i. Shan-tao’s Commentary on the Kuan wuliang-shou-Fo ching. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1995.During the last decennia, the study of Taoism in all its aspects has resulted in a remarkable increase in publications, both in Western languages and in Chinese and Japanese. The availability of the Taoist Canon was one of the major factors stimulating scholarly research. The study of the philosophical texts, especially the Tao-te Ching and the Chuang-tzu, had been going on long before the interest in the Taoist religion and Taoist liturgy developed in the West.
Today, it is hard to catch up with the continuous flow of new publications. Chinese and Japanese scholars flood the academic “market” with important reference works and scholarly treatises. Those who are able to handle Chinese sources, will find a recent listing of Chinese publications on Taoism in Great Encyclopedia of Chinese Taoism (Zhonghua Daojiao da cidian), edited by Hu Xuechen and published in Beijing, 1995. The publication list is found on pages 1771–1807. It covers the years 1900–1993. Other recent reference works are listed at the end of Abbreviations. Besides dictionaries and encyclopedias, it is important to mention Tao-tsang t’i-yao (Essentials of the Taoist Canon), which discusses all the texts contained in the Ming edition of the Tao-tsang: their date of origin, authorship, and a summary of their contents. For those who know how to read Chinese, it is a good reference work.
Those who do not read Chinese will have to wait a little longer, until the Tao-tsang Project (Projet Tao-tsang), started in Paris in 1979, is published. This grand project is being coordinated by K. Schipper in cooperation with some 30 European scholars. It will provide a comprehensive catalogue of all the texts contained in the Taoist Canon. In the meantime, a very useful reference work is available: Judith Boltz, A Survey of Taoist Literature, Tenth to Seventeenth Centuries. (See category Taoist Literature, general works.)
Bibliographies on Taoism in Western languages also have been produced (see Bibliography below, first section Bibliographies). The long review article by Anna Seidel (CEA, 1990) is especially recommended. The Thompson volume (1993) is also very useful for the study of Taoism, although it covers all other aspects of Chinese religion. The Walf volume (1992) is useful for the study of Taoism, but overshoots its target: It includes too many titles on the Popular religion of China. My own Select Bibliography on Taoism, first published in 1988, has been revised and augmented, and was published in 1997.
The bibliography that follows only lists books and articles in Western languages, mainly in English, but occasionally in French and German. A division into categories seems to be the most appropriate way to make such a bibliography practical, although in some cases a clearcut assignment of a book or article to a particular category is difficult. Readers may wish to consult related categories in some cases. The selection proposed here is not complete, but is representative. The more important publications have been included, and works of special interest to nonspecialists have been marked by an asterisk (*).
The categories listed below are fairly adequate, but some overlap is unavoidable, especially within categories 7, 8, and 9. Category 11 lists works that are quoted in the Dictionary, but are not strictly or uniquely Taoist: They refer either to Chinese history or to other religious traditions in China beside Taoism. This is to show that Taoism as a uniquely Chinese phenomenon cannot be isolated. It must be studied within the context of Chinese cultural and religious history. Its relationships with Chinese Buddhism, Confucianism, and the Popular religious tradition must always be considered in order to have an integrated understanding of the Taoist tradition.
5. Taoist Religious Life: Private Dimensions
6. Taoist Religious Life: Public Dimensions
9. Taoism and Other Traditions
1.1 Bibliographies
AU, Donna and Sharon Rowe. “Bibliography of Taoist Studies,” BTS-I, (1977), 128–148.
COHEN, Alvin P. “Western Language Publications on Chinese Religions, 1981–1987,” TT: RCT (1989), 313–345.
PAS, Julian. A Select Bibliography of Taoism. Saskatoon: China Pavilion, 1997. (Enlarged edition).
*SEIDEL, Anna. “Chronicle of Taoist Studies in the West 1950–1990,” CEA, 5 (1990), 223–347.
*THOMPSON, Laurence G. Chinese Religions: Publications in Western Languages 1981 through 1990. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Association of Asian Studies, 1993.
THOMPSON, Laurence G. compiler. Chinese Religion in Western Languages. A Comprehensive and Classified Bibliography of Publications in English, French and German Through 1980. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1985. (Published for the Association for Asian Studies)
WALF, Knut. Westliche Taoismus-Bibliographie (WTB) Western Bibliography of Taoism. Essen: Verlag Die Blaue Eule, 1992. (First published in 1986).
YU, David C. “Present-day Taoist Studies,” RSR, 3 (1977), 220–239.
1.2 Collections of Articles
CHAPPELL, David W., ed., Buddhist and Taoist Studies 2 (BTS-2): Buddhist and Taoist Practice in Medieval Chinese Society. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1987.
History of Religions, 9 (1969–1970), “Symposium on Taoism.”
History of Religions, 17 (1978), “Current Perspectives in the Study of Chinese Religions.”
LEBLANC, Charles & Rémi Mathieu. Mythe et philosophie à l’aube de la Chine impériale. Etudes sur le Huainan zi. Montréal: Presses Universitaires de l’Université de Montréal, 1992.
MAIR, Victor H., ed., Experimental Essays on Chuang-tzu. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983. (Asian Studies at Hawaii, No. 29).
MAIR, Victor H., ed., Chuang-tzu: Composition and Interpretation. Symposium Issue of JCR, 11 (1983).
MASPERO, Henri. Taoism and Chinese Religion. Frank A. Kierman, Jr. trans. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1981. (French ed.: 1967).
SASO, Michael and David W. Chappell, eds., Buddhist and Taoist Studies 1 (BTS-1). Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1977.
SHINOHARA, Koichi & Gregory Schopen, eds., From Benares to Beijing. Essays on Buddhism and Chinese Religion. Oakville, ON: Mosaic Press, 1991.
STRICKMANN, Michel, ed., Tantric and Taoist Studies in Honour of R.A. Stein (TTS). Vols. 2–3. Brussels: Institut Belge des Hautes Etudes Chinoises, 1983. (Mélanges Chinois et Bouddhiques, vols. 21–22).
*WELCH, Holmes and Anna Seidel, eds., Facets of Taoism (FT). New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1979.
WERNER, E.T.C. A Dictionary of Chinese Mythology. New York: Julian Press, 1961. (First published in 1932).
WOLF, Arthur P. (ed.). Religion and Ritual in Chinese Society. (RRCS) Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974.
1.3 Short Introductions to Taoism in General
*CREEL, H.G. “What is Taoism?”, JAOS, 72 (1956), 139–152.
EICHHORN, Werner. “Taoism,” R.C. Zaehner, ed., Concise Encyclopaedia of Living Faiths. (New York: Hawthorne Books, 1959), 384–401.
RAGUIN, Yves. Leçons sur le Taoïsme. Taipei: Publications de l’association française pour le développement culturel et scientifique en Asie, 1981 & 1985.
ROBINET, Isabelle. “La Pratique du Tao.” In Mythes et croyances du monde entier, vol. 4. (Paris: Lidis, 1986), 381–398.
SCHIPPER, Kristofer. “Taoïsme,” Encyclopaedia Universalis. (Paris: Encyclopaedia Universalis France, Editeur à Paris, 1973), vol. 15, 738–744.
*SCHWARTZ, Benjamin I. “Ways of Taoism,” The World of Thought in Ancient China. (Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1985), 185–254.
SEIDEL, Anna and Michel Strickmann. “Taoism,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 28 (1988), 394–407.
SEIDEL, Anna. “Taoïsme—Religion non-officielle de la China,” CEA 8 (1995), 1–39. Farzeen Baldrian-Hussein (translator from the German).
SMITH, Huston. The Illustrated World’s Religions. A Guide to our Wisdom Traditions. San Francisco: Harper, 1994 (first published 1958). (Chapter 5: “Taoism”: 122–143).
THOMPSON, Laurence. “What is Taoism? (With Apologies to H.G. Creel),” TR, 4.2 (1993), 9–22.
1.4 Monographs on Taoism
BLOFELD, John. The Secret and Sublime. Taoist Mysteries and Magic. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1973.
BLOFELD, John. Taoism: The Road to Immortality. Boulder: Shambhala, 1978.
COOPER, J.C. Taoism: The Way of the Mystic. Wellingborough: Aquarian Press, 1972.
*GIRARDOT, Norman J. Myth and Meaning in Early Taoism: The Theme of Chaos (Hun-tun). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
HARTZ, Paula. Taoism. Oxford: Facts on File, 1993.
*KALTENMARK, Max. Lao Tzu and Taoism. Roger Greaves. trans. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1969.
LAGERWEY, John. Taoist Ritual in Chinese Society and History. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.; London: Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1987.
*MASPERO, Henri. Taoism and Chinese Religion. Frank A. Kierman, Jr., trans. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1981.
*NEEDHAM, Joseph. “The Tao Chia (Taoists) and Taoism,” Science and Civilization in China 2. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956), 33–164.
NI, Hua-ching. The Taoist Inner View of the Universe and the Immortal Realm. Malibu, California: Shrine of the Eternal Breath of Tao, 1979.
*SCHIPPER, Kristofer. The Taoist Body. Karen C. Duval, trans. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
*WELCH, Holmes. Taoism. The Parting of the Way. Lao Tzu and the Taoist Movement. Boston: Beacon Press, 1957.
1.5 Articles on Taoism
*SIVIN, Nathan. “On the Word Taoist as a Source of Perplexity. With Special Reference to the Relations of Science and Religion in Traditional China,” HR, 17 (1978), 303–330.
WELCH, Holmes. “Bellagio Conference on Taoist Studies,” HR, 9 (1969–1970), 107–136.
1.6 Popular Works
DENG, Ming-dao. Chronicles of Tao. The Secret Life of a Taoist Master. San Francisco: Harper, 1993.
HOFF, Benjamin. The Tao of Pooh. New York: Penguin Books, 1983.
HOFF, Benjamin. The Te of Piglet. New York: Penguin Books (Dutton), 1992.
PAYNE, David. Confessions of a Taoist on Wall Street. New York: Ballantine Books, 1984.
SMULLYAN, Raymond M. The Tao Is Silent. San Francisco: Harper, 1977.
WONG, Eva, trans., Seven Taoist Masters: A Folk Novel of China. Boston: Shambhala Press, 1990.
2.1 General Works
CHANG, Chung-yuan. “The Concept of Tao in Chinese Culture,” RR, 17 (1952–1953), 115–132.
CHANG, Chung-yuan. “Tao: A New Way of Thinking,” JCP, 1 (1974), 137–152.
CHEN, Ellen Marie. “Nothingness and the Mother Principle in Early Chinese Taoism,” IPQ, 9 (1969), 391–405.
HANSEN, Chad. A Daoist Theory of Chinese Thought: A Philosophical Interpretation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
IZUTSU, Toshihiko. Sufism and Taoism: A Comparative Study of Key Philosophical Concepts. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
JANG, Paul Y.M. “The Ineffability of Tao in Chinese Thought,” JOSA, 12 (1977), 5–15.
KASULIS, T.P. “The Absolute and the Relative in Taoist Philosophy,” JCP, 4 (1977), 383–394.
NEEDHAM, Joseph. “Tao: Illuminations and Corrections of the Way,” Theology, 81 (1978), 244–252.
PEERENBOOM, R.P. “Cosmogony, the Taoist Way,” JCP, 17 (1990), 157–174.
RAWSON, Philip and Laszlo Legeza. Tao, The Chinese Philosophy of Time and Change. London: Thames & Hudson, 1973.
THIEL, Joseph. “Der Begriff der Tao im Tao-te-ching,” Sinologie, 12 (1971), 30–108.
WATTS, Alan and Al Chung-Liang Huang. Tao: The Watercourse Way. New York: Pantheon Books, 1975.
WU, Yao-yü. The Literati Tradition in Chinese Thought. Laurence Thompson. trans. Gary Seaman, ed., San Chiao Li Ts’e, part 2. Los Angeles: Centre for Visual Anthropology, USC, Ethnographics Press, 1995.
WU, Yao-yü. The Taoist Tradition of Chinese Thought. Laurence Thompson trans., Gary Seaman, ed., San Chiao Li Ts’e, part 1. Los Angeles: Centre for Visual Anthropology, USC, Ethnographics Press, 1991.
2.2 Antecedents: The Yi Ching and Yin-Yang Philosophy
BLOFELD, John. The Book of Change. A New Translation of the Ancient Chinese I Ching. London: Allen & Unwin, 1965. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1968.
COOPER, J.C. Yin and Yang. The Taoist Harmony of Opposites. Wellingborough: Aquarian Press, 1981.
FORKE, Alfred. The World-Conception of the Chinese: Their Astronomical, Cosmological and Physico-Philosophical Speculations. London: Probsthain, 1925.
GRAHAM, A.C. Yin-yang and the Nature of Correlative Thinking. Singapore: Institute of East Asian Philosophies, 1986.
PAS, Julian F. “Yin-yang Polarity: A Binocular Vision of the World,” Asian Thought & Society (Oneonta), 8 (1983), 188–201.
RUBIN, Vitaly A. “The Concepts of Wu-Hsing and Yin-Yang,” JCP, 9 (1982), 131–158.
WALEY, Arthur. “The Book of Changes,” BMFEA, 5 (1933), 121–142.
WILHELM, Hellmut. Change: Eight Lectures on the I Ching. Cary F. Baynes. trans. New York: Pantheon Books, 1960 (Bollingen Series, no. 62). New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1964. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973. (Original German edition: Peking, 1944.)
WILHELM, Hellmut. The Book of Changes in the Western Tradition, A Selective Bibliography. Seattle: University of Washington, Institute for Comparative and Foreign Area Studies, 1975.
WILHELM, Hellmut. Heaven, Earth and Man in the Book of Changes. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1977.
*WILHELM, Richard, trans., The I Ching or Book of Changes. Cary F. Baynes (trans. from German). New York: Pantheon Books, 1950 (Bollingen Series, no. 19): 2 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961 (2 vols. in 1).
2.3 The Tao Te Ching (Lao-tzu)
2.3.1 English Translations
ADDISS, Stephen & Stanley Lombardo, trans., Lao-Tzu Tao Te Ching. (Ink paintings by Stephen Addiss). Indianapolis & Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Co., 1993.
BYNNER, Witter. The Way of Life According to Laotzu. (Capricorn Books). New York: The John Day Co., 1944 & 1962.
*CHAN, Wing-tsit. The Way of Lao Tzu, a Translation and Study of the Tao-te Ching. (The Library of Liberal Arts, no. 139). Indianapolis, New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1963.
*CHEN, Ellen M. The Tao Te Ching. A New Translation with Commentary. (A New Era Book). New York: Paragon House, 1989.
CH’EN, Ku-ying. Lao Tzu: Texts, Notes and Comments. Yang Yu-wei and Roger Ames. trans. San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center, 1977.
CH’U, Ta-kao. Tao Te Ching. A New Translation. London: The Buddhist Lodge, 1937.
DREHER, Diane. The Tao of Inner Peace. New York: Harper, 1990.
*DUYVENDAK, J.J.L. Tao-te Ching: The Book of the Way and its Virtue. Translated from the Chinese and Annotated. London: J. Murray, 1954.
ERKES, Eduard. Ho-shang-kung’s Commentary on Lao-Tse. Ascona: Artibus Asiae Publishers, 1958.
FENG, Gia-fu and Jane English. Lao Tsu Tao Te Ching. New York: Vintage Books, 1972.
GRIGG, Ray. The Tao of Being. Lao Tzu’s Tao Te Ching Adapted for a New Age. Atlanta: Humanics New Age, 1989.
*HENRICKS, Robert G. Lao-tzu Te-Tao Ching: A New Translation Based on the Recently Discovered Ma-wang-tui Texts. New York: Ballantine, 1989.
HOFF, Benjamin. The Way of Life. At the Heart of the Tao Te Ching. New York and Tokyo: Weatherhill, 1981.
*LAFARGUE, Michael. The Tao of the Tao Te Ching. A Translation and Commentary. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992.
*LAU, D.C. Lao Tzu Tao Te Ching. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1963.
*LAU, D.C. Tao Te Ching. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1982.
LIN, Paul J. A Translation of Lao Tzu’s Tao Te Ching and Wang Pi’s Commentary. Ann Arbor, MI: Monographs in Chinese Studies, no. 30, University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies, 1977 & 1983.
LIN, Yutang. The Wisdom of Laotse, with Introduction and Notes. London: M. Joseph, 1958.
*MAIR, Victor. Tao Te Ching. Lao Tzu. The Classic Book of Integrity and the Way. New York: Bantam Books, 1990.
MILES, Thomas H., trans., Tao Te Ching. About the Way of Nature and its Powers. Garden City Park, NY: Avery Publishing Group, 1992.
REN, Jiyu. The Book of Laozi. He Guanghu e.a. trans. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1993.
WALEY Arthur. The Way and its Power: A Study of the Tao Te Ching and its Place in Chinese Thought. London: G. Allen and Unwin, 1934, 1942, 1949.
WU, John C.W. Lao Tzu Tao Teh Ching. Chinese text with English translation by John C.H. Wu. Paul K. Shih, ed., New York: St. John’s University Press, 1961. (Asian Institute Translations, no.1)
2.3.2 French Translations
DUYVENDAK, J.J.L. Tao-te King, le livre de la voie et de la vertu. Paris: Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient, Adrien-Maisonneuve, 1953.
ETIEMBLE, René. Tao tö King. Paris: Gallimard, 1967.
JULIEN, Stanislas. Lao Tseu Tao Te King. Le livre de la voie et de la vertu. Paris: Imprimerie Royale, 1842.
JULIEN, Stanislas. Lao Tseu, Tao Te King. Le livre de la voie et de la vertu, traduit en Français et avec le texte chinois et un commentaire perpétuel. Paris: Cercle du Livre Précieux, 1967.
LARRE, Claude. Tao Te King. Le livre de la voie et de la vertu. Paris: Desclée De Brouwer, 1977.
LIOU, Kia-hway. Tao tö King: Traduit du Chinois. Paris: Gallimard, 1967.
2.3.3 German Translations
COLD, Eberhard. Laotse, Tao Te Ching. Das Buch des Alten Meisters vom Tao und der Demut. Königsten: Sophia, 1982.
JERVEN, Walter. Das Buch vom Weltgesetz und seinem Wirken. München-Bern: O.W. Barth, 1986.
KOPP, Wolfgang. Das heilige Buch vom Tao und der wahren Tugend. Interlaken: Ansata, 1988.
OPITZ, P.J. Lao-tzu. Die Ordnungs-Spekulationen im Tao-te-Ching. München, 1968.
ULENBROOK, Jan. Lau Dse, Dau Dö Djing. Bremen: Carl Schünemann, 1962.
WEIGLAND, Jörg. Lao-Tse, Weisheiten. München: Heyne, 1982.
WILHELM, Richard. Lao-tse Taote king. Das Buch des Alten vom Sinn und Leben. Jena: Diederichs, 1937 und 1941. Düsseldorf und Köln, 1957. Bern und Stuttgart: Huber, 1958.
WÜPPER, Edgar. Laotse—der alte Mann und die Sprüche. Kiel: Chiva, 1985.
2.3.4 Other
DEBROCK, Guy and Paul B. Scheurer Tao: De Weg van de Natuur. Nijmegen: Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, 1986.
2.3.5 Studies About Lao Tzu and/or Tao Te Ching
BOLTZ, Judith M. “Lao-tzu,” ER, 8 (1987), 454–459.
CHEN, Ellen Marie. “The Meaning of Te in the Tao Te Ching: An Examination of the Concept of Nature in Chinese Taoism,” PEW, 23 (1973), 457–470.
HOMANN, R. “Die Laozi-Diskussion in der Volksrepublik China nach den Funden von Ma-Wang-dui,” AS. Etudes Asiatiques (Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Asienkunde) 30 (1976), 79–113.
JAN, Yün-hua. “Problems of Tao and Tao Te Ching,” Numen, 22 (1975), 203–234.
JAN, Yün-hua. “The Silk Manuscripts on Taoism,” TP, 63 (1977), 65–84.
*LAFARGUE, Michael. Tao and Method: A Reasoned Approach to the Tao Te Ching. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1994.
PONTYNEN, Arthur. “The Deification of Laozi in Chinese History and Art,” OA, 26 (1980), 192–200.
ROBINET, Isabelle. Les commentaires du Tao To King jusqu’au VII siècle. Paris: Collège de France, Institut des Hautes Etudes Chinoises, 1977. (Mémoires de l’Institut des Hautes Etudes Chinoises, vol. 5)
TU, Wei-ming. “The Thought of Huang Lao: A Reflection in the Lao Tzu and Huang Ti’s Texts in the Silk Manuscripts of Ma-wang-tui,” JAS, 39 (1979), 95–110.
2.4 The Chuang-tzu
2.4.1 Translations
FENG, Gia-fu and Jane English. Chuang Tseu: Inner Chapters. New York: Vintage Books, 1974.
FUNG, Yu-lan. Chuang-Tzu. A New Selected Translation with an Exposition of the Philosophy of Kuo Hsiang. New York: Paragon Book Reprint, 1964. (First published in Shanghai, 1933)
GILES, Herbert A., trans., Chuang Tzu, Mystic, Moralist and Social Reformer. Shanghai and London: Bernard Quaritch, 1926; reprint, Taipei: Ch’eng Wen Publishing Co., 1969.
*GRAHAM, A.C. “Chuang-Tzu’s Essay on Seeing Things as Equal,” HR, 9 (1969–1970), 137–159.
*GRAHAM, A.C. Chuang-Tzu: The Seven Inner Chapters. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981.
LEGGE, James. The Texts of Taoism. Part 2: The Writings of Chuang Tzu (Books 18–33). The T’ai Shang Tractate of Actions and their Retributions (Sacred Books of China 40). New York: Dover Publications, 1962 (first published by Oxford University Press, 1891)
LIOU, Kai-hway. L’Oeuvre complète de Tschouang-tseu: Traduction, Préface et Notes. Paris: Gallimard, 1969.
MAIR, Victor, trans., Wandering on the Way: Early Taoist Tales and Parables of Chuang Tzu. New York: Bantam Books, 1994.
WALEY, Arthur. Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China. London: Allen & Unwin, 1939; reprint, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956. (“Chuang Tzu,” 2–79)
*WATSON, Burton, trans., The Complete Works of Chuang Tzu. New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1970.
2.4.2 Studies
CHANG, Chung-yüan. “The Philosophy of Taoism According to Chuang Tzu,” PEW, 27 (1977), 409–422.
GRAHAM, A.C. “How much of ‘Chuang Tzu’ did Chuang-tzu write?,” H. Rosemont and B. Schwartz (eds.), Studies in Classical Chinese Thought, Thematic Issue of JAAR, 47 (1979), 459–502.
KOHN, Livia. “Kuo Hsiang and the Chuang Tzu,” JCP, 12 (1985), 429–447.
MAIR, Victor H. “Chuang-tzu and Erasmus: Kindred Wits,” V.H. Mair (ed.), Experimental Essays on Chuang-tzu, 85–100. [see 1.2]
MAIR, Victor H. “Wandering in and Through the Chuang-tzu,” V.H. Mair (ed.), Chuang-tzu: Composition and Interpretation, JCR, 11 (1983), 106–117.
MAJOR, John S. “The Efficacity of Uselessness: A Chuang-tzu Motif,” PEW, 25 (1975), 265–279.
RAJNEESH, Bhagwan Shree. The Empty Boat. Talks on the Stories of Chuang Tzu, compiled by Ma Krishna Priya. Poona, India: Rajneesh Foundation, 1976.
ROBINET, Isabelle. “Chuang-tzu et le taoïsme ‘religieux’,” V.H. Mair (ed.), Chuang-Tzu: Composition and Interpretation, JCR, 11 (1983), 59–105.
ROTH, Harold. “Who Compiled the Chuang-tzu?,” CTPC, 79–128.
THIEL, J. “Das Erkenntnisproblem bei Chuang-tzu,” Sinologica, 11 (1970), 1–89.
WATSON, Burton. “Chuang-tzu,” ER, 3 (1987), 467–469.
2.5 Huang-Lao Taoism
JAN, Yün-hua. “Human Nature and its Cosmic Roots in Huang-Lao Taoism,” JCP, 17 (1990), 215–233.
TU, Wei-ming. “The ‘Thought of Huang-Lao’: A Reflection on the Lao Tzu and Huang Ti Texts in the Silk Manuscripts of Ma-wang-tui,” JAS, 39 (1979), 95–110.
2.6 Huai-Nan Tzu
2.6.1 Translations
AMES, Roger T. The Art of Rulership. A Study in Ancient Chinese Political Thought. Huai Nan Tzu, Book Nine: “The Art of Rulership” (translation, 165–209).
KRAFT, Eva. “Zum Huai-nan-tzu, Einführung. Ubersetzung (Kapitel 1 und 2), und Interpretation,” MS, 16 (1957), 191–286; 17 (1958), 128–207.
LARRE, Claude. Le traité VII du Houai Nan Tseu. Les esprits légers et subtils animateurs de l’essence. (Variétés Sinologiques, No. 67) Taipei: Ricci Institute, 1982.
LARRE, Claude, Isabelle Robinet and Elisabeth Rochat de la Vallée, trans., Les grands traités du Huainan zi. Paris: Institut Ricci & les Editions du Cerf, 1993 (Variétes Sinologiques, no. 75).
*LEBLANC, Charles. Huai Nan Tzu, Philosophical Synthesis in Early Han Thought. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1985.
*MAJOR, John. Heaven and Earth in Early Han Thought: Chapters Three, Four and Five of the Huainanzi. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1993.
MORGAN, Evan. Tao, The Great Luminant; Essays from Huai-nan-tze. London: Kegan Paul, 1933.
WALLACKER, Benjamin E. The Huai-nan-tzu, Book Eleven: Behavior, Culture and the Cosmos. New Haven: American Oriental Society (Monograph Series, 48), 1962.
2.6.2 Studies
*AMES, Roger T. The Art of Rulership. A Study in Ancient Chinese Political Thought. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983.
LARRE, Claude. Le traité VII du Houai Nan Tseu. Les esprits légers et subtils animateurs de l’essence. (Variétés Sinologiques, No. 67) Taipei: Ricci Institute, 1982.
LEBLANC, Charles. Huai Nan Tzu, Philosophical Synthesis in Early Han Thought. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1985.
LEBLANC, Charles & Rémi Matthieu, eds., Mythe et philosophie à l’aube de la Chine impériale: Etudes sur le Huainanzi. Montréal & Paris: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 1992.
ROTH, Harold D. “The Concept of Human Nature in the Huai-Nan Tzu,” JCP, 12 (1985), 1–22.
ROTH, Harold D. The Textual History of the Huai-nan Tzu. Ann Arbor, Michigan (AAS Monograph Series 46), 1992.
WALLACKER, Benjamin E. The Huai-nan-tzu, Book Eleven: Behavior, Culture and the Cosmos. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1962. (American Oriental Series, vol. 48)
2.7 Lieh Tzu
FORKE, Anton. “Yang Chu, the Epicurean in his Relation to Lie-tse, the Pantheist,” Journal of the Peking Oriental Society, 3 (1893), 203–258. (Also published separately as: A. Forke, Yang Chu’s Garden of Pleasure. London: John Murray, 1912)
GILES, Lionel. Taoist Teaching from the Book of Lieh Tzu. Translated from the Chinese, with Introduction and Notes. Second edition. London: J. Murray, 1959.
*GRAHAM, A.C. The Book of Lieh-tzu. New York: Grove Press, 1960.
GRYNPAS, Benedykt. Le Vrai Classique du Vide Parfait par Lie-tseu. Paris: Gallimard, 1961. (Connaissance de l’Orient)
2.8 Other Ancient Texts
KANDEL, Barbara. Wen Tzu: Ein Betrag zur Problematik und zum Verständniss eines taoistischen Textes. Bern: 1974.
KOHN, Livia. Taoist Mystical Philosophy: The Scripture of Western Ascension. Albany: SUNY Press, 1991.
REITER, Florian C. Der Perlenbeutel aus den drei Hölen. Arbeitsmaterialen zum Taoismus der Frühen T’ang-Zeit. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1990.
RICKETT, W. Allyn. Guanzi: Political, Economic and Philosophical Essays from Early China. Vol. 1. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.
YANG, Hsiung. Tai hsuan ching. The Elemental Changes: the Ancient Chinese Companion to the I ching. Text and Commentaries. Michael Nylan (trans.). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1994.
2.9 Hsüan-hsüeh and “Neo-Taoism”
BERGERON, Marie-Ina. Wang Pi, Philosophe du “non-avoir.” (Variétés Sinologiques, no. 69) Taipei: Ricci Institute, 1986.
CHAN, Alan Kam-Leung. Two Visions of the Way: A Study of the Wang Pi and the Ho-shang Kung Commentaries on the Lao-tzu. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.
CH’EN, Kenneth. “Neo-Taoism and the Prajña School during the Wei and Chin Dynasties,” CC, 1 (1957), 33–46.
HOLZMAN, Donald. La vie et la pensée de Hi K’ang (223–262 Ap. J.C.). Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1957.
HOLZMAN, Donald. Poetry and Politics: The Life and Works of Juan Chi, A.D. 210–263. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
KNAUL, Livia. “The Winged Life: Kuo Hsiang’s Mystical Philosophy,” JCS, 2 (1985), 17–41.
SAILEY, Jay. The Master Who Embraces Simplicity: A Study of the Philosopher Ko Hung, A.D. 283–343. San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center, 1978.
3.1 General Works
KALTENMARK, Max. “Ling-pao: note sur un terme du taoïsme religieux,” Mélanges publiés par l’Institut des Hautes Etudes Chinoises, 2 (1960), 559–588.
*ROBINET, Isabelle. Histoire du taoïsme des origines au XIVième siècle. Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1991.
ROBINET, Isabelle. Taoism: Growth of a Religion. Trans. Phyllis Brooks. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1997.
SEIDEL, Anna. “Imperial Treasures and Taoist Sacraments,” TTS-2, 291–371.
STEIN, R.A. “Religous Taoism and Popular Religion from the Second to Seventh Centuries,” FT, (1979), 53–82. [see 1.2]
3.2 Antecedents: Roots of Taoism
ALLAN, Sarah. The Shape of the Turtle: Myth, Art and Cosmos in Early China. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.
DEWOSKIN, Kenneth, trans., Doctors, Diviners and Magicians of Ancient China: Biographies of Fang-shih. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.
DEWOSKIN, Kenneth. “A Source Guide to the Lives and Techniques of Han and Six Dynasties Fang-shih” SSCRB 9 (1981), 79–105.
PEERENBOOM, R.P. “Naturalism and Immortality in the Han: the Antecedents of Religious Taoism,” CC, 29 (1988), 31–53.
3.3 Huang-Lao Taoism, the T’ai-p’ing ching and Han Thought
BALAZS, Etienne. “La crise sociale et la philosophie politique à la fin des Han,” TP, 39 (1949–1950), 83–131.
EICHHORN, Werner. “T’ai-p’ing und T’ai-p’ing Religion,” Mitteilungen der Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften, 5 (1957), 113–140.
JAN, Yün-Hua. “The Change of Images: The Yellow Emperor in Ancient Chinese Literature,” JOS, 19 (1981), 117–137.
*KALTENMARK, Max. “The Ideology of the T’ai-p’ing ching,” FT, (1979), 19–52.
LEVY, Howard S. “Yellow Turban Religion and Rebellion at the End of Han,” JAOS, 76 (1956), 214–227.
PEERENBOOM, R.P. Law and Morality in Ancient China: The Silk Manuscripts of Huang-Lao. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1993.
*SEIDEL, Anna. “The Image of the Perfect Ruler in Early Taoist Messianism: Lao-Tzu and Li Hung,” HR, 9 (1969–1970), 216–247.
SEIDEL, Anna. La divinisation de Lao Tseu dans le taoïsme des Han. Paris: Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient, 1969.
STEIN, Rolf A. “Remarques sur les mouvements du taoïsme politico-religieux au 2ème siècle ap. J.C.,” TP, 50 (1963), 1–78.
TU, Wei-ming. “The Thought of Huang Lao: A Reflection in the Lao Tzu and Huang Ti’s Texts in the Silk Manuscripts of Ma-wang-tui,” JAS, 39 (1979), 95–110.
3.4 Early Taoist Movements and the “Heavenly Master” Tradition
GROOT, J.J.M. de. “On the Origin of the Taoist Church,” Transactions of the 3rd International Congress for the History of Religions. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908), 138–149.
KOBAYASHI, Masayoshi. “The Celestial Masters Under the Eastern Jin and Liu-Song Dynasties,” TR, 3.2 (1992), 17–46.
LEVY, Howard S. “Yellow Turban Religion and Rebellion at the End of the Han,” JAOS, 76 (1956), 214–227.
*MATHER, Richard. “K’ou Ch’ien-chih and the Taoist Theocracy at the Northern Wei Court,” FT, (1979), 103–122. [see 1.2]
MICHAUD, Paul. “The Yellow Turbans,” MS, 17 (1958), 47–127.
TSUKAMOTO, Z. A History of Early Chinese Buddhism from its Introduction to the Death of Hui-yüan (2 vols.). L. Hurvitz. trans. Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd., 1985 (Japanese edition: 1979). (In Chapter 3, part C is titled: “Buddhism and the Rise of Dark Learning Under the Wei”: 123–133).
3.5 Six Dynasties Taoism
HENRICKS, Robert G. Philosophy and Argumentation in Third-Century China: The Essays of Hsi K’ang. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983.
HOLZMAN, Donald. “Les sept sages de la forêt des bambous et la société de leur temps,” TP, 44 (1956), 317–346.
SAILEY, Jay. The Master Who Embraces Simplicity: A Study of the Philosopher Ko Hung, 283–343. San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center, 1978.
3.6 The Shang-ch’ing Tradition
ROBINET, Isabelle. La révélation du Shangqing dans l’histoire du taoïsme. Paris: Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient: Dépositaire, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1984.
STRICKMANN, Michel. Le Taoïsme du Mao Chan, Chronique d’une Révélation. Paris: Institut des Hautes Etudes Chinoises, Collège de France, 1981. (Mémoires de l’Institut des Hautes Etudes Chinoises, vol. 17)
STRICKMANN, Michel. “The Mao Shan Revelations: Taoism and the Aristocracy,” TP, 63 (1977), 1–64.
3.7 T’ang Taoism
BARRETT, Timothy. Taoism under the T’ang. Religion and Empire during the Golden Age of Chinese History. London: Wellsweep Press, 1996.
BARRETT, Timothy. “Taoism under the T’ang,” Denis Twitchet (ed.), The Cambridge History of China, vol. 4: Sui and T’ang China, part 2. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).
BENN, Charles David. Taoism as Ideology in the Reign of Emperor Hsüan-Tsung, 712–755. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1977.
EBREY, Patricia Buckley and Peter N. Gregory (eds.), Religion and Society in T’ang and Sung China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993.
HERBERT, Penelope. “Taoism and the T’ang State,” Proceedings of the first International Symposium on Church and State in China: Past and Present. (Taipei, 1987), 59–68.
KIRKLAND, Russell. “From Imperial Tutor to Taoist Priest: Ho Chih-Chang at the T’ang Court,” JAH, 23 (1989), 101–133.
KIRKLAND, Russell. “Huang Ling-wei: a Taoist Priestess in T’ang China,” JCR, 19 (1991), 47–73.
KOHN, Livia. “The Teaching of T’ien-yin-tzu,” JCR, 15 (1987), 1–28.
SCHIPPER, Kristofer M. “Taoist Ritual and Local Cults of the T’ang Dynasty,” Proceedings of the First International Conference on Sinology. (Taipei: Academia Sinica, 1980), 101–115.
VERELLEN, Franciscus. Du Guangting (850–933), taoïste de cour à la fin de la Chine médiévale. Paris: Collège de France, 1989.
3.8 Sung Taoism
BOLTZ, Judith M. “Not by the Seal of Office Alone: New Weapons in Battles with the Supernatural,” P.B. Ebrey and P.N. Gregory (eds.), Religion and Society in T’ang and Sung China. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993), 241–305.
CAHILL, Suzanne E. “Taoists at the Sung Court: The Heavenly Text Affair of 1008,” BSYS, 16 (1980), 23–44.
EBREY, Patricia Buckley and Peter N. Gregory, eds., Religion and Society in T’ang and Sung China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993.
3.9 Taoism and New Movements During the Conquest Dynasties
CHEN, Yuan. The New Taoism in the Northern Provinces at the Beginning of the Southern Song. [Nan-Song chu hebei xin Daojiao kao]. Beijing, 1941. J. Pas and M.K. Leung trans. (in preparation).
JAGCHILD, Sechin. “Chinese Buddhism and Taoism during the Mongolian Rule of China,” JMS, 6 (1980), 61–98.
THIEL, Joseph. “Der Streit der Buddhisten und Taoisten zur Mongolenzeit,” MS, 20 (1961), 1–81.
TSUI, Bartholomew P.M. Taoist Tradition and Change. The Story of the Complete Perfection Sect in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Christian Study Centre on Chinese Religion and Culture, 1991.
YAO, Tao-chung. Ch’üan-chen: A New Taoist Sect in North China During the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Doctoral Dissertation; University of Arizona, 1980.
3.10 20th-Century Taoism
HAHN, Thomas. “On Doing Field Work in Daoist Studies in the People’s Republic of China—Conditions and Results,” CEA, 2 (1986), 211–217.
HAHN, Thomas. “New Developments Concerning Buddhist and Taoist Monasteries,” TT:RCT, (1989), 79–101.
JAN, Yün-hua. “The Religious Situation and the Studies of Buddhism and Taoism in China: an Incomplete and Imbalanced Picture,” JCR, 12 (1984), 37–64.
MacINNES, Donald E. Religion in China Today: Policy and Practice. Mary-knoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1989.
WELCH, Holmes. “The Chang T’ien Shih and Taoism in China,” JOS, 4 (1957–1958), 188–212.
4.1 General Works
*BOLTZ, Judith. Survey of Taoist Literature: Tenth to Seventeenth Centuries. (Institute of Asian Studies). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
LOON, Piet van der. Taoist Books in the Libraries of the Sung Period: A Critical Study and Index. London, Ithaca Press, 1984.
STRICKMANN, Michel. “Taoist Literature,” EB, (Macropaedia), 17 (1974), 1051–1055.
4.2 The History and Nature of the Tao-tsang
ANDERSEN, Poul. “The Study of the Daozang,” SCEAR, 3 (1990), 81–94.
CAMPANY, Robert F. “Buddhist Revelation and Taoist Translation in Early Medieval China,” TR, 4.1 (1993), 1–30.
KOHN, Livia. “Taoist Scriptures as Mirrored in the Xiaodao Lun,” TR, 4.1 (1993), 47–70.
LIU, Ts’un-yan. “The Compilation and Historical Value of the Tao-Tsang,” Leslie, MacKerrar and Wang, Essays on the Sources for Chinese History. (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1973), 104–119.
OFUCHI, Ninji. “The Formation of the Taoist Canon,” FT, (1979), 253–268.
4.3 Studies of Texts
BOKENKAMP, Stephen R. “Sources of the Ling-pao Scriptures,” TTR-2, (1983), 434–486.
CHANG, Po-tuan. The Inner Teachings of Taoism. Thomas Cleary. trans. Boston: Shambhala, 1986.
CHANG, Po-tuan. Understanding Reality: A Taoist Alchemical Classic. Thomas Cleary, trans., Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1988.
CHAVANNES, Edouard. “Le jet des dragons,” Mémoires concernant l’Asie Orientale (Paris), 3 (1919), 53–220.
CLEARY, Thomas, ed., Vitality, Energy, Spirit: A Taoist Sourcebook. Boston: Shambala, 1991.
KANDEL, Barbara. Taiping Jing: the Origin and Transmission of the “Scripture on General Welfare.” The History of an Unofficial Text. Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens, 1979.
KEEGAN, David J. The Huang-ti Nei-ching: The Structure of the Compilation; the Significance of the Structure. Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, 1988.
*KOHN, Livia. Seven Steps to the Tao. Sima Chengzhen’s Zuowanglun. Nettetal, Monumenta Serica Monograph Series, vol. 20, 1987.
KOHN, Livia. Taoist Mystical Philosophy: The Scripture of Western Ascension. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.
KOHN, Livia. “The Teaching of T’ien-yin-tzu,” JCR, 15 (1987), 1–28.
LAGERWEY, J. Wu-shang pi-yao. Somme taoïste du VIième siècle. Paris: Ecole Française d’Extrême Orient, 1981.
REITER, Florian C. Der Perlenbeutal aus den drei Höhlen (San-tung chunang). Arbeitsmaterialien zum Taoismus der Frühen T’ang-Zeit. (Asiatische Forschungen, vol. 112). Wiesbaden: Otto Harassowitz, 1990.
STRICKMANN, Michel. “The Longest Taoist Scripture,” (Book of Salvation, Tu-jen ching), HR, 17 (1978), 331–354.
THOMPSON, Laurence G. “Taoism: Classic and Canon,” Frederick M. Denny and Rodney L. Taylor, eds., The Holy Book in Comparative Perspective. (University of South Carolina Press, 1985), 204–223.
VEITH, Ilza. The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966 (1st published in 1949).
WARE, James R. Alchemy, Medicine and Religion in the China of A.D. 320: The Nei-p’ien of Ko Hung (Pao-p’u-tzu). Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1966.
4.4 Translations of Texts
CLEARY, Thomas. Understanding Reality: A Taoist Alchemical Classic by Chang Po-tuan, with a Concise Commentary by Liu I-ming. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1987.
DREXLER, Monika. Daoistische Schriftmagie: Interpretationen zu den Schriftamuletten “Fu” im “Daozang”. (Münchener Ostasiatische Studien, 68). Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1994.
KEEGAN, David J. The Huang-ti Nei-ching: The Structure of the Compilation; the Significance of the Structure. Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, 1988.
SEIDEL, Anna. “Le sutra merveilleux du Ling-pao suprême, traitant de Lao tseu qui convertit les barbares.” In Contributions aux études du Touen-houang, edited by Michel Soymié, 3 (1984): 305–52. Geneva: Ecole Française d’Etrême-Orient.
WILHELM, Richard, trans., The Secret of the Golden Flower: A Chinese Book of Life. New York: Causeway Books, 1974 (first publication London, 1931).
WONG, Eva. trans. Cultivating Stillness: A Taoist Manual for Transforming Body and Mind (T’ai Shang Ch’ing-ching ching). Boston: Shambhala Publications, 1992.
4.5 Themes in Literature
DESPEUX, Catherine. Taoïsme et le corps humain: le xiuzhen tu. Paris: Editions Maisnie-Trédaniel, 1994.
DREXLER, Monika. Daoistische Schriftmagie: Interpretationen zu den Schriftamuletten “Fu” im “Daozang”. (Münchener Ostasiatische Studien, 68). Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1994.
KOHN, Livia. “Taoist Visions of the Body,” JCP, 18 (1991), 227–252.
ROTH, Harold. “The Early Taoist Concept of Shen: A Ghost in the Machine?” Kidder Smith, ed., Sagehood and Systematizing Thought, 11–32.
YU, David C. “The Creation Myth of Chaos in the Daoist Canon,” JOS, 24 (1986), 1–20.
5.1 Taoist Concepts of Life and Death
BODDE, Derk. “The Chinese View of Immortality: Its Expressions by Chu Hsi and its Relationship to Buddhist Thought,” RR, 6 (1942), 369–383.
CHEN, Ellen Marie. “Is There a Doctrine of Physical Immortality in the Tao Te Ching?” HR, 12 (1973), 231–249.
HU, Shih. “The Concept of Immortality in Chinese Thought,” Harvard Divinity School Bulletin, (1946), 23–43.
KOHN, Livia. “Eternal Life in Taoist Mysticism,” JAOS, 110 (1990), 622–640.
LIEBENTHAL, Walter. “The Immortality of the Soul in Chinese Thought,” Monumenta Nipponica, 8 (1952), 327–397.
*LOEWE, Michael. Ways to Paradise, the Chinese Quest for Immortality. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1979.
SCHIFFELER, John W. “An Essay on the Traditional Concept of Soul in Chinese Society,” CC, 17 (1976), 51–56.
SEIDEL, Anna. “Post-mortem Immortality or the Taoist Resurrection of the Body,” Shaked Shulman, & G.G. Strousma (eds.), Essays on Transformation, Revolution, and Permanence in the History of Religions. (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1987), 223–237.
YU, Ying-shih. “Life and Immortality in the Mind of Han China,” HJAS, 25 (1964–1965), 80–122.
5.2 Taoist Self-Cultivation
5.2.1 Taoist Spirituality and Practices
BLOFELD, John E.C. Taoism: The Quest for Immortality. Boston: Unwin Paperbacks, 1979.
CHIA, Mantak. Awaken Healing Energy Through the Tao. The Taoist Secret of Circulating Internal Power. Huntington, NY: The Healing Tao Press, 1983.
CHIA, Mantak. Chi Self-Massage. The Taoist Way of Rejuvenation. Huntington, NY: The Healing Tao Press, 1986.
CHIA, Mantak. Taoist Ways to Transform Stress into Vitality. Huntington, NY: The Healing Tao Press, 1985.
CHIA, Mantak and Maneewan Chia. Healing Love Through the Tao: Cultivating Female Sexual Energy. Huntington, NY: The Healing Tao Press, n.d.
CHIA, Mantak and Michael Winn. Taoist Secrets of Love: Cultivating Male Sexual Energy. New York: Aurora, 1984.
DONG, Y.P. Still as a Mountain, Powerful as Thunder: Simple Taoist Exercises for Healing, Vitality and Peace of Mind. Boston: Shambhala Publications, 1993.
GRIGG, Ray. The Tao of Relationships: A Balancing of Man and Woman. Aldershot, Hants: Wildwood House, 1989.
NAN, Huai-chin. Tao and Longevity, Mind-Body-Transformation. York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser, 1984.
ROTH, Harold. “Psychology and Self-Cultivation in Early Taoistic Thought,” HJAS, 51 (1991), 599–650.
WU, Jing-nuan (trans.). Ling Shu or the Spiritual Pivot. Washington, D.C.: Taoist Center, 1993. Distributed by University of Hawaii Press.
5.2.2 Outer Alchemy
BERTSCHINGER, Richard. The Secret of Everlasting Life (Can Tong Qi). Rockport, MA: Element Books, 1994.
BOEHMER, Thomas. “Taoist Alchemy: A Sympathetic Approach Through Symbols,” BTS-1, (1977), 55–78. [see 1.2]
COOPER, Jean C. Chinese Alchemy; the Taoist Quest for Immortality. Wellings-borough: Aquarian Press, 1984. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., 1990.
DREHER, Diane. The Tao of Peace. A Modern Guide to the Ancient Way of Peace and Harmony. London: Mandala (Harper-Collins Publishers), 1990.
*NEEDHAM, Joseph. Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part 2: “Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Magisteries of Gold and Immortality.” Science and Civilization in China, vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
NEEDHAM, Joseph. Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part 3: “Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Historical Survey, from Cinnabar Elixirs to Synthetic Insulin.” Science and Civlization in China, vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
*NEEDHAM, Joseph. Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part 5: “Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Physiological Alchemy.” Science and Civilization in China, vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
ROBINET, Isabelle. “Sur le sens des termes waidan et neidan,” TR, 3.1 (1991), 3–40.
*SIVIN, Nathan. Chinese Alchemy: Preliminary Studies. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968. (Harvard Monographs in the History of Science)
STRICKMANN, Michel. “On the Alchemy of T’ao Hung-ching,” FT, (1979), 123–192. [see 1.2]
5.2.3 Inner Alchemy
BALDRIAN-HUSSEIN, Farzeen. “Inner Alchemy: Notes on the Origin and Use of the Term Neidan,” CEA, 5 (1989–1990), 163–190.
BALDRIAN-HUSSEIN, Farzeen. Procédés secrets du joyau magique. Traité d’alchimie taoïste du Xlième siècle. Paris: Les Deux Océans, 1984.
DESPEUX, Catherine. La moelle du phénix rouge: santé et longue vie dans la Chine du XVIe siècle. (Translation of Chih-feng sui). Paris: Editions Maisnie-Trédaniel, 1988.
HUANG, Jane, in collaboration with Michael Wurmbrand. The Primordial Breath. An Ancient Chinese Way of Prolonging Life Through Breath Control. Torrance, Calif.: Original Books, 1987.
*KOHN, Livia, ed., in cooperation with Yoshinobu Sakade. Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques. (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies, 61). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies, 1989.
LU, K’uan-yu (Charles Luk). Taoist Yoga. Alchemy and Immortality. New York: Samuel Weiser, Inc., 1973.
ROBINET, Isabelle. “Metamorphosis and Deliverance from the Corpse in Taoism,” HR, 19 (1979), 37–70.
ROTH, Harold D. “Psychology and Self-cultivation in Early Taoistic Thought,” HJAS, 51 (1991), 599–650.
5.2.4 Meditative Practices
ANDERSEN, Poul. The Method of Holding the Three Ones: A Taoist Manual of Meditation of the Fourth Century A.D. (Studies on Asian Topics, No. 1). London and Malmo: Curzon Press, 1980.
BOLTZ, Judith M. “Opening the Gates of Purgatory: A Twelfth Century Taoist Meditation Technique for the Salvation of Lost Souls,” TTS-2, (1983), 487–511.
CHU, Wen Kuan, trans., Tao and Longevity. Mind-Body Transformation: An Original Discussion about Meditation and the Cultivation of Tao. (From the Original Chinese by Nan Huai-Chin). York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser, 1984.
KOHN, Livia. Seven Steps to the Tao. Sima Chengzhen’s Zuowanglun. (Monumenta Serica Monograph Series, vol. 20). Nettetal (Germany): Steyler Verlag, 1987 (1987-a).
KOHN, Livia. “The Teaching of T’ien-yin-tzu,” JCR, 15 (1987), 1–28 (1987-b).
KOHN, Livia. “Taoist Insight Meditation: The Tang Practice of Neiguan,” TMLT, (1989), 193–224.
KOHN, Livia, ed., in cooperation with Yoshinobu Sakade. Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques. (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies, 61). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies, 1989.
LUK, Charles (Lu K’uan-yu). The Secrets of Chinese Meditation. London: Rider, 1964 & 1984.
ROBINET, Isabelle. Taoist Meditation. Julian Pas and Norman Girardot. trans. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1993.
5.2.5 Mysticism
HUGHES, Catharine, ed., Shadow and Substance: Taoist Mystical Reflections. New York: Seabury, 1974.
*KOHN, Livia. Early Chinese Mysticism: Philosophy and Soteriology in the Taoist Tradition. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.
KOHN, Livia. “Eternal Life in Taoist Mysticism,” JAOS, 110 (1990), 622–640.
KOHN, Livia. Taoist Mystical Philosophy: The Scripture of Western Ascension. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.
NAN, Huai-chin. Tao and Longevity. Mind-Body Transformation. An Original Discussion about Meditation and the Cultivation of Tao. Translated by Chu Wen Kuan. York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser, 1984.
ROBINET, Isabelle. “Taoïsme et mystique,” CEC, 8 (1989), 65–103.
5.3 Taoist Biographies
CORLESS, Roger J. “T’an-luan: Taoist Sage and Buddhist Bodhisattva,” BTS-2, (1987), 36–45.
KIRKLAND, J. Russell. “The Last Taoist Grand Master at the T’ang Imperial Court: Li Han-kuang and T’ang Hsüan-tsang,” TS, 4 (1986), 43–67.
KOHN, Livia. “Chen Tuan in History and Legend,” TR, 2.1 (1990), 8–31.
PORKERT, Manfred. Biographie d’un taoïste légendaire; Tcheou Tseu-yang. Paris: Collège de France, Institut des Hautes Etudes Chinoises, 1980.
SEIDEL, Anna K. “Chang San-feng, A Taoist Immortal of the Ming Dynasty,” W.T. de Bary, ed., Self and Society in Ming Thought. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970), 483–531.
VERELLEN, Franciscus. Du Guangting (850–933). Taoïste de cour à la fin de la Chine médiévale. [A Court Taoist in Late Medieval China]. Paris: Collège de France, 1989. Mémoires de l’Institut des Hautes Etudes Chinoises, vol. 30.
5.4 Tales of Immortals and Sages
DESPEUX, Catherine. Immortelles de la Chine ancienne. Taoïsme et alchimie féminine. Puiseaux: Pardés, 1990.
HO, Kwok Man & Joanne O’Brien, eds. and trans., The Eight Immortals of Taoism. Legends and Fables of Popular Taoism. Martin Palmer (intro.). New York: Meridian, c1990.
HOLZMAN, Donald. “Les sept sages de la forêt des bambous et la société de leur temps,” TP, 44 (1956), 317–346.
KALTENMARK, Max. Le Lie-sien tchouan: Biographies légendaires des immortels taoïstes de l’antiquité. Peking et Paris: Publications du Centre d’Etudes Sinologiques de Pekin, 1953.
KIRKLAND, Russell. “The Making of an Immortal: The Exaltation of Ho Chih-Chang,” Numen, 38 (1991), 201–214.
LAI, T.C. The Eight Immortals. Hong Kong: Swindon Book Co., 1972.
LING, Peter C. “The Eight Immortals of the Taoist Religion,” JNCB RAS, 49 (1918), 53–75.
WERNER, E.T.C. A Dictionary of Chinese Mythology. New York: The Julian Press, 1979 (first published in Shanghai, 1932).
WONG, Eva, trans., Seven Taoist Masters: A Folk Novel of China. Boston: Shambhala Press, 1990.
YANG, Richard F.S. “A Study of the Origin of the Legends of the Eight Immortals,” OE, 5 (1958), 1–22.
YETTS, W. Perceval. “The Eight Immortals,” JRAS, (1916), 773–808.
YETTS, W. Perceval. “More Notes on the Eight Immortals,” JRAS, (1922), 397–426.
5.5 Concepts of Sages and Immortals
CHING, Julia. “The Ancient Sages (sheng): Their Identity and Their Place in Chinese Intellectual History,” OE, 30 (1983–1986), 1–18.
ROBINET, Isabelle. “The Taoist Immortal: Jesters of Light and Shadow, Heaven and Earth,” JCR, 13–14 (1985–86), 87–105.
ROTH, Harold D. “The Concept of Shen in Early Taoism: Ghost in the Machinery?,” Kidder Smith Jr., ed., Sagehood and Systematizing Thought in Warring States and Han China. (Brunswick, Maine: Bowdoin College, 1990), 11–32.
ZIA, Rosina. “The Conception of ‘Sage’ in Lao-Tze and Chuang-Tze as Distinguished from Confucianism,” Ching-chi hsüeh-pao, 5 (1966), 150–157.
6.1 General
FUKUI, Kojun. Fundamental Problems Regarding the Schools of Religious Taoism. Tokyo: Maruzen, 1959.
KALTENMARK, Max. “Le taoïsme religieux,” Henri Puech, ed., Histoire des Religions, (Paris: Editions Gallimard, 1970), vol. 1, 1216–1248. [Encyclopédie de la Pleiade].
KIRKLAND, Russell. “The Roots of Altruism in the Taoist Tradition,” JAAR, 54 (1986), 59–77.
SASO, Michael R. The Teachings of Taoist Master Chuang. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978.
6.2 Taoist Temples and Holy Places
CHAVANNES, Edouard. Le T’ai-chan. Essai de monographie d’un culte chinois. Paris: E. Leroux, 1910; reprint, Taipei: Ch’eng-wen Publishing Co., 1970.
GOULLART, Peter. The Monastery of Jade Mountain. London: J. Murray, 1961.
HAHN, Thomas. “The Standard Taoist Mountain and Related Features of Religious Geography,” CEA, 4 (1988), 145–156.
LAGERWEY, John. Le continent des esprits: la Chine dans le miroir du taoisme. Maisonneuve & Larose, 1993.
SWANN, Anne Goodrich. The Peking Temple of the Eastern Peak. The Tung-yueh Miao in Peking and its Lore. Nagoya, Japan: Monumenta Serica, 1965.
6.3 Taoist Ritual
ANDERSEN, Poul. “The Practice of Bugang,” CEA, 5 (1989–1990), 15–53.
BELL, Catherine M. Medieval Taoist Ritual Mastery: A Study in Practice, Text and Rite. Ph.D. Dissertation; University of Chicago, 1983.
BELL, Catherine M. “Ritualization of Texts and Textualization of Ritual in the Codification of Taoist Liturgy,” HR, 27 (1988), 366–392.
BOLTZ, Judith M. “Opening the Gates of Purgatory: A Twelfth-century Taoist Meditation Technique for the Salvation of Lost Souls,” TTS-2, (1983), 487–511.
CHAVANNES, Edouard. “Le jet des dragons,” Mémoires concernant l’Asie Orientale. tome III (1919), 53–220 (5 planches).
DEAN, Kenneth. “Field Notes on Two Taoist Jiao Observed in Zhangzhou, December 1985,” CEA, 2 (1986), 191–209.
DEAN, Kenneth. Taoist Ritual and Popular Cult in South-East China. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
*LAGERWEY, John. Taoist Ritual in Chinese Society and History. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company; London: Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1987.
MALEK, Roman. Das Chai-chieh Lu. Materialien zur Liturgie im Taoismus. [Materials Concerning Taoist Liturgy]. Frankfurt am Main, Berne, New York: Peter Lang, 1985. (Würzburger Sino-Japonica, Band 14)
PAS, Julian. “Rituals of Cancellation of Evil (Hsiao-tsai),” in Tsao Pen-yeh and D. Law, eds., Studies of Taoist Rituals and Music of Today. (Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989): 28–35.
PAS, Julian. “Symbolism of the New Light. Further Researches into Taoist Liturgy, Suggested by a Comparison Between the Taoist Fen-Teng Ritual and the Christian Consecration of the Easter Candle,” JHKB RAS, 20 (1980), 93–115. (Published in 1983)
SASO, Michael R. Taoism and the Rite of Cosmic Renewal. Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1972. (2nd Edition 1990)
SASO, Michael R. “What is the Ho-t’u?” HR 17 (1978), 399–416.
SCHIPPER, K.M. Le fen-teng: rituel taoïste. Paris: Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient, 1975. (Publication de l’Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient, vol. 103)
SCHIPPER, Kristofer. “The Written Memorial in Taoist Ceremonies,” RRCS, (1974), 309–324.
SCHIPPER, Kristofer. “Vernacular and Classical Ritual in Taoism,” JAS, 45 (1985), 21–57.
STRICKMANN, Michel. “Therapeutische Rituale und das Problem des Bösen im frühen Taoismus,” RPOA, (1985), 185–200.
TEISER, Stephen. The Ghost Festival in Medieval China. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.
6.4 Taoist Monastic Life and Priesthood
BENN, Charles D. The Cavern-Mystery Transmission: A Taoist Ordination Rite of A.D. 711. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991.
COHEN, Alvin P. “Biographical Notes on a Taiwanese Red-Head Taoist,” JCR, 20 (1992), 187–201.
ESKILDSEN, Steven. “Asceticism in Ch’üan-chen Taoism,” B.C. Asian Review, 3/4 (1990), 153–191.
LAGERWEY, John. “The Taoist Religious Community,” ER, 14 (1987), 306–317.
ROBINET, Isabelle. “Nature et rôle du maître spirituel dans le taoïsme non liturgique,” M. Meslin, ed., Maître et disciples dans les traditions religieuses. (Paris, 1990), 37–50.
6.5 Taoist Deities
CAHILL, Suzanne. Transcendence and Divine Passion. The Queen Mother of the West in Medieval China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993.
FENG, Han-chi. “The Origin of Yü Huang,” HJAS, 1 (1936), 242–250.
GAUCHET, L. “Recherches sur la Triade Taoïque,” BUA, série 3, 10 (1949), 326–366.
HARLEZ, de, Ch. Le Livre des esprits et des immortels. Essay de mythologie chinoise d’après les textes originaux. Brussels: Mémoires de l’académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique, vol. 51, 1893.
LeBLANC, Charles. “A Re-Examination of the Myth of Huang-ti,” JCR, 13–14 (1985–86), 45–63.
6.6 Taoist Mythology
*GIRARDOT, Norman J. Myth and Meaning in Early Taoism: The Theme of Chaos (Hun-tun). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
YÜ, David C. “The Creation Myth of Chaos in the Taoist Canon,” JOS, 24 (1986), 1–20.
6.7 Taoist Music
JAN, Yün-hua. “The Bridge between Man and Cosmos: the Philosophical Foundation of Music in the T’ai-p’ing ching,” in Tsao Pen Yeh and D. Law (Hong Kong: 1989): 14–27.
LÜ, Ch’ui-k’uan. “Enquête préliminaire sur la musique taoïste de Taiwan.” (Summary in French by J. Lagerwey of a Chinese article by Lü Ch’ui-k’uan), CEA, 4 (1988), 113–126.
7.1 Taoism and Government
*AMES, Roger T. The Art of Rulership. A Study in Ancient Chinese Political Thought. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983.
CHEUNG, Frederick Hok-ming. “Religion and Politics in Early T’ang China: Taoism and Buddhism in the Reigns of Kao-tsu and T’ai-Tsung,” JICS, 18 (1987), 265–275.
GROOT, J.J.M. de. Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Johannes Muller, 1903–1904. Taiwan reprint (2 vols. in 1), Taipei: Ch’eng-wen Publishing Co., 1969 and 1976.
HSIAO, Kung-chuan. A History of Chinese Political Thought. F.W. Mote. trans. (Vol. 1: From the Beginnings to the Sixth Century A.D.). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979.
LEVY, Howard S. “Yellow Turban Religion and Rebellion at the End of the Han,” JAOS, 76 (1956), 214–227.
MICHAUD, Paul. “The Yellow Turbans,” MS, 17 (1958), 47–127.
SEIDEL, Anna. “The Image of the Perfect Ruler in Early Taoist Messianism,” HR, 9 (1969–1970), 216–247.
STEIN, Rolf A. “Remarques sur les mouvements du taoïsme politico-religieux au Ilième siècle après J.C.,” TP, 50 (1963), 1–78.
7.2 Women and Taoism
CAHILL, Suzanne E. “Performers and Female Taoist Adepts: Hsi Wang Mu as the Patron Deity of Women in Medieval China,” JAOS, 106 (1986), 155–168.
CAHILL, Suzanne E. “Practice Makes Perfect: Paths to Transcendence for Women in Medieval China,” TR, 2.2 (1990), 23–42.
CLEARY, Thomas. Immortal Sisters: Secrets of Taoist Women. Boulder, Colo.: Shambhala, 1989.
DESPEUX, Catherine. Immortelles de la Chine ancienne. Taoïsme et alchimie féminine. Puiseaux: Pardés, 1990.
DESPEUX, Catherine. “L’ordination des femmes taoïstes sous le T’ang,” EC, 5 (1986), 105–110.
KIRKLAND, Russell. “Huang Ling-wei: a Taoist Priestess in T’ang China,” JCR, 19 (1991), 47–73.
NEEDHAM, Joseph. “Feminity in Chinese Thought and Christian Theology,” CF, 23 (1980), 57–70.
OVERMYER, Daniel. “Women in Chinese Religions: Submission, Struggle, Transcendence,” in Shinohara and Schopen. (Oakville, Ontario: Mosaic Press, 1991): 91–120.
7.3 Taoism and Ethical issues
GIRARDOT, Norman J. “Behaving Cosmogonically in Early Taoism,” Robin W. Lovin and Frank E. Reynolds, eds., Cosmogony and Ethical Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985,
KLEEMAN, Terry. “Taoist Ethics.” John Carman & Mark Juergensmeyer, eds., A Bibliographic Guide to the Comparative Study of Ethics. (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991), 162–194.
KOHN, Livia. “Taoist Visions of the Body,” JCP, 18 (1991), 227–251.
WU, Kuang-ming. “Deconcentration of Morality: Taoist Ethics of Person Making,” HHYC:CS, 1 (1983), 625–654.
7.4 Taoism and Sexuality
BEURDELEY, A., a.o., Le jeu de la pluie et des nuages. L’art d’aimer en Chine. Paris: Bibliothèque des Arts, 1969.
CHANG, Jolan. The Tao of Love and Sex. The Ancient Chinese Way to Ecstasy. London: Wildwood House, 1977.
CLEARY, Thomas, trans. and ed., Immortal Sisters: Secrets of Taoist Women. Boston: Shambhala, 1989.
*GULIK, Robert H. van. Sexual Life in Ancient China. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1961.
HARPER, Donald John. “The Sexual Arts of Ancient China as Described in a Manuscript of the Second Century B.C.,” HJAS, 47 (1987), 539–93.
ISHIHARA, Akira and Howard S. Levy. The Tao of Sex: An Annotated Translation of the 28th Section of the Essence of Medical Prescriptions (Ishimpo or I-hsin-Fang). New York: Harper & Row (Harrow’s Books), 1970.
*WILE, Douglas. Art of the Bedchamber. The Chinese Sexual Yoga Classics including Women’s Solo Meditation Texts. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1992.
7.5 Taoism, Medicine and Healing
BLOFELD, John. Gateway to Wisdom: Taoist and Buddhist Contemplative and Healing Yogas Adapt. London: Allen & Unwin, 1980.
DESPEUX, Catherine. Prescriptions d’acupuncture valant mille onces d’or. Paris: Guy Trédaniel, 1987.
ESKILDEN, Steven. “Early Quanzhen Daoist Views on the Causes of Disease and Death,” B.C. Asian Review, 6 (1992), 53–70.
HUARD, Pierre and Ming Wong. Chinese Medicine. Bernard Fielding (translation from French). New York and Toronto: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1968.
KOHN, Livia. “Medicine and Immortality in T’ang China,” JAOS, 108 (1988), 465–469.
PALOS, Stephen. The Chinese Art of Healing. New York: Herder and Herder, 1971; New York, Toronto & London: Bantam Books, 1972.
PORKERT, Manfred. The Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1963.
SIVIN, Nathan. Traditional Medicine in Contemporary China. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1987.
STRICKMANN, Michel. Tao und Medizin: Therapeutische Rituale im Mittelalterlichen China. Munich: Kindler Verlag, 1986.
UNSCHULD, Paul U. Medicine in China: A History of Ideas. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.
7.6 Taoism and the Physical Sciences
CAPRA, Fritjof. The Tao of Physics. Berkeley: Shambala, 1975.
SIU, R.G.H. The Tao of Science: An Essay on Western Knowledge and Eastern Wisdom. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press; New York: Wiley & Sons, 1957.
7.7 Taoism and Ecology
AMES, Roger T. and J.B. Callicott. Environmental Philosophy: The Nature of Nature in Asian Traditions. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1988.
AMES, Roger T. “Taoism and the Nature of Nature,” Environmental Ethics, 8 (1986), 317–350.
IP, Po-Keung. “Taoism and the Foundations of Environmental Ethics,” Environmental Ethics, 5 (1983), 335–343.
PEERENBOOM, Randall P. “Beyond Naturalism: A Reconstruction of Daoist Environmental Ethics,” Environmental Ethics, 13 (1991), 3–22.
8.1 Taoism and Literature
DESAI, Santosh. “Taoism: Its Essential Principles and Reflection in Poetry and Painting,” CC, 7 (1966), 54–64.
HAWKES, David. Ch’u Tz’u: The Songs of the South. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959.
LI, Wai-yee. “Dream Visions of Transcendence in Chinese Literature and Painting,” AAr, 3 (1990), 53–78.
LIU, Ts’un-yan. Buddhist and Taoist Influence on Chinese Novels. Vol. 1, The Authorship of the Feng Shen Yen I. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1962.
MITSUDA, Masato. “Taoist Philosophy and its Influence on T’ang Naturalist Poetry,” JCP, 15 (1988), 199–216.
PALANDRI, Angela Jung. “The Taoist Vision: A Study of T’ao Yuanming’s Nature Poetry,” JCP, 15 (1988), 97–120.
RUSSELL, Terrence C. Songs of the Immortals: The Poetry of the Chen-kao. Ph.D. Dissertation, Australian National University, 1985.
SCHAFER, Edward H. “The Cranes of Mao-shan,” TTS-2, (1983), 372–393.
SCHAFER, Edward H. Mirages on the Sea of Time: The Taoist Poetry of Ts’ao T’ang. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.
SCHAFER, Edward H. “The Snow of Mao-Shan: A Cluster of Taoist Images,” JCR, 13–14 (1985–86), 107–126.
WALEY, Arthur. The Poetry and Career of Li Po, 701–762. London: Allen & Unwin; New York: Macmillan Co., 1950, 1958.
YEH, Michelle. “Taoism and Modern Chinese Poetry,” JCP, 15 (1988), 173–196.
8.2 Taoism and the Fine Arts
CHANG, Amos Ih-tiao. The Tao of Architecture. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981. (First title, 1956: The Existence of Intangible Content . . .)
CHANG, Chung-yuan. Creativity and Taoism: A Study of Chinese Philosophy, Art and Poetry. New York: Julian Press, 1983.
EICHENBAUM KARETZKY, Patricia. “A Scene of the Taoist Afterlife on a Sixth Century Sarcophagus Discovered in Loyang,” ArA, 44 (1983), 5–20.
GIESELER, G. “Les symboles de jade dans le taoïsme,” RHR, 105 (1932), 158–181.
HOFFMAN-OGIER, Wayne H. “Dragonflight: Chinese Calligraphy and the Mystical Spirit of Taoism,” SM, 6 (1983), 3–43.
LEE, Wayne. “The Painter Immortal: Wu Tao-tzu,” ACQ, 11 (1983), 27–40.
LEGEZA, Laszlo. Tao Magic. The Secret Language of Diagrams and Calligraphy. London: Thames and Hudson, 1975.
LEGEZA, Laszlo. “Chinese Taoist Art,” Arts of Asia, 7, no. 6 (1977), 32–37.
LITTLE, Stephen. Realm of the Immortals: Daoism in the Arts of China. The Cleveland Museum of Art, distributed by Indiana University Press, 1988.
PAPER, Jordan. “Riding on a White Cloud: Aesthetics as Religion in China,” Religion, 15 (1985), 3–27.
POWELL, James N. The Tao of Symbols. New York: Quill, 1982.
REITER, Florian C. “The Visible Divinity. The Sacred Icon in Religious Taoism,” NDGNVO, 144 (1988), 51–70.
SHAW, Miranda. “Buddhist and Taoist Influences on Chinese Landscape Painting,” JHI, 49 (1988), 183–206.
8.3 Taoism and Health Exercises
DESPEUX, Catherine. “Gymnastics: The Ancient Tradition,” TMLT, (1989), 225–262.
GALANTE, Lawrence. T’ai Chi. The Supreme Ultimate. York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser, 1981.
LIU, Da. Taoist Health Exercise Book. New York: Links Books, 1974.
8.4 Taoism and Chinese Philosophy
COLEMAN, Earle J. “The Beautiful, the Ugly and the Tao,” JCP, 18 (1991), 213–226.
DAHLSTROM, Daniel. “The Tao of Ethical Argumentation,” JCP, 14 (1987), 475–485.
LIN, Tung-chi. “The Taoist in Every Chinese,” T’ien-hsia Monthly, 11 (1940–1941), 211–225.
LIU, Xiaogan. “Wuwei (Non-Action): From Laozi to Huainanzi,” TR, 3.1 (1991), 41–56.
8.5 Taoism and Chinese Culture
DAWSON, Raymond, ed., The Legacy of China. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971. (First published by Clarendon Press, 1964)
HAAS, William S. The Destiny of the Mind, East and West. New York: Macmillan Co., 1956.
HOU, Cai. “The Contents of the Daoist Religion and Its Cultural Function,” CSP, 22 (1990–1991), 24–42.
*KIRKLAND, Russell. “Person and Culture in the Taoist Tradition,” JCR, 20 (1992), 77–90.
LIN, Tung-chi. “The Chinese Mind; Its Taoist Substratum,” JHI, 8 (1947), 259–272.
LIU, Da. The Tao and Chinese Culture. New York: Schocken Books, 1979.
WEI, Francis C.M. The Spirit of Chinese Culture. New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1947.
9.1 Taoism and Buddhism
BLOFELD, John E.C. Beyond the Gods: Taoist and Buddhist Mysticism. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1974.
BLOFELD, John. Gateway to Wisdom: Taoist and Buddhist Contemplative and Healing Yogas Adapt. London: Allen & Unwin, 1980.
CAMPANY, Robert F. “Buddhist Revelation and Taoist Translation in Early Medieval China,” TR, 4.1 (1993), 1–30.
CH’EN, Kenneth K.S. Buddhism in China: An Historical Survey. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964.
CH’IEN, Edward T. “The Concept of Language and the Use of Paradox in Buddhism and Taoism,” JCP, 11 (1984), 375–400.
FRANKE, Herbert. “The Taoist Elements in the Buddhist Great Bear Sutra,” AM, 3 (1990), 58–87.
GRANT, Beata. Buddhism and Taoism in the Poetry of Su Shi (1036–1101). Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1987.
HSU, Sung-peng. “Han-shan Te-ch’ing: A Buddhist Interpretation of Taoism,” JCP, 2 (1975), 417–428.
JAN, Yün-hua. “Cultural Borrowing and Religious Identity: A Case Study of the Taoist Religious Codes,” CS, 4, no. 7 (1986), 281–294.
JAN, Yün-hua. “The Religious Situation and the Studies of Buddhism and Taoism in China,” JCR, 12 (1984), 37–64.
*KOHN, Livia. Laughing at the Tao. Debates among Buddhists and Taoists in Medieval China. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.
LIU, Ts’un-yan. Buddhist and Taoist Influences on Chinese Novels. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1962.
POO, Mu-chou. “The Images of Immortals and Eminent Monks: Religious Mentality in Early Medieval China (4–6 century A.D.),” Numen, 42 (1995), 172–196.
SASO, Michael R. “Buddhist and Taoist Notions of Transcendence: A Study in Philosophical Contrast,” BTS-1, (1977), 3–22.
VERELLEN, Franciscus. “Evidential Miracles in Support of Taoism: The Inversion of a Buddhist Apologetic Tradition in Tang China.” T’oung-pao, 78 (1992): 217–263.
WU, Yi. “On Chinese Ch’an in Relation to Taoism,” JCP, 12 (1985), 131–154.
*ZÜRCHER, Erik. The Buddhist Conquest of China. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1959.
*ZÜRCHER, Erik. “Buddhist Influence on Early Taoism,” TP, 66 (1980), 84–147.
9.2 Taoism and Confucianism
ALMEDER, Robert. “The Harmony of Confucian and Taoist Moral Attitudes,” JCP, 7 (1980), 51–54.
AMES, Roger T. “The Common Ground of Self-Cultivation in Classical Taoism and Confucianism,” reprinted from Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies (Dec. 1985), TR, 1 (1988), 22–55.
CHANG, Chung-Yuan. Some Basic Philosophical Concepts in Confucianism and Taoism. New York: Bulletin Missionary Resources Library, 1955.
CHAO, Paul. “The Chinese Natural Religion: Confucianism and Taoism,” CC, 24 (1983), 1–14.
FUNG, Yu-lan. “The Rise of Neo-Confucianism and its Borrowing from Buddhism and Taoism,” Derk Bodde. trans. HJAS, 7 (1924), 89–125.
LIN, Yü-sheng. “The Unity of Heaven and Man in Classical Confucianism and Taoism and Its Philosophical and Social Implications,” Proceedings of the 31st International Congress of Human Sciences, Tokyo: Vol. 1 (1984), 258–259.
LIU, Ts’un-yan. “Lu Hsi-hsing: A Confucian Scholar, Taoist Priest and Buddhist Devotee of the Sixteenth Century,” AS, 18–19 (1965), 115–142.
LIU, Ts’un-yan. “Lin Chao-en (1517–1598): The Master of the Three Teachings,” TP, 53 (1967), 253–278.
LIU, Ts’un-yan. “The Penetration of Taoism into the Ming Neo-Confucianist Elite,” TP, 57 (1971), 48–50.
MUNRO, Donald J. (ed.) Individualism and Holism: Studies in Confucian and Taoist Values. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1985.
POLITELLA, Joseph. Taoism and Confucianism. Iowa City: Sernal, 1967. (Crucible Books)
ROBINET, Isabelle. “La notion de hsing dans le taoïsme et son rapport avec celle du confucianisme,” JAOS, 106 (1986), 183–196.
WEBER, Max. Confucianism and Taoism. M. Morishima (abridg.), M. Alter and J. Hunter. trans. London: London School of Economics, 1984.
YEARLY, Lee. “Hsün-tzu on the Mind: His Attempted Synthesis of Confucianism and Taoism,” JAS, 39 (1980), 465–480.
ZIA, Rosina C. “The Conception of ‘Sage’ in Lao-tze as Distinguished from Confucianism,” Chung Chi Journal, 5 (1966), 150–157.
9.3 Taoism and Popular Religion
CHAN, Wing-tsit. “Taoist Occultism and Popular Beliefs,” Wing-tsit Chan et al., eds., The Great Asian Religions. (London: Collier-Macmillan, 1969), 162–178.
*DEAN, Kenneth. Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
HOU, Ching-lang. Monnaies d’offrande et la notion de trésorerie dans la religion Chinoise. Paris: Collège de France, 1975. (Mémoires de l’Institut des Hautes Etudes Chinoises, vol 1).
KALINOWSKI, Marc. “La littérature divinatoire dans le Daozang,” CEA 5 (1989–90): 85–114.
SASO, Michael R. Blue Dragon, White Tiger: Taoist Rites of Passage. Washington, D.C.: The Taoist Center, 1990. Distributed by the University of Hawaii Press.
SCHIPPER, Kristofer. “Sources of Modern Popular Worship in the Taoist Canon: A Critical Appraisal,” in Proceedings of International Conference on Popular Beliefs and Chinese Culture. (Taipei: Center for Chinese Studies, 1994), 1–23.
STEIN, R.A. “Un exemple de relations entre taoïsme et religion populaire,” Fukui Hakase Shoju Toyo Bunka Ronshu. Oriental Culture. A Collection of Articles in Honor of the Seventieth Anniversary of Dr. Kojun Fukui. (Tokyo: 1969), 79–90.
9.4 Taoism and Other Religions
CHRYSSIDES, George D. “God and the Tao,” RS, 19 (1983), 1–11.
KÜNG, Hans and Julia Ching. Christianity and Chinese Religions. New York: Doubleday & Collins, 1989.
LEGGE, James. The Religions of China Compared with Christianity. London: 1880; Folcroft, Penn.: 1976; Philadelphia, Penn.: 1978.
9.5 Taoism and Philosophy (Comparative Philosophical Issues)
DECAUX, Jacques. “Taoist Philosophy and Jungian Psychology,” CC, 22 (1981), 95–110.
EBER, Irene. “Martin Buber and Taoism,” MS, 42 (1994), 445–464.
FREIBERG, J.W. “The Dialectic in China: Maoist and Daoist,” BCAS, 9 (1977), 2–19.
FU, Wei-hsun Charles. “Creative Hermeneutics: Taoist Metaphysics and Heidegger,” JCP, 3 (1976), 115–144.
KASULIS, T.P. “The Absolute and the Relative in Taoist Philosophy,” JCP, 4 (1977), 383–394.
PARKS, Graham. “Intimations of Taoist Themes in Early Heidegger,” JCP, 11 (1984), 353–374.
PARKS, Graham. “The Wandering Dance: Chuang Tzu and Zarathustra,” PEW, 33 (1983), 235–250.
ROSS, R.R.N. “Non-Being and Being in Taoist and Western Traditions,” RT, 2 (1979), 24–38.
TOMINAGA, Th. T. “Taoist and Wittgensteinian Mysticism,” JCP, 9 (1982), 269–290.
WU, Kuang-ming. “Dream in Nietzsche and Chuang Tzu,” JCP, 13 (1986), 371–382.
ZHANG, Longxi. The Tao and the Logos. Literary Hermeneutics, East and West. Durham & London: Duke University Press, 1992.
10.1 Academic Study Today
“Some Recent Asian Publications on Taoism,” TR, 2.1 (1990), 95–112.
BARRETT, Timothy H. “Taoism: History of Study,” ER, 14 (1987), 329–332.
BELL, Catherine. “In Search of the Tao in Taoism: New Questions of Unity and Multiplicity” (review article), HR, 33 (1993), 187–201.
KANDEL, Barbara. “A Visit to the China Taoist Association,” SSCRB, 8 (1980), 1–4.
LEUNG, Man Kam. “The Study of Religious Taoism in the People’s Republic of China (1949–1990): A Bibliographical Survey,” JCR, 19 (1991), 113–126.
YÜ, David C. “Present-Day Taoist Studies,” RSR, 3 (1977), 220–239.
10.2 Contemporary Taoism
BOLEN, Jean Shinoda. The Tao of Psychology: Synchronicity and the Self. New York: Harper and Row, 1979.
PORTER, Bill. Road to Heaven: Encounters with Chinese Hermits. San Francisco: Mercury House, 1993.
11.1 Chinese History
The Cambridge History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vol. 1 (1986) The Ch’in and Han Empires (D. Twitchet & M. Loewe, eds.). Vol. 3 (1979) Sui and T’ang China (part 1) (D. Twitchet, ed.)
EBERHARD, Wolfram. A History of China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977 (1st publication, 1950).
FAIRBANK, John, E.O. Reischauer and A.M. Craig. East Asia. Tradition and Transformation. Boston: Houghton Miflin Co., 1973.
GERNET, Jacques. A History of Chinese Civilization. J.R. Foster, trans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
LIN, Yutang. The Gay Genius. The Life and Times of Su Tungpo. New York: John Day Co., 1947.
WATSON, Burton, trans., Records of the Grand Historian of China. Translated from the Shih Chi of Szu-ma Ch’ien (2 vols). New York: Columbia University Press, 1971.
WRIGHT, Arthur and D. Twitchet, eds., Perspectives on the T’ang. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973.
WRIGHT, Arthur. The Sui Dynasty. The Unification of China, A.D. 581–617. New York: A. Knopf, 1978.
11.2 Chinese Religion and Culture
The Arts of China. Horizon Book. New York: American Heritage Publishing Co., 1969.
BERLING, Judith. The Syncretic Religion of Lin Chao-en. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980.
BERNBAUM, Edwin. Sacred Mountains of the World. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1990.
BONNEFOY, Yves, compiler, Mythologies (2 vols). Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1991.
CHAMBERLAIN, Jonathan. Chinese Gods. Hong Kong: Long Island Publishers, 1983.
COUVREUR, F.S. Dictionnaire classique de la langue chinoise. Taichung: Kuangchi Press, 1966 (first published in 1890).
EBERHARD, Wolfram. A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols (trans. from the German by G.L. Campbell). London: Routledge, 1986.
ELLWOOD, Robert. Many Peoples, Many Faiths. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1982.
FUNG, Yu-lan. A History of Chinese Philosophy (2 vols.) Derk Bodde, trans. Vol. 1, Peking, Henri Vetch, 1937; Princeton University Press, 1952. Vol. 2: Princeton University Press, 1953.
GROOT, J.J.M. de. Les Fêtes annuellement célébrées à Emoui (Amoy). Etude concernant la religion populaire des Chinois. First published Paris: E. Leroux, 1886. Taiwan reprint: San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center, 1977 (2 vols.).
KARLGREN, Bernhard. Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese. Paris: P. Geuthner, 1923. (Taiwan reprint) Taipei: Ch’eng-wen Publishing Co., 1973.
KUBO, Noritada. Dokyoshi (History of Taoism). Tokyo: 1977. (In Japanese)
MATHEWS, R.H. Chinese-English Dictionary. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969 (11th printing) (first published in Shanghai, 1931).
OU-I-TAI. “Chinese Mythology” in New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology. (London: Paul Hamlyn, 1959/1973), 379–402.
OVERMYER, Dan. “Women in Chinese Religions: Submission, Struggle, Transcendence,” in K. Shinshara & G. Shopen, eds., From Benares to Beijing. Essays on Buddhism and Chinese Religion. (Oakville, Ontario: Mosaic Press, 1991), 91–120.
PAS, Julian. Visions of Sukhãvai. Shan-tao’s Commentary on the Kuan wuliang-shou-Fo ching. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1995.
PAS, Julian, ed., The Turning of the Tide. Religion in China Today. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society & Oxford University Press, 1989.
PAUL, Diana. Women in Buddhism: Images of the Feminine in Mahayana Tradition. Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press, 1979.
REPS, Paul. Zen Flesh, Zen Bones: A Collection of Zen and Pre-Zen Writings. New York: Anchor Books, n.d. (before 1969).
SCHAFER, Edward. Pacing the Void. T’ang Approaches to the Stars. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.
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