INDEX
Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
ʿAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, 117–18
ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Mubārak, 50
ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿUmar, 17, 52
ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Ṣanʿānī, 22
ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd (jurist), 123
ʿAbd al-Malik (caliph), 146
ʿAbduh, Muḥammad, 178, 260–61
Al-ʿAbdūsī, ʿAbdallah, 126
Abou-Bakr, Omaima, 147, 166
Abou El Fadl, Khaled, 281
Abū Barza, 114
Abū al-Dardāʾ, 146
Abū Ḥanīfa, 65, 71–74
Abū ‘l-Jawad, 136
Abū’l-Suʿūd, 87
Abū Shāma, 132, 152–53
Abū Shuqqa, ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm, 273–74
Abū Umāma (al-Bāhilī), 147
Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf, 124
Abū Yūsuf, 71–72, 74
Al-ʿAdawī, ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad, 35, 284
Al-ʿAdawīya, Maʿādha, 118
additions, to mosques. See ziyādas
adolescent girls, 107. See also age cohorts of women
adornment, 13, 220, 287. See also clothing; dress
adultery. See zinā
Africa. See Spain and North Africa
afterlife, 108–9, 175. See also paradise
age cohorts of women, 128, 249–50; significance of, 23–25, 63, 73–74, 89, 100–102, 106; significance of questioned, 41, 55–56, 63, 74–75, 96, 98, 103. See also adolescent girls; ʿajūz; mutajālla; old and young women; shābba
aḥkām (legal statuses of actions), 34; ḥarām, 34, 233, 236; makrūh, 235; mubāḥ, 37, 49, 91–92, 98
Ahmed, Leila, 2, 292
ʿĀʾisha bint ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿĀṣim, 126
ʿĀʿisha report, 18, 50, 62, 64, 261; commentary, 84, 97; perfume and, 260
ʿajūz (old woman), 24, 71, 72, 102. See also age cohorts of women
Al-Albānī, Nāṣir al-Dīn, 281–85, 287
ʿĀlī, Muṣṭafā, 141
Ali Bey, 169
ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, 115
Āl al-Shaykh, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm, 278
ʿAlwān, al-Shaykh (ʿAlī ibn ʿAṭīya al-Hītī). See Al-Shaykh ‘Alwān
amrad (beardless youth), 105–6
Andrews, Walter, 84
Al-Anṣārī, Zakarīyā, 70
Al-Aqfahsī, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Miqdād, 32
Al-Aqfahsī, Ibn al-ʿImād, 63, 137
Aqṣā Mosque, 166–71
ʿĀshūrāʾ, 130, 144, 194, 261, 332n76
Al-ʿAsqalānī, Ibn Ḥajar, 55–56, 59, 69, 137, 156, 195, 250
Aston, Margaret, 173
ʿAṭāʾ ibn Abī Rabāḥ, 22
ʿĀtika bint Zayd, 18, 23, 27
Al-Aydinī, 87
Al-ʿAynī, Badr al-Dīn, 84
Al-Bahūtī, Manṣūr ibn Yūnus, 96, 98
Baiqarā, Ḥusayn, 186
Al-Bājī, Sulaymān ibn Khalaf, 30, 36
Al-Balāṭunusī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh, 66
balconies, 120, 182–83, 184, 185, 186, 187–88, 289, 292; in synagogues, 349n325. See also women’s space, in mosques
Bale, Pierre, 175
Al-Baʿlī, Aḥmad, 96
Al-Bannā, Ḥasan, 266, 269, 275
Al-Bāqillānī, Abū Bakr ibn al-Ṭayyib, 33
baraka (blessings), 6–7, 131
barza (non-secluded woman), 96–97
Al-Barzanjī, Jaʿfar, 222
Al-Baṣrī, al-Ḥasan, 115
Bauer, Karen, 108
Al-Bazzār, Aḥmad ibn ʿAmr, 101
beardless youth. See amrad
beatific vision, 109
Beck, Lois, 296n8
Berkey, Jonathan, 136, 157–58
bidaʿ (innovations), 10, 12; books on, 112; Ibn ʿAbd al-Ghaffār on, 224, 226, 244–45; separate prayer rooms for women as, 285–86, 371n115
Black Stone, 217, 221, 239; kissing, 357n64
Blair, Sheila, 185
blessings. See baraka
blocking the paths. See sadd al-dharāʾiʿ
Blunt, Fanny, 191
boots, 50, 113, 151, 309n121
Boulden, James, 188
Al-Bukhārī (author of Ṣaḥīḥ), 23, 31, 58
Al-Bukhārī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn, 162–63
Burton, Richard, 278
Al-Burullusī, Aḥmad, 70
Al-Burzulī, 123
Al-Būṭī, Muḥammad Saʿīd Ramaḍān, 263–65
Cairo, Egypt: grave visitation, 139–45; ʿīd, 129–30; Jumʿa, 133–34, 139; study sessions, 134–35; women preachers, 136; women’s de facto presence in mosques in, 128–45; women’s space in mosques, 134
Castellan, Antoine-Laurent, 187
Çelebi, Evliya, 187, 221, 255
changing of legal rulings with changing of circumstances. See taghayyur al-aḥkām bi-taghayyur al-aḥwāl
childbirth, 102; rituals, 7; seclusion after, 222
children: care for, as women’s obligation, 263, 267, 268–72, 279, 286, 291; in mosques, 31, 97, 131, 133, 136, 159, 162, 171, 189, 193, 194, 261, 278
circumambulation area. See maṭāf
classical schools of law. See madhāhib
clothing, 62, 357n59; festive, 47, 131; humble, 29; inspection, 233; modest, 138, 266; ostentatious, 69; revealing, 130. See also dress; jewelry
coercion. See kurh
coffee, 201–4
coffeehouses, 6, 291
commanding right and forbidding wrong, 206, 247–48, 251, 329n50; conditions of performance, 233
concubine. See umm walad
conditions for women going out to mosques, 28–30, 53–54
congregational prayer. See al-jamāʿa
Cordoba, Great Mosque of, 24, 120–21, 122
Craven, Elizabeth, 188
dāʿiyāt (female preachers), 283
Al-Dajjānī, Muḥammad ibn Ṣāliḥ, 150, 170–71
Al-Damīrī, Sharaf al-Dīn Yaḥyā, 252
d’Andrea, Giovanni, 173
Dankoff, Robert, 255
Al-Dasūqī, Muḥammad, 35–36
Davis, Robert, 7
daytime, woman who goes out (or does not go out) during, 21–22, 107, 217, 324n324. See also times of day
de Amicis, Edmondo, 192–93
de Nicolay, Nicolas, 181
Dernschwam, Hans, 181, 182
de Saint-Olon, François Pidou, 144–45, 174
De Tott, Baron, 175, 182
dhikr (remembrance [of God]), 33, 35–36, 180, 196, 273
discretionary punishment. See taʿzīr
d’Ohsson, Ignatius Mouradgea, 181, 187, 191
Dome of the Rock, 167, 177
domesticity, 262–64, 266–67; duties, 269–70, 275, 280; Ḥanafīs and, 85–86; shift in theme of, 277
dress: adornment, 13, 220, 287; boots, 50, 113, 151, 309n121; conditions for, 261; footwear, 309n121; improper, 285; men’s, 287; proper Islamic, 286, 290. See also jewelry
Du Fresne-Canaye, Philippe, 174
Duval, Soraya, 289
Early, Evelyn, 291
Edib, Halidé, 191
education, 4–5, 276, 277, 280. See also schools
Ellison Grace, 188
enclosures. See maqṣūra (pl, maqāṣīr); women’s space, in mosques
eunuchs, 182, 222
European Council for Fatwa and Research, 271
Fabri, Félix, 137–38, 168–69, 173
Faḍl Allāh, Ayatollah Muḥammad, 290
Al-Fākihānī, ʿUmar, 29
farāʾiḍ (religious obligations), 282
Al-Farazdaq, 117
Al-Farrāʾ, Abū Yaʿlā ibn, 88, 93
Fāṭima bint ʿAbbās ibn Abī’l-Fatḥ, 152
Fāṭima bint Sahl, 152
fat women, 303n35
Al-Fayyūmī, Aḥmad, 96
female preachers. See dāʿiyāt
festival prayers. See ʿīd
fire temples, 326n26
First Egyptian Congress, 262
fitna (sexual temptation), 34, 102–3, 307n98; de-emphasis, 280; development of concept, 323n307, 323n309; Ḥanafīs and, 73–75, 83–85; Ḥanbalīs and, 83–8588, 90–92; Ibn ʿAbd al-Ghaffār and, 226, 228, 232, 237–38, 240, 242, 246, 250–51, 255; legal doctrines development and, 3; Mālikïs and, 24–26; Muslim Brotherhood and, 266, 268; in Qur’an, 103–4; women’s mosque attendance, sixteenth-century Mecca and, 216, 227; Ẓāhirīs and, 40–41
food, 114, 183; distribution, 145; preparation, 327n28; vendors, 170; wedding, 163
footwear. See boots
forbidden. See aḥkām; ḥarām
forbidding wrong. See commanding right and forbidding wrong
fornication. See zinā
Friday prayers. See Jumʿa
funerals, 35, 36, 113, 114, 145, 262, 325n2
garlic, 226, 228, 232
Garnett, Lucy, 189
Gauvain, Richard, 285
gender-inappropriate behavior. See tashabbuh
gender mixing. See ikhtilāṭ
generalization. See taʿmīm
Georgijevic, Bartholomej, 179–80
Gerlach, Stephan, 174
Al-Ghawrī (Mamlūk Sultan), 205
ghayra (jealousy), 41, 101, 109, 231, 282
Ghazāla, 115
Al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid, 51–53, 63, 69, 104, 135, 149, 150, 171, 268–71
Golvin, Lucien, 124
Gonzales, Antonius, 138–39
gossip, 228, 237–38, 239
Grabar, Oleg, 185
grave visitation, 67, 139–45, 164, 336n134
El Guindi, Fadwa, 8
gynaeceum (women’s section), 187. See also balconies
ḥadīth (reports recounting statements and actions of the Prophet), 8
ḥadīth, specialists in. See muḥaddithūn
Al-Ḥāfiẓ, Muḥammad Muṭīʿ, 154
Hagia Sophia, 187–88, 190–91
ḥajj, 42–43, 90, 94, 284
Al-Ḥajjāj, 114–15
Al-Ḥalabī, Ibrāhīm, 86
Halevi, Leor, 113
Ḥamza, ʿAbd al-Laṭīf, 264
Ḥanafīs (legal school), on women’s mosque attendance, 71–87
Ḥanbalīs (legal school), on women’s mosque attendance, 88–99
ḥarām (forbidden), 34, 233, 236. See also aḥkām
harassment of women, 84, 209
Al-Ḥarīrī, 183, 184
Harvey, Annie Jane, 190
Al-Ḥaṣkafī, Muḥammad, 86
Al-Ḥaṭṭāb, Muḥammad, 200, 202
Al-Haytamī, Ibn Ḥajar, 66–70, 106, 108, 199, 205–6, 212–15, 227, 237, 239–40, 243, 244, 246
Ḥijāz, 7, 22, 113, 222, 230
Al-Ḥijāzīya, Umm al-Khayr, 128, 331n72
Hill, Aaron, 174, 182
Hirschler, Konrad, 154
Al-Ḥiṣnī, Taqī al-Dīn, 64–67, 99, 166, 170, 198
Al-Hītī, ʿAlī ibn ʿAṭīya. See ʿAlwān, Al-Shaykh
Hoffman, Valerie, 262
Holod, Renata, 292
home, 48, 66, 266, 267–68; commitment to, 286; economics, 262; as mission, 268; women’s worship in, 263, 268. See also domesticity
Al-Huḍaybī, Ḥasan, 267
Hunter, William, 175
Hurgronje, Snouck, 222
husband’s permission (required for woman to attend mosque), 264, 272, 279, 282, 297n13, 351n354; Ḥanbalīs on, 95; Mālikïs on, 26–28; Shāfiʿīs on, 42–43, 45–46; Ẓāhirīs on, 60
Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, 29–30
Ibn ʿAbd al-Ghaffār, Aḥmad: age cohorts and, 254–55; on bidaʿ, 224, 226, 244–45; biography, 200–201; on coffee debate, 201–4; on commanding right and forbidding wrong, 233; concept of taʿmīm, 232, 250; fitna and, 226, 228, 232, 237–38, 240, 242, 246, 250–51, 255; istiftāʾ and, 213–15; Izālat al-ghishāʾ and, 202, 211; legal analysis, 225–51; on Meccan women’s behavior in mosque, 216–25; personal involvement in debate over women’s access to mosque, 207–11; on punishment, 232–33, 247
Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, 167
Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, Muḥammad, 278
Ibn Abī Jamra, 31, 37
Ibn Abī Shayba, 116
Ibn ʿAqīl, 132
Ibn al-ʿArabī, Abū Bakr (jurist), 37, 148–49, 167
Ibn ʿArabī (mystic), 41
Ibn ʿArafa, 33
Ibn ʿAsākir, 147–52
Ibn al-ʿAṭṭār, ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm, 57–58, 63
Ibn Baṭṭāl, 26, 30
Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, 151, 220
Ibn Bāz, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, 279, 282
Ibn Daqīq al-ʿĪd, 55–57, 60, 83
Ibn al-Ḍiyāʾ, 223–24
Ibn Fahd, 205, 238–39, 256
Ibn Farḥūn, Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAlī, 32
Ibn al-Ḥaddād, Abū Bakr, 77
Ibn al-Ḥājj, 5, 6, 10, 11, 31–32, 129–35, 137–44, 194, 198, 261
Ibn al-Ḥakam, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, 120, 155
Ibn al-Ḥakam, Hishām, 121
Ibn Ḥamdān, 96
Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad, 88–89, 95, 103, 117, 277
Ibn Ḥazm, 9, 38–41, 59, 62
Ibn Hubayra, 89–90
Ibn al-Humām, 82–83, 102
Ibn Jābir, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Yazīd, 147
Ibn Jamāʿa, ʿIzz al-Dīn, 220–21
Ibn al-Jawzī, 5, 90–92, 102, 117, 147, 150; hagiographical accounts, 166–67
Ibn Jurayj, 22
Ibn Kathīr, 61, 147
Ibn Khajjū, Abū’l-Qāsim, 125–26
Ibn Manẓūr, 20
Ibn Masʿūd, 113–14, 118
Ibn Maymūn, ʿAlī, 163, 165–66, 196
Ibn Māza, 76–77, 85
Ibn Mufliḥ, 96, 132
Ibn al-Mulaqqin, 70
Ibn al-Munāṣif, 122, 198
Ibn Muzayn, Yaḥyā ibn Ibrāhīm, 26
Ibn al-Naḥḥās, 159
Ibn al-Najjār, 96
Ibn al-Naẓẓār (or Ibn al- ʿAṭṭār, author of Aḥkām al-nisāʾ), 64, 66
Ibn Nujaym, Zayn al-Dīn, 86–87
Ibn al-Qāsim, 19, 22, 25
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawzīya, 95, 279
Ibn Qudāma, 92–93, 151, 155–56, 279
Ibn Rajab al-Ḥanbalī, 97–98, 105
Ibn Rushd, Abū’l-Walīd, 24–27, 35–36, 102, 104, 198, 247, 303n35
Ibn Saʿd, 20, 116–17
Ibn Shāhīn, Zayn al-Dīn, 133
Ibn Shuhayd, Abū ʿĀmir, 122
Ibn Ṭawq, 158–59
Ibn Taymīya, 93–95, 109, 152, 279
Ibn al-Ukhuwwa, 135, 150
Ibn ʿUthaymīn, 280–81
Ibn Zabāla, 120
Ibrāhīm ibn Aḥmad (Aghlabid sultan), 127
ʿīd (festival) prayers, 92–93, 129–30, 192, 275; discouragement from, 362n164; legal obligation to, 317n38
iḥtiyāṭ (pious precaution), 79
Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn (Al-Ghazālī), 51–52, 149–50
ijtihād (legal reasoning), 236, 241–42, 248–49, 257, 261; engagement in, 305n67
ikhtilāṭ (mixing of men and women), 54, 208, 221, 266, 271–72
Ikhwān al-Muslimūn. See Muslim Brotherhood
ʿilla (rationale), 79, 80, 88, 240
illegitimate sexual intercourse. See zinā
imāma (ritual leadership), 9
imprisonment (ḥabs), 285
innovations. See bidaʿ
Iraq, 89, 112–19, 351n354
Al-ʿIrāqī, Zayn al-Dīn, 63
Al-Isfāhānī, Abū’l-Faraj, 117
ʿishāʾ (nighttime prayers): Ḥanafīs on, 71–72, 77; Mālikïs on, 22–23; Ramadan, 180, 191, 272. See also tarāwīḥ
IslamOnline website, 271
Istanbul, Ottoman: balconies, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187–88, 349n325; gender segregation, 175–76; ʿīd, 192; Jumʿa, 192, 198; Ramadan, 180, 190–91, 195; women’s de facto presence in mosques in, 171–95; women’s space in mosques in, 171–95
istiftāʾ (legal inquiry), 211; al-Haytamī, 214–15; Ibn ʿAbd al-Ghaffār, 213–15
Italy, Renaissance, 7
iʿtikāf (religious retreat), 115–16, 167; Ḥanafīs on, 73; Syria, 147
ʿIyāḍ ibn Mūsā al-Yaḥṣubī (al-Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ), 27–28, 29, 31, 60
Iyās ibn Muʿāwiya, 118
Izālat al-ghishāʾ, 202, 211
Jackson, Sherman, 248–49
Al-Jāḥiẓ, 22, 100–101
al-jamāʿa (congregational prayer), 30–31
Jāmiʿ al-Jabal, 152
Jāmiʿ al-Muẓaffarī, 153–56
Jāmiʿ al-Nisāʾ (Women’s Mosque), 168–69
Al-Jawbarī, 135
Al-Jazeera, 271
Al-Jazīrī, ʿAbd al-Qādir ibn Muḥammad, 200–201
Al-Jaznāʾī, ʿAlī, 124–25
jealousy. See ghayra
Jenkins, Hester Donaldson, 191
Jerusalem: Aqṣā Mosque, 166–71; celebrations, 170; enclosed space for women, 167, 169; Jāmiʿ al-Nisāʾ, 168–69; Jumʿa, 169–70; permanent retreats, 167; women’s de facto presence in mosques in, 166–71
jewelry, 13, 28, 55, 165, 214, 219, 236
Johnson, Sarah Barclay, 177–78
John the Baptist, shrine of, 260
judge. See qāḍī
Al-Judhāmī, Ibn al-Fakhkhār, 126
Juḥā, 150
Jumʿa (Friday prayers), 5, 31, 242, 264, 275; Cairo, Egypt, 133–34, 139; Ḥanafīs on, 86; Ḥanbalīs on, 92; Iraq, 113–14, 116; Jerusalem, 169–70; Mālikïs and, 34, 37; Ottoman Istanbul, 192, 198; Qur’an on, 108–9; to renew religion, 366n46; Shāfiʿīs on, 43–44, 46; as social acts of worship, 267; Spain and North Africa, 121–22, 125; Syria, 148–49; women’s mosque attendance and, 7–8, 292; Ẓāhirīs on, 54–55
Al-Jundī, Khalīl ibn Isḥāq, 30–31, 34
juristic analogy. See qiyās
juristic principles. See qawāʿid al-fiqhīya
Kaʿba, 16, 222–23, 228–30, 246
Kahf, Mohja, 174
Kalpaklı, Mehmet, 84
Al-Kāsānī, 75, 85
Kathīr ibn Murra, 147
Kemalpaşazadeh, 106
Khalīfa ibn Khayyāṭ, 115
Khalīl ibn Isḥāq al-Jundī, 30–32, 34, 252
Khan, Hasan-Uddin, 292
Khārijism, Ibāḍī, 9
khāṭiba (matchmaker), 159
Khawla bint Qays, Umm Ṣubayya, 20
Khāʾir Beg, 203–4
El-Kholy, Heba, 290–91
Khomeini, Ayatollah, 290
Al-Khūlī, al-Bahī, 267–68
Al-Khurashī, ʿAbd Allāh, 34–35
Kufa, Great Mosque of, 115
kurh (coercion), 236
Al-Lakhmī, 123
Lane, Edward William, 193–94
Al-Laqānī, Nāṣir al-Dīn, 252
lattice. See shabaka
al-layālī al-fāḍila (sacred nights), 223–24
Laylat al-Qadr, 132
de Maillet Benoît, 141
Leder, Stefan, 153, 155
legal inquiry. See istiftāʾ
legal statuses of actions. See aḥkām
Lescalopier, Pierre, 174, 182
Lithgow, William, 173, 189
locking mosques, 161, 354n17
Lufti, Huda, 10
Lull, Ramon, 172–73
Al-Maʿarrī, Abū’l-ʿAlāʾ, 148
madhāhib (classical schools of law), 277. See also Ḥanafīs; Ḥanbalīs; Mālikïs; Shāfiʿīs
maghrib (sunset), 217
Al-Maḥallī, Jalāl al-Dīn, 63, 70
maḥḍar (memorandum), 208
Maḥmūd, ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm, 264
majlis al-ʿilm (religious instruction), 78
makrūh (undesirable), 235
Malcolm, John, 176
Mālik ibn Anas, 17–18
Mālikīs (legal school), on women’s mosque attendance, 17–38
maqāṣīr (enclosures), 167, 333n99. See also women’s space, in mosques
Al-Maqdisī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wāḥid, 149
Al-Maqdisīya, Fāṭima, 155
Al-Maqdisīya, Ḥabība bint Ibrāhīm, 155
maqṣūra (enclosed space, pl. maqāṣīr), 120–21, 123–25, 167, 287–89, 333n99. See also women’s space, in mosques
Al-Mardāwī, ʿAlī ibn Sulaymān, 96, 98
Al-Marghinānī, ʿAlī ibn Abī Bakr, 77, 83–85
market inspector and enforcer of public morals. See muḥtasib
Al-Marwazī, Muḥammad, 85
Masjid al-Bayāṭira, 153
Masnavī (Rūmī), 150
mass media, 275, 276
maṭāf (circumambulation area [around Kaʿba]), 207, 209–10, 217–18, 221, 223, 229
matchmaker. See khāṭiba
mature woman. See age cohorts of women; mutajālla
Al-Māwardī, ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad, 48–49
Al-Mawṣilī, ʿAbd Allāh, 75–76
Mazumdar, Sanjoy, 5
Mazumdar, Shampa, 5
Mecca, 15–16, 21, 146. See also pilgrimage to Mecca; women’s mosque attendance, sixteenth-century Mecca
Mecca, Great Mosque of, 43, 68; access to, 201; coffee and, 204; custodians, 206–7; women’s attendance in sixteenth-century Mecca, 15–16, 216–25, 249
Medina, 19, 22, 120, 153, 183, 200, 218, 222, 287–88
Melchert, Christopher, 2, 99, 113
memorandum. See maḥḍar
men, 7, 11, 191, 351n35; adornment and, 287; male authority, 4; male guardian, 21; maleness, 57; young man, 105–6. See also husband’s permission; ikhtilāṭ
Menavino, Antonio, 180
menstruating women, 102, 284–85, 348n312
merit, 286; Mālikīs on, 36–37; Ẓāhirīs on, 38, 56–58
mīʿād (regularly-scheduled lesson), 157–58
Mihailović, Konstantin, 178
minor pilgrimage. See ʿumra
Misʿar ibn Kidām, 117
mixing of men and women. See ikhtilāṭ
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, 189
mosques: Aqṣā Mosque, 166–71; children in, 31; Great Mosque of Cordoba, 24, 120–21, 122; Great Mosque of Kufa, 115; Great Mosque of Qayrawān, 123–24, 127; legal procedures in, 118; locking of, 161, 354n17; men’s attendance at, 11; range of functions performed in, 5–6; record keeping, 12–13; sacred functions performed in, 6; separate entrances for women, 364n12; shrines compared to, 6–7, 131; village mosques, 291; ziyādas and, 333n98. See also Mecca, Great Mosque of; women’s mosque attendance; women’s mosque attendance, modern developments; women’s mosque attendance, sixteenth-century Mecca; specific geographic locations
mothers, 271; desexualized, 276
Moüette, Germain, 174
mubāḥ (permissible, legally neutral), 37, 49, 91–92, 98
Mudawwana, 19, 22
muḥaddithūn (scholars of ḥadīth), distinctive attitudes towards women’s mosque access, 52–63, 81–83
Muḥammad. See Prophet Muḥammad
muḥtasib (market inspector and enforcer of public morals), 51, 121, 135, 150, 234, 237
Mujīr al-Dīn, 168
mukhaddara (secluded woman), 107, 108, 218, 324n324
Al-Mukhtār, 114
Muslim Brotherhood: fitna and, 266, 268; home worship and, 266; members, 289; mothers and, 271; origination, 265–66; thinkers, 274; training and deployment emphasis, 271; views, 282; women’s mosque attendance, 265–77
Al-Mustanṣir, Al-Ḥakam, 121
mutajālla (mature woman), 19–21, 23–25, 30, 34–35, 301n12. See also age cohorts of women
Muwaṭṭaʾ, 17–18
Al-Muzanī, 128
Al-Nābulusī, ʿAbd al-Ghanī, 169
Nadwi, Muhammad Akram, 136
Al-Nafrāwī, Aḥmad ibn Ghunaym, 34
Al-Nakhaʿī, Ibrāhīm, 114
Al-Nasafī, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad, 78
Nāṣif, Malak Ḥifnī, 262–63, 277
Nāṣiḥ al-Dīn ibn al-Ḥanbalī, 151
Al-Nawawī, Abū Zakarīyā, 53–55, 63, 69, 104, 250
nāẓir (superintendent), 137
Necipoğlu, Gülru, 298n25
Nightingale, Florence, 176–77
nighttime, women’s mosque attendance at, 22–23, 29–30, 77, 82, 158–59, 179, 207, 217–19, 239
nighttime prayers. See ʿishāʾ
nighttime prayers during Ramadan. See tarāwīḥ
Niṣf Shaʿbān, 132, 171, 196
non-secluded woman. See barza
North Africa. See Spain and North Africa
oaths, 21–22, 298n20
old and young women. See age cohorts of women; ajūz; mutajālla; shābba
Palerne, Jean, 138, 140–41
paradise: Islam and, 174–75; women’s exclusion from, according to Western reports, 174; women’s place in, 108–9. See also afterlife
Pardoe, Julia, 1, 175–76, 188, 189
Pedersen, Johannes, 2
Peirce, Leslie, 106
perfume: prohibited for women attending mosques, 55, 69–70, 260; used by Meccan women, 220–21
permissible, legally neutral. See mubāḥ
physical attractiveness, 46, 150, 309n120; grave visitation and, 142; old woman and, 35; public worship and, 47, 48–50, 52, 65, 160–61, 227
pilgrimage to Mecca, 16, 21, 356n54; minor pilgrimage, 222–23; Shāfiʿīs and, 42–43; women’s mosque attendance, sixteenth-century Mecca and, 224–25
pious foundation. See waqf
pious precaution. See iḥtiyāṭ
Pococke, Richard, 141
political awareness, 276
postclassical stage, 249–50
postmenopausal women, 102
prayer. See ṣalāt
prayer leadership, 288, 330n63. See also imāma
prayer space. See maqṣūra; women’s space, in mosques
preacher. See wāʿiẓ
preacher-storyteller. See qāṣṣ
preaching sessions: Ḥanafīs on, 78–79; Syria, 150–57, 165–66
Prophet Muḥammad, 2–3, 18; actions and statements, 23; birthday, 196; birthplace, 205–6; grave, 16, 222–23, 228–30, 246; guidance, 260; ḥadīth and, 8; innovations and, 39–40; permission and dispensation, 71; Shāfiʿīs on wives of, 44–45
punishment. See taʿzīr
qāḍī (judge), 203
qafaṣ (cage), 288. See also women’s space, in mosques
al-Qaffāl al-Shāshī, al-Qāsim ibn Muḥammad, 50–51
Al-Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf, 271–73
Al-Qarāfī, Badr al-Dīn, 200, 202
Al-Qāsimī, Jamāl al-Dīn, 260, 277
qāṣṣ (preacher-storyteller), 117, 158
Qaṭām ibnat al-Shijna, 115
qawāʿid al-fiqhīya (juristic principles), 241
Qayrawān, Great Mosque of, 123–24, 127
Al-Qayrawānī, Ibn Abī Zayd, 34
qiyās (juristic analogy), 62
Qur’an, 79, 161, 191, 264; fitna in, 103–4; on men’s “degree” over women, 108–9
al-Qurṭubī, Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Raʾūf, 121
Al-Qurṭubī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, 105, 228
Ramadan, 67, 117; Cairo, Egypt, 133; Ottoman Istanbul, 180, 190–91, 195; tarāwīḥ, 272; women’s mosque attendance, sixteenth-century Mecca and, 223–24
Al-Ramlī, Shams al-Dīn, 70
Al-Raqqī, Hilāl ibn al-ʿAlāʾ, 118
rationale. See ʿilla
Raʾūf, Hiba, 274–75
Rauwolff, Leonhart, 179
Reformation, 173–74
regularly-scheduled lesson. See mīʿād
Reland, Adrianus, 174
religious instruction. See majlis al-ʿilm
religious obligations. See farāʾiḍ
religious retreat. See iʿtikāf
Riḍā, Rashīd, 261–62, 267, 277
Roald, Anne Sofie, 287
Roger, Eugène, 170
Rūmī, Jalāl al-Dīn, 150
Rutter, Eldon, 278
Al-Rūyānī, ʿAbd al-Wāḥid ibn Ismāʿīl, 51
sadd al-dharāʾiʿ (blocking the paths), 240, 242–44
Sadeghi, Behnam, 2, 75, 87
Al-Ṣāgharjī, Maʾmūn, 153, 155
Al-Ṣaʿīdī, ʿAlī al-ʿAdawī, 30
St. John, James Augustus, 193
Al-Sakhāwī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, 135, 220
Salafism, 277–89
ṣalāt (prayer), 5, 6; congregational, 30–31; daily prayers, 206–7, 217, 219; men’s prayers, 351n35; public prayers, 352n366. See also ʿīd; ʿishāʾ; Jumʿa
Sale, George, 175
Ṣāliḥ, Suʿād, 265
Al-Ṣāliḥīya (area of Damascus), 197
Salīm, Shaykh ʿAbd al-Majīd, 263
Al-Samdīsī, Shams al-Dīn, 251
Al-Samhūdī, ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad, 218
Al-Ṣanʿānī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq. See ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Ṣanʿānī
Sandys, George, 182
Al-Sarakhsī, Abū Bakr, 73–74, 77, 83, 104
Saudi Arabia, 265, 281, 288
Saudi Permanent Council for Fatwas, 279–80
Al-Ṣāwī, Aḥmad, 35–36
Al-Sawwās, Yāsīn, 153, 155
Al-Ṣaydalānī, 63
Sayeed, Asma, 2, 264
Schiltberger, Johann, 178, 188
school precedent. See taqlīd
schools, 262
schools of Islamic law, classical. See madhāhib
Schweigger, Salomon, 174, 188–89
secluded woman. See mukhaddara
Selim (Ottoman sultan), 205
sexual temptation. See fitna
shabaka (lattice), 288, 369n95
shābba (young woman), 23–25, 36, 122. See also age cohorts of women
Shabīb ibn Yazīd, 115
Al-Shabrakhītī, Ibrāhīm ibn Marʿī, 35
Al-Shabrāmallisī, ʿAlī, 70, 71
Al-Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad ibn Idrīs, 25, 41–51, 65, 77, 90, 128, 141
Shāfiʿīs (legal school), 25, 41–71, 77
Al-Shaʿrānī, ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, 135
Al-Shāṭibī, Abū Isḥāq, 132
Al-Shaybānī, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan, 71–72, 74
Al-Shaykh ʿAlwān, 66, 160–66, 198
Shaykh-Zādeh, 102
Al-Shayzarī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Naṣr, 152, 159
Shīʿism, Imāmī, 9
Al-Shīrāzī, Abū Isḥāq, 49–50, 54
Al-Shirbīnī, Muḥammad, 70
shrines, 296n8; grave visitation and, 139–41; of John the Baptist, 260; mosques compared to, 6–7, 131; visitation, 278
Shurayḥ, 115
Al-Shuwaykī, Shihāb al-Dīn, 252
Sibṭ Ibn al-Jawzī, 152–53
Sind ibn ʿInān al-Azdī, 23, 26–27, 36
Sitt al-Wuzarāʾ bint ʿUmar ibn al-Munajjā, 136
Southgate, Horatio, 175–76, 188, 189, 192
space, women’s. See women’s space, in mosques
Spain and North Africa: Jumʿa, 121–22, 125; women’s de facto presence in mosques in, 119–28; women’s prayer space in, 120–27
storyteller. See qāṣṣ
study sessions, 134–35
Al-Sunbāṭī, Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq, 252–53
sunset prayer. See maghrib
superintendent. See nāẓir
Al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn, 63, 109
Syria: de facto presence of women in mosques in, 145–66; preaching sessions, 150–58, 161, 165–66
Al-Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad, 101
Al-Ṭabarī, Muḥammad ibn Jarīr, 114–16, 218–19
Al-Ṭabarī, Muḥibb al-Dīn, 218–19
taghayyur al-aḥkām bi-taghayyur al-aḥwāl (changing of legal rulings with changing of circumstances), 243
Al-Ṭaḥāwī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad, 72–73
Talmon-Heller, Daniella, 149, 183
taʿmīm (generalization), 225, 232, 250
Al-Ṭanbadāwī, Aḥmad ibn al-Ṭayyib, 253
Al-Tanūkhī, Saḥnūn ibn Saʿīd, 19
taqlīd (school precedent), 9, 248–49
tarāwīḥ (special nighttime prayers during Ramadan), 180, 191, 272
tashabbuh (gender-inappropriate behavior), 283
Al-Tatāʾī, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm, 34
Taylor, Christopher, 143
taʿzīr (discretionary punishment), 232–33, 247
Temple Mount (Jerusalem), 167
Thackeray, William Makepeace, 190
Al-Thawrī, Sufyān, 50, 72
Thenaud, Jean, 140
Thévenot, Jean, 174
Thomson, H. C., 189
Time of Ignorance, 229
times of day, 77, 84, 246, 255. See also ʿishāʾ; nighttime, women’s mosque attendance at; nighttime hours
travelers, Western, 6, 12, 15, 112, 124, 137, 139–40, 144, 171, 172–73, 182, 193
Turkey, 1, 172, 181. See also Istanbul, Ottoman
Al-Ṭurṭūshī, Abū Bakr, 132
al-Ubbī, Muḥammad ibn Khalīfa, 28–29, 37
Al-ʿUmarī, Ibn Faḍl Allāh, 168
Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, 2, 18, 36–37, 116
Umm al-Dardāʾ, 146–47
Umm Ḥumayd, 89
umm walad (concubine), 114
ʿumra (minor pilgrimage), 222–23
undesirable. See makrūh
Al-ʿUtbī al-Qurṭubī, 19–20, 24
ʿUtbīya, 26
village mosques, 6, 149, 183, 261, 291
Virgin Mary, 171
virgins, 23, 180, 332n298
Wahhābī movement, 278, 282
wāʿiẓ (preacher), 151, 253, 260. See also dāʿiyāt
Al-Walīdī, Rāshid ibn Abī Rāshid, 32–33, 126
Al-Wansharīsī, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyā, 123
al-Waqāʾiʿ al-miṣrīya, 261
waqf (pious foundation), 229
Warner, Charles Dudley, 193–94
weddings, 13, 163, 170
Wild, Johan, 138
women, 267–68; adolescent girls, 107; advocacy, 290; affluent, 220; aged, elderly, 72; categorization concerning, 3; chaste woman, 96–97; divorced, 301n8; fat, 303n35; free, 104–5; groups of, 250; ikhtilāṭ, 54, 208, 221, 266, 271–72; latter day, 31–32; learned and pious, 58, 63; menstruating, 102, 284–85, 348n312; postmenopausal, 102; prayer room, 125–27; preachers, 136; teachers, 146–47; women’s space, 134; working-class, 291. See also old and young women
Women and Gender in Islam (Ahmed), 2
Women Between the Home and Society (Al-Khūlī), 267–68
Women’s Mosque. See Jāmiʿ al-Nisāʾ
women’s mosque attendance: debate in sixteenth-century Mecca, 199–257; Egypt: Cairo, 128–45; examples of historical practice, 111–98; Ḥanafīs, 71–87; Ḥanbalīs, 88–99; Iraq, 113–19; Islamic reform from the turn of the twentieth century, 259–65; Jerusalem: al-Aqṣā, 166–71; legal debates in classical schools, 17–109; Meccan women’s usage of the Sacred Mosque, 216–25; modern developments, 259–93; the Muslim Brotherhood, 265–77; Ottoman Istanbul, 171–95; Salafism, 277–89; Shāfiʿīs, 41–71; Spain and North Africa, 119–28; Syria, 145–66; Ẓāhirīs, 38–41. See also specific topics
women’s prayer rooms, in mosques. See women’s space, in mosques
women’s section. See gynaeceum
women’s space, in mosques: in Alexandria, 177; in Aqṣā Mosque, Jerusalem, 167–69, 178; balconies and, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187–88, 287, 349n325; in Cairo, 133–34, 137–38; as a legal issue, 123–24, 285–86, 287–89; in Medina, 120, 287–88; in Spain and North Africa, 119–25; in Turkey, 179, 182–83, 187–88, 191
young man. See amrad
young woman. See age cohorts of women; shābba
Al-Zabīdī, Muḥammad, 96
Al-Zāhid, Aḥmad ibn Sulaymān, 135–36
Ẓāhirīs (legal school), 38–41
Zarrūq, Shaykh Aḥmad, 126
Zaynab bint al-Kamāl, 155
zinā (illegitimate sexual intercourse), 41, 165, 237–38, 240, 241, 244
ziyādas (additions, to mosques), 333n98
Ziyād ibn Abīhi, 115
Al-Zurqānī, 34