BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Flegal, K.M., Kit, B.K., Orpana, H., Graubard, B.I. (2013). ‘Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories’. JAMA, 309(1):71.

2. Bacon, L., Aphramor, L. (2011). ‘Weight science: Evaluating the evidence for a paradigm shift’. Nutrition Journal, 10(1):9.

3. Wing, R.R., Phelan, S. ‘Long-term weight loss maintenance’. (2005). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82(1):222S–225S.

4. Howard, B. V., Manson, J.E., Stefanick, M.L, et al. (2006). ‘Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over seven years’. JAMA, 295(1):39.

5. NIH Technology Assessment Conference Panel. (1992). ‘Methods for voluntary weight loss and control’. Annals of Internal Medicine, 116(11):942–949.

6. Mann, T., Tomiyama, A.J., Westling, E., Lew, A-M, Samuels, B., Chatman, J. (2007). ‘Medicare’s search for effective obesity treatments: Diets are not the answer’. American Psychologist, 62(3):220–233.

7. French, S.A., Jeffery, R.W., Forster, J.L. (1994). ‘Dieting status and its relationship to weight, dietary intake, and physical activity changes over two years in a working population’. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 2(2):135–144.

8. Fisher, J.O., Birch, L.L. (1999). Restricting access to palatable foods affects children’s behavioral response, food selection, and intake’. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, (6):1264–1272.

9. Tsai, A.G., Wadden, T.A. (2005). ‘Systematic review: An evaluation of major commercial weight loss programs in the United States’. Annals of Internal Medicine, 142(1):56.

10. James, J., Thomas, P., Kerr, D. (2007). ‘Preventing childhood obesity: Two year follow-up results from the Christchurch obesity prevention programme in schools (CHOPPS)’. BMJ, 335(7623):762.

11. Anderson, L.M., Quinn, T.A., Glanz K., et al. (2009). ‘The effectiveness of worksite nutrition and physical activity interventions for controlling employee overweight and obesity’. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 37(4):340–357.

12. Bosomworth, N.J. (2012). ‘The downside of weight loss: Realistic intervention in body-weight trajectory’. Canadian Family Physician, 58(5):517–523.

13. Aphramor, L. (2010). ‘Validity of claims made in weight management research: A narrative review of dietetic articles’. Nutrition Journal, 9:30. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-9-30.

14. Müller, M.J., Bosy-Westphal, A., Heymsfield, S.B. (2010). ‘Is there evidence for a set point that regulates human body weight?’ F1000 Medicine Reports, 2:59.

15. Polivy, J., Herman, C.P. (1985). ‘Dieting and binging: A causal analysis’. American Psychologist, 40(2):193–201.

16. Leibel, R.L., Hirsch, J. (1984). ‘Diminished energy requirements in reduced-obese patients’. Metabolism, 33(2):164–170.

17. Sumithran, P., Prendergast, L.A., Delbridge, E., et al. (2011). ‘Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to Weight Loss’. The New England Journal of Medicine, 365(17):1597–1604.

18. Bacon, L., Stern, J.S., Van Loan, M.D., Keim, N.L. (2005). ‘Size acceptance and intuitive eating improve health for obese, female chronic dieters’. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(6):929–936.

19. Khaw, K-T, Wareham, N., Bingham, S., Welch, A., Luben, R., Day, N. (2008). ‘Combined impact of health behaviours and mortality in men and women: The EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study’. Lopez A, ed. PLoS Medicine, 5(1):e12.

20. Matheson, E.M., King, D.E., Everett, C.J. (2012). ‘Healthy lifestyle habits and mortality in overweight and obese individuals’. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 25(1):9–15.

21. Rothblum, E.D. (2018). ‘Slim chance for permanent weight loss’. Archives of Scientific Psychology, 6(1):63–69.

22. Fox, R. (2018). ‘Against progress: Understanding and resisting the temporality of transformational weight loss narratives’. Fat Studies, 7(2):216–226.

23. Lissner, L., Odell, P.M., D’Agostino, R.B., et al. (1991). ‘Variability of Body Weight and Health Outcomes in the Framingham Population’. The New England Journal of Medicine, 324(26):1839–1844.

24. Brownell, K.D., Rodin, J. (1994). ‘Medical, metabolic, and psychological effects of weight cycling’. Archives of Internal Medicine, 154(12):1325–1330.

25. Field, A.E., Manson, J.E., Taylor, C.B., Willett, W.C., Colditz, G.A. (2004). ‘Association of weight change, weight control practices and weight cycling among women in the Nurses’ Health Study II. International Journal of Obesity, 28(9):1134–1142.

26. Andreyeva, T., Puhl, R.M., Brownell, K.D. (2008). ‘Changes in perceived weight discrimination among Americans, 1995–1996 through 2004–2006’. Obesity, 16(5):1129–1134.

27. Davis-Coelho, K., Waltz, J., Davis-Coelho, B. (2000). ‘Awareness and prevention of bias against fat clients in psychotherapy’. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 31(6):682–684.

28. Swift, J.A., Hanlon, S., El-Redy, L., Puhl, R.M., Glazebrook, C. (2013). ‘Weight bias among UK trainee dietitians, doctors, nurses and nutritionists’. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 26(4):395–402.

29. Stice, E., Presnell, K., Spangler, D. (2002). ‘Risk factors for binge eating onset in adolescent girls: a 2-year prospective investigation’. Health Psychology, 21(2):131–138.

30. Tylka, TL. (2011). ‘Refinement of the tripartite influence model for men: Dual body image pathways to body change behaviors’. Body Image, 8(3):199–207.

31. Pearl, R.L., Wadden, T.A., Hopkins, C.M., et al. (2017). ‘Association between weight bias internalization and metabolic syndrome among treatment-seeking individuals with obesity’. Obesity, 25(2):317–322.

32. Mottillo, S., Filion, K.B., Genest, J., et al. (2010). ‘The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk’. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 56(14):1113–1132.

33. Sutin, A.R., Stephan, Y., Terracciano, A. (2015). ‘Weight discrimination and risk of mortality’. Psychological Science, 26(11):1803–1811. doi:10.1177/0956797615601103

34. Puhl, R., Suh, Y. (2015). ‘Stigma and eating and weight disorders’. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(3):10.

35. Neumark-Sztainer, D., Bauer, K.W., Friend, S., Hannan, P.J., Story, M., Berge, J.M. (2010). ‘Family weight talk and dieting: How much do they matter for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls?’ Journal of Adolescent Health, 47(3):270–276.

36. Vartanian, L.R., Porter, A.M. (2016). ‘Weight stigma and eating behavior: A review of the literature’. Appetite, 102:3–14.

37. Tylka, T.L., Annunziato, R.A., Burgard, D., et al. (2014). ‘The weight-inclusive versus weight-normative approach to health: Evaluating the evidence for prioritizing well-being over weight loss. Journal of Obesity.

38. Ramos Salas, X. (2015). ‘The ineffectiveness and unintended consequences of the public health war on obesity’. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 106(2):e79–81.

39. Lozano-Sufrategui, L., Sparkes, A.C., McKenna, J. (2016). Weighty: NICE’s not-so-nice words. Frontiers in Psychology, 7:1919.

40. Puhl, R., Peterson, J.L., Luedicke, J. (2013). ‘Fighting obesity or obese persons? Public perceptions of obesity-related health messages’. International Journal of Obesity, 37(6):774–782.

41. Fikkan, J.L., Rothblum, E.D. (2012). ‘Is fat a feminist issue? Exploring the gendered nature of weight bias’. Sex Roles, 66(9–10):575–592.

42. Taheri, S., Lin, L., Austin, D., Young, T., Mignot, E. (2004). ‘Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index’. PLoS Medicine, 1(3):e62.

43. Tylka, T.L., Calogero, R.M., Daníelsdóttir, S. (2015). ‘Is intuitive eating the same as flexible dietary control? Their links to each other and well-being could provide an answer’. Appetite, 95, 166–175.

44. Helliwell, J.F., Layard, R., Sachs, J. (2012). World Happiness Report.

45. Vitaliano, P.P., Scanlan, J.M., Zhang, J., Savage, M.V., Hirsch, I.B., Siegler, I.C. (2002). ‘A path model of chronic stress, the metabolic syndrome, and coronary heart disease’. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64(3):418–435.

46. Oliver, G., Wardle, J. (1999). ‘Perceived effects of stress on food choice’. Physiology & Behavior, 66(3):511–515.

47. Adam, T.C., Epel, E.S. (2007). ‘Stress, eating and the reward system’. Physiology & Behavior, 91(4):449–458.

48. Zellner, D.A., Loaiza, S., Gonzalez, Z., et al. (2006). ‘Food selection changes under stress’. Physiology & Behavior, 87(4):789–793.

49. Kaur, S., Van, A. (2017). ‘Do the types of food you eat influence your happiness?’ J UC Merced Undergraduate Research Journal, 9(2).

50. Tomiyama, A.J., Dallman, M.F., Epel, E.S. (2011). ‘Comfort food is comforting to those most stressed: Evidence of the chronic stress response network in high stress women’. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36(10):1513–1519.

51. Troisi, J.D., Gabriel, S. (2011). ‘Chicken soup really is good for the soul. Psychological Science, 22(6):747–753.

52. Locher, J.L., Yoels, W.C., Maurer, D., van Ells, J. (2005). ‘Comfort foods: An exploratory journey into the social and emotional significance of food’. Food and Foodways, 13(4):273–297.

53. Spence, C. (2017). ‘Comfort food: A review’. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 9:105–109.

54. Macht, M. (1999). ‘Characteristics of eating in anger, fear, sadness and joy’. Appetite, 33(1):129–139.

55. Macht, M. (2008). ‘How emotions affect eating: A five-way model’. Appetite, 50(1):1–11.

56. MacCormack, J.K., Lindquist, K.A. (2018). ‘Feeling hangry? When hunger is conceptualized as emotion’. Emotion. June.

57. Koball, A.M., Meers, M.R., Storfer-Isser, A., Domoff, S.E., Musher-Eizenman, D.R. (2012). ‘Eating when bored: Revision of the emotional eating scale with a focus on boredom’. Journal of Health Psychology, 31(4):521–524.

58. Havermans, R.C., Vancleef, L., Kalamatianos, A., Nederkoorn, C. (2015). ‘Eating and inflicting pain out of boredom’. Appetite, 85:52–57.

59. Cardi, V., Leppanen, J., Treasure, J. (2015). ‘The effects of negative and positive mood induction on eating behaviour: A meta-analysis of laboratory studies in the healthy population and eating and weight disorders’. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Review, 57:299–309.

60. White, B.A., Horwath, C.C, Conner, T.S. (2013). ‘Many apples a day keep the blues away:Daily experiences of negative and positive affect and food consumption in young adults’. British Journal of Health Psychology, 18(4):782–798.

61. Sánchez-Villegas, A., Henríquez-Sánchez, P., Ruiz-Canela, M., et al. (2015). ‘A longitudinal analysis of diet quality scores and the risk of incident depression in the SUN Project’. BMC Medicine, 13(1):197.

62. Jacka, F.N., O’Neil, A., Opie, R., et al. (2017). ‘A randomised controlled trial of dietary improvement for adults with major depression (the ‘SMILES’ trial)’. BMC Medicine, 15(1):23.

63. Wilk, R. (2004). ‘Morals and metaphors: the meaning of consumption’. Elusive Consumption, 11–26.

64. Spencer, D.C. (2014). ‘‘Eating clean’ for a violent body: Mixed martial arts, diet and masculinities’. Womens Studies International Forum, 44:247–254.

65. Zhong, C-B, Liljenquist, K. (2006). ‘Washing away your sins: threatened morality and physical cleansing’. Science, 313(5792):1451–1452.

66. Pila, E., Mond, J.M., Griffiths, S., Mitchison, D., Murray, S.B. (2017). ‘A thematic content analysis of #cheatmeal images on social media: Characterizing an emerging dietary trend’. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50(6):698–706.

67. Kuijer, R.G., Boyce, J.A. (2014). ‘Chocolate cake. Guilt or celebration? Associations with healthy eating attitudes, perceived behavioural control, intentions and weight-loss’. Appetite, 74:48–54.

68. Varga, M., Thege, B.K., Dukay-Szabó, S., Túry, F., van Furth, E.F. (2014). ‘When eating healthy is not healthy: Orthorexia nervosa and its measurement with the ORTO-15 in Hungary’. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1).

69. Dunn, T.M., Bratman, S. (2016). ‘On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria’. Eating Behaviors, 21:11–17.

70. Moroze, R.M., Dunn, T.M., Craig, Holland, J., Yager, J., Weintraub, P. (2015). ‘Microthinking about micronutrients: A case of transi-tion from obsessions about healthy eating to near-fatal “orthorexia nervosa” and proposed diagnostic criteria’. Psychosomatics, 56(4):397–403.

71. Segura-Garcia, C., Ramacciotti, C., Rania, M., et al. (2015). ‘The prevalence of orthorexia nervosa among eating disorder patients after treatment’. Eating and Weight Disorders, 20(2):161–166.

72. Barthels F, Meyer F, Huber T, Pietrowsky R. (2017). ‘Orthorexic eating behaviour as a coping strategy in patients with anorexia nervosa’. Eating and Weight Disorders – Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 22(2):269–276.

73. Dunn, T.M., Gibbs, J, Whitney, N., Starosta, A. (2017). ‘Prevalence of orthorexia nervosa is less than 1 %: data from a US sample’. Eating and Weight Disorders – Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 22(1):185–192.

74. Syurina, E.V., Bood, Z.M., Ryman, F.V.M., Muftugil-Yalcin, S. (2018). ‘Cultural phenomena believed to be associated with orthorexia nervosa: Opinion study in Dutch health professionals’. Frontiers in Psychology, 9:1419.

75. Brytek-Matera, A., Donini, L.M., Krupa, M., Poggiogalle, E., Hay, P. (2015). ‘Orthorexia nervosa and self-attitudinal aspects of body image in female and male university students’. Journal of Eating Disorders, 3:2.

76. Turner, G., Lefevre, C.E. (2017). ‘Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa’. Eating and Weight Disorders.

77. Westwater, M.L., Fletcher, P.C., Ziauddeen, H. (2016). ‘Sugar addiction: the state of the science’. European Journal of Nutrition, 55(S2):55–69.

78. Biesiekierski, J.R., Peters, S.L., Newnham, E.D., Rosella, O., Muir, J.G., Gibson, P.R. (2013). ‘No effects of gluten in patients with self-reported non-celiac gluten sensitivity after dietary reduction of fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates’. Gastroenterology, 145(2):320–328.e3.

79. Vernia, P., Di Camillo, M., Foglietta, T., Avallone, V.E., De Carolis, A. (2010). ‘Diagnosis of lactose intolerance and the “nocebo” effect: The role of negative expectations’. Digestive and Liver Disease, 42(9):616–619.

80. Shahab, L., McGowan, J.A., Waller, J., Smith, S,G. (2018). ‘Prevalence of beliefs about actual and mythical causes of cancer and their association with socio-demographic and health-related characteristics: Findings from a cross-sectional survey in England’. European Journal of Cancer, 0(0).

81. Schoenfeld, J.D., Ioannidis, J.P. (2013). ‘Is everything we eat associated with cancer? A systematic cookbook review’. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 97(1):127–134.

82. Thorning, T.K., Raben, A., Tholstrup, T., Soedamah-Muthu, S.S., Givens, I., Astrup, A. (2016). ‘Milk and dairy products: good or bad for human health? An assessment of the totality of scientific evidence’. Food & Nutrition Research, 60(1):32527.

83. Ernst, E., Schmidt, K. (2002). ‘“Alternative” cancer cures via the Internet?’. British Journal of Cancer, 87(5):479–480.

84. Johnson, S.B., Park, H.S., Gross, C.P., Yu, J.B. (2018). ‘Use of Alternative Medicine for Cancer and Its Impact on Survival’. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 110(1):121–124.

85. Gardner, C.D., Trepanowski, J.F., Del Gobbo, L.C., et al. (2018). ‘Effect of low-fat vs low-carbohydrate diet on 12-month weight loss in overweight adults and the association with genotype pattern or insulin secretion’. JAMA, 319(7):667.

86. Hall, K.D. (2017). ‘A review of the carbohydrate–insulin model of obesity’. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71(3):323–326.

87. Reidlinger, D.P., Darzi, J., Hall, W.L., et al. (2015). ‘How effective are current dietary guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in healthy middle-aged and older men and women? A randomized controlled trial’. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 101(5):922–930.

88. Hooper, L., Martin, N., Abdelhamid, A., Davey Smith, G. (2015). ‘Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease’. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. June (6).

89. Huang, T., Xu, M., Lee, A., Cho, S., Qi, L. (2015). ‘Consumption of whole grains and cereal fiber and total and cause-specific mortality: prospective analysis of 367,442 individuals’. BMC Medicine, 13(1):59.

90. Fung, T.T. (2010). ‘Low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause and cause-specific mortality’. Annals of Internal Medicine, 153(5):289.

91. Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukopadhyay, T., Scherlis, W. (1998). ‘Internet paradox. A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?’. American Psychologies, 53(9):1017–1031.

92. Lin, L. yi, Sidani, J.E, Shensa, A., et al. (2016). ‘Association between social media use and depression among US young adults’. Depression and Anxiety, 33(4):323–331.

93. Lup, K., Trub, L., Rosenthal, L. (2015). ‘Instagram #Instasad?: exploring associations among Instagram use, depressive symptoms, negative social comparison, and strangers followed’. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 18(5):247–252.

94. Choudhury, M., De Gamon, M., Counts, S., Horvitz, E. (2013). ‘Predicting depression via social media’. ICWSM, 13:1–10.

95. Woods, H.C., Scott, H. (2016). ‘#Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem’. Journal of Adolescence, 51:41–49.

96. Carrotte, E.R., Vella, A.M., Lim, M.S. (2015). ‘Predictors of “liking” three types of health and fitness-related content on social media: A cross-sectional study’. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17(8):e205.

97. Sidani, J.E., Shensa, A., Hoffman, B., Hanmer, J., Primack, B.A. (2016). ‘The association between social media use and eating concerns among US young adults’. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(9):1465–1472.

98. Mabe, A.G., Forney, K.J., Keel, P.K. (2014). ‘Do you “like” my photo? Facebook use maintains eating disorder risk’. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(5):516–523.

99. Bardone-Cone, A.M., Cass, K.M. (2007). ‘What does viewing a pro-anorexia website do? an experimental examination of website exposure and moderating effects’. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40(6):537–548.

100. Holland, G., Tiggemann, M. (2016). ‘A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes’ Body Image, 17:100–110.

101. Valkenburg, P.M., Peter, J., Schouten, A.P. (2006). ‘Friend networking sites and their relationship to adolescents’ well-being and social self-esteem’. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9(5):584–590.

102. Gonzales, A.L., Hancock, J.T. (2011). ‘Mirror, mirror on my Facebook wall: effects of exposure to Facebook on self-esteem’. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 14(1–2):79–83.

103. Chou, H-T.G., Edge, N. (2012). ‘“They are happier and having better lives than I am”: The impact of using Facebook on perceptions of others’ lives’. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 15(2):117–121.

104. Vogel, E.A., Rose, J.P., Roberts, L.R., Eckles, K. (2014). ‘Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem’. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3(4):206–222.

105. Vohs, K.D., Heatherton, T.F. (2004). ‘Ego threat elicits different social comparison processes among high and low self-esteem people: Implications for interpersonal perceptions. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 22(1):168–191.

106. Pittman, M., Reich, B. (2016). ‘Social media and loneliness: Why an Instagram picture may be worth more than a thousand Twitter words’. Computers in Human Behavior, 62:155–167.

107. Becker, A.E., Burwell, R.A., Gilman, S.E., Herzog, D.B., Hamburg, P. (2002). ‘Eating behaviours and attitudes following prolonged exposure to television among ethnic Fijian adolescent girls’. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 180:509–514.

108. Becker, A.E., Fay, K.E., Agnew-Blais, J., Khan, A.N., Striegel-Moore, R.H., Gilman, S.E. (2011). ‘Social network media exposure and adolescent eating pathology in Fiji’. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 198(1):43–50.

109. Latzer, Y., Spivak-Lavi, Z., Katz, R. (2015). ‘Disordered eating and media exposure among adolescent girls: the role of parental involvement and sense of empowerment’. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 20(3):375–391.

110. Frederick, D.A., Daniels, E.A., Bates, M.E., Tylka, T.L. (2017). ‘Exposure to thin-ideal media affect most, but not all, women: Results from the perceived effects of media exposure scale and open-ended responses’. Body Image, 23:188–205.

111. Grabe, S., Ward, L.M., Hyde, J.S. (2008). ‘The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies’. Psychological Bulletin, 134(3):460–476.

112. Levine, M.P., Murnen, S.K. (2009). ‘“Everybody knows that mass media are/are not [pick one] a cause of eating disorders”: A critical review of evidence for a causal link between media, negative body image, and disordered eating in females’. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(1):9–42.

113. Barlett, C.P., Vowels, C.L., Saucier, D.A. (2008). ‘Meta-analyses of the effects of media images on men’s body-image concerns’. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(3):279–310.

114. Primack, B.A., Swanier, B., Georgiopoulos, A.M., Land, S.R., Fine, M.J. (2009). ‘Association between media use in adolescence and depression in young adulthood’. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(2):181.

115. Madhav, K.C., Sherchand, S.P., Sherchan, S. (2017). ‘Association between screen time and depression among US adults’. Preventative Medicine Reports, 8:67–71.

116. Stamatakis, E., Hamer, M., Dunstan, D.W. (2011). ‘Screen-based entertainment time, all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular events’. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 57(3):292–299.

117. Boepple, L., Thompson, J.K. (2016). ‘A content analytic comparison of fitspiration and thinspiration websites’. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49(1):98–101.

118. Tiggemann, M., & Zaccardo, M. (2016). ‘“Strong is the new skinny”: A content analysis of #fitspiration images on Instagram’. Journal of Health Psychology, 1359105316639436.

119. Tiggemann, M., Zaccardo, M. (2015). ‘“Exercise to be fit, not skinny”: The effect of fitspiration imagery on women’s body image’. Body Image, 15:61–67.

120. Holland, G., Tiggemann, M. (2017). ‘“Strong beats skinny every time”: Disordered eating and compulsive exercise in women who post fitspiration on Instagram’. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50(1):76–79.

121. Robinson, L., Prichard, I., Nikolaidis, A., Drummond, C., Drummond, M., Tiggemann, M. (2017). ‘Idealised media images: The effect of fitspiration imagery on body satisfaction and exercise behaviour’. Body Image, 22:65–71.

122. Chasler, J. (2016). ‘Fitspiration: Empowering or objectifying? The effects of fitspiration and self-objectification on exercise behavior’. Theses Dissertation. August.

123. Thompson, P.D., Crouse, S.F., Goodpaster, B., Kelley, D., Moyna, N., Pescatello, L. (2001). ‘The acute versus the chronic response to exercise’. Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(6 Suppl):S438–45; discussion S452–3.

124. Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J.G., et al. (2001). ‘Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance’. The New England Journal of Medicine, 344(18):1343–1350.

125. King, N.A., Hopkins, M., Caudwell, P., Stubbs, R.J., Blundell, J.E. (2009). ‘Beneficial effects of exercise: shifting the focus from body weight to other markers of health’. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(12):924–927.

126. Kemmler, W., Bebenek, M., Kohl, M,, von Stengel, S. (2015). ‘Exercise and fractures in postmenopausal women. Final results of the controlled Erlangen Fitness and Osteoporosis Prevention Study (EFOPS)’. Osteoporosis International, 26(10):2491–2499.

127. Colcombe, S., Kramer, A.F. (2003). ‘Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults’. Psychological Science, 14(2):125–130.

128. Ströhle, A. (2009). ‘Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders’. Journal of Neural Transmission, 116(6):777–784.

129. Harvey, S.B., Øverland, S., Hatch, S.L., Wessely, S., Mykletun, A., Hotopf, M. (2018). ‘Exercise and the prevention of depression: Results of the HUNT cohort study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(1):28–36.

130. Anglin, R.E.S., Samaan, Z., Walter, S.D., McDonald, S.D. (2013). ‘Vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis’. British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(02):100–107.

131. Spence, J.C., McGannon, K.R, Poon P. (2005). ‘The effect of exercise on global self-esteem: A quantitative review’. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27(3):311–334.

132. Hamer, M., Stamatakis, E., Steptoe, A. (2009). ‘Dose-response relationship between physical activity and mental health: The Scottish health survey’. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(14):1111–1114.

133. Kilpatrick, M., Hebert, E., Bartholomew, J. (2005). ‘College students’ motivation for physical activity: Differentiating men’s and women’s motives for sport participation and exercise’. Journal of American College Health, 54(2):87–94. doi:10.3200/JACH.54.2.87-94

134. Hausenblas, H.A., Fallon, E.A. (2006). ‘Exercise and body image: A meta-analysis’. Psychology & Health, 21(1):33–47.

135. Prichard, I., Tiggemann, M. (2008). ‘Relations among exercise type, self-objectification, and body image in the fitness centre environment: The role of reasons for exercise’. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(6):855–866.

136. Furnham, A., Badmin, N., Sneade, I. (2002). ‘Body image dissatisfaction: gender differences in eating attitudes, self-esteem, and reasons for exercise’. The Journal of Psychology, 136(6):581–596.

137. Bamber, D.J., Cockerill, I.M., Rodgers, S., Carroll, D. (2003). ‘Diagnostic criteria for exercise dependence in women’. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(5):393–400.

138. Berczik, K., Szabó, A., Griffiths, M.D., et al. (2012). ‘Exercise addiction: symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiology, and etiology. Substance Use & Misuse, 47(4):403–417.

139. Phillips, K.A. (2012). ‘Body dysmorphic disorder’. Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance. January, 74–81.

140. Thomas, A., Tod, D.A., Edwards, C.J., McGuiga, M.R. (2014). ‘Drive for muscularity and social physique anxiety mediate the perceived ideal physique muscle dysmorphia relationship’. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(12):3508–3514.

141. Spencer, R.A., Rehman, L., Kirk, S. (2015). ‘Understanding gender norms, nutrition, and physical activity in adolescent girls: a scoping review’. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12(1):6.

142. Ebrahim, I.O., Shapiro, C.M., Williams, A.J., Fenwick, P.B. (2013). ‘Alcohol and sleep I: effects on normal sleep’. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 37(4):539–549.

143. Walker, M. (2017). Why We Sleep: The New Science of Sleep and Dreams. Penguin, UK.

144. Janszky, I., Ljung, R. (2008). ‘Shifts to and from daylight saving time and incidence of myocardial infarction’. The New England Journal of Medicine, 359(18):1966–1968.

145. Black, P.H., Garbutt, L.D. (2002). ‘Stress, inflammation and cardiovascular disease’. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 52(1):1–23.

146. Rozanski, A., Blumenthal, J.A., Kaplan, J. (1999). ‘Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy. Circulation, 99(16):2192–2217.

147. Black, P.H. (2003). ‘The inflammatory response is an integral part of the stress response: Implications for atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome X’. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 17(5):350–364.

148. Marx, J. (2004). ‘Inflammation and cancer: the link grows stronger’. Science, 306(5698):966.

149. Chakraborty, A., McManus, S., Brugha, T.S., Bebbington, P., King, M. (2011). ‘Mental health of the non-heterosexual population of England’. British Journal of Psychiatry, 198(02):143–148.

150. Tabaac, A., Perrin, P.B., Benotsch, E.G. (2018). ‘Discrimination, mental health, and body image among transgender and gender-non-binary individuals: Constructing a multiple mediational path model’. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 30(1):1–16.

151. Berger, M., Sarnyai, Z. (2015). ‘“More than skin deep”: stress neurobiology and mental health consequences of racial discrimination’. Stress, 18(1):1–10.

152. Chong, C.S.M., Tsunak, M., Tsang, H.W.H., Chan, E.P., Cheung, W.M. (2011). ‘Effects of yoga on stress management in healthy adults: A systematic review’. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 17(1):32–38.

153. Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T.B., Baker, M., Harris, T., Stephenson, D. (2015). ‘Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality’. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2):227–237.

154. Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T.B., Layton, J.B. (2010). ‘Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review’. Brayne C., ed. PLoS Medicine, 7(7):e1000316.

155. DiMatteo, M.R. (2004). ‘Social support and patient adherence to medical treatment: A meta-analysis’. Health Psychology, 23(2):207–218.

156. Kawachi, I., Berkman, L.F. (2001). ‘Social ties and mental health’. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 78(3):458–467.

157. Uchino, B.N. (2006). ‘Social support and health: A review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes’. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(4):377–387.

158. Cable, N., Bartley, M., Chandola, T., Sacker, A. (2013). ‘Friends are equally important to men and women, but family matters more for men’s well-being’. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 67(2):166–171.

159. Goddard, M., Smith, P. (2001). ‘Equity of access to health care services: Theory and evidence from the UK’. Social Science & Medicine, 53(9):1149–1162.

160. Watt, I.S., Franks, A.J., Sheldon, T.A. (1994). ‘Health and health care of rural populations in the UK: Is it better or worse?’ Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 48(1):16–21.

161. Judge, A., Welton, N.J., Sandhu, J., Ben-Shlomo, Y. (2010). ‘Equity in access to total joint replacement of the hip and knee in England: cross sectional study’. BMJ, 341:c4092.

162. Newton, J.N., Briggs, A.D.M., Murray, C.J.L., et al. (2015). ‘Changes in health in England, with analysis by English regions and areas of deprivation, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013’. Lancet, 386(10010):2257–2274.

163. Cutler, D.M., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2006). ‘Education and health: evaluating theories and evidence’. National Bureau of Economic Research, (No. w12352).

164. Henderson, M. (2017). ‘Being on a zero-hours contract is bad for your health’. www.ucl.ac.uk/ioe/news-events/news-pub/jul-2017/zero-hours-contract-bad-for-health.

165. Lundberg, O. (1991). ‘Causal explanations for class inequality in health – an empirical analysis’. Social Science & Medicine, 32(4):385–393.

166. Bartley, M. (2005). ‘Job insecurity and its effect on health’. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59(9):718–719.

167. Marmot, M., Geddes, I., Bloomer, E., Allen, J., Goldblatt, P. (2011). ‘The health impacts of cold homes and fuel poverty, www.friendsoftheearth.uk/sites/default/files/downloads/cold_homes_health.pdf.

168. Krieger, J., Higgins, D.L. (2002). ‘Housing and health: time again for public health action’. American Journal of Public Health, 92(5):758–768.

169. Whitelaw, S., Swift, J., Goodwin, A., & Clark, D. (2008). ‘Physical activity and mental health: The role of physical activity in promoting mental wellbeing and preventing mental health problems: an evidence briefing’. NHS Scotland Health.

170. Crawford, D., Timperio, A., Giles-Corti B, et al. (2008). ‘Do features of public open spaces vary according to neighbourhood socio-economic status?’. Health Place, 14(4):889–893.

171. Finkelstein, M.M., Jerrett, M., DeLuca, P., et al. (2003). ‘Relation between income, air pollution and mortality: a cohort study.’ CMAJ, 169(5):397–402.

172. Wrigley, N. (2002). ‘“Food Deserts” in British cities: Policy context and research priorities’. Urban Studies, 39(11):2029–2040.

173. Benzeval, M., Taylor, J., Judge, K. (2000). ‘Evidence on the relationship between low income and poor health: Is the government doing enough?’ Fiscal Studies, 21(3):375–399.

174. Stamatakis, E., Wardle, J., Cole, T.J. (2010). ‘Childhood obesity and overweight prevalence trends in England: evidence for growing socioeconomic disparities’. International Journal of Obesity, 34(1):41–47.

175. Kunst, A.E, Mackenbach, J.P. (1994). ‘The size of mortality differences associated with educational level in nine industrialized countries’. American Journal of Public Health, 84(6):932–937.

176. Fredrickson, B.L., Roberts, T.A., Noll, S.M., Quinn, D.M., Twenge, J.M. (1998). ‘That swimsuit becomes you: sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1):269–284.

177. Stapleton, P., Crighton, G.J., Carter, B., Pidgeon, A. (2017). ‘Self-esteem and body image in females: The mediating role of self-compassion and appearance contingent self-worth’. Humanist Psychology, 45(3):238–257.

178. Bluth, K., Neff, K.D. (2018). ‘New frontiers in understanding the benefits of self-compassion’. Self Identity, August:1–4.

179. Wasylkiw, L., MacKinnon, A.L., MacLellan, A.M. (2012). ‘Exploring the link between self-compassion and body image in university women’. Body Image, 9(2):236–245.

Quizzes

Weight bias questionnaire adapted from: Morrison, T.G.and O’Connor, W.E. (1999). ‘Psychometric properties of a scale measuring negative attitudes toward overweight individuals’. The Journal of Social Psychology, 139: 436–445.

Emotional eating quiz adapted from: Arnow, B., Kenardy, J., Agras, WS. (1995). ‘The Emotional Eating Scale: The development of a measure to assess coping with negative affect by eating’. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18(1):79–90.

Body image and media quiz adapted from: Calogero, R.M., Davis, W.N., Thompson, J.K. (2004). ‘The sociocultural attitudes toward appearance questionnaire (SATAQ-3): Reliability and normative comparisons of eating disordered patients’. Body Image, May 1;1(2):193–8.

Exercise addiction questionnaire adapted from: Szabo, A., Griffiths, M.D. (2004). ‘The exercise addiction inventory: A new brief screening tool’. Addiction Research and Theory, 12(5):489–99.

Body appreciation scale adapted from: Tylka, T.L., Wood-Barcalow, N.L. (2015). ‘The body appreciation scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation’. Body Image, 12:53–67.

Loneliness quiz adapted from: Hughes, M.E., Waite, L.J., Hawkley, L.C., Cacioppo, J.T. (2004). ‘A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies’. Research on Aging, 26(6):655–72.