For some personal details see Glossary of Names (pp. 355–9); for meanings of some words see Translator’s Note (p. 49). All dates (in italics) are ‘B.C.’.
Abrocomas (satrap of Syria), 36, 42 quat, 69 & n, 71, 84 bis
Abrozelmes (Seuthes’ interpreter), 336
Abydus, 56
Achaea and Achaeans, 43, 271–2 & n, 273. 277
Acherusian Peninsula, 270
Aegospotami, battle of (405), 12
Aeneas Tacticus, 36
Aenianes, 264
Aeolia, 246
Aeschines the Acarnanian, 189, 215
Aetolian campaign (426), 34
Agasias the Stymphalian, 144, 180
208 bis, 227, 268, 271, .280, 351;
and Dexippus’ prisoner and
Cleander, 291–4
Agesilaus, King of Sparta, 13, 14,
15, 23, 26, 27, 29, 33, 38 bis,
Agias of Arcadia, 128, 130 n, 135,
Alcibiades of Athens, 12, 316 n
Alexander the Great, 16, 23, 28, 37, 42 bis, 47, 74 n, 121 n, 210 n; and his successors, 23, 37; his army, 37; and proskynesis, 150–51 n
Alexander of Pherae, 27
Amazons, 194
Amphicrates, 183
Anabasis (Xenophon), 9–13 & n, 16–24, 26, 33, 34, 46, 47 quin; date of, 16 & n; other accounts of the expedition, 17; translation of, 53–351
Anaxibius (admiral of Spartan navy), 45 bis, 46, 221, 265, 268, 292, 299, 300, 302, 304–8 passim
Antandrus (in Asia Minor), 349
Antigonus, 37
Apollonides, 143–4
Arabia (actually North-East Syriaand Northern Iraq of today), 75; flora and fauna of, 75
Araxes, river (see also Chabur), 74, 202 n, 250 n
Arbaces, 84
Arbela (modem Erbil), 121 n
Arcadian, an, accuses Xenophon of self-interest, 330–31
Arcadian: independence, 271–2 & n; Mantinea, 271 n
Arcadians, 18, –36, 44, 264 bis, 268, 271–7 passim & n(4), 280
Archagoras of Argos, 183 bis
Arexion of Parrhasia (soothsayer), 281, 284, 285
Arginusae, battle of (406), 12
Argo (Jason’s ship), 270
Argos, 34
Ariaeus, 25, 39, 86, 95, 96, 103 ter, 117, 118, 120, . 128, 129, 148 bis, 171; joined by Greeks, 108–11; ‘ fond of good-looking young men’, 134
Aristarchus (Spartan governor of Byzantium), 45, 306–8 passim, 313 bis, 314, 331 bis, 353
Aristippus of Thessaly, 57, 58, 134
Ariston of Athens, 244
Aristonymus of Methydrin, 180, 205, 208 bis, 209
Armenia, 22, 29, 31, 32, 173, 201; highlands of, 11, 20; the approach to, 186–91 passim; the march through, 192–5, 196–201; Western, 192
Armenian.: horses, 201; mercenaries, 186
Armenians, 192
armies of antiquity, 37–8
Art of Hunting (Xenophon), 16, 26
Artabazus, 246
Artapatas (sceptre-bearer), 81, 90
Artaxerxes II, King of Persia (‘ The King’), 11, 17, 23, 27, 28, 31, 36, 39. 46, 55–90 passim, 95, 124–7 passim, 129, 134.140.142. 144, 145. 148, 152, 153, 186, 240, 303; at Cunaxa, 11, 27, 37–8, 39–43 passim, 87–90 passim; his bastard brother, 36, 42 & n, 121, 163; and Cyrus (his brother), 55–90 passim; and Tissaphernes’ report, 59; numerical strength of his army, 84; his defensive ditch, 84, 85; after the battle, 96–9 passim, 104–7 passim, 108–11 passim, 112–16 passim
Artemis of Ephesus (a goddess), 80, 150, 230–31 & n, 232; temples of, 231, 232
Artouchas, 186
Arystas of Arcadia, 317 bis
Asia, 10, 23, 24, 27, 37, 45 ter, 307, 331. 333. 334; Greek cities in, 33
Asia Minor, 27, 44, 231 n, 348–51
Asidates (a Persian), 32, 349–51
Asine, 248 n
Athenian settlers in the Chersonese, 246 n
Athenians, 272 n; and Persians, 150
Athens, 14, 15, 32, 231 n, 266; blockaded by Spartans, 12; surrendered (404), 12; after the restoration, 13; and Sparta, 15, 130, 140 (see also Peloponnesian War); and mercenaries, 35; and corn from Black Sea, 300 n, 328 n
Augustus, Emperor, 37
Babylon, 11, 41–3 passim, 72, 73, 76, 119, 121 n, 122 n, 130 n, 173
Babylonia (now part of Iraq), 42, 76 n, 82, no; canal irrigationsystem of, 33, 43, 119 & n
Basias of Arcadia, 179
Basias of Elis (soothsayer), 349 bee hives, 215
Belesys (governor of Syria), 72
Bion (of Sparta?), 348
Bisanthe (coastal town in Thrace), 312, 327
Bithynians, 273, 278, 282, 283, 288, 289, 296
Black Sea (the Euxine, q.v), 10, 216, 223, 279 n bis, 300 n; coast of, 225
body armour, 28, 61, 86, 87, 160, 166 n, 209, 228, 234
Boeotia and Boeotians, 13, 34, 231 & n
Boiscus of Thessaly (boxer), 259
bridges of boats, 74 n
Buhtan Su (river), 186 n
bulimia (disease of hunger andexhaustion), 197
Byzantium, 35, 45 ter, 46, 278 ter, 292, 296, 299 bis, 300–305 & n, 306 bis, 310, 313; Thracian Square, 302
Cadusians, 28
Caecus, plain of (in Asia Minor), 349
Caenae (city), 122
Callimachus of Arcadia, 244
Callimachus of Parrhasia, 180,
Calpe, Port (modem Kerpe, in Asiatic Thrace), 272–9 passim; itssuitability for a colony, 279 n
Carduchi, the, 173 ter, 177–8, 181–7 passim, 190–92 passim, 240; theiragility, and bows and arrows, 185
Carduchian mountains, 186;fighting through the, 181–5
Carrhae, battle of (53), 28 Carsus, river, 70
Caspian Sea, 28
Castolus, plain of, 55, 92 & n
casualties on the march back, 166 & n, 167
cavalry, Greek: use of, 34; Xenophon on, 151–2; Xenophonprovides, 160
Cayster plain (in Asia Minor), 60
Celaenae (city), 59 bis & n, 60
Centrites, river, 186 & n; crossing, 186–91
Cephisodorus of Athens, 183 bis
Cerasus (Greek city on Euxine), 230, 233. 239, 252–5 passim
Cerberus, 270
Clubrias, 35
Chabur, river (Araxes, q.v.), 42
Chalcedon(ia), 296 & n, 302, 310 bis
Chaldaeans, 186, 240; mercenaries, 186
Chalus, river (and its tame fish), 72
Chalybes: 1, 194 203, 209–10; II, 238
chariots: four-horse (abreast), 62 n, 153; scythed, 41, 84 bis & n, 87
Charmande (city), 77
Charminus of Sparta, 329, 336, 340 Chersonese, the, 56 bis, 65, 130, 246& n, 301, 306, 308, 313, 331
children butchered at Mycalessus (413). 35
Chirisophus, 18, 19–20, 45, 70, 103, 108, 128, 146–7, 156 & n, 157, 159. 197, 203, 206, 207, 216 n bis, 230, 248, 271, 272 bis; and Xenophon, 21, 146, 155, 156, 168–9, 171, 177–9 passim, 184–90 passim, 199, 200–201, 202, 204–5, 207–8, 215, 268 n, 27t, 272; and Council of War, 148, 155; burying the dead, 184; and a guide, 202; seeks ships, 221; rejoins with a trireme, 265; elected C-in-C, and accepts, 268–9; for seven days only, 272; and his third of the army, 273 bis, 275; his death, 280
Chrysopolis, 33, 45, 276, 296 & n
Cicero, 47 bis
Cilicia, 30, 62, 63 ter, 70, 71, 140; King of, see Syennesis; Queen of, 60–62 passim
Cilician Gates (a pass), 41, 62 n, 63 n
Cilician roads, 62 n
Cleaenetus, 224
Cleagoras (a painter of frescoes etc.), 348
Cleander (Spartan governor of Byzantium), 45 bis, 272, 281, 290–96 passim, 300, 305, 307
Cleanor of Orchomenus, in Arcadia, 18, 104, 128, 129, 147. 148–9, 203, 215, 282, 305, 306 321 bis, 326, 327
Clearatus, 252 bis
Clearchus of Sparta, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 39, 56 bis, 58, 60, 61, 71, 80, 81, 82, 140, 216 n, 246, 268, 273; and Tissaphernes, 25, 123–5, 125–7, 127–8 & n, 129 bis & n, 148; and a mutiny, 65–9; his speeches to his soldiers , 65–7; and their replies, 67–9; and Menon, 77–8,
127; at Cunaxa, 86, 87; and after, 96, 98, 103, 104, 106–16 passim; on the march back, 117–18, 120–21; captured by treachery and killed, 128, 129, 130 n, 230; his ‘character’ and personal details, 130–32; his successor, 147; his horses, 160
Coiratadas of Thebes, 35, 304, 305
Colchian: heralds, 250; territory, 216, 230; villages, 216
Colchians, 28, 213–14, 216, 255
Colchis, 213–17
Colossae, 59
Corinthian War (45p), 231 n
Cornelius Nepos, 47
Coronea, battle of (394), 13, 231 n, 280 n
Corsote (deserted city), 75
Çoruh, river, 210 n
Corylas (governor of Paphlagonia), 239. 240, 244, 263
Cretan archers, 158, 159, 164, 184, 229
Cretans, 229 bis
Crimea, the, 328 n
Croesus, 38
Ctesias of Cnidus (royal physician), 17, 25, 26, 39, 40, 90, “5 n, 128 n 129 n, 130 n, 135; his History of Persia, 21, 22 bis
Cunaxa, battle of (401), 11, 17 bis, 19, 21, 27, 31, 34 bis, 36, 37–41, 76 n, 86–90, 96–9; strategic campaign of, 41–3; after the battle, 103–7
Cydnus, river, 63
Cyniscus of Sparta, 246 n, 301
Cyrus the Great, 62 n, 91, 119 n
Cyrus, Prince of Persia, 11, 13 bis, 15. 25. 27, 30–33 passim, 35, 55, 124–6 passim, 129, 132, 134, 140–41 passim, 148–9. 151. 163.
266; his revolt, 11, 27; at Cunaxa 11 , 20, 27, 37–8, 39–43, 86–90; and Miletus, 28; and Tissaphernes, 29. 55.56, 92; his ‘ paradise’ at Sardis, 32, 119 n; and his waggon train, 33; and the Ten Thousand, 43; and Greek mercenaries, 44, 45; and Sparta, 45, 46; his attempt to supplant his brother, Artaxerxes II, on the Persian throne, 53–99; builds up his army, 55–7; and Aristippus, 57; his march from Sardis to Tarsus, 58–64; his palace and park at Celaenae, 59; his soldiers’ pay in arrears, 60; his ships, 63, 70, 71; and Syennesis, 64; at Tarsus, 65–9; and Clearchus and a mutiny, 65–9; through Syrian Gates and across Euphrates, 70–74; and desertion of Xenias and Pasion, 71–2; declares his real objective, 72; and Menon’s soldiers, 74; in Arabian desert 75–7; his army short of corn and forced to eat meat, 76; pressing on, 77; and a quarrel between Clearchus’ and Menon’s soldiers, 78; and Orontas, a traitor, 78, 79–81; prepares for battle, 82–5; his speech to the troops, 82–3, 83; numerical strength of his army, 83–4; and the battle of Cunaxa, 86–90 (see also at Cunaxa above); his death, 90, 144; and after, 142; his character (obituary), 91–5, 130 n; his satrapies, 92; his mistresses, 96; and Clearchus, 130–31 & n; his fate at the hands of his brother, 142; and Silanus, 245; his generosity, 279
Cyzicene (coin, see also staters), 314
Cyzicus, 306; naval battle of (410), 12
Damaratus of Sparta, 103
Dana (city), 62
Daphnagoras, 349
Dardes, river, 72darics (Persian coins), 69 & n, 246 n, 329. 330
Darius I (?), King of Persia, 73, 83; his two sons, and his death, 55
Darius III, King of Persia: at battleof Issus (333), 27; at battle of Gaugamela (331), 36; and Alexander the Great at Ecbatana, 42, 121 defiles, passage of (see also Cilician Gates and Syrian Gates), 164–5
Delphi: Athenian treasury, 230; theoracle at, 13, 140, 266 ‘demagogue’, 330 n
Democrates of Temenus, 194
Demosthenes, 34 Dercylidas, 14, 246
Dexippus of Sparta, 45, 216 n, 223, 268, 290–95 passim
Dio of Prusa, 47
Diodorus Siculus (historian), 17 bis, 19, 31. 36, 39, 40 ter
Dionysius of Syracuse, 27 discipline, military: Clearchus’ viewson, 131–2; Xenophon on, 146, 154, 256–60 ‘doctors’, eight, 166 & n dolphins as food, 236–7
Dracontius of Sparta, 216 & n, 295
Drilae, 225–9 passim
Ecbatana (modern Hamadan), 40, 42 1er, 121 & n, 173
Education of Cyrus, The (Xenophon), 15, 16, 24 bis, 26, 47 bis, 62 n, 84 n, 166 n, 316 n Egypt, 29–30, 31, 38, 105; attacked
Epaminondas of Thebes, 34
Ephorus (historian), .17 bis, 19 bis, 20, 36, 47
Episthenes of Amphipolis, 44, 97
Episthenes, an Olynthian, 323
Epyaxa, Queen of Cilicia (wife of King Syennesis), 60–62 passim, 63, 64
Erzerum, 210 n
Eteonicus, 301–2 passim
Euclides of Phlius (soothsayer), 348
Euphrates, river, 41–3 passim, 69, 72, 73, 118, 196; Eastern, 192 n
Eurylochus of Lusia, in Arcadia, 184 208, 209, 304, 336
Eurymachus of Dardania, 245
Euxine, the (Pontus Euxinus, the Black Sea – and lands round it), 10, 216, 223, 244–6 passim, 248, 251, 252, 265, 270, 272, 278, 327 bis
exile: as a punishment in Sparta, 216 n; Xenophon’s, 14 & n, 15 n, 347 & n ‘Eyes and Ears of the King’, 31
Frontinus, 47
‘Gates, The’ (in Babylonia), 76
Gaugamela, battle of (331), 36
Gaulos of Samos, 83 generals, Greek: arrest of, 10, 27; the five (kidnapped by Tissaphernes and killed), characters of, 130–35 & nn generalship, 36
Glous (son of Tamos), 74, 76, 103, 121
Gnesippus of Athens, 317–18
Gobrias, 84
Gongylus of Eretria, 349
Gongylus junior (his son), 349, 350
Gorgias of Leontini, 132
Gorgias of Sicily, 23; his Olympic Oration, 23
Greece: Old, 10; liberated by Spartans, 11; oligarchic revolution in (411), 12; History of..., (Xenophon’s), see History; human memories in, 22; and Persia, 23; city states of, 35 bis, 46; and mercenaries, 44
Greek: colonies, 10, 13, 23, 33, 231; export trade, 328 n; javelin throwers, 158, 159; mercenaries’ uniforms, arms and armour, 61 (see also mercenaries)
Greek Mercenary Soldiers (Parke), 43
Greek: warfare, 34–6, 38, 40; world, 9
Greeks: ‘ political animals’, 9, 10; and reason, 10; ordinary, 10; their religious piety, 10–11, 149–50; and King of Persia, 11; in Asia, 11; their memories, 22; given to numerical exaggeration, 36; and Cyrus, 55–90 passim; and Thracians, 130; and proskynesis, 151 n; prosper in Persian Empire and at Persian Court, 151 n
Gϋmϋsane (modern), .210 n
Gymnias, 210 & n
Halicarnassus, 231 n
Halisarne (city), 350
Harmene (port in Sinope), 265 bis harmosts (Spartan governors), 272 n, 300 n
Harpasus, river, 210 & n
Hecatonymus of Sinope, 239, 241, 242–3
Hegesander of Arcadia, 274
Hellas (wife of Gongylus of Eretria), 349, 351
Hellenism, 10
Hellespont, the, 17, 56 bis, 130, 246 n, 306
helots (of Sparta), 216 n
Heraclea, 243, 269, 270 bis, 271, .236, 278 ter, 281, 282, 284; people of, 245–8 passim, 271, 273 bis
Heraclean country, 273
Heracles the Guider, 270, 273, 287, 288
Heraclides of Maronea, 315–16, 318, 322, 326 bis, 327 bis, 329, 330, 336 bis, 344, 345–6
Herodotus (historian), 36, 231 n
Hieronymus of Elis, 145, 280, 304
Hieronymus, a Rhodian, 325
Hippocrates, 166 n
Histories (Thucydides), 15 History of Greece (Xenophon), 12 13, 15–16, 20, 22, 26, 272 n
History of Persia (Ctesias), 21, 22 bis
Holy Mountain, the (in Thrace), 301, 313
honey, dangerous, 215
hoplites’ spears, 209 n
horse, price of a, 349 & n
hyparchs, 31
hypaspists (shield-carriers), 184 n
Ida, Mount, 349
Ionia, 11, 13, 33, 56. 63. 173;cavalry action in (410–09), 12, 143 n
Ionians, 10
Iranian armies, 38
irrigation system in Babylonia, 33, 43, 119 & n
Isocrates, 26, 27, 29, 33, 35, 44; his Panegyric (380), 15, 18, 23; and Panhellenism, 23
Issus, battle of the (333), 27
Issus: (city), 70; (village), 63
Istanbul (modern), 296 n
Jason of Pherae, 27
Jason’s Beach, 270
Julius Caesar, 47
Khazir Su (river), 161 n
‘King’s Peace’, the (386), 14, 15 n
Knights, Greek, 12, 13 bis, 349 n Kurdestan. 22;bills of, 28; themarch to, 137–73; entry into, 177–80
Laconia, 223 n
Lampsacus (in Asia Minor), 348, 349; people of, 348
Larissa (on Tigris, Nimrud, ancientKalhu), 162–3 & n
Leon of Thurii, 221
Leonymus of Sparta, 179
Leuctra, battle of (371), 15, 272 n
Life of Artaxerxes (Plutarch), 17
Lycaean festival, 60
Lycaonia and Lycaonians, 28, 62, 153
Lyceum frescoes, 348
Lycius of Athens, 160, 189, 190
Lycius of Syracuse, 98
Lycon of Achaea, 247, 270, 271 bis
Lycus, river, 270
Lydia, 29, 30, 62 n, 69, 119 n, 173, 351
Lydian market, 155 n
Macedonian sarissae (spears), 210 n
Macedonians, 32, 33, 36, 151 n
Macrones, 28, 211, 212–13 & n, 240
Maesades (father of Seuthes), 311, 326
Magnesians, 264
Mantineans, 264
march, order of (by day and bynight), 319–20
Mardian mercenaries, 186
Maronea, 315
Marsyas, river (and man), 60
Maryandyni, 270
Mascas, river, 75
Medea (wife of Median king), 163
Medes, 162–3 & n; wives and daughters of, 153
medical services, 166 n
Medocus, King of the Odrysae, 311, 315–16. 338, 339
Medosades, 299, 307, 310, 338–41
Megabyzus, 231 ter & n
Megaphernes of Persia, 62
Megara, 270
Melandite, 311
Melinophagi (Thracian tribe), 327
Memorabilia (Xenophon), 15
Menon of Thessaly, 25 ter, 59, 61–4 passim, 63 n, 73–4, 82, 103, 108, 128, 129 bis & n; his speech to his troops, 73; and Clearchus, 77–8, 127 & n; at Cunaxa, 86; captured by treachery and held captive, 128, 130 n; his ‘character’ and personal details, 133–5 & n; and Tharypas, 134; his successor, 147
mercenaries, 35 bis, 43–5, 57, 58, 61, 70, 93. 134. 186; pay of, 44. 60–1, 69, 73, 246 n, 311, 314, 329. 330; provisions of, 67 n
Mesopotamia (now Iraq), 42
Midas, King of Phrygia, 61
Milesians, 92
Miletus, 10, 28, 56–8 passim, 70, 92, 265
Miltocuthes of Thrace, 109
minae, 73 & n
Mithridates, 128, 157 bis, 158, 161
Mossynoeci, the, 28, 233–7, 238
Murad Su (river), 192 n
Mycalessus, butchery of children at 35
Myriandrus (city), 71
Mysia and Mysians, 23, 28, 32, 80, 80, 93, 153 bis, 229, 264 bis, 349
Mysus of Mysia, 229
Native troops, uniforms and ornaments of, 76–7
Nausiclides, 348
Neon of Asine, 216 n, 230, 248 & n, 250, 272, 282, 305–10 passim, 313, 314; in command, 280, 306
Nicander of Sparta, 223
Nicarchus of Arcadia, 128, 158, 166 n
Nichomachus of Oeta, 205
Nile, river, 30
Nimrud (city), 162 n bis
Nineveh, 162 n
Obols, Attic, 76 & n
Odryses (father of Teres), 326
Odrysian: chief, 338, 339; kingdom, 299 n
Oeconomicus (Xenophon), 30, 31, 32 ointment found in village in Western Armenia, 193
Olympic festival, 15
Olympic Oration (Gorgias), 23
Ophrynion, 348 Opis (city), 121
Orontas (a traitor), 25, 32, 79–81, 95, 118, 129, 163, 173186, and his wife, ‘ The King’s’daughter, 118
‘Oxyrhynicus Historian’, 20 bis
Panegyric (Isocrates, 380), 15, 18, 23
Panhellenism and Panhellenists, 23 bis, 26 bis, 30, 38, 153 n
Paphlagonia, 238, 242, 243, 263, 265
Paphlagonian: cavalry, 86, 243;King, 241, 243; territory, 265
Paphlagonians, 239, 240–41, 242, 263–5 passim
parasangs, 21, 22 & n, 43, 59 n
Parion, 307, 310, 315, 316 Parke (Greek Mercenary Soldiers), 43
Parthenion (town), 351
Parthenius, river (modern Bartin), 243, 270 & n
Parthians, 30 Parysatis (wife of Darius, King of Persia, and mother of Artaxerxes II and Cyrus), 55–6, 72, 83, 122
Pasion of Megara, 58, 66, 71 bis
Pategyas of Persia, 86
Peloponnese, the, 14–15 passim, 43, 44. 56. 70
Peloponnesian War (431–404), 11, 12, 33. 34. 35, 44. 246
Peltae (city), 60
peltasts’ spears, 209 n
Perinthus (city), 130, 307, 310, 322, 333; people of, 307
perioikoi, 216 n, 233 & n, 248 n
Persia: Greece and, 23; weakness of24; in Xenophon’s two books, 24; and Sparta, 46; and Athens, 150
Persian: armies, 36–8 (useless atnight, 167); bows and arrows, 164; carpets, 316 & n; Court, 91, 150–51; dance, 264
Persian Empire, 21, 22, 26, 28–32;merits of, 32–3; strength andweakness of, 77
Persian: gardens (parks or‘ paradises’) and gardeners, 32, 119 n, 120; horses, 201; nobility, education of children of, 91; roads, 33, 42, 59 n
Persians, 27; and Athenians, 150;wives and daughters of, 153
Phalinus (a Greek tactician, in “ The King’s’ service), 36, 104–8 passim
Pharnabazus (ruler of Phrygia), 29 bis, 30, 33, 45 bis, 46, 282, 283, 389, 299, 306, 307, 308 bis
Phasias of Athens, 286
Phasis, rivers (two), 202 & n, 249–51 passim & n
Philadelphia (Hellenistic city), 92 n
Philesius of Achaea, 247, 256, 304, 306
Philesius of Arcadia, 147
Philip of Macedon, 27, 34, 300 n
Phoenicia and Phoenicians, 71
Pholoe, Mount, 232
Phrygia, 29, 59 bis, 246, 283; Great, 92
Phryniscus of Achaea, 306 bis, 310, 326. 327
Physcus, river, 121
Pigres (Cyrus’ interpreter), 76, 87
Pisidians, 28, 57, 58 bis, 59 n, 93, 140, 153
Plataea, battle of (479), 166 a
Plato (Socratic dialogues), 26
Plisthenes of Amphipolis, 202 bis
plunder, rules for ownership of, 290, 294
Plutarch (Life of Artaxerxes), 17
Polus (admiral of Spartan navy), 306
Polybius (historian), 47 Polyclitus of Larisa (historian), 32
Polycrates of Athens, 199, 223, 309, 310, 311, 336
Polynicus of Sparta, 329, 336 bis, 340
Potters’ Market (city), 60
Procles (governor of Teuthrania), 103, 108, 350
Proxenus of Thebes, in Boeotia, 13, 24 bis, 25, 57, 58, 78, 104–5, 120 bis, 128, 129 bis & n, 139–40, 140, 145; at Cunaxa, 86; and after, 96; captured by treachery and killed, 128, 130 n, 230; his ‘character’ and personal details, 132–3; his age, 143 n; his successor, 147
Psarus, river, 70
Pyramus, river, 70
Pyrrhic dance, 265 8c a
Pyrrhius of Arcadia, 285–6
Pythagoras of Sparta, 70
Quintillian, 47
Revenues (Xenophon), 15
Rhathines, 285
Rhodians in the Greek force, 159, 163–4; and a crossing of Tigris, 172
river crossings, 74 n, 77, 152, 172
Roman armies eating meat, 76 n
Romans, 28 bis
Rome, Republic of, 47 bis
Salmydessus (in Thrace), 327
Sardis, 13, 32, 58 bis, 59, 80, 92 n; Cyrus’ ‘ paradise’ in, 32, 119 n
satrapies and satraps of Persian Empire, 30–32
Satraps’ Revolt (late 360s), 31
Scillus (Xenophon’s estate near Olympia), 13–16 passim, 231–2
Scipio Africanus, 47
Selinus, river, 231 bis
Selymbria, in Thrace, 310, 328
Seneca, 47
Seuthes (a minor king of Thrace), 44, 223, 299 bis & n, 301, 306–25 passim, 336–7, 340–47 passim; and Xenophon, 299, 307–11. 313, 316–19, 321, 326–37 passim, 338–47; his dinner party, 316–18; raids mountain villages, 320–21, 322–5; and the soldiers’ pay, 326–7, 328, 341–7 passim; and the Melinophagi, 327–8; and Spartans, 329; on Xenophon, 329–30
Sicily, 35
sigli (shekels), 76 & n
Silanus of Ambracia (soothsayer), 84, 245, 247, 248, 281
Silanus, a Macistian, 324
Sinope (city on Black Sea), 216, 230, 238–47 passim, 26$
Sitacles, ballad of, 263
Sittace (city), 120
slaves in ancient Greece, origins of, 212 n
slingers, 159–60; Persian, 158, 159; Rhodian, 159, 163–4, 164
Smictes of Arcadia, 274 snow, 193, 196–9, 322; method of preventing horses’ feet sinking into, 201
snow-blindness, 197 bis
Socrates (the philosopher), 12, 30
Socrates of Achaea, 57 bis, 58, 128, 130 n, 135, 147
Socrates of Athens, 140 bis
Socratic dialogues: Plato’s, 26; Xenophon’s, 26, 47
soldiers, professional, 35 bis
Soli (village), 63
Sophaenetus (historian), 17–21 passim, 26
Sophaenetus, the Stymphalian, 18, 57 bis, 58, 60, 128, 194, 256, 286
Sosis of Syracuse, 60
Soteridas of Sicyon, 169–70
‘Sower’s Dance’, 264
Sparta, 11 bis, 12, 34, 130, 216 n, 231 n, 246 n; liberates Greece, 11; and Cyrus of Persia, 11, 46; and Greek soldiers in Persia, 11; defeated at Leuctra (371), 15; and Athens, 15, 130, 140 (see also Peloponnesian War); ephors of, 45–6, 46, 130 bis; and Persia, 46; and Greek cities, 46
Spartan: alliance, 38; army, 13, 34;Empire, 45, 46 bis; policy, 11,
45–6; social classes, 204 n, 216 n, 223 n; state, government of, 204 n;war-dance, 265 n
Spartans, 11, 13 bis, 15, 44, 45. 204, 231, 265, 267, 343, 351; masters of Greece, 291, 292; and Tissaphernes, 329, 330; and the army, 329–30; and Seuthes, 329–30
Spartiates (‘ Peers’ or governingclass), 204 n, 216 n, 223
spears, sizes of, 209 & n, 210 n, 234, 236
Spithridates, 285
staters of Cyzicus (Cyzicenes, coins), 246 & n, 270–71, 311, 314
stathmi, 59 n
stealing as part of Spartan education, 204
stirrups unknown in antiquity, 152 n
stone-rolling downhill (defensive), 181, 184, 207–8
Stratocles of Crete, 185
Successors of Alexander the Great, 23.37
Suez canal, Darius’, 33
Susa (biblical Shushan), 32, 121 n & bis, 173
Syennesis, King of Cilicia, 30, 31, 60, 62, 63 bis & n, 70; his palaceat Tarsus, 63, 64; and Cyrus, 64
Syrian Gates (a pass), 41, 70–71
Tacitus, 47
Taochi, 194, 203, 207–9, 210, 240
Teleboas, river, 192 & n
Ten Thousand, The
INTRODUCTORY, 9, 10 bis, 13, 17, 18, 20, 26–8 passim, 32–5 passim, 43, 44–6; their conduct, 18; their saviour, 18; retreat of, 34 (see also THE MARCH BACK below); provenance of, 43;
Spartans and, 45; ‘ a gang of roughs’, 46
THE MARCH TO CUNAXA:mustering, 55–7, 58–60, 70; Sardis to Tarsus, 59–64; river Macander, 59; Colossac, 59; Celaenae, 59; Peltae, 60; Cayster Plain, 60; Thymbrion, 61; Tyriaeon, 61; Iconium, 62, Cappadocia, 62; Cilician Gates and Cilicia, 62–3 & n; Tarsus, 64; Clearchus and .1 mutiny, 65–9; rivers Psarus and Pyramus, 70; and ships from Peloponnese, 70; Syrian Gates, 70–71; Myriandrus, 71; river Chalus, 72; Thapsacus, 72; Euphrates crossed, 73–4; river Araxes, 74; Arabian desert, 75–7; Menon and Clearchus quarrel, 77–8; Cyrus and a traitor, 79–81; Cyrus prepares for battle, 82–5
AT CUNAXA: the battle, 86–90, 96–9; Greeks are isolated, 101–35; they join Ariaeus, 108–11; and sign treaty with Tissaphernes, 112–16
THE MARCH BACK TO GREECE:
retreat begins, 117–22; Tigris, crossed, 121–2; five generals and captains captured by treachery and killed, 123–9; an assembly for discussion of plans, 144–7; they choose officers to replace those captured, 147; a Council of War, 148–56; waggons and tents destroyed, 159; and Mithridates, 157–9, 161–2; Tissaphernes still pursuing, 161–70; they mutilate enemy corpses as deterrent, 162; between Tigris and the mountains, 162–73; further assemblies, 172–3, 180; and the Carduchi, 177–8; fighting in the mountains, 181–5; across Centrites into Armenia, 186–91; their mistresses are with
them, 189, 237; they sack Tiribazus’ camp, 192–5; marching through snow, 196–201; a pass captured, 202–6; another assembly, 203–5; and the Taochi, q.v., 207–9, 210; and the Chalybes (I), 209–10; and Scytheni, 210; ‘ The sea ! The sea !’, 211; and Macrones, 211, 212–13; and Colchians, 213–14; at Trapezus, 215–30 passim; sports on the mountains, 216–17; they need, and obtain, ships, 221–4; plundering, 224, 225–9; at Cerasus, 230; and Mossynoeci, 233–7, 238; and Chalybes (II), 238; and Tibareni, 238 bis; and men of Sinope, 238–41, 242–4; they send representatives to Sinope, 244; and Xenophon’s idea of founding a colony, 244–52; his warning about misconduct, 252–5; an inquiry into the conduct of generals, 256; they ‘ put on a show’ for Paphlagonians, 263–5; they embark and sail westward, 265, 270; at Harmene, 265; they want a supreme commander, 265–6; and offer Xenophon the post, but he refuses, 266, 268; they elect Chirisophus instead, 268; they assemble to discuss further plans for journey, 270; they demand tribute from Heraclea, 270–71; the army splits into three parts, 273; the fortunes of each part, 274; two divisions join up again, 277–80; the army reunited, 280; a succession of unfavourable omens, 281–2; 500 killed by Pharnabazus’ cavalry, the rest fled, 282–3; Xenophon rescues the latter, 283; they bury dead bodies, 284–5; they rout Pharnabazus’ cavalry. and the Bithynians, 285–9; and Cleander and the Spartans, 290–96; through Bithynia to Chrysopolis, 296; they cross straits to Byzantium, 300
IN THRACE AND ASIA MINOR:
in Byzantium, ordered out of the city, 300–301; they break in again, 301–2; Xenophon reasons with them, 302–4; and Coiratadas, 304, 305; they march out of Byzantium, 304; Xenophon leaves them, 305; the army breaking up, 306; about 400 sold as slaves, 306–7, 313; Xenophon rejoins, 307; the Perinthus, 307–8; and Aristarchus, 313; and Seuthes, 313–21; they raid Thracian mountain villages, 320–21, 322–5; trouble about pay, 326–7, 328; further raids on Thracian villages, 327–8; and on some of Medosades’ villages, 338; offered employment by Spartans, 330; an attack on Xenophon, and his defence, 330–37; Xenophon is welcomed again, 347; from Thrace to Lampsacus (in Asia Minor), 348; through the Troad, 349; and raid on Asidates’ castle, 349–51; into Lydia and back to Pergamon, 351; they offer Xenophon the pick of the booty, 351; army taken over by Thibron, the Spartan general, 351
Teres (an ancestor of Seuthes), 299 n, 309, 326
Teuthranias, 350
Thapsacus (city on Euphrates, and river crossing), 42, 72 & n, 74 & n
Tharypas, 134
Thebe, plain of (in Asia Minor), 349
Thebes (in Greece), 15
Themistogenes of Syracuse, 17
Theogenes, a Locrian, 325
Theopompus of Athens, 105;
Thessaly, 57
Thibron (Spartan general), 13 bis, 44, 45, 46 bis, 329, 336, 347, 351
Thorax of Boeotia, 245–8 passim & n
Thrace, 10, 11, 44, 131, 223, 273, 301, 333; the Ten Thousand in, 300–348; The Delta, 304, 326; Asiatic, 278
Thracian: cavalry, 119, 320, 333;customs, 310, 312; hoplites, 320; peltasts, 35, 273, 320, 333. 334; tribes, 28, 326; villages, 306, 320–21, 322–5; ‘wreckers’, q.v., 327–8
Thracians, 56, 65, 78, 130 bis, 131, 274–5. 313. 316. 318-I9. 334 bis, 343; ‘of the mountain’, 320–21, 322–5, 327–8; ‘of the Delta’, 326;‘Melinophagi’, 327
Thrasybulus of Athens, 299 n, 300 n
Thucydides (historian), 15, 299 n bis
Thymbrion (city), 61
Thyni, Thynians, 309, 311, 322, 324, 325
Tibareni, 238 bis
Tigris, river, 22, 28, 42, 47, 108, 119, 120–23 passim & n, 162, 171, 186 n, 192
Timasion, the Dardanian, 44, 147, 156, 245–9 passim, 268, 276, 277, 288, 305, 306 bis 316 & n, 317, 321, 326, 327
Timesitheus of Trapezus, 233 bis
Tiribazus (governor of Western Armenia), 31, 192–5, 196; hiscamp sacked, 194–5
Tissaphernes (satrap of Lydia), 24–33 passim, 36, 45, 46, 56–8 passim, 70, 84, 92, 122, 145, 148, 152157.171, 186, 303; his cavalry, 24; and Clearchus, 25 (see also below); and Cyrus, 29, 5$, 56; and Pharnabazus, 29; at Cunaxa, 39, 40, 41, 87; and after, 96, 97 bis, 104, 117, 118; and a treaty with the Greeks, 114–16; plans to destroy Tigris bridge, 120; his treachery, 123–9; and Clearchus, 25. 123–5, 125–7, 127–8 & n; still in pursuit of Greeks, 161–70 passim
Tithraustes, 29
Tolmides of Elis (a herald), 111, 147, 227
Trabzon .(Trebizond), see Trapezus
Tralles, 72
Tranipsae, 311
Trapezus (modern Trabzon, Trebizond), 45, 210 n, 215–17, 229, 239, 290; people of, 223, 225 bis, 239 bis, 293
Trebizond (Trabzon), see Trapezustribute paid in kind, 32, 199, 201triremes, 63, 68, 71, 265, 278, 290, 302, 308 bis, 313, 331, 333
Troad, the, 246 bis
Tyriaeon (Tyriaeum, city), 61; review at, 37, 40, 41, 61
Tyriaeum review, see Tyriaeon
Uxians, 28
Village, an underground, 199–200
Waggons as military transport, 33, 62 n, 76, 85, 98–9, 153–4, 157
women, 10, 24, 318; Carian, 10; Persian royal, 27; of Medes and Persians, 153; mistresses of Greek soldiers, 189, 237
‘wreckers’, Thracian (who plunder ships stranded on shores of Euxine), 327–8 & n
Xanthicles of Achaea, 147, 256, 306
Xenias of Arcadia, 58 bis, 60, 66, 68 n, 71 bis
Xenophon (see also WORKS MENTIONEDbelow): personal details, 11–16, 143 & n; leads Greeks home from Persia, 9, 117–296; plans to found a city in Asia Minor, 10, 244–5, 247; his speech to the army at dawn, 10, 20, 23–4, 149–55; and claims of religion, 10–11, 13, 150; his return to Ionia, 11; and Cyrus, 13, 140; and Athens, 13; returns to Greece, 13, 16; and Agesilaus, 13, 14, 15 bis, 231 & n; in Spartan service, 13; his estate at Scillus, 13. 14, 15, 231–2; exiled from Athens, 14 & n, 15 n, 347 & n; and Spartans, 14, 334–5, 339, 347; ‘ a Peloponnesian gentleman’, 14; to and at Corinth, 15 bis; his marriage and family, 16, .232; and Persia, 16, 23–4; and the march of the Ten Thousand, 18–19, 117–296; and Chirisophus, q.v., 21; his diary (if he kept one), 21–3; and political bias, 23; and Panhellenism, 23; at Cunaxa, 88; Sittace, 120 bis; at river Zapatas, 128, 129; takes the initiative, 139–47; and Proxenus, 139–40; consults Delphic oracle, 140; meets Cyrus, 140; his dream, and subsequent speeches, 141–6; his age, 143 & n; appointed leader in place of Proxenus, 147; at a Council of War, 149–56; and proskynesis, 151; and pursuit of Mithridates’ force, 159; organizes slingers, and horses for cavalry, 160; with the rear-guard, 168, 177, 178, 181, 182; and Sotcrides, 169; occupies a hill, 169–70; and the Carduchi, 177–8; takes two prisoners as guides, 179–80; his baggage train (pack animals), 182, 183; attacks three hills, 182–4; loses his shield, 184; burying the dead, 184; another dream, 187; at Centrides river, 186–91; his accessibility, 187; sets a good example in snow-storm, 193; and some exhausted soldiers, 198–9; and capture of a pass, 203–6; and sight of the sea, 211; and a peltast (ex-slave), 212; and attack on the Colchians, 213–14; provisioning and plundering in Colchis, 221–2; and ships, 222–3; and roads, 223; and a plundering expedition, resulting in a pitched battle and plundering of a city, 225–9; and money from sale of prisoners, 230;’ and Megabyzus and the temple of Artemis, 231 & n; and the Mossynoed, 233–4, 235; speaks for the army to men of Sinope, 239–411 244; proposes to found a city, 10, 244–5, 247; abandons the the idea, 248–9; defends himself, and warns of results of indiscipline, 250–55, 257–60; justifies discipline in an emergency 256–60; accused of acting harshly, 256–7; defends himself, 257–60; offered post of supreme commander, 266; but declines it, 267–8, 268; and Neon of Asine, 272; remains with the army, 273; and his third of it, 273 bis; rescues Arcadians, 275; and a succession of unfavourable omens, 281–2; rescues a plundering party, 283; and reserves, 285 & n; on retreat and pursuit, 286; encourages the soldiers, 287–8; and Cleander and the Spartans, 291–2, 294–5, 295. 300, 305; wants to leave the army, 299 bis; and Seuthes, 299, 307–11,
313, 316–18, 3I9–21, 326–37 passim; and Anaxibius, 300, 307; and the army in Byzantium, 302–4; says Goodbye to soldiers, returns to the army at Anaxibius’ request, 307; collecting ships, 308; and crossing into Asia, 308–9; and Aristarchus, 313; advises the soldiers, 313–14; and Heraclides, 316, 326–7; at Seuthes’ dinner party, 316–18; and Seuthes’ raid on Thracian mountain villages, 320–21, 322–5 passim, 327–8; and Episthenes, 323; refuses gifts, 326; and Seuthes and the soldiers’ pay, 326–7, 328, 341–7; is attacked and defends himself, 330–37; and the Spartans, 14, 334–5, 339, 347; and Medosades, 338–41; speaks to Seuthes about the pay due, 341–7; welcomed again by the army, 347; his exile from Athens, 14 & n, 15 n. 347 .& n; and Euclides of Phlius, at Lampsacus, 348; to Ophrynion, 348; and his horse, sold and recovered, 349; and Hellas (wife of Gongylus of Eretria), 349; raids Asidates’ castle, 349–51; leads army into Lydia and back to Pergamon, 351; offered the pick of the booty, 351; hands over army to Thibron (Spartan general), 351
WORKS MENTIONED:Anabasis, q.v., 9.-13 & n, 16–24, 26. 33. 34. 46, 47 quin (translation of, 53–351); Art of Hunting, 16, 26; Education of Cyrus, 15, 16, 24 bis, 26, 47 bis, 62 n, 84 n, 166 n, 316 n; History of Greece, 12, 13, 15–16, 22, 26, 272 n; Memorabilia, 15; Oeconomicus, 30, 31, 32; Revenues, 15; Socratic dialogues, 26, 47
Xerxes, king of Persia, 36, 44, 60, 150; his land army, 37, 150
Zab, Great (river), 24, 25, 28, 29, 123 n, 161 n
Zab, Lesser (river), 22, 123 n
Zapatas, river (Great Zab, q.v.), 123 & n, 158
Zelarchus (Cerasian official), 254 bis
Zigana pass, 210 n