Abd al-Aziz Shawish
Abduh, Muhammad
Abdulaziz
Abdul Aziz, Mian
Abdulhamid II
Abdül Kerim (Efendi)
Abdülmecid II (Efendi)
Abdülmecit I
Aceh
Adas, Michael
Adem, Habil (İsmail Naci Pelister)
Adivar, Halide Edib
al-Afghani, Jamal ad-Din: critique of Renan’s thesis; as Islamic modernist; pan-Islamic writings of Renan’s response to
Afghanistan
African colonization
Afro-Asian Conference (Bandung, 1955)
Aguinaldo, Emilio
Ahmad, Feroz
Ahmed Hilmi, Şehbenderzade
Ahmet Midhat (Efendi)
Aizawa Seishisai
Ajia Gi Kai (Association for the Defense of Asia)
Ajia Minzoku Dai Dômei (Asiatic People’s League)
Akamatsu Katsumaro
Akira Iriye
Aksakal, Mustafa
Ali, Muhammad
Ali, Qurban
Ali, Shaukat
Allen, Louis
Amin, Qasim
Amur River Society. See Kokuryûkai (Amur River Society)
Anatolia
Anderson, Benedict
Anesaki Masaharu
Angell, Norman
Anglo-Japanese Alliance: benefits to Japan; Japanese foreign policy and; opposition to; symbolism of
anticolonialism: anti-Westernism as derivative of; Japanese success challenging Western civilizing mission; nationalist movements and; Okakura and ; pan-Asianism and; Russo-Japanese War and ; Shiba Shirô on
anti-Semitism of Renan
anti-Westernism: absence in Asia before late 19th century; as criticism of imperialism; on double standard in Western international relations; ideological significance of; imperialist legacies in modern discourse; internationalization of; Japanese, significance of; lessons derived from; of Ôkawa Shûmei; overemphasis on confrontation between Islamism and Christianity; paradoxes in; parallels between September 11 and Pearl Harbor attacks; World War I influence on
Araki Sadao
Arendt, Hannah
Armenian nationalists
Arya (journal)
Aryan race theory
Asian Monroe Doctrine; of Koneo Atsumaro; Ôkawa and redefinition of; Tokutomi Sohô on
Asian Review (journal)
Asian Solidarity Society
Asiaphile
Asiatic Asia
Asiatic People’s League (Ajia Minzoku Dai Dômei)
Association for the Defense of Asia (Ajia Gi Kai)
Asya Tehlikede (Hatano)
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal: on Luasanne Peace Treaty; organization of Libyan resistance to Italy; pan-Islamic Muslim nationalism and; on post-war relations with Britain; relationship with Enver Paşa; as “Sword of Islam,”
Atlantic Charter
Awakening of the East (Okakura)
Ayukawa Yoshisuke
Badger, George Percy
Balfour, Arthur James
Balkan Wars (1912)
Barakatullah, Muhammad: on Libyan invasion as European crusade; as publisher of Islamic Fraternity, support for Indian nationalism
Bayezidof, Ataullah
bedeviyet (civilization)
Bedouin Arabs
Benevolent Society of Islam (Cemiyet-i Hayriye-yi İslamiye)
Black Ocean Society. See Genyôsha (Black Ocean Society)
Blacque, Alexandre
Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen
Bolsheviks: as alternative to imperial world order; changing perceptions of; early Japanese pan-Asianist support for; relationship with pan-Islamists; revolution as sign of Asian awakening; support for national liberation movements; withdrawal of support for non-Western world order
Bonfils, Henri
Bose, Rash Behari; on Abraham Lincoln; Das consultations with; as delegate to Nagasaki pan-Asiatic conference, deportation from Japan; isolation from Indian national leadership; on Japanese foreign policy; as lecturer at Ôkawa Juku; as publisher of The New Asia-Shin Ajia, seeking Japanese support for Indian nationalists; writing for Dai Ajia Shugi
Bose, Subhas Chandra
Bouillon, Franclin
British Empire: challenges to colonialism of; Indian nationalists challenging; occupation of Egypt; Ottoman relations with; pan-Asianist challenges to. See also Anglo-Japanese Alliance
Brook, Timothy
Buckle, Henry Thomas
Buddhism
Bull, Hedley
Bulliett, Richard W.
bunmei (civilization)
Burmese nationalism
caliphate. See Ottoman caliphate
Celal Nuri: career; on conflict between East and West; on decline and renaissance of Islamic civilization; on international law; on Muslim cooperation with socialists; on Ottoman alliances; on Ottoman objections to pan-Islamism; pan-Islamism of; on Prophet Muhammad; on solidarity with non-Muslim Asian nationalists; on Wilsonianism
Cemiyet-i Hayriye-yi İslamiye (Benevolent Society of Islam)
Cevdet, Abdullah
Cevdet Paşa, Ahmed
Chang Hsüeh-liang
Charmes, Gabriel
Chicago World Religions Conference (1893)
China: Celal Nuri on solidarity with; constitutional revolution; critiques of Japanese policies toward; Japanese pan-Asianist affinity with; Konoe’s call for Japanese alliance with; Liaotung Peninsula return to; military defeat by Japan; nationalist movement. See also Manchurian Incident (1931)
Christianity: acceptance in Japan; as Aryan culture; attacks from scientific and modern thinking; colonialism and; conflict with Muslim world; Confucianism and; in Eurocentric world order; modern progress and; Renan’s secular critiques of; Tokogawa-period Japanese fear of; universal West decoupled from
civilization: Ahmed Cevdet on; alternative discourses on; Asianist discourse of; bedeviyet, bunmei, clash of (see clash of civilizations); Eurocentric world order as model of; Islamic vs. Western; Japanese modernization as shortcut to Western; material vs. spiritual-moral; medeniyet, multiple world civilizations discourse; myth of homogeneity; myth of Western superiority; national self-determination as abandonment of standard; Numan Kamil Bey on; Ottomans on; Russo-Japanese War and discourse of, See also universal West
civilizing mission of colonialism; Halid’s critique of; İbrahim’s critique of; Japanese success challenging; non-Western critique of; progressive image of; racist justification for; World War I challenging
clash of civilizations: Bulliett on; East-West conflict in world politics; inevitability of war between Asia and the West; modern interpretation of; nationalism and; Ôkawa Shûmei on; pan-Islamic views
clothing, Western
colonialism: abuses of; anti-Westernism as response to; British, challenges to; free trade justifying; Japanese vs. Western; nationalist movements opposing ; Ôkawa on; pan-Islamism as defense against; post-World War II; violating ideals of Enlightenment. See also anticolonialism; civilizing mission of colonialism; decolonization; imperialism
Committee of Union and Progress Party (Turkey)
Common Culture Association (Dôbunkai)
Concert of Europe
Confucianism: Buddhism and; compatibility with Christian ethics; revival of
Congress of the People’s of the East (Baku, 1920)
Congress of Vienna
constitutional reforms: following Russo-Japanese War; Ottoman; Young Turks on
Cotton, Henry
Courier of Islam (Peyk-i Islam)
The Crescent Versus the Cross (Halid)
Crimean War
Crowley, James
Cuong De (Prince, Vietnam)
Dai Ajia Kyôkai. See Greater Asia Association (Dai Ajia Kyôkai)
Dai Ajia Shugi (Greater Asianism)
Dai Ajia Shugi Ron (Kodera)
Daitô Gappôron (Tarui)
DaiTô (The great East)
Das, Taraknath
Dayal, Har
decolonization: completion of process; intellectual; Japanese Asianist propaganda and; pan-Islamic and pan-Asian roles in; religious and racial identity in; Russo-Japanese War as turning point in
Dharmapala, Anagarika
Dickinson, Frederick
Dôbunkai (Common Culture Association)
Doiharo Kenji
Dôkai (church)
Dower, John
Dozy, Reinhart
Draper, William
Duara, Prasenjit
Du Bois
W.E. B.
Dutch studies in Japan
East Asian Common Culture Society (Tôa Dôbunkai)
East Asian community (kyôDôtai)
East Asian Cooperative Body
East Asian Economic Research Institute
Echos de l’Islam
Egypt: British occupation of; Japanese interests in; Japanese model for reforms in
An Encouragement of Learning (Fukuzawa)
Enlightenment: Asian views of; colonialism violating ideals of; exculsion of Muslim word and Asia from promises of; imperialism vs.; Japanese reformists and
Enver Paşa
Ertuğrul (battleship), sinking of, De l’ esprit des lois (Montesquieu)
Eşref Edip
Estournelles de Constant, Paul-Henri-Benjamin Balleut d’ (Baron)
Ethiopia, invasion of
Eurocentric world order: arguments for legitimacy in Muslim world; Asian acceptance of; Asianist belief in collapse of; challenges to legitimacy of; changing views of; Christianity in; contradictions between civilization claims and European policies ; European rejection of Islamic modernism; hierarchy of races and civilizations; Japanese rejection of; as model of civilization; Ottoman acceptance of; racism in ; revivalist modernist Muslim views; Tanzimat Proclamation on; universalist vs. particularist trends, See also universal West
Evliya Çelebi
“expel the barbarians” motto (Japan)
La faillite morale de la politique occidentale en Orient (Ahmed Riza)
Far Eastern League
Far East Review (journal)
Farid, Muhammad
Fauchille, Paul
Fehmi, Hasan
Felatun Bey ile Rakim Efendi (Ahmet Midhat)
Fenollosa, Ernest
fez, symbology of
foreign policy, Japanese: Anglo-Japanese Alliance and; Bose on; following Manchurian Incident; liberal pro-British vs. pro-German Asianist agendas; Pan-Asianism and
foreign policy, Ottoman: İsmail Naci on; Italian invasion of Libya and
foreign policy, U.S.: conflict with American values
For India (Pearson)
“Four Sages” of universal philosophy
Freedom and People’s Rights Movement (Japan)
free trade: colonialism and
Fuad (King of Egypt)
Fujiwara Iwaichi
Fukuzawa Yukichi: on Christianity in Japan; on civilization; “leave Asia, enter Europe” thesis; on Western civilization
The Future of Japan (Tokutomi)
The Future of the Muslim Empire: Turkey (Kidwai)
Gakumon no Susume (Fukuzawa)
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma)
Gaspirali, İsmail (Bey)
Genyôsha (Black Ocean Society)
Genzo Yamamoto
Germany: Ottoman alliance with pan-Islamism as propaganda tool of
Ghadar Party (India)
Ghose, Aurobindo
Gibb, Elias John Wilkinson
Gladstone, William
globalization: non-Western views in 19th century
GonDô Seikyô
Gordon, Andrew
Gotô Shinpei
Gourdji, Salih
Great Asianism
Great Britain. See British Empire
Greater Asia Association (Dai Ajia Kyôkai)
Greater Asianism (journal). See Dai Ajia Shugi (Greater Asianism)
“Greater Asianism” lecture (Sun Yat-Sen)
Greater East Asia Conference (1943)
Greater East Asia Coprosperity Sphere
Greater East Asia War. See World War II
The Great Illusion (Angell)
Great Indian Rebellion (1857)
Greece: Hellenistic legacy in Muslim world; invasion and occupation of Anatolia; Ottoman recognition of independence
Grey, Edward
Guizot, François M.
Gülhane Imperial Edict (1839)
gunboat diplomacy
Gupta, Herambalal
Al-Hadj Abdullah
Hague Peace Conference (1899)
Halid, Haul, on Christian-Islamic conflict; on “English Turkophobia,” on European civilizing mission ideology; on European imperialism; influence of; on pan-Islamism; rejection of superiority of European civilization
Halife Ordusu Misir ve Kafkas’da (play)
Hatano Uho, Hasan
Hatta, Muhammed
Hay, Stephen
Hayashi Fusao
Heimin Shinbun (journal)
Hilal ve Salib Münazaasi (Halid)
Hinduism
Hiraoka Kôtarô
Historie de al civilization en Europe (Guizot)
History of Civilization in England (Buckle)
A History of Ottoman Poetry (Gibb)
History of the Conflict between Religion and Science (Draper)
Ho Chi Minh
Hoja, Anwar
Hoston, Germaine
Hughes, Langston
Ibn Batuta
Ibn Khaldun
İbrahim, Abdurreşid; on civilization of non-Japanese Asian societies; on “civilizing mission” of colonialism; collaboration with Asianist projects; contacts with Japanese pan-Asianists; on dangers of Western expansionism; influence on Muslim perception of Japan; on Japanese expansion into Soviet Union; Ottoman pan-Islamic campaign and; pan-Islamic ideals of; sympathy for East Asian Peoples
The Ideals of the East (Okakura)
Imazato Juntarô
Immigration Act (U.S., 1924): forecasting war between U.S. and Japan; Japanese reaction to; strengthening colored race identity of Japanese
imperialism: alternatives to; anti-Western discourse on; competition among European powers; Enlightenment vs.; formal vs. informal; high age of; Japanese; legacies in modern nationalist discourse; national self-determination and; wars as affirmations of Western hegemony, See also civilizing mission of colonialism; colonialism; decolonization
India: Japanese model for reforms; pan-Islamism in
Indian Association (Japan)
Indian Caliphate Congress
Indian National Army (INA)
Indian National Congress
Indian nationalist movement: challenging British Empire; Japanese deportation of Bose and Gutpa; Japanese media coverage of; Ôkawa and Japanese support for; pan-Asianism and; post-World War II; Tagore as spokesman for
Indian Revolutionary Committee of America
Indonesian nationalism
Indo ni Okeru Kokuminteki UnDô (Ôkawa)
Industrial Revolution
internationalism, Asian
international relations: as conflict between Christian and Muslim worlds; pan-Islamism and
Inukai Tsuyoshi
Iqbal, Muhammad
Iran: constitutional revolution
Iranians as Aryan race
Iriye, Akira
Ishiwara Kanji
Is Japan a Menace to Asia? (Das)
Islam: in Asia; civilization and; European notions of religious dogmatism; Muslim progress and; rationality of; revival following Russo-Japanese War; science and
“Islam and Science” (Renan)
Islamic Fraternity (journal)
Islamic law (Shari’a)
Islamic Unity (Celal Nuri)
Islamiyet ve Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmaniye Hakkinda Doğru bir Söz (Numan Kamil)
Ismail (Khedive, Egypt)
İsmail Naci (Pelister) (Habil Adem)
Isogai Rensuke
The Isolation of Japan in World Politics (Das)
Isoo, Abe
Istanbul: occupation by Entente powers
Itagaki Seishirô
Italy: invasion of Libya
İttihad-i Islam (Celal Nuri)
Itô Hirobumi
Iwakura Mission
Iwasaki Isao
İzmir’e Doğru
Jansen, Marius
Japan: acceptance of Christianity; alliance with Britain (see Anglo-Japanese Alliance); annexation of Taiwan and Korea; antiforeignism in Tokogawa period; anti-Westernism in; Asian Monroe Doctrine; calls for cooperation with Korea; Chinese nationalism, suppression of; decision-making in; Dutch studies in; Emperor as Shinto deity; end of party cabinet system; “expel the barbarians” movement; foreign policy (see foreign policy, Japanese); intellectuals’ acceptance of universal West; internationalist race identity in; League of Nations membership; “Leave Asia” movements; Manchurian policy; modernization model (see Japanese model of modernization); nineteenth century views of the West; pan-Asianism in (see pan-Asianism, Japanese); perceived threat of Western racial discrimination against; postwar polarization of radical ideologies; racial equality proposal at Paris Peace Conference; reaction to Italian invasion of Ethiopia; reaction to U.S. Immigration Act (1924); reformultion of Eurocentric world history; return of Liaotung Peninsula to China (1895); Russo-Japanese War and tôyô (East) concept; special role in Asia; success of 19th century reforms; support for Asian nationalist movements; transnational identity of; U.S. as trading partner; Westernization of; withdrawal from League of Nations; as yellow peril
Japanese model of modernization: Asian constitutional revolutions and; Meiji reforms and; Ostrorog on; secrets of; as successful application of Western modernity; value to other Asian observers; women’s role in
Japan League of Nations Association
Jesus: as non-Semitic figure
Jinmukai
Jones, William
The Justification of the Good (Soloviev)
Kaiwar, Vasant
Kajin no Kigu (Strange encounters of elegant females) (Sanshin Tôkai)
Kamikawa Hikomatsu
Kamil, Mustafa
Kara, İsmail
Karl, Rebecca
Katkov, Mikhail
Keene, Donald
Khalafat Congress (India, 1919)
Khilafat movement (India)
Khuddam-ul-Ka’ba Society (India)
Kidwai, Mushir Hosain (Shaikh)
Kipling, Rudyard
Kita Ikki
Kôakai (Raise Asia Society)
Kodera Kenkichi
Kokohonsha
Kokuryûkai (Amur River Society)
Kokusai Bunka Shinkôkai (Society for International Cultural Relations)
Konoe Atsumaro
Konoe Fumimaro
Korea: calls for cooperation with Japan; criticism of Japanese rule in; Japanese annexation of; Japanese attitudes toward self-determination; nationalists’ exclusion from Nagasaki pan-Asiatic conference
Koschmann, Victor
Kôtoku Shûsui
Kurdish nationalists: claims for Eastern Anatolia
Kurdish Progress Society (Kürt Teali Cemiyeti)
Kuzuu Yoshihisa
Kwantung Army
kyôDôtai (East Asian community)
Kyoto School of Philosophy
Lahiri, Amir
Lausanne Peace Treaty (July, 1923)
League of Korean Journalists
League of Nations: Asianist critique of; failures of; implementation of Wilsonian principles; Japanese withdrawal from; Muslim underrepresentation in; perceived support for anticolonialism; supervising Anatolian-Greek population exchange; Turkish non-member participation in
“Leave Asia” movements
“Leave the Muslim World,”
Le Bon, Gustave
Le Chatelier, Alfred
Lewis, Bernard
Liang Qichao
Liaotung Peninsula
Libya: Italian invasion of, London Peace Conference (1913)
Londra Konferansindaki Mes’elelerden Anadoluda Türkiya Yaşayacak mi? (Habil Adem)
Lorimer, James
Mağlub Milletier Nasil Intikam Alirlar (Habil Adem)
Mahmud II (Sultan)
Malaka, Tan
Manabu, Sano
Manchukuo: international recognition of; Japanese creation of; military industry in; New Asia silence on
Manchurian Incident (1931); isolation of Japan following; Japanese foreign policy following; Japanese policy in China and; Ôkawa’s pan-Asianism and; Ôkawa vs. Rôyama on
Manchurian Industrial Development Corporation
Manchurian Railway Company
Mantetsu Tôa Keizai Chôsakyuko
Maruyama Masao
Matsui Iwane
Matsumura Kaiseki
Mazumdar, Sucheta
medeniyet (civilization)
Mehmet Akif Ersoy
Meiji Restoration
Meiji Revolution
Metternich (Prince)
Michi (The way)
Miki Kiyoshi
Minear, Richard
Mismer, Charles
Mitsukawa Kametarô
Miwa Kimitada
Miyake Setsurei
Miyazaki Tôten
modernity, universal: anti-Westernism as reaction to; global character of debates; Western civilization and, See also Japanese model of modernization; Muslim world, modernity in
Monroe Doctrine
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat
Moscow Slavic Benevolent Committee
Mosul province
Müdafaai Hukuk Cemiyeti
Muharebeden Sonra: Hilafet Siyaseti ve Tiirkliik Siyaseti (Habil Adem)
Muir, William
Münir, Ahmet
“Muslim Unity” (İttihadi İslam)
Muslim world: accepting inferiority of black race; anti-Westernism in; apathy toward Christians; commonalities in; conflict between East and West, (see also clash of civilizations); European arguments for hegemony in; formation of Muslim identity; free trade and; as geographical entity; Hellenistic legacy in; information network with Japan; military factors in stagnation of; modernity in; press censorship about anti-Western unity; as quasiracial category; reformism in; Renan on inferiority of; scientific achievements of; separation of caliphate from sultanate. See also Islam; Ottoman Empire
Mustafa Kemal. See Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal
Mustafa Reşit (Paşa)
Mustafa Sami (Efendi)
Nabeyama Sadachika
Nadi, Yunus
Nagasaki Pan-Asiatic Conference (1926), conflict between Japan and other Asian nationalists; delegates; demonstrating weakness of pan-Asianism; failure of; goals of; government opposition to; media coverage of; organizing committee
Nagata Tetsuzan
Naitô Chishû
Nakano Seigô
Nakatani Takeyô
Namik Kemal, Mehmet
Nanking Massacre
Naoki Sakai
nationalism and nationalist movements: anticolonialist; Asian; Chinese; clash of civilizations and; influence on world history; Japanese; legacies of imperialism in; Muslim; Okakura on; pan-Islamism and; post-World War II; socialism and Wilsonianism inspiring; Turkey as model for, See also self-determination, national
Nehru, Jawaharlal
The New Asia-Shin Ajia
New India or Indian in Transition (Cotton)
New Order Movement (Japan)
The New World of Islam (Stoddard)
Nihon no Seinen (The youth of the new Japan) (Tokutomi)
Nipponkoku ni Tsugu (Richard)
Nippon Oyobi Nipponjin
Nitobe Inazô
Nivedita, Sister (Margaret Elizabeth Noble)
non-Western solidarity: internationalization of
Numan Kamil (Bey)
Nusrat Ali Khan
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), U.S.
Ôi Kentarô: on Japanese pan-Asianism; liberal Asianism of; as member of Rôsôkai
Okakura Tenshin; “The Awakening of the East,” Buddhist-centered view of Asia; influence on Ôkawa Shûmei; on pan-Asianism; rejection of Eurocentric world order
Okamura Seiji
Ôkawa Shûmei: on Anglo-American aggression in East Asia; anti-Westernism of; on Asian decolonization; as Asianist “double patriot,” on Asian nationalism; on “awakening East” vs. “decadent west,” on cultural Westernization; as director of East Asia Economic Research Bureau; early life and education, as editor of Shin Ajia, on Egyptian nationalism; founding of Ôkawa Juku; General Meeting to Abolish Racial Discrimination and; on Indian nationalism; indictment by Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal; on inevitablity of war between Japan and U.S.; Inukai assassination and, involvement with Dôkai Christianity; on Japanese leadership of Asia; on Japanese withdrawal from League of Nations; Jinmukai and on Korean self-determination; on League of Nations; on Manchurian policy; Okakura Tenshin’s influence on; pan-Asianism of; post-imprisonment career of; relationship with Paul Richard; on relations with U.S.; response to Indian condemnation of Japanese Asianism; Rôsôkai and; on shift in official policy to pan-Asianism; socialist movement and; on Soviet threat to Japanese interests; sword of Islam metaphor; sympathy toward Bolshevik Revolution; on Turkish nationalism and pan-Islamic revival; on U.S. racial discrimination against Asians; wartime Asianist activities of; on Western colonialism and racism; writings for Dai Ajia Shugi, on Yûzonsha goals
Ôkuma Shigenobu
Old and Young Society (Rôsôkai)
Opium Wars
Orientalism: Ahmet Midhat on; critiques of; on Islamic inferiority to Christianity; legacy of; on multiple civilizations; Muslim participation in Orientalist congresses; Muslim reformism challenging beliefs in European superiority; politics of; post-Russo-Japanese War challenges to; racism and; reverse narratives of; universalist
“Oriental Society” (Tôho kyôkai)
Oshikawa Masayoshi
OSS (Office of Strategic Services, U.S.)
Ostrorog, Leon
Ottama, U.
Ottoman caliphate: abolition by Turkish Republic; Arab caliphate as alternative to; legitimacy and influence of; successors to
Ottoman Empire: acceptance of universal West; alliance with Germany; avoiding challenges to Eurocentric world order; civilizationism as protection against European interventions; constitutional reform; cooperation with 19th century European empires; decoupling Christianity from universal civilization; engagement with Orientalists; European public opinion about; foreign policy; Industrial Revolution impact and; international relations of; Japanese model for reforms; as “Japan of the Near East,” loss of Balkan territories; as Muslim state; national self-determination as basis for peace; nineteenth-century views of the West; optimism about Wilsonian principles and favorable peace agreement; pan-Islamic propaganda in World War I; pan-Islamism of; pre-19th century ignorance about Europe, privileges of Christians in; reforms of Mahmud II; Russo-Japanese War and Asian identity of; Second Constitutional Period; strategic use of universal civilization; support for Aceh against Dutch; Tanzimat Proclamation acknowledging Eurocentric world order; wartime ideologies of; Westernization criteria, See also Turkish Republic
Ottoman National Pact (1920)
An Outline of a Theory of Civilization (Fukuzawa)
“Overcoming Modernity” (conference)
Pal, Radhabinod Palmerston, Lord (Temple, Henry John)
pan-Asianism: advocates as modernizers; anti-imperialism and; anti-Westernism, ideological significance of; Asianist ideology in 1930s; Asian solidarity, visions of; decolonization and; denying legacy of; esoteric vs. exoteric; flexibility of ideologies; internationalism in; Japanese (see pan-Asianism, Japanese); Japanese model of modenization and; journals and organizations supporting; Kodera Kenkichi on; Konoe Atsumaro and; liberal; as means to national independence; Nagasaki pan-Asiatic conference (1926); networking between Asian countries; 19th century; Okakura Tenshin on; Ôkawa on; pan-Islamist cooperation with Japanese pan-Asianists; paradoxes of; perception of West and; political weakness in 1920s; progressive content in discourse; racial equality proposal, symbolism of rejection; radicalization of; rivalry with liberalism internationalism; Russo-Japanese War impact on; socialist and liberal converts to; transnational shared identity and; wartime internationalism of; Wilsonianism and; world order, conceptions of; World War I impact on
pan-Asianism, Japanese: affinity with China; anti-Western rhetoric of; army support for; Asian identity of Japan; Asianist propaganda in World War II; conflict with Japanese imperialism; critique of League of Nations; disagreement on Korean self-determination; early support for Bolshevik Revolution; emergence as political force; emergence in 19th century; expansionism in; following Russo-Japanese War; foreign policy and; as function of other powers’ policies; government endorsement as “return to to Asia,” impact of Bolshevik revolution on; imperial logic of; networking with Muslim world; policies toward U.S. following Manchurian Incident; regionalism in; revival in 1930s; shaping Japanese foreign policy; special role for Japan in Asia; tensions with West and; wartime ideologies and; withdrawal from League of Nations and
Pan-Asiatic Association (Zen Ajia Kyôkai)
pan-Asiatic conference. See Nagasaki Pan-Asiatic Conference (1926)
pan-Islamism: abolition of caliphate; Anakara government support for; cautious approach of Ottoman government to; Celal Nuri on; clash of civilizations thesis; common bonds of Muslim states; decolonization and; as defense against European aggressiveness; definitions of Islamic solidarity; denying legacy of; emergence in 19th century; European concern over emergence of; as geopolitical concept of German Empire; Halil Halid on; ideological significance of anti-Westernism; internationalist contacts with pan-Asianists; of İsmail Naci; Khilafat movement (India); nationalism and; Ottoman international relations and; Ottoman support for Aceh against Dutch; political weakness in 1920s; postwar definition of; progressivism of; rejection of Ottoman peace demands and revival of; Russo-Japanese War impact on; Turkish dissociation from; Turkish nationalism and; Wilsonianism and; world order visions of; World War I impact on
Pan-Pacific Trading and Navigation Company
Paris Peace Conference (World War I); final resolution; imperial bias of; Japanese racial equality proposal; Ottoman memorandum requesting Wilsonianbased peace
Pasha, Anwar
Pearl Harbor attack (1941): anti-Westernism discourse and; impact on pan-Asianism; Japanese pan-Asianist policies prior to
Pearson, William
Peattie, Mark R.
Penn, Michael
Peyk-i Islam (Courier of Islam)
Pratap, Mehandra
propaganda: German use of pan-Islamism; Japanese, in World War II; opposing Anglo-Japanese Alliance; pan-Asianist, post-World War II decolonization and; pan-Islamic, in World War I
Provisional Government of Free India
public sphere, global
Puraido: Unmei no Shunkan (film)
racial equality: Japanese proposal at Paris Peace Conference
racial identity
racism: Japanese as yellow race; Muslim as quasi-racial category; universalism and
Rai, Lala Lajpat
Raise Asia Society (Kôakai)
Redhouse, J. W.
Reid, Anthony
religion and science: conflicts between
religious identity
Renan, Ernest; attack on Muslim modernism and reforms; Muslim modernist responses to; on nationalism; Numan Kamil on; response to al-Afghani; secular critiques of Christianity
revisionism, Japanese
revivalist Muslims
Revue de Monde Musulman
Ricardo (General, Philippines)
Richard, Mirra
Richard, Paul; condemnation of European nationalism and colonialism; on Japanese pan-Asianism; Japanese respect for; on Japanese rule in China and Korea; Ôkawa and; visits to India
Riza, Ahmed; on radical internationalism; on Turkish nationalism
The Roads to Freedom (Russell)
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
Rôsôkai (Old and Young Society)
Rôyama Masamichi
Russell, Bertrand
Russian Empire: Muslim national movement in
Russian revolution. See Bolsheviks
Russo-Japanese War (1905); anti-colonialism and; “awakening of Asia” following; discourse of civilization and; global public sphere and; impact on pan-Islamic and pan-Asianist thought; Japanese expansion following; Japanese pan-Asianism following; pan-Asianism and; Russian role in; as turning point for Eurocentric world order; Western perception of Japan following
Sadat, Anwar
Sadik Rifat Paşa
Said Halim Paşa; on Islamic modernity; political career of; as secretary general of Cemiyet
Saigô Takamori
Sakai Toshihiko
Sakuma Shôzan
Salahuddin al-Ayyubi (Saladin)
Salih al-Sharif al-Tunisi
San Remo Peace Conference (1920)
Sanshin Tôkai (Shiba Shirô)
al-Sanusi, Ahmad al-Sharif
Sareen, Tilak Raj
“Şark ve Garp”
science and religion: conflicts between; Islam’s lack of conflict with
Sebilürreşad (journal)
Sebilürreşad (publisher)
Second Congress of the Comintern
Seikyôsha (Society for Political Education)
Seiyô jijyô (Conditions in the West) (Fukuzawa)
Seiyûkai Party
self-determination, national: as abandonment of civilization standard; Anatolia and Lausanne Peace Treaty; Korean, Japanese pan-Asianist disagreement on; Ottoman request for peace based on; as Wilsonian principle. See also nationalism and nationalist movements
Self-Help (Smiles)
September 11 terrorist attacks: anti-Westernism and
Şerif Paşa
Servier, Andre
Sèvres Peace Treaty (August 10, 1920)
Shahbandar, Abd al-Rahman
Shakib Arslan
Shams al-Mushriqa (The rising sun) (Kamil)
Shari’a (Islamic law)
Sherif Hussein
Shiba Kokan
Shiba Shirô(Sanshin Tôkai)
Shillony, Ben-Ami
Shin Ajia. See The New Asia-Shin Ajia
“Shin-zen-bi Nihon-jin” (The Japanese: Truth, goodness, and beauty) (Miyake Setsurei)
Shôwa Gogaku Kenkyûjo (Ôkawa Juku)
Shôwa Kenkyûkai
Shôwa Research Institute
Şinasi, İbrahim
Singh, Mohan
Sirat-i Müstakim (journal)
Sino-Japanese War (1895)
Smiles, Samuel
socialist internationalism: as alternative to imperialism; as hostile competition for pan-Asianism and pan-Islamism; Ôkawa Shûmei and; pan-Asianism and; pan-Islamism and
socialization: Western norms of
Society for International Cultural Relations (Kokusai Bunka Shinkôkai)
Society for Political Education (Seikyôsha)
Society to Abolish Racial Discrimination
Soirées de Constantinople (Mismer)
Soloviev, Vladimir Sergeyevich
Sone Toshitaro
Southeast Common Cooperative Region (Tônan Kyôdôken)
South Manchurian Railway
Soviet Union. See also Bolsheviks
Sprenger, Aloys
Stoddard, Lothrop
Storry, Richard
Strange encounters of elegant females (San-shin Tôkai)
Suavi, Ali
Subardjo, Ahmad
Sun Yat-Sen; collaboration with Japanese Asianists; “Greater Asianism” lecture
Suzuki Keiji
sword of Islam metaphor
Sykes-Picot Agreement
Szpilman, Christopher
Tagore, Rabindranath; on Asian decolonization; on excessive nationalism of Japanese intellectuals; on Japan’s pan-Asian identity; Okakura and; Ôkawa on; pan-Asianism of
Taguchi Ukichi
Tahrir al-Mar’ah (Amin)
al-Tahtawi, Rifaah Rafi
tairiku rônin
Takabatake Motoyuki
Takeuchi Yoshimi
Tanaka Ippei
Tanzimat diplomacy
Tanzimat Proclamation (1839)
Tarui Tôkichi
Tasvir-i Efkâr
Tilak, Bal
Tôa Dôbunkai (East Asian Common Culture Society)
Tôa Dôbun Shoin
Tôakai
Tôa Renmei Kyôkai (East Asia League Association)
Tôho kyôkai (“Oriental Society”)
Tôjô Hideki
Tokutomi Sohô
Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal: charges against Ôkawa; Japanese revisionism and; linking Ôkawa’s pan-Asianism and Manchurian Incident; negative impacts of; prewar Asian discourse of civilization affecting
Tônan Kyôdôken (Southeast Common Cooperative Region)
Tott, François, baron de
Tôyama Mitsuru
Toynbee, Arnold
tôyô (East)
transnational identity
Treatise on Europe (Mustafa Sami Efendi)
A Treatise on the Circumstances of Europe (Sadik Rifat Paşa)
Treaty of London (1913)
Treaty of Paris (1856)
Tunisi, Khayr al-Din
Tunisia: French occupation of
Turkish Republic: abolition of Ottoman caliphate; Khilafat movement support for; Lausanne Peace Treaty and; as model for Asian anticolonial nationalists; not a member of League of Nations; pan-Islamic benefits for Anakara government; postwar dissociation from pan-Islamism; rejection of Sèvres Peace Treaty; Soviet recognition of; withdrawal of claims to lost Ottoman territories
Türk Ruhu Nasil Yapi/i yor? (Ahmed Hilmi)
Twenty-One Demands
Uchida Ryôhei
Uchimura Kanzô
UNESCO
Union and Progress Party (Turkey)
Union of Islamic Revolutionary Societies
United Nations: Asianist propaganda influencing
United States: anti-Japanese immigration movement; conflict between values and foreign policy; Immigration Act (1924); as Japanese trading partner; U.S.-Japan Relations Committee
universal West; Asian acceptance of; association with modernity and international order; civilizationism as protection form European interventions; compatibility with Islamic law; decoupled from Christianity; genesis of pan-Islamism and pan-Asianism; inspiring reform movements; Ottoman acceptance of; Ottoman reassessment of; racial identity and; Tanzimat Proclamation acknowledging. See also Eurocentric world order; modernity, universal
Urabi Revolt (Egypt, 1882)
Urquhard, David
al-Urwa al-Wuthqa (The firmest bond)
U.S.-Japan Relations Committee
Vahdettin (sultan-caliph)
Vakit (newspaper)
Venizelos, Eleftherios
Vienna Congress
Vietnamese nationalism
A Vindication of the Ottoman Sultan’s Title ‘Caliph’ (Redhouse)
Vivekanada (Swami)
Volney, Constantin
Wakabayashi Han
Wakabayashi Kyûman
wars: validating ideals and values
Washington Conference
Watson, Seton
Western expansion: changing perception of
Westernization: cultural threat of; of Japan; Ottoman
What Went Wrong? The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East (Lewis)
“The White Man’s Burden” (Kipling)
“white peril,”
Wilhelm (Kaiser)
Wilson, Woodrow
Wilsonianism: as alternative to imperialism; anti-colonial nationalist movements and; fourteen points; non-Western enthusiasm for; Ottoman enthusiasm for; Ottoman memorandum requesting peace based on; pan-Asianism and; pan-Islamism and
Wilsonian Principles Society
women’s role: Japanese, Muslim
world order, alternative visions: Celal Nuri on conflict between East and West; as hierarchy of races and civilizations; imperial; pan-Asianist; pan-Islamic and Muslim; World War I and, See also Eurocentric world order
World War I: influence on anti-Western thought; Japanese/British alliance (see Anglo-Japanese Alliance); liberation of colonized Muslim lands as aim of; Ottoman entry into; pan-Asianism and; pan-Islamism and; propaganda in; visions of world order and; Wilsonian principles and peace agreement
World War II: Japanese Asianist propaganda; nationalism following; Pearl Harbor attack; revisionism following, See also Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal
Wright, Richard
Yalman, Ahmet Emin
Yamada Torajirô
Yamagata Aritomo
Yamaoka Kôtaro
Yani Yapon Muhbiri (New Japan journal)
“yellow man’s burden,”
yellow peril
Yirminci Asirda Alem-i İslam ved Avrupa (Ahmed Hilmi)
Yirmisekiz Mehmet Çelebi
Yokoi Shonan
Young Ottoman movement
Young Turks: anti-Western critiques of; blamed for Ottoman entry into World War I; on Christian-Islamic conflicts; condemnation of West’s violation of civilized standards; on constitutional reform and respect for Muslim states; on Islamic unity; Ôkawa on role of; popularity of movement; Said Halim Paşa and
The youth of the new Japan (Nihon no Seinen) (Tokutomi)
Yûzonsha
Zaghlul, Sa’ad
Zen Ajia Kyôkai (Pan-Asiatic Association)
Zimmern, Alfred
Zumoto Motosada