impact: 52–55
recipients’ ages: 105–106
surplus of job applicants: 52–53
unemployment: 53–54, 55, 105–110, 213
Mobility, 125–129
Morality, 159, 165, 171, 175, 198, 208, 213, 214, 218, 219
honesty: 99, 176, 202, 203, 226
moral factors versus causal factors: 117, 165, 198–199
Mountains, 19, 21, 155, 160, 225, 235 (note 72)
“Moving to Opportunity” Program, 80–82
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, viii, 141–143, 264 (note 93)
Murray, Charles, 23, 143, 265 (note 100)
National Debt, 114
National Merit Scholarships, 6–7
Nations
disparities: 9–10, 12–13, 14, 21–22, 23, 27, 103, 163–164, 180–181, 208
median ages: 164
Nature, 16–17, 18–23, 26, 151–154
New York, 59–60, 72, 76, 126, 128, 141, 142, 146, 154, 166, 176–177, 178–180, 201–202, 226
New York Times, 93, 113, 114, 117, 130, 138, 146, 166, 174–175, 176–177, 179–180, 189–190, 262 (note 69), 275–276 (note 127)
The Nineteen Sixties, 36, 50, 54, 129, 142, 143, 170, 171–172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180
The Nineteen Thirties, 61, 76, 134, 135, 136, 142, 172
The Nineteen Twenties, 85, 110, 112, 113, 114, 131–136, 139, 141, 261 (note 52)
Nobel Prize, 3, 11, 125–126, 195, 219
Non-Profit Organizations, 46, 51, 52
Nuclear Bomb, 13–14
Obama, Barack, 146, 169, 280 (note 58)
Opinion Differences, vii, viii, 123, 134–135, 138, 144, 160, 171, 186, 215, 227
Opportunity, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 34, 41, 63, 64, 84, 122, 123, 125–126, 153, 168, 187, 193, 198, 225
Outcomes, 1–28
equal: 18
failure: 2
in nature: 18
skewed: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 14, 18, 23, 26–27, 58–62, 186, 215
success: 9–12
The Past, 6, 19, 20–21, 219–223, 225
Photography, 15–16
Piketty, Thomas, 111–112
Pinker, Steven, 111, 172, 228, 244 (note 31)
Plessy v. Ferguson, 48–49, 73–74
Police, 37, 94–95, 96, 172, 173, 175
Policies, vii–viii, 34, 39, 49–52, 55–56, 81–82, 123, 131, 133, 136, 137, 138, 140–141, 165, 169, 181, 182–183, 205, 214–216, 238–239 (note 14)
Politics, vii, 5, 28, 36, 49, 82, 138, 154, 155, 158, 159, 166, 170–171
The Poor, 9–10, 13, 15, 18, 21, 27, 35, 36, 37, 41, 43, 44, 55, 68, 77, 78, 81, 82, 91, 92–93, 97, 98, 102, 105, 108, 109, 111, 112, 116, 118, 119, 125–127, 128, 134, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 155, 157, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 175, 176, 178, 180, 181–183, 185, 194, 199, 200, 201, 202, 212, 213, 215, 217, 227
The Poor Pay More, 35–36
Population, 2, 5, 11, 19–20, 21, 22, 24, 31, 34, 39–40, 41–42, 56, 58–59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 70, 71, 72, 73, 85, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 102, 109, 111, 126, 127, 128, 131, 152, 162, 164, 165, 166, 170, 182, 183, 195, 203, 204, 205, 208, 235 (note 74)
Portugal, 23
Potato Famine in Ireland, 164–165
Potential, 1, 2, 73, 160–161, 167–168, 187, 191
Poverty, 55, 116, 166, 170, 171
Preempting Other People’s Decisions, 186, 189, 190, 214
Prerequisites, 1–28, 106, 153–154, 159, 163, 186–187, 191, 200, 202
multiple: 1–28, 153–154, 163, 186–187, 191, 200
Prices, 25–38
Princeton University, 106–107
Priorities versus Trade-Offs, 209, 213, 214
Privilege, 120, 122–125, 126, 133–134, 175, 191
bell curve: 4, 153, 186–187, 229 (note 2)
randomness: 1, 2, 4, 18, 31, 37, 58
Productivity, 19–20, 33, 41, 106, 124, 164, 184, 188–192, 194–195
Progressives
early twentieth century: 25, 73, 133, 134, 151, 213
later twentieth century: 25, 151
Public Housing Projects, 116, 177–178, 185, 276 (note 128)
Punctuality, 200–201
Race (see also Africans; Asians; Black Americans; Chinese People; Europeans), 5, 19, 36, 67, 80, 94–97, 101–105, 152–153, 160–161, 166, 202, 213, 215, 220, 222, 225, 266 (note 5)
Racism, 44–46, 51, 54–55, 65, 68, 69, 78, 86, 116, 198, 208, 213, 227
causal role: 54–55, 69, 70, 85, 116
degree of prevalence: 51
Radios, 131
Railroads, 48
Randomness, 1, 2, 4, 18, 31, 37, 58
Reagan, Ronald, 113, 139, 183, 256 (note 78)
Regulated Public Utility Monopolies, 49–51
Residential Sorting and Unsorting, 44–45, 56–57, 58–73, 78–82, 116, 178, 209–210, 244 (note 34)
Revealed Preference, 102
Reversals in Achievement, 9–13, 14–15, 219
“Rigging the System,” 99, 158, 166, 173
Rights, 184–185
Riots, 129, 171, 175, 181, 207
Roman Empire, 12, 14, 18, 193, 219
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 14, 134–135, 262 (note 69)
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 152
Ruth, Babe, 146
San Francisco, 19, 56–57, 59, 64–65, 79, 108
Say, Jean-Baptiste, 146
Scandinavian Countries, 14, 21–22, 203, 204–206
Science, 6, 10, 11, 22, 26, 73, 127, 151
changes over time: 9–10
highlanders and lowlanders: 10
language: 10
Scots: 10
Scott, Sir Walter, 10
Seattle, 108, 275 (note 123)
Second World War, 51, 63–64, 162, 173–174, 197–198, 217, 255 (note 57), 258 (note 9)
Semple, Ellen Churchill, 225, 233 (note 46), 235 (notes 71, 72), 266 (note 5), 282 (notes 1, 3)
sexual attraction: 33–34
sexual differences: 41, 104–105, 158–159, 163, 208–209, 210
Singapore, 26, 103, 109–110, 173–174, 195
Skewed Outcomes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 14, 18, 23, 26–27, 58–62, 186
Slavery, 47, 69, 70, 77, 117, 219–222, 223
Smith, Adam, 10, 166, 238–239 (note 14), 265–266 (note 114)
Social Class, 3, 9, 41, 67, 68, 71, 78, 79–80, 82, 88, 157, 161, 178
Social Degeneration, 226
“Social Justice,” vii, 111, 164, 178, 189, 191, 192, 214, 215–218, 222, 226
Social Mobility, 9, 124, 125–129
“Social Science,” 125, 151, 197
Social Visions, vii, 27, 99, 111, 114, 117, 119, 123–124, 125–126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 134, 136, 137, 138, 141, 143, 144, 150–160, 165–185, 202, 203, 208, 211, 218
determinism: 26–28, 73, 150, 161, 225, 282 (note 1)
fitting the vision versus fitting the facts: 89, 99, 181, 202
human consequences: 165–185
invincible fallacy: vii, 87, 152, 156, 158–159, 161, 164, 169, 170, 206, 208, 214
“social science”: 125, 151, 197
Soil, 19–20
Sorting and Unsorting, 58–86
educational sorting and unsorting: 71–76, 77, 169
imposed unsorting: 71–76, 80, 178
prevalence of sorting: 58–61, 66–68
residential sorting and unsorting: 44–45, 56–57, 58–73, 78–82, 116, 178, 209–210, 244 (note 34)
third-party sorting and unsorting: 45, 46–49, 58, 73, 77, 178
South Africa, 44–46, 85, 144, 198, 227–228
South America, 17, 20, 26, 59, 207
Sowell, Thomas, viii, 34n, 51n, 144, 224, 226, 227, 228, 243 (note 25)
Spain, 23, 58–59, 174, 175, 217
Spanish Language, 194
Spartacus, 148
Species, 17
Sports and Entertainment, 132, 189–190, 200
Statistics, 4, 35, 41, 87–114, 156, 250 (notes 4, 6)
availability of data: 95, 104–105
collection site: 39, 103–104, 157–158, 161, 164
“disparate impact” statistics: 5, 82–86, 156, 157–158
errors of commission: 97–110
errors of omission: 88–96
hypothesis-testing: 94–95, 99, 119
income statistics: 76, 133, 146, 189, 202, 236 (note 83)
invincible fallacy: vii, 87, 152, 156, 158–159, 161, 164, 169, 170, 206, 208, 214
locus of causation: 35, 41, 68, 103–104
randomness: 1, 2, 4, 18, 31, 37, 58
statisticians: 96
survey research: 97, 102, 103, 105, 106–108, 255 (note 57)
time and turnover: 92–94, 98–101, 106
unemployment statistics: 53–54, 87, 107–110, 133, 135–136
Stigler, George J., 53, 255 (note 57)
Stiglitz, Joseph, 125, 127, 138, 146, 256 (note 78), 262–263 (note 71)
Surrogate Decision-Makers, 192, 209, 210, 214
central planning: 212–213
incentives and constraints: 212
preempting other people’s decision: 189, 214
Survey Research, 97, 102, 103, 105, 106–108, 255 (note 57)
Tariffs, 135
Taxation, 140–141
Internal Revenue Service: 98, 99, 114, 141, 145
tax rates and tax revenues: 112–114, 133, 138–139, 140, 256 (notes 77, 78), 262–263 (note 71)
tax-exempt securities: 140
Teaching, vii
Technology, 10, 11, 12, 14–15, 16, 19, 20, 22, 191, 210
Teenage Pregnancies, 172
Telephone Industry, 49–50
Terman, Lewis M., 3, 25–26, 195, 229 (note 4)
Thernstrom, Abigail, 226
Thernstrom, Stephan, 226
Time, 117
the 1920s: 85, 110, 112, 113, 114, 131–136, 139, 141, 261 (note 52)
the 1930s: 61, 76, 134, 135, 136, 142, 172
the 1960s: 36, 50, 54, 129, 142, 143, 170, 171–172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180
turnover: 4–5, 9–14, 37, 92–94, 98–101, 106, 111
Totalitarian Dictatorships, 222
Trade-offs versus Priorities, 209, 213, 214
“Trickle-Down Theory,” 137–140, 143, 262–263 (note 71)
Turnover
in leading achievers: 4–5, 9–14
income bracket turnover: 92–94, 98–101, 105, 111
inventory turnover: 37
Twain, Mark, 87
Unemployment, 29, 53–55, 87, 105–110, 133, 135–136, 213
Unintended Consequences, 52–57
United States of America, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13–14, 16–17, 19, 21, 23–24, 25–26, 33, 46, 49, 50, 52–53, 55–56, 59, 60, 63, 65, 67, 69–70, 81, 85, 95, 99, 102, 103, 110, 118, 123, 124, 125, 126–127, 128, 130, 131–133, 135, 146, 153–154, 155, 157, 158, 163, 164–165, 167, 168, 169–172, 175–183, 185, 194, 199, 200, 203, 204, 206, 207, 217, 221, 222n, 223, 226, 227, 235 (note 74), 248 (note 93), 278 (note 28), 280 (note 60)
Americans: 8, 39, 73, 92–94, 98, 105, 111, 112, 119, 131–132, 136, 146, 170, 194, 203, 227, 264 (note 92)
education: 3–4, 6–7, 8, 9, 25, 38, 41, 51, 61, 63, 64, 66, 71–72, 73–77, 78, 80, 81, 102, 103, 104–105, 116, 117, 126, 128–129, 130, 132, 143, 148–149, 151, 166–169, 171, 180, 181, 185, 188, 191, 194, 200–203, 227, 232 (note 36), 238 (note 10), 246–247 (note 68), 271 (note 65), 278 (note 28), 280 (note 60)
racial issues: 32–33, 36–38, 39, 42–44, 46–52, 53–55, 56–57, 62–66, 67–76, 78, 80, 81–86, 88–89, 94–96, 102–104, 109, 116, 129–130, 142, 160–162, 180–183, 198, 202, 207, 215, 244 (note 34), 264 (notes 92, 93), 278 (note 28), 280 (note 60)
regional differences: 23, 43, 62–63, 70–71, 163, 244 (note 31)
the South: 23, 38, 42–43, 46–48, 50–51, 62–65, 70, 72, 74, 75, 85, 103, 143, 181, 240 (note 31), 244 (note 31)
Supreme Court: 5, 48–49, 73–74, 143, 157–158, 246–247 (note 68)
violence: 33, 62–63, 77, 79, 95, 118, 129–130, 143, 151, 163, 168, 169, 171, 172, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 183, 185, 199, 207, 244 (note 31)
Universities (see Colleges and Universities)
University of Chicago, 51
Venereal Diseases, 172
Violence, 33, 129–130, 143, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 183, 184, 199, 228
Visions
social visions: 27, 99, 111, 114, 117, 119, 123–124, 125–126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 134, 136, 137, 138, 141, 143, 144, 150–160, 165–185, 202, 203, 208, 211, 218
visions in science: 151
Watt, James, 10
Welfare State, 170, 171–172, 184, 185, 203, 204, 205
Western Civilization, 14, 219, 220
in England: 126–128, 167, 168, 227
in South Africa: 44–46
in the United States: 23, 37, 39, 42–44, 70–72, 80, 88, 227
Williams, Walter E., iii, 45, 68, 144, 177–178, 227–228
Wilson, William Julius, 42–43, 67–68, 102, 116, 117–118, 143, 254 (note 52)
Wilson, Woodrow, 134, 138–139, 147, 209n, 257 (note 82)
Words, 114, 115–149, 158–159, 171, 210, 217, 226
catchwords: 139, 149, 159, 171
changing meanings: 119–145
euphemisms: 147
ex ante versus ex post words: 122–129
insinuations: 145–149
redefining words: 119–136
words attributed to others: 140–141, 143, 144, 145
World War I, 25–26, 64, 134, 209n, 244 (note 34)
World War II, 51, 63–64, 162, 173–174, 197–198, 217, 255 (note 57), 258 (note 9)
Years (see Nineteen Twenties; Nineteen Thirties; Nineteen Sixties)
Zero-Sum Society, 191–192, 235 (note 74)