1. Kentya Kennedy, Sports Illustrated, April 15, 2013, 14.
2. See Kahn, Rickey and Robinson. See also Leigh Montville, “Revolutionary Rookie,” Wall Street Journal, September 20, 2014, C-8.
3. Rich Cohen, “Where Are They Now? Ernie Banks,” Sports Illustrated, July 7, 2014.
4. See, e.g., Anthony Castrovince, “Doby: The Forgotten Trailblazer,” MLB.com, July 5, 2007. Cohen, “Where Are They Now?”
5. Moore, Larry Doby.
6. See Bill Livingston, “Cleveland Indians’ Legend Larry Doby Deserves His Own Statute,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, July 11, 2012.
7. Donald Hunt, “Baseball Great Larry Doby Receives a Postage Stamp,” Philadelphia Tribune, April 5, 2012.
8. David Anderson, “Sports of the Times: Has Baseball Forgotten Larry Doby?,” New York Times, March 29, 1987 (“In glorifying those who are first, the second is often forgotten”).
9. Claire Smith, “Larry Doby, Who Broke a Color Barrier, Dies at 79,” New York Times, June 23, 2003 (obituary).
10. Jacobson, Carrying Jackie’s Torch, 29.
11. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 184.
12. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 12.
13. See, e.g., Ken Berger, Associated Press, “Baseball’s Forgotten Pioneer,” Fredericksburg (VA) Free Lance Star, July 5, 1997; Ira Berkow, “Larry Doby: He Crossed the Color Barrier, Only He Was the Second,” New York Times, February 23, 1997.
1. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 435.
2. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 89 (“Larry Doby had become the first black player in the American League”).
3. Halberstam, Summer of ’49, 14.
4. The National World War II Museum, at http://www.nationalww2museum.org (accessed January 7, 2015).
5. Halberstam, Summer of ’49, 11.
6. Halberstam, Summer of ’49, 12.
7. The 1998 New York Yankees eclipsed the Indians’ 1954 record with 114 victories. In turn, in 2001, the Seattle Mariners eclipsed the Yankee record with 116 regular season wins. These latter two accomplishments took place over a 162-game schedule compared with the Indians’ 111 wins in a 154-game season.
8. Published earlier under the title Pride against Prejudice: The Biography of Larry Doby (New York: Greenwood Press, 1988).
1. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 325.
2. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 6.
3. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 324.
4. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 7.
5. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 280. Landis is said to have had “a real hatred for Branch Rickey. Rickey was too smart for him.” Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 77.
6. Launius, Seasons in the Sun, 20.
7. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 69.
8. Anderson, “Branch Rickey and the St. Louis Cardinal Farm System,” 113. Monetary comparisons are made using Measuring Wealth, at http://www.measuringwealth.com/uscompare (accessed May 18, 2014).
9. Allen, You Could Look It Up, 154. See also Halberstam, Summer of ’49, 25 (in 1949, average salary for a top-flight rookie was $7,000).
10. The definitive biography is Lowenfish, Branch Rickey. Others include Fromer, Rickey and Robinson.
11. Based on a Kiner television biography broadcast by Root Sports Television Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, April 23, 2014.
12. Halberstam, Summer of ’49, 168.
13. O’Toole, Branch Rickey in Pittsburgh, 155.
14. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 519.
15. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 318 (Rickey’s contract, however, still provided for a cash bonus on player sales).
16. See, e.g., Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 284 (“It is better to trade a player a year too early than a year too late”).
17. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 72.
18. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 54.
19. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 131.
20. See, e.g., Shirley Povich, “This Morning,” Washington Post, December 16, 1942 (“Down through the years, when he was general manager of the Cardinals, the money flowed only one way in the deals Rickey made—into the Cardinals’ coffers”).
21. Roscoe McGowen, “Dean’s 1937 Affiliation Is Still Deep History to Baseball Men,” New York Times, December 8, 1936 (“large amount of cash, probably the Rickey usual of $150,00 to $200,000”). See also Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 246, 285–87.
22. Stockton, Gashouse Gang, 66–67.
23. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 305.
24. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 314–15.
25. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 336.
26. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 336; John Drebinger, “Camilli and Allen Are Sent to Giants in 5 Player Deal,” New York Times, August 1, 1943.
27. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 500.
28. “Phillies Get Dickson for Two Players and $80,000 in Deal with Pirates,” New York Times, January 14, 1954.
29. Associated Press Staff, “Braves Trade Six to Get O’Connell,” New York Times, December 27, 1943. Cf. John Drebinger, “Dodgers Get Rube Melton in Deal, Sending Allen and $30,000 to Phils,” New York Times, December 13, 1942 (“The sum involved was $30,000. . . . That puts Rickey in a new light, for in the many years he served as general manager of the Cardinals he invariably was on the receiving end when such a sum changed hands”).
30. Arthur Daley, “The Mahatma Speaks,” Editorial, New York Times, June 15, 1953.
31. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 500.
32. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 298. See also Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 260–63 (background on Wentz overture).
33. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 314.
34. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 319.
35. A glaring exception, and one that received reams of unfavorable commentary, was the Chesapeake Corporations board allowing chief executive Audrey McClendon to purchase interests in all exploratory oil and gas fields that the company had acquired and, further, to do so with loans from the bank that was the principal lender to the corporation.
36. See generally Halberstam, Summer of ’49, 201–2.
37. See, e.g., Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 78–79.
38. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 396.
39. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 7.
40. Robinson and Duckett, I Never Had It Made, xxiii.
41. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 84.
42. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 81.
43. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 382–83.
44. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 383.
45. See also “Woman Magnate [Effa Manley] Rips Rickey for Raiding the Negro League,” Chicago Herald American, undated, no file, Wendell Smith Papers, A. Bartlett Giamatti Research Center, National Baseball Hall of Fame, Cooperstown, New York, hereafter referenced as Wendell Smith Papers.
46. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 126.
47. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 453.
48. Branch Rickey, quoted in Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 81–82.
49. Branch Rickey, quoted by Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 96.
50. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 326.
51. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 97; Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 350.
52. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 23. Lowenfish recounts the episode in detail, 22–25. See also Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 106.
53. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 24.
54. See Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 289–90.
55. Robinson and Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 7. Downs died, quite tragically, a few years after Robinson began playing for the Dodgers. Downs became ill while visiting Jackie and Rachel Robinson in Brooklyn. He waited to seek medical care until he had returned to Texas, where the care received was both substandard and too late. Jackie Robinson blamed Reverend Downs’s untimely death on racism, widespread in New York as well as in Texas. Robinson and Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 69.
56. See Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 98–99. The park’s owners did not do away with segregated seating until May 1944.
57. Monte Irvin, quoted in Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 115.
58. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 115.
59. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 55.
60. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 62.
61. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 49.
62. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 564.
63. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 78.
64. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 565.
65. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 72.
1. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 204.
2. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 14.
3. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 24.
4. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 81. See also Veeck, Hustler’s Handbook, 29.
5. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 3. “I have been busted and I have been affluent and I have been busted again.” Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 196.
6. Simon, Home and Away, 32.
7. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 342.
8. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 84.
9. Veeck, Hustler’s Handbook, 160.
10. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 105.
11. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 3.
12. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 173.
13. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 256 (recollections by Larry Doby Jr. of annual family visits to the Veeck farm).
14. Lou Boudreau, in Boudreau and Schneider, Lou Boudreau, 95.
15. Lou Boudreau, in Boudreau and Schneider, Lou Boudreau, 95.
16. Feller and Gilbert, Now Pitching, Bob Feller, 146.
17. Feller and Gilbert, Now Pitching, Bob Feller, 127. See also Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 102.
18. Dickson, Bill Veeck.
19. Feller and Gilbert Now Pitching, Bob Feller, 127.
20. Sickels, Bob Feller, 171.
21. Veeck, Hustler’s Handbook, 110–11.
22. Veeck, Hustler’s Handbook, 111.
23. Veeck and Linn, Thirty Tons a Day.
24. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 253.
25. Washington Post, February 3, 1963.
26. Veeck, Hustler’s Handbook, 250.
27. See, e.g., Veeck, Hustler’s Handbook, 30, 79, 99 et seq.
28. Veeck, Hustler’s Handbook, 62.
29. Veeck, Hustler’s Handbook, 99.
30. Veeck, Hustler’s Handbook, 102.
31. Veeck, Hustler’s Handbook, 105.
32. Veeck, Hustler’s Handbook, 99, 40.
33. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 78.
34. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 170.
35. Veeck, Hustler’s Handbook, 176.
36. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 173.
37. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 171.
38. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 182.
39. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 44.
40. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 173.
41. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 174.
42. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 174
43. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 177.
44. Wendell Smith, “Sports Beat,” Pittsburgh Courier, September 10, 1949, Wendell Smith Papers.
45. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 303.
46. See Dickson, Bill Veeck, 312.
47. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 175.
48. Effa Manley (1897–1981), who owned the Newark Eagles with her husband, was a white woman who pretended to be African American. She is one of the more colorful figures in Negro League history. See generally Luke, Most Famous Woman in Baseball. Effa Manley is the only woman to be inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame, having been selected by the Negro Leagues Committee in 2006.
49. Luke, Most Famous Woman in Baseball, 176. See also Veeck as in Wreck, 176.
50. Luke, Most Famous Woman in Baseball, 178.
51. Luke, Most Famous Woman in Baseball, 177.
52. Reported in Dickson, Bill Veeck, 339.
53. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 179.
54. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 179.
55. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 312, 339.
56. Simon, Home and Away, 26–27.
57. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 180.
1. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 234. See, e.g., Fay Vincent, “Back Talk: Larry Doby Played with Dignity and without Bitterness,” New York Times, June 22, 2003. The former commissioner of baseball (1989–92), who employed Doby from time to time, recalled: “Larry lost patience [when a] heckler called him every name in the book. Larry lost it and started over the barrier toward the fan. His good friend, Bill McKechnie, the [Cleveland] third base coach, grabbed him by the seat of the pants, and said: ‘Don’t go up there, kid. That will ruin you, not him.’”
2. Jacobson, Carrying Jackie’s Torch, 32–33. See also Claire Smith, “Larry Doby, Who Broke a Color Barrier, Dies, 79,” New York Times, June 20, 2003: “When I arrived in Cleveland, Jackie Robinson called and the first thing we discussed was the hotel and food situation. Those were the two most important things. After you play a hard game of ball, and you want to sit down and eat . . . and have your family [or teammates] with you, and you can’t, it really bothers you.”
3. Luke, Most Famous Woman in Baseball, 89.
4. Moore, Larry Doby, 10.
5. Moore, Larry Doby, 11.
6. Moore, Larry Doby, 14; Luke, Most Famous Woman in Baseball, 89.
7. Jacobson, Carrying Jackie’s Torch, 15. Monte Irvin, another racial trailblazer and also in the Hall of Fame, was one of the other four players featured in the book.
8. Jacobson, Carrying Jackie’s Torch, 31.
9. See Moore, Larry Doby, 26.
10. Pluto, Our Tribe, 144.
11. Luke, Most Famous Woman in Baseball, 122.
12. Luke, Most Famous Woman in Baseball, 134–35.
13. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 94.
14. Luke, Most Famous Woman in Baseball, 172 (appendix).
15. Luke, Most Famous Woman in Baseball, 136.
16. Shep Jackson, “From the Sidelines,” Cleveland Call & Post, June 13, 1974.
17. Wendell Smith, “Sports Beat,” Pittsburgh Courier, July 12, 1947. Wendell Smith Papers.
18. Pluto, Our Tribe, 145.
19. Luke, Most Famous Woman in Baseball, 136.
20. Wendell Smith, “Sports Beat,” Pittsburgh Courier, July 12, 1947.
21. See, e.g., the Dollar Times calculator, at http://www.Dollartimes.com (accessed October 10, 2014).
22. At least according to Wendell Smith, Rickey also tried to sign Monte Irvin without payment for his contract with the Eagles, “but Mrs. Manley raised her monotonous howl.” Smith, “Sports Beat,” Pittsburgh Courier, June 28, 1949.
23. Luke, Most Famous Woman in Baseball, 138.
24. Pluto, Our Tribe, 146–47.
25. Pluto, Our Tribe, 148.
26. Pluto, Our Tribe, 148.
27. “Larry Doby, Ace Negro Infielder, Signs Contract with Cleveland,” New York Times, July 4, 1947.
28. Pluto, Our Tribe, 149.
29. Pluto, Our Tribe, 153.
30. Pluto, Our Tribe, 150.
31. Pluto, Our Tribe, 150, quoting Whitey Lewis of the Cleveland Press.
32. Wendell Smith, “Sports Beat,” Pittsburgh Courier, July 12, 1947.
33. Wendell Smith, “Sports Beat,” Pittsburgh Courier, August 30, 1947.
34. Borsvold, Cleveland Indians, 38.
35. Pluto, Our Tribe, 154.
36. Pluto, Our Tribe, 153.
37. Tom Heinrich, “Old Reliable” from Massillon, Ohio, had published a book on playing the outfield, but neither the author nor the interlibrary loan librarian at the University of Pittsburgh has been able to locate a copy.
38. Speaker ranks fifth for career hits all time: 3,584 hits over 22 years. First is Pete Rose, 4,256 hits in 24 years; second is Ty Cobb, 4,189 hits over 24 years; third is Henry Aaron, 3,771 over 23 years; and fourth is Stan Musial, 3,630 hits over 22 years. “Career Leaders & Records for Hits,” at http://Baseball-Reference.com (accessed October 20, 2014).
39. Crowe, Just as Good, 26 (pagination by the author, unnumbered children’s picture book).
40. Mel Allen, quoted in Crowe, Just as Good, 11 (pagination by the author).
41. See, e.g., A. S. Doc Young, “Larry Doby Outstanding Star as Indians Win World Series,” Cleveland Call and Post, October 16, 1984.
42. The episode is recounted by George Vecsey in Yogi Berra, 108–9.
43. Jacobson, Carrying Jackie’s Torch, 8.
44. Jacobson, Carrying Jackie’s Torch, 7–8.
45. Halberstam, Summer of ’49, 195. Gowdy remembered Ted Williams as the first in baseball to predict the coming importance of black athletes in American sports. Halberstam, Summer of ’49, 196.
46. See Barra, Yogi Berra, 370.
47. Barra, Yogi Berra, 112.
48. Pluto, Our Tribe, 153. “He takes [Doby] and Helyn to the best restaurants. He says his door is always open and it’s true. He becomes a true friend.”
49. Borsvold, Cleveland Indians, 71. It could have been, at least partially. Mays came up in 1951 but Banks not until 1953 and Aaron not until 1954.
50. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 176.
51. Bryson, One Summer, 219.
52. Borsvold, Cleveland Indians, 58.
53. Borsvold, Cleveland Indians, 61.
54. Borsvold, Cleveland Indians, 61.
55. Allen, You Could Look It Up, 154.
56. Barra, Yogi Berra, 142.
1. Jacobson, Carrying Jackie’s Torch, 27. “Doby never would identify the bad guys on the Indians and in baseball, the ones who heckled him, shunned him, called him names, and made racist allusions and jokes” (Jacobson, Carrying Jackie’s Torch, 32).
2. Moore, Larry Doby, 184–85, quoting Hall of Fame player and executive Bill White. White had grown up in Cleveland, where Doby was his childhood hero. Then and in ensuing years White found Doby to be “a beautiful, tough and intelligent human being” (185).
3. Moore, Larry Doby, 34.
4. Allen, You Could Look It Up, 182.
5. Singletary, Al Lopez, 109.
6. See, e.g., Glenn Altschuler, “Baseball Great Battled Racism by Embracing Jewish Heritage,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 27, 2014, B-5, reviewing Rosengren, Hank Greenberg: “A phenomenal baseball player (and, at times, a prescient general manager . . .) Hank Greenberg exhibited great courage, intelligence, and integrity. . . . [He gave] baseball fans, young and old, many reasons to conclude that ability on the baseball field . . . is far more important than skin color, religion or national origin.”
7. Rosengren, Hank Greenberg, 359. See also Altschuler, “Baseball Great Battled Racism,” (“He may well have been the best Jewish player in the history of the major leagues. . . . He exhibited great courage, intelligence and integrity”).
8. Rosengren, Hank Greenberg, 298–99.
9. Rosengren, Hank Greenberg, 357.
10. Dollar Times calculator, at http://www.dollartimes.com (accessed October 23, 2014).
11. Rosengren, Hank Greenberg, 316–17.
12. Borsvold, Cleveland Indians, 61; Rosengren, Hank Greenberg, 317.
13. Greenberg and Berkow, Story of My Life, 209.
14. Greenberg and Berkow, Story of My Life, 209.
15. Rosengren, Hank Greenberg, 327.
16. Rosengren, Hank Greenberg, 325–26.
17. Rosengren, Hank Greenberg, 326, 334.
18. Rosengren, Hank Greenberg, 333.
19. Borsvold, Cleveland Indians, 61.
20. Borsvold, Cleveland Indians, 62.
21. Greenberg and Berkow, Story of My Life, 211.
22. Greenberg and Berkow, Story of My Life, 231–32.
23. Greenberg and Berkow, Story of My Life, 209; Rosengren, Hank Greenberg, 328.
24. See, e.g., Rosengren, Hank Greenberg, 327, quoting Stephen Norwood and Harold Brackman.
25. Greenberg and Berkow, Story of My Life, 210.
26. Greenberg and Berkow, Story of My Life, 210.
27. Rosengren, Hank Greenberg, 327.
28. Borsvold, Cleveland Indians, 62.
29. Borsvold, Cleveland Indians, 61.
30. Jacobson, Carrying Jackie’s Torch, 29.
31. Pluto, Our Tribe, 143.
32. Jacobson, Carrying Jackie’s Torch, 29, quoting Larry Doby.
33. Jacobson, Carrying Jackie’s Torch, 33.
34. Luke, Most Famous Woman in Baseball, 152.
35. See Pluto, Our Tribe, 165–66.
36. See, e.g., Singletary, Al Lopez, 148 (“the best rotation in history”).
37. Borsvold, Cleveland Indians, 60.
38. Halberstam, Summer of ’49, 79. The other three were Whitey Ford, Hoyt Wilhelm, and Eddie Lopat, all of whom pitched for the Yankees.
39. Allen, You Could Look It Up, 179.
40. Barra, Yogi Berra, 192.
41. Pluto, Our Tribe, 169.
42. Singletary, Al Lopez, 171.
43. Singletary, Al Lopez, 171.
44. Singletary, Al Lopez, 171. The top five ERAs in World Series history are Sandy Koufax, .95, 57 Innings Pitched (IP); Christy Mathewson, .97, 101.2 IP (New York Giants); Waite Hoyt, 1.83, 83.2 IP (New York Yankees); Bob Gibson, 1.89, 81 IP (St. Louis Cardinals); and Curt Schilling, 2.23, 133.1 IP (Philadelphia Phillies, Arizona Diamondbacks, and Boston Red Sox). A surprising sixth is Ken Holtzman, 2.30, 70.1 IP (Oakland Athletics). Graphic, NBC Television, 2014 World Series.
45. Pluto, Our Tribe, 171, quoting the late Al Rosen.
46. Pluto, Our Tribe, 172.
47. Singletary, Al Lopez, 98.
48. Singletary, Al Lopez, 104.
49. Singletary, Al Lopez, 109.
50. Singletary, Al Lopez, 110.
51. Cleveland Call & Post, November 5, 1955.
52. Singletary, Al Lopez, 113.
53. Moore, Larry Doby, 111, quoting Larry Doby.
54. Singletary, Al Lopez, 220.
55. Doc Young, “Inside Sports: Why Minoso and Doby Got Traded,” Jet, December 19, 1957, quoted in Moore, Larry Doby, 111.
56. Moore, Larry Doby, 116.
57. Pluto, Our Tribe, 183.
58. See generally Pluto, Our Tribe, 180–82.
1. Cleveland actually had two, Luke Easter and Doby. Moore, Larry Doby, 92.
2. See, e.g., Moore, Larry Doby, 101 (table).
3. Colton, Southern League, 293, quoting Tom Yawkey.
4. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 42.
5. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 42–43.
6. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 43.
7. 163 U.S. 537, 548 (1896).
8. See generally L. P. Beth, “The White Primary and the Judicial Function in the United States,” Political Quarterly 29, no. 4 (1958): 366.
9. 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
10. 163 U.S., 544.
11. See generally Hoffer, “Plessy v. Ferguson” and Inequality in Jim Crow America.
12. Smith v. Allright, 321 U.S. 649 (1942).
13. See, e.g., Purdum, Idea Whose Time Has Come; Risen, Bill of the Century. The year 2014 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
14. 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
15. Washington’s autobiography, Up From Slavery (1901), is still widely read today.
16. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 31.
17. New York Times, February 6, 1933.
18. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 399–400.
19. New York Daily News, February 8, 1933.
20. Catherine Smith, “Tribute to: ‘Fay’ Young,” Chicago Defender, November 14, 1953.
21. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 36–37.
22. See, e.g., Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 117 (1934), 136 (1935), and 207 (1942). See also Dickson, Bill Veeck, 45.
23. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 50.
24. Westwood Pegler, Pittsburgh Press, August 4, 1938.
25. Tye, Satchel, 172.
26. Tye, Satchel, 86.
27. Pietrusza, Judge and Jury, 412–14; Dickson, Bill Veeck, 75. Besides prohibiting the use of Major League uniforms, in 1942 Landis discouraged Minor and Major League clubs from allowing use of their facilities for such events.
28. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 73.
29. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 73.
30. Bill Veeck interviews with Shirley Povich, Washington Post, May 10, 1953; February 6, 1960.
31. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 80.
32. Bill Veeck tells the story in his own words in Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 147.
33. See Wikipedia article at http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/world_war_II-casualties-military (accessed February 22, 2014).
34. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 151.
35. See generally Pietrusza, Judge and Jury.
36. See, e.g., Bankes, Pittsburgh Crawfords, 124.
37. Eskenazi, Lip, 152.
38. Bankes, Pittsburgh Crawfords, 124.
39. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 358.
40. See, e.g., Eskenazi, Lip, 170–71: “[Leo] told a reporter that there was a ‘gentleman’s agreement’ among the owners not to hire black ballplayers. This was too much for Judge Landis. He immediately called in Durocher and then issued a statement.”
41. Quoted in Pietrusza, Judge and Jury, 418.
42. Butts Brown, “In the Grove,” New Jersey Herald News, July 25, 1942, quoted in Moore, Larry Doby, 21. See also Stall, “Actor Robeson Makes Plea for Negro Players,” New York Journal American, December 9, 1943.
43. Moore, Larry Doby, 21.
44. Rowan and Robinson, Wait until Next Year, 107.
45. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 104.
46. Much of this material comes from the account in Dickson, Bill Veeck, 89–93.
47. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 90.
48. See Dickson, Bill Veeck, 90.
49. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 92.
50. Tygiel, Baseball’s Greatest Experiment, 69.
51. Polner, Branch Rickey, 171.
52. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 373, 379.
53. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 104.
54. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 396.
1. Moore, Larry Doby, 167.
2. Joe Morgan as reported in Thomas Singer, “Larry Doby,” Baseball.com, June 23, 2003. (Doby died on June 18, 2003.)
3. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 238.
4. See, e.g., Rosengren, Hank Greenberg, 328.
5. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 313.
6. See, e.g., “Negro Players on Opposing Sides,” Sporting News, June 23, 1948, 16 (photograph of Doby and Robinson together).
7. Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 217, 233, and 242. Arnold Rampersad is best known as the biographer of Langston Hughes, the African American literary great. See Rampersad, The Life of Langston Hughes, vol. 1, 1902–1941: I, Too, Sing America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); and Rampersad, The Life of Langston Hughes, vol. 2, 1941–1976: I Dream a World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988). He has also authored biographies of other great African Americans, e.g., The Art and Imagination of W. E. B. Du Bois (New York: Schocken-Knopf-Doubleday, 1990); Ralph Ellison: A Biography (New York: Vintage, 2008), as well as works about other famous African American sports figures, e.g., Arthur Ashe and Arnold Rampersad, Days of Grace: A Memoir (New York: Ballantine Books, 1994).
8. Jackie Robinson, quoted by Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 183; see also 203 (similar).
9. Bob Feller to biographer Sickels, Bob Feller, 171.
10. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 265.
11. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 265.
12. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 228.
13. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 228.
14. Robinson and Duckett, I Never Had It Made.
15. Quoted in Hirsch, Willie Mays, 229.
16. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 469.
17. Robinson and Duckett, I Never Had It Made.
18. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 469.
19. See, e.g., Leigh Montville, “Revolutionary Rookie,” Wall Street Journal, September 20. 2014, C-8. “Robinson, the stoic black second baseman who confounded the bigots and triumphed”; no mention of either Bill Veeck or Larry Doby.
20. They Were All Stars, Negro Leagues Baseball Museum, Kansas City, Missouri, narrated by James Earl Jones (visited January 30, 2015).
21. Available online at Paper of Record, at http://www.paperofrecord.hypernet.ca/search.asp (accessed February 2015).
22. Games played available at Baseball Reference, at http://www.baseballreference.com under the respective players’ names (accessed February 5, 2015).
23. “Jackie’s Wife and Son in Brooklyn Home,” Sporting News, July 19, 1947, 9.
24. Joan Crosby, “Mrs. Robinson . . . Roams Dodgers Stands, Listening to Fans Size Up Hubby,” Sporting News, July 19, 1947, 18.
25. Bill Roeder, “22,372 Daily Saw Robinson Play in the West,” Sporting News, June 4, 1947, 8.
26. See “Jackie Sings as He Plays; Del Ennis Hears a Lullaby,” Sporting News, May 28, 1947 (Robinson played at first base in his initial Dodger season).
27. See, e.g., “Jackie Just Another Player to Us—with No Favors, Says Chapman: He Must Learn to Take It, Says Phillies Manager,” Sporting News, May 7, 1947, 6.
28. “‘Intentional’ Says Stanky; ‘Accident’ Says Enos of His Spiking of Jackie,” Sporting News, August 27, 1947, 4.
29. “Robinson Hit by Pitched Ball for the Third Time,” Sporting News, May 21, 1947, 14; Watson Spoelstra, “Jackie Tops N.L. Players in Being Hit by Pitchers,” Sporting News, July 9, 1947, 18.
30. “Varied Policies at Hotels Greet Robinson on Trip,” Sporting News, May 21, 1947, 8.
31. “Jackie Gets Car, Video Set at Game Attended by 26,123,” Sporting News, October 1, 1947, 11. See also A. Van Pelt, “50,000 fans Cheer Dodgers at Rally: Jackpot for a Pair of Jacks,” Sporting News, October 8, 1947, 10.
32. “Agent Setting Up Sports and Stage Dates for Jackie,” Sporting News, October 1, 1947, 34.
33. See Paul Gould, “Jackie Playing to Sellouts: May Net 5 Grand a Week,” Sporting News, October 29, 1947, 17; “Jackie Robinson Stars [on barnstorming tour],” Sporting News, November 3, 1948.
34. See John B. “Old, Los Angeles Showers Robinson with Praise,” Sporting News, December 24, 1947, 4.
35. “Jackie Robinson Defrosts Newport News Coolness,” Sporting News, February 25, 1948, 21. See also “Newport News Stages Giant Reception for Jackie but Learns He Is on the Coast,” Sporting News, January 14, 1948, 15.
36. “Rickey-Robinson Harmonizing Headlines Chicago Writers’ Show,” Sporting News, January 28, 1948, 9; Ed Burns, “Jackie Attends Banquet, Dodger Boss’ Request,” Sporting News, February 1948.
37. “Jackie Heavier as a Sophomore,” Sporting News, March 24, 1948, 19.
38. Harold Burr, “Jackie Keeps on Jump in Off-Season but Sidesteps Fried Chicken Circuit,” Sporting News, December 15, 1948, 17.
39. “Jackie to Broadcast Daily Sports Show in New York,” Sporting News, October 6, 1948, 23. See also “Jackie Pumps Boss Rickey on Radio Program,” Sporting News, December 1, 1948, 27.
40. Bromberg, “Doby Credits Study in Earning Steady Jog, a Dream Centerfielder,” Sporting News, October 27, 1948, 5.
41. Oscar Ruhl, “Robinson to Race Doby,” Sporting News, May 19, 1948, 30.
42. Povich, “Doby’s Drives Resemble Babe’s Big Blows—Mighty Wallops by Any Standard,” Sporting News, June 8, 1949, 4.
43. Robinson himself played no part in it. Quite the contrary: when the Dodgers and the Indians played in an exhibition, news reports contain photographs of the two men together, laughing and talking. See, e.g., note 6 for this chapter.
1. Leavy, Last Boy, 123.
2. Leavy, Last Boy, 123.
3. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 97.
4. See, e.g., “the Republicans have made a choice. . . . They will hold their [2016] convention in Cleveland,” David M. Shribman, “The Choice of Cleveland,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 20, 2014.
5. Veeck, Hustler’s Handbook, 165.
6. Veeck, Hustler’s Handbook, 165.
7. Veeck, Hustler’s Handbook, 165.
8. Allen, You Could Look It Up, 154.
9. See Infoplease, http:///www.infoplease.com/ipsa/AO113222 (accessed July 30, 2014).
10. “Hall of Fame Welcomes Class of 2014,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 28, 2014, D-3.
11. “New York Yankees,” http://www.Wikipedia.com (accessed August 31, 2015).
12. One of Mark Hanna’s best-known observations is, “There are two important things in politics: one is money, and I forget what the second one is.”
13. See Grabowski and Grabowski, Cleveland Then and Now, 130. In his book One Summer, 303–4, Bill Bryson also recounts the Van Sweringtons’ weird story.
14. In a 1938 stunt Cleveland Indians catchers Hank Helf and Frank Pytlak set what they termed the “all-time altitude mark” by catching baseballs dropped from the top of the 708-foot building. See Bruce Anderson, “When Baseballs Fell from on High, Henry Helf Rose to the Occasion,” Sports Illustrated, March 11, 1985.
15. Grabowksi and Grabowski, Cleveland Then and Now, 10.
16. “Van Sweringen Brothers,” http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Sweringen_brothers (accessed March 9, 2014).
17. The Van Sweringens’ biography is told in Harwood, Invisible Giants.
18. “History of the Cleveland Browns,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Cleveland_Browns (accessed August 25, 2014). See also Wendell Smith, “Smitty’s Sports Spurts,” Pittsburgh Courier, September 23, 1946, naming Cleveland professional football coach Paul Brown to his sports honor roll “for having signed two Negro players to play with his team in the All-American Hall Conference.” Wendell Smith Papers.
19. See, e.g., Moore, Larry Doby, 76–77.
20. Grabowski and Grabowski, Cleveland Then and Now, 92.
21. Busta-Peck, Hidden History of Cleveland, 92–93.
22. Feagler, Feagler’s Cleveland, 238.
23. Feagler, Feagler’s Cleveland, 252.
24. Grabowski and Grabowski, Cleveland Then and Now, 47.
25. Nancy Keates, “Hotter in Cleveland,” Wall Street Journal, August 29, 2014.
26. Busta-Peck, Hidden History of Cleveland, 90.
27. See generally Schneider, Cleveland Indians Encyclopedia, 319–25.
28. See, e.g., chapter 12 (Mantle) and chapter 14 (Mays).
29. See Doc Young, “Why Minoso and Larry Doby Got Traded: Larry Doby Says Lopez Affected Play with White Sox,” Jet, December 19, 1957.
30. Rob Edelman, “What’s My Line? and Baseball,” Baseball Research Journal 43, no. 2 (Fall 2014): 36.
31. June 24, 1956. Edelman, “What’s My Line? and Baseball,” 38.
32. See generally Edelman, “What’s My Line? and Baseball,” 36–41.
Epigraph: Although Yawkey later was redeemed: at the urging of Rachel Robinson, the Yawkey Trust donated $3 million to the Jackie Robinson Foundation, which assists young individuals with college scholarship aid. See Budig, Grasping the Ring II, 2.
1. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 234. The Philadelphia Phillies were last in the American League.
2. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 102. Green made his Major League debut on July 21, 1959, followed by a second African American, pitcher Earl Wilson (July 28, 1959). See http://www.baseballreference.com/players/g/greenpuo1.shtml (accessed August 31, 2014).
3. Jacobson, Carrying Jackie’s Torch, 7–8.
4. Jacobson, Carrying Jackie’s Torch, 8.
5. Halberstam, Summer of ’49, 206–7.
6. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 137.
7. Allen, You Could Look It Up, 171.
8. Halberstam, Summer of ’49, 206.
9. Halberstam, Summer of ’49, 206.
10. Reported in Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 154.
11. See Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 154. See also the award index at http://www.baseballreference.com/awards/roy_rol.shtml (accessed November 18, 2014).
12. See the award index at Baseballreference.com. Separate awards for each league began only in 1949.
13. Jacobson, Carrying Jackie’s Torch, 8.
14. Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 208.
15. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 183; Moore, Larry Doby, 121.
16. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 181.
17. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 488.
18. Veeck, Hustler’s Handbook, 179.
19. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 337.
20. See also Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 429.
21. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 142.
22. Reported in Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 121.
23. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 445.
24. Sickels, Bob Feller, 189, 191, and 239.
25. New York Times, August 5, 1955.
26. Moore, Larry Doby, 110.
27. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 5. The five tools are hitting for average, hitting for power, fielding, throwing, and base running.
28. Time, July 26, 1953.
29. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 179.
30. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 179.
31. Of the first fifteen African Americans to play in the Major League All-Star Game, fourteen were players from National League teams. Only one (Larry Doby) was from the American League (Doby was on the All-Star Star roster in 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, and 1955). As Bill Veeck observes, “The National League is superior to the American League. . . . No one even bothers to argue this anymore except a few chronic searchers after lost causes—because the National League stocked up on Negro players while the American League was sitting back and admiring how nicely the Yankees were getting along without them.” Veeck, Hustlers Handbook, 179.
32. See, e.g., Hirsch, Willie Mays, 431.
1. Tye, Satchel, 298; Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 12.
2. Tye, Satchel, 64.
3. Tye, Satchel, 97.
4. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 168.
5. Paige had a second Major League stint 1951 through 1953, winning eighteen and losing twenty-three for the St. Louis Browns. He also made a token, gimmicky appearance for Kansas City in 1965, at the age of fifty-eight.
6. Tye, Satchel, 104.
7. Chester Washington, Pittsburgh Courier.
8. Tye, Satchel, 164.
9. Tye, Satchel, 151.
10. Tye, Satchel, 243.
11. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 85 (six feet four or six feet five, weighing “about 170 pounds”).
12. Regarding the “Iron Lung,” see Colton, Southern League, 110.
13. Even if he traveled long distance with the team, Paige parted company as soon as the team had arrived in the away city. “We used to get into a team bus waiting to take us to the hotel. Satch always had somebody there in a big shining Cadillac.” Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 265 (comment of Cleveland Indians player-manager Lou Boudreau).
14. Tye, Satchel, 154.
15. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 249.
16. See also Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 13 (one hundred no hitters).
17. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 37, 249.
18. Tye, Satchel, 253.
19. Tye, Satchel, 262.
20. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 184, recounting Satchel Paige describing his “nothin’ ball.”
21. Tye, Satchel, 262.
22. Tye, Satchel, 147.
23. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 45.
24. Tye, Satchel, 256.
25. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 24 (comment of Bill Veeck).
26. Tye, Satchel, 74.
27. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 298.
28. Tye, Satchel, 132.
29. Tye, Satchel, 49.
30. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 73.
31. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 99.
32. See Dunkel, Color Blind.
33. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 94–95, 87.
34. Tye, Satchel, 143.
35. Tye, Satchel, 145.
36. Tye, Satchel, 62.
37. Tye, Satchel, 90.
38. Tye, Satchel, 155.
39. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 198.
40. Tye, Satchel, 62.
41. Tye, Satchel, 66.
42. Tye, Satchel, 91.
43. Tye, Satchel, 216.
44. Doby to Charles Dexter, in Dexter, Baseball Has Done It, 61.
45. Doby as remembered by Indians catcher Jim Hegan, Moore, Larry Doby, 68.
46. Veeck moved the Indians’ spring training from Florida to Tucson, Arizona, particularly so that Doby would have an easier time as he broke through the American League color barrier. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 265. It backfired: the Indians’ hotel discriminated against Doby blatantly and for many years.
47. Moore, Larry Doby, 77.
48. Moore, Larry Doby, 77.
49. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 265 (Paige scared Doby off by keeping a loaded gun).
50. Moore, Larry Doby, 18.
51. Tye, Satchel, 216.
52. Tye, Satchel, 267 (comments of Indians teammate Steve Gromck).
53. Moore, Larry Doby, 168.
54. Moore, Larry Doby, 169.
55. Moore, Larry Doby, 169.
56. Moore, Larry Doby, 169.
57. Moore, Larry Doby, 172.
58. Moore, Larry Doby, 196–97.
59. Tye, Satchel, 209.
60. Tye, Satchel, 211.
61. Tye, Satchel, 177.
62. Tye, Satchel, 92.
63. Tye, Satchel, 97.
64. Tye, Satchel, 81.
65. Tye, Satchel, 89.
66. Tye, Satchel, 244.
67. Tye, Satchel, 253.
1. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 382.
2. Tye, Satchel, 207.
3. Tye, Satchel, 181.
4. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 232, 230.
5. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 102–6.
6. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 80.
7. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 94.
8. Bouton, Ball Four, 54.
9. See Bissinger, Classic Mantle, 16.
10. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 111.
11. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 141.
12. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 206.
13. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 206.
14. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 207.
15. See Measuring Worth, at http://www.measuringworth.com/uscompare (accessed March 16, 2015) ($1.7 million in economic status and $4.2 million in economic power).
16. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 208.
17. See, e.g., Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 223, 253 (Paige-Feller barnstorming tour).
18. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 208.
19. Quoted in Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 98.
20. See, e.g., Wendell Smith, “Paige Thumbs Nose at His Public Here—the ‘Great Satchel’ Loafs in the Dressing Room While 10,000 Wait for Him to Make Appearance—the Same Old Paige,” Pittsburgh Courier, June 26, 1943.
21. Tye, Satchel, 301–2.
22. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 12.
23. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 14.
24. See Tye, Satchel, 301.
25. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 51.
26. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 39.
27. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 234.
28. Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 182.
29. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 269.
30. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 274.
31. See Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 160.
32. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 268.
33. As told to Mark Ribowsky, in Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 269.
34. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 228–33; Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 316.
35. Collier’s, June 13, 1953; Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 301.
36. Time, July 19, 1948.
37. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 303.
38. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 123.
39. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 137.
40. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 280.
41. Ribowsky, Don’t Look Back, 238.
1. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 5, 91, 204.
2. Leavy, Last Boy, 72.
3. Leavy, Last Boy, 37.
4. Bissinger, Classic Mantle, 61, 94.
5. New York Times, March 1969.
6. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 7.
7. Leavy, Last Boy, 256.
8. Leavy, Last Boy, 94.
9. See generally Mantle et al., Hero All His Life.
10. Bissinger, Classic Mantle, 59.
11. Bissinger, Classic Mantle, 25.
12. Leavy, Last Boy, 64–67; Barra, Mickey and Willie, 93–94.
13. Leavy, Last Boy, 65.
14. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 577.
15. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 70.
16. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 13.
17. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 131.
18. Bissinger, Classic Mantle, 49.
19. Leavy, Last Boy, 11.
20. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 133–34.
21. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 9.
22. Leavy, Last Boy, xv.
23. Bissinger, Classic Mantle, 67.
24. Allen, You Could Look It Up, 145.
25. Leavy, Last Boy, 21–22.
26. Halberstam, Summer of ’49, 5.
27. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 134.
28. Leavy, Last Boy, 240.
29. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 151.
30. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 253. Cf. the New York Giants in 1951 and rookie Willie Mays, discussed in chapter 14.
31. Bissinger, Classic Mantle, 28.
32. Bissinger, Classic Mantle, 39; New York Times, April 1951.
33. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 129.
34. Leavy, Last Boy, 21.
35. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 119.
36. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 135.
37. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 93.
38. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 164.
39. Merlyn Mantle to Jane Leavy, in Leavy, Last Boy, 80.
40. Leavy, Last Boy, 80.
41. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 133.
42. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 142.
43. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 144.
44. Bissinger, Classic Mantle, 23–24.
45. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 197.
46. Leavy, Last Boy, 19.
47. Leavy, Last Boy, 15.
48. Leavy, Last Boy, 58.
49. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 195.
50. Leavy, Last Boy, 115.
51. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 139.
52. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 37.
53. Bissinger, Classic Mantle, 10.
54. See, e.g., Allen, You Could Look It Up, 183–84.
55. New York Journal American, May 16, 1957.
56. Leavy, Last Boy, 172.
57. Leavy, Last Boy, 169.
58. See, e.g., Bouton, Ball Four, 29–31.
59. Bouton, Ball Four, xx.
60. Bissinger, Classic Mantle, 107.
61. See generally Leavy, Last Boy, 341.
62. Leavy, Last Boy, 294.
63. Leavy, Last Boy, 326.
1. Leavy, Last Boy, 59; Barra, Mickey and Willie, 194.
2. Bissinger, Classic Mantle, 49.
3. Bissinger, Classic Mantle, 49.
4. Tyler Kepner, “500 a Reminder of How Good Pujols Is,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 27, 2014, C-3.
5. Leavy, Last Boy, 88.
6. Joe Trimble, New York Daily News, April 11, 1953; Leavy, Last Boy, 88.
7. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 9.
8. Leavy, Last Boy, 99. SABR researchers fixed the distance as between 500 and 520 feet. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 192.
9. Leavy, Last Boy, 153.
10. New York Times, April 4, 1953; Leavy, Last Boy, 254.
11. Leavy, Last Boy, 155.
12. Leavy, Last Boy, 83, 149.
13. Leavy, Last Boy, 150.
14. Leavy, Last Boy, 251.
15. Moore, Larry Doby, 75.
16. Leavy, Last Boy, 62.
17. Leavy, Last Boy, 152.
18. Leavy, Last Boy, 116.
19. Leavy, Last Boy, 106.
20. See, e.g., “Meniscal Tears,” in Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 2nd ed. (1996), 876–78. Today, of course, the surgery is performed as an arthroscopic rather than open knee procedure and is therefore less intrusive.
21. Leavy, Last Boy, 107.
22. Leavy, Last Boy, 107.
23. Leavy, Last Boy, 109.
24. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 7.
25. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 174.
26. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 285.
27. Bissinger, Classic Mantle, 13.
28. Bissinger, Classic Mantle, 61.
29. Leavy, Last Boy, 288–89.
30. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 309.
31. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 248.
32. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 214.
33. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 285.
34. Leavy, Last Boy, 221.
35. Leavy, Last Boy, 224.
36. Leavy, Last Boy, 222.
37. Bissinger, Classic Mantle, 37.
38. Leavy, Last Boy, 223.
39. Leavy, Last Boy, 234.
40. Leavy, Last Boy, 227.
41. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 294.
42. Bissinger, Classic Mantle, 37.
43. Leavy, Last Boy, 197.
44. Yankee teammate Stan Williams to Jane Leavy, in Leavy, Last Boy, 241.
45. All quotations from Leavy, Last Boy, 239.
46. Leavy, Last Boy, 187.
47. Leavy, Last Boy, 238.
48. See, e.g., Leavy, Last Boy, 247.
49. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 139.
50. Leavy, Last Boy, xiv.
51. Leavy, Last Boy, 316.
1. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 47.
2. Recounted in Eskenazi, Lip, 266; Hirsch, Willie Mays, 179.
3. Reported in Budig, Swinging for the Fences, 96.
4. Hano, Day in the Bleachers.
5. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 9.
6. See, e.g., Barra, Mickey and Willie, 263 (in 1958 Giants fans voted Orlando Cepeda team MVP even though Mays outhit Cepeda, .327 with 29 HR versus .312 with 25 HR).
7. See Hirsch, Willie Mays, 315.
8. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 258.
9. See, e.g., Barra, Mickey and Willie, 17.
10. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 469.
11. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 6.
12. See Hirsch, Willie Mays, 302: “Mays’s team in 1955 might have been the finest club in baseball history. It had four future Hall of Famers—just in the outfield! Henry Aaron, Larry Doby, Monte Irvin and Mays divided the playing time; future Hall of Famers Roy Campanella and Ernie Banks were at catcher and shortstop. Former rookies of the year Junior Gilliam and Joe Black played [second] and pitched; the best pitcher was Don Newcombe.”
13. See, e.g., Dickson, Bill Veeck, 173; Hirsch, Willie Mays, 146; Veeck and Linn, Veeck as in Wreck, 175; Veeck, Hustler’s Handbook, 79.
14. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 125.
15. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 146.
16. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 146.
17. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 390.
18. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 65.
19. Pittsburgh Courier (1951).
20. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 126.
21. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 122.
22. Recounted in Eskenazi, Lip, 249.
23. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 13.
24. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 31.
25. Recounted in Hirsch, Willie Mays, 46.
26. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 16.
27. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 151.
28. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 119.
29. Eskenazi, Lip, 249.
30. Eskenazi, Lip, 249.
31. Eskenazi, Lip, 19.
32. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 122.
33. Quoted in Hirsch, Willie Mays, 105.
34. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 105.
35. Eskenazi, Lip, 224.
36. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 9.
37. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 102.
38. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 110.
39. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 12.
40. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 121.
41. Quoted in Hirsch, Willie Mays, 112.
42. Quoted in Hirsch, Willie Mays, 113.
43. Quoted in Hirsch, Willie Mays, 91.
44. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 111.
45. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 155.
46. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 169.
47. Recounted in Eskenazi, Lip, 250.
48. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 423.
49. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 111.
50. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 120.
51. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 120.
52. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 121.
53. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 113.
54. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 167.
55. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 132.
56. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 155.
57. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 214.
58. Hano, Day in the Bleachers, 116.
59. Hano, Day in the Bleachers, 116.
60. Hano, Day in the Bleachers, 121.
61. Hano, Day in the Bleachers, 119.
62. Hano, Day in the Bleachers, 124; Hirsch, Willie Mays, 193.
63. Hano, Day in the Bleachers, 123.
64. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 204.
65. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 205.
66. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 415.
67. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 212.
68. Hano, Day in the Bleachers, 122.
69. Sickels, Bob Feller, 239.
70. Moore, Larry Doby, 102. See also Sickels, Bob Feller, 239 (Bob Feller pointed out a catch by Doby that Feller thought was a “superior play” when compared to Mays’s famous catch).
71. Eskenazi, Lip, 276–77.
72. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 204.
73. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 260.
74. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 264.
75. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 274.
76. Prescott Sullivan in the San Francisco Examiner, Summer 1958, recounted in Hirsch, Willie Mays, 293.
77. Bud Spencer, in the San Francisco News (1958).
78. Sports Illustrated, September 26, 1960, quoted in Hirsch, Willie Mays, 327.
79. Willie Mays, quoted in Hirsch, Willie Mays, 293.
80. Einstein, Willie’s Time, 12.
81. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 204.
82. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 230.
83. Bouton, Ball Four, 22.
84. See Hirsch, Willie Mays, 5.
85. Hano, Day in the Bleachers, 116.
1. Daniel Henninger, “Where Have You Gone, Derek Jeter?,” Wall Street Journal, September 25, 2014, A-19.
2. Franklin Lewis, Cleveland Press, October 26, 1955.
3. See, e.g., Boudreau and Schneider, Lou Boudreau, 97; Freedman, Early Wynn, 62; Sickels, Bob Feller, 172 (Boudreau), 234–30 (Bob Feller).
4. Bouton, Ball Four, 40.
5. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 368; Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 125 (Robinson at first base).
6. Consider, for example, Andy Carey’s fielding statistics: in 1954, 120 games, 15 errors, .967; in 1955, 135 games, 22 errors .954; in 1956, 131 games, 21 errors, .948; and in 1957, 81 games, 5 errors, .977.
7. Bill White, Uppity: My Untold Story about the Games People Play (New York: Grand Central, 2011), 123.
8. Moore, Larry Doby, 177.
9. Easter had played briefly in 1949, registering forty-five at-bats in twenty-one games played.
10. Moore, Larry Doby, 92.
11. Moore, Larry Doby, 92.
12. Interview with the late Al Rosen, in Moore, Larry Doby, 92.
13. Moore, Larry Doby, 92.
14. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 160.
15. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 466.
16. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 177.
17. Moore, Larry Doby, 172.
18. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 177.
19. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 161.
20. These and other facts are gleaned from the Wendell Smith Papers (visited September 18, 19, and 20, 2014).
21. See, e.g., letters dated December 19, 1945; January 14, 1946; July 27, 1946; November 27, 1946; February 4, 1947; June 3, 1948; and July 5, 1949, on file at the National Baseball Hall of Fame Library.
22. Letter from Wendell Smith to Branch Rickey, dated December 19, 1945, Wendell Smith Papers.
23. See, e.g., Tim Weir, “Smith: A Baseball Pioneer Worthy of Honor,” USA Today, February 7, 1994 (“the most important roommate Jackie Robinson ever had”).
24. Wendell Smith, Sports Beat, Pittsburgh Courier, August 1, 1950.
25. Wendell Smith, Sports Beat, Pittsburgh Courier, February 3, 1951. The players and their salaries were Jackie Robinson, $35,000; Larry Doby, $28,000; Roy Campanella, $20,000; Don Newcombe, $18,000; Luke Easter, $15,000; Sam Jethroe, $15,000; and Monte Irvin, $12,000.
26. Wendell Smith, Sports Beat, May 24, 1947.
27. Jerome Holtzman, “Wendell Smith—A Pioneer for Black Athletes,” Chicago Tribune, June 22, 1974.
28. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 339.
29. Henninger, “Where Have You Gone?”
30. Greenberg and Berkow, Story of My Life, 205.
31. Bernard Kahn, sports editor, Daytona Beach Evening News, quoted in Rosengren, Hank Greenberg, 336.
32. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 162.
33. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 159.
34. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 157.
35. Moore, Larry Doby, 167.
36. Bill White, quoted in Moore, Larry Doby, 185.
37. Interview with Ken Singleton, August 9, 1980, in Moore, Larry Doby, 133.
38. Boudreau and Schneider, Lou Boudreau, 97.
1. Freedman, Early Wynn, 71.
2. Bill Veeck to the Chicago press, as reported in Moore, Larry Doby, 119.
3. Moore, Larry Doby, 120.
4. See, e.g., “Sox Buy Hotel to End Race Ban,” Chicago American, November 9, 1961 (the Sarasota Terrace Hotel next to the facility where the Sox had moved their training).
5. Moore, Larry Doby, 123.
6. Neff et al., New Sports Encyclopedia, 477–78.
7. Even opponents sought Doby’s instruction. Dusty Baker, then an outfielder with the Atlanta Braves, would visit with Doby after Atlanta-Montreal games, seeking advice about hitting. See, e.g., Moore, Larry Doby, 133.
8. Moore, Larry Doby, 132.
9. Jacobson, Carrying Jackie’s Torch, 35.
10. Budig, Swinging for the Fences, 91.
11. Budig, Swinging for the Fences, 90.
12. Budig, Swinging for the Fences, 92.
13. Cleveland Plain Dealer, October 3, 1974.
14. Budig, Swinging for the Fences, 92.
15. Jacobson, Carrying Jackie’s Torch, 37.
16. Robinson and Anderson, Frank, 11.
17. Robinson and Anderson, Frank, 11.
18. Robinson and Anderson, Frank, 11.
19. Moore, Larry Doby, 140.
20. Moore, Larry Doby, 140.
21. Moore, Larry Doby, 140.
22. Moore, Larry Doby, 142.
23. Jacobson, Carrying Jackie’s Torch, 47.
24. See, e.g., Jean Hollands, Same Game, Different Rules: How to Get Ahead without Being a Bully Broad, Ice Queen, or “Ms. Understood” (New York: McGraw Hill, 2002), 163–64.
25. Carol A. Gallagher and Susan K. Golant, Going to the Top: The New Road Map for Success from America’s Leading Women Executives (New York: Penguin Books, 2000), 109.
26. Moore, Larry Doby, 147.
27. See generally Helyar, Lords of the Realm.
28. Moore, Larry Doby, 151.
29. Moore, Larry Doby, 151. It is interesting that many of the players who not only refused any notion of a boycott but also welcomed the first black players (Robinson and Doby) were from California, where more-enlightened attitudes prevailed. They included Ted Williams (hometown, San Diego), Bob Lemon (Long Beach), Duke Snider (Compton, near Los Angeles), Dom DiMaggio (San Francisco), and several others.
30. Chicago Tribune, July 1, 1978.
31. Chicago Tribune, August 17, 1978.
32. Chicago Tribune, August 20, 1978.
33. Moore, Larry Doby, 159; Chicago Tribune, October 20, 1978.
34. See Budig, Grasping the Ring, 11.
35. Budig, Grasping the Ring, 13.
36. Budig, Grasping the Ring, 11.
37. Budig, Grasping the Ring, 11.
38. Moore, Larry Doby, quotation on the book’s cover.
39. Budig, Grasping the Ring, 13.
40. Budig, Grasping the Ring, 13.
41. Budig, Grasping the Ring, 13.
42. New York Times, April 4, 1998.
43. Transcript on file with the author.
44. Budig, Grasping the Ring, 17.
1. Singletary, Al Lopez, 214.
2. Robert W. Creamer, Stengel: His Life and Times (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), 282.
3. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 30.
4. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 356.
5. Smith, Red Smith on Baseball, 15.
6. For a detailed account, in Robinson’s own words, see Robinson and Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 18–23.
7. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 368.
8. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 375–76.
9. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 15.
10. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 177.
11. Moore, Larry Doby, 26, 60.
12. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 128.
13. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 404.
14. Rowan and Robinson, Wait until Next Year, 170.
15. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 403.
16. New Jersey Afro-American, December 28, 1946.
17. Moore, Larry Doby, 47.
18. Doc Young, Cleveland Call & Post, October 18, 1947.
19. Moore, Larry Doby, 84.
20. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 419.
21. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 127.
22. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 351.
23. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 137.
24. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 144.
25. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 146.
26. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 430.
27. Moore, Larry Doby, 72.
28. Moore, Larry Doby, 48.
29. Boudreau and Schneider, Lou Boudreau, 96.
30. Moore, Larry Doby, 82.
31. Moore, Larry Doby, 4.
32. Freedman, Early Wynn, 62.
33. Freedman, Early Wynn, 33.
34. Moore, Larry Doby, 88.
35. Moore, Larry Doby, 88.
36. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 431.
37. Moore, Larry Doby, 92.
38. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 146.
39. Fromer, Rickey and Robinson, 123; Robinson and Duckett, I Never Had It Made, 52.
40. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 422–25.
41. See Durocher and Linn, Nice Guys Finish Last. See also Durocher, Dodgers and Me.
42. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 502.
43. See, e.g., Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 150.
44. Boudreau and Schneider, Lou Boudreau, 95.
45. Boudreau and Schneider, Lou Boudreau, 96.
46. Boudreau and Schneider, Lou Boudreau, 96
47. Boudreau and Schneider, Lou Boudreau, 96
48. Boudreau and Schneider, Lou Boudreau, 108.
49. Boudreau and Schneider, Lou Boudreau, 144.
50. Boudreau and Schneider, Lou Boudreau, 149.
51. Boudreau and Schneider, Lou Boudreau, 127.
52. Moore, Larry Doby, 50.
53. Goldman, Forging Genius, 118.
54. Allen, You Could Look It Up, 277.
55. Allen, You Could Look It Up, 172.
56. Allen, You Could Look It Up, 171.
57. Allen, You Could Look It Up, 173.
58. Allen, You Could Look It Up, 173.
59. Singletary, Al Lopez, 218.
60. Allen, You Could Look It Up, 109 &, 169.
61. Singletary, Al Lopez, 214.
62. David Halberstam, October 1964 (New York: Villard Books, 1994), 110.
63. Singletary, Al Lopez, 214: “Solly Hemus, the abusive, driven manager of the St. Louis Cardinals from 1959 to 1961, was labeled a racist by two of his players, Bob Gibson and Curt Flood.”
64. Doc Young, “Why Minoso and Doby Got Traded: Larry Doby Says Lopez Affected Play with White Sox,” Jet, December 19, 1957.
65. See, e.g., Singletary Al Lopez, 222.
66. Singletary, Al Lopez, 223.
67. Paul Dickson, introduction to Moore, Larry Doby, x.
68. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 131.
69. Dickson, Bill Veeck, 339.
70. Moore, Larry Doby, x.
71. Moore, Larry Doby, x–xi.
72. Singletary, Al Lopez, 216.
73. Singletary, Al Lopez, 218.
74. Singletary, Al Lopez, 218.
75. Moore, Larry Doby, 104.
76. Singletary, Al Lopez, 226.
77. Cleveland Plain Dealer, October 26, 1955.
78. Singletary, Al Lopez, 176.
79. Freedman, Early Wynn, 73 (quoting pitcher Early Wynn).
80. Freedman, Early Wynn, 73.
81. Moore, Larry Doby, 118.
82. Peary, We Played the Game, 379.
83. Singletary, Al Lopez, 220.
84. Goldman, Forging Genius, 195.
85. Moore, Larry Doby, x.
86. Moore, Larry Doby, xi.
1. Coverdale, Whitey Ford, 32; see also 34, 56, and 61 (memorable Doby home runs off Ford).
2. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 184.
3. Barra, Mickey and Willie, 184.
4. Feller and Gilbert, Now Pitching, Bob Feller, 16 (along with Joe DiMaggio, Ted Williams, Hank Greenberg, and Jimmy Foxx).
5. Leavy, Last Boy, 134.
6. Hirsch, Willie Mays, 111.
7. Although Hirsch rates Mays 1955 barnstorming team as possibly “the finest club in baseball history. It had four future Hall of Famers—just in the outfield! Henry Aaron, Larry Doby, Monte Irvin and Mays divided the playing time,” Hirsch, Willie Mays, 302.
8. Halberstam, Summer of ’49, 165–66.
9. Winchester, Men Who United the States, 412.
10. Winchester, Men Who United the States, 13.
11. Winchester, Men Who United the States, 165.
12. Halberstam, Boys of Summer, 165.
13. The first game of the 1949 World Series (Yankees versus Dodgers) has been thought to be the first game to reach a television audience of 10 million. Arguably, the biggest attraction of that first game was the starting pitcher for the Brooklyn Dodgers, Don Newcombe, who was also black, had been named Rookie of the Year for 1949, stood six feet five, and was crafty and mean, at least when on the pitching mound. Halberstam, Summer of ’49, 286. From the earliest days as teammates on the Newark Eagles to playing together in Japan and Doby’s selection for the National Hall of Fame, Newcombe and Doby were the closest of friends. See, e.g., Moore, Larry Doby, 122, 169–71, and 173–74.
14. Winchester, Men Who United the States, 415.
15. Quoted in Leavy, Last Boy, 136.
16. Lowenfish, Branch Rickey, 467.
17. Moore, Larry Doby, 121.
18. See, e.g., Budig, Grasping the Ring, 14–15.
19. Quoted in Jacobson, Carrying Jackie’s Torch, 37.
20. Fay Vincent, “Larry Doby Played with Dignity and without Bitterness,” New York Times, June 22, 2003.
21. Halberstam, Summer of ’49, 302.
1. Lewis, Moneyball.
2. See generally James, Bill James Handbook 2015; James, Solid Fools Gold.
3. See, e.g., Lewis, Moneyball, 86.
4. “Only two [baseball statistics] . . . are inextricably linked to baseball success; on-base percentage and slugging percentage. Everything else [is] far less important.” Lewis, Moneyball, 127, quoting Paul DePodesta.
5. Lewis, Moneyball, 38.
6. Lewis, Moneyball, 3.
7. Quoted in Lewis, Moneyball, 58.
8. Lewis, Moneyball, 90.
9. “The pitcher’s plate shall be 10 inches above the level of home plate.” Major League Baseball Official Rules, Rule 1.04, available at http://www.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/2014/official_baseball-rules (accessed February 18, 2015).
10. Bryson, One Summer, 219.