Introduction
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Part I: The Conventional Approach
Chapter 1: Modern Medicine’s Theory of Arthritis
1. Environ Health Perspect, 2010; 118: 957–61
2. Lancet, 1997; 349: 1277–81
Chapter 2: First-line Pain Treatment
1. N Engl J Med, 1991; 325: 87–91
2. Gøtzsche, P. Deadly Medicines and Organized Crime, How Big Pharma Has Corrupted Healthcare. Radcliffe Publishing Ltd, 2013
3. Lancet, 1989: 519–22; Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 1999; 7(3): 319–20; Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 1999; 7(3): 343–4; Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 1999; 7(3): 345–7; J Rheumatol, 1995; 22(10): 1941–6; Arthritis Rheum, 2005; 52(10): 3137–42
4. Radcliffe Publishing, 2013
5. Dan Med Bull, 1990; 37: 329–36
6. Clin Evid, 2004; 12: 1702–10
7. Scand J Rheum Suppl, 1992; 92: 21–4
8. Gut, 2002; Suppl 3: III25–30
9. Am J Med, 1998; 105(1B): 31S-38S
10. BMJ, 2011; 342: c7086
11. Gasteroenterology Insights, 2013; 5(1):3
12. Proceedings of the Annual Scientific Meeting of the American College of Gastroenterology, 15 Oct 2007
13. Lancet Neurology, 2007; 6: 487–93
14. Lancet Neurology, 2007; 6: 487–93
15. BMJ, 1995; 310: 827–30
16. BMJ, 2004; 329: 324
17. BMC Medicine, 2006; 4: 22
18. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2008; 27: 31–40
19. Lancet, 1996; 348: 1413–6
20. BMJ, 2002; 325: 988
21. Cell Rep, 2014; 8: 1241–7
22. http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/drug-database-site/Drug%20Index/Rituximab_monograph_1Sep2014.pdf
23. N Engl J Med, 1992; 327: 749–54; Gastroenterology, 1993; 104: 1832–47
24. Inflammopharmacology, 2005; 13: 419–25
25. BMJ, 2005; 331: 1310–6
26. Am J Med, 2005; 118: 1271–8
27. JAMA, 2000; 284: 1247–55
28. BMJ, 1999; 319: 1518
29. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen, 2002; 122: 476–80
30. N Engl J Med, 2005; 352: 1071–80
31. Drug Saf, 2005; 28: 803–16
32. N Engl J Med, 2002; 347: 2104–10
33. Curr Pain Headache Rep, 2005; 9: 377–89
34. www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm453610.html
Chapter 3: Second-line Treatments
1. Drug Saf, 2002; 25:173–97
2. Arthritis Rheum, 1990; 33: 1449–61
3. N Engl J Med, 1994; 330: 1368–75
4. J Clin Epidemiol, 1993; 46: 315–21
5. Drugs Ther Bull, 1993; 31:18
6. N Engl J Med, 1994; 330: 1368–75
7. Drugs Ther Bull, 1993; 31:18
8. Rheumatology, 2000; 39: 1374–82
9. Ann Rheum Dis, 2001; 60: 566–72
10. Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm, 1991; 11: 148–61
11. Ann Rheum Dis, 1990; 49: 25–7
12. N Engl J Med, 1994; 330: 1368–75; Ann Rheum Dis, 1990; 49: 25-7
13. Drugs Ther Bull, 1993; 31:18
14. Cannon GW, Ward JR. ‘Cytotoxic drugs and sulfasalazine’, in McCarty DJ, ed. Arthritis and Allied Conditions. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger, 1989
15. Ann Rheum Dis, 1985; 44: 194–8
16. Ann Rheum Dis, 1985; 44: 194–8
17. J Rheumatol Suppl, 1988; 16: 9–13
18. Drugs Ther Bull, 1993; 31:18
19. Arthritis Rheum, 1979; 22: 832
20. APLAR J Rheumatol, 2006; 9: 165–9
21. Medicine (Baltimore), 2005; 84: 291–302; Prescrire Int, 2004; 13: 171–5
22. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 2005; 4: 637–41
23. Arthritis Rheum, 2005; 52: 2513–8
24. Prescrire Int, 2004; 13: 171–5
25. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2005; 44: 714–20
26. Rev Mal Respir, 2004; 21: 1107–15
27. Neth J Med, 2005; 63: 112–4
28. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 2005; 4: 637–41
29. Ann Intern Med, 2008; 148(2): 124–34
30. J Pharmacol Pharmacother, 2013; 4 (Suppl 1): S94–8
31. Br J Ophthalmol, 1998; 82: 704–8
32. Ann Intern Med, 1993; 15; 963–8
33. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol, 2011; 7: 13
34. Arthroscopy, 1985; 1: 68–72
35. JAMA Intern Med. 2013; 173(6):444-9
Chapter 4: Operations for Arthritis
1. Arthritis Rheum, 1993; 36: 289–96
2. N Engl J Med, 2002; 347: 81–8
3. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2001; 83-A: 1524–8; Acta Orthop Scand, 2000; 71: 19–27
4. Arch Intern Med, 2002; 162: 1465–71
5. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1994; 76-B: 701–12
6. N Engl J Med, 1996; 335: 133–4
7. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 1994; 6: 172–6
8. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1988; 70: 539–42
9. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2001; 93: 1405–10
10. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1997; 79: 1599–617
11. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1995; 77-B: 520–7
12. Lancet, 2012; 379: 1199–1204
13. Clin Orthop, 1996; 329 Suppl: S78-88; Clin Orthop, 2000; 379: 123-33
14. Acta Orthop, 2007; 78(6):746–54; J Arthroplasty, 2006; 21(6 suppl 2):17–25
15. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1999; 81(5): 835–42; Acta Orthop Scand, 1998; 69: 253–8; Clin Orthop, 2001; 393: 112–20
16. JAMA, 1994; 271: 1349–57
17. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1991; 73(6): 848–57
18. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2014; 66: 2134–43
19. Instr Course Lect, 2008; 57: 383–413
20. Foot Ankle Int, 2000; 21: 182–94
21. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2000; 8: 200–9
22. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2003; 85: 923–36
23. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2007; 89(9):1899-905
24. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2001; 83-A: 219–28
25. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2006; 88: 526–35; Acta Orthop Scand, 1981; 52: 103–5
26. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2005; 87-B: 343–7
27. Foot Ankle Int, 2008; 29: 3–9; Acta Orthop Scand, 1981; 52: 103–5
28. American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, news release, 15 Mar 2014
29. N Engl J Med, 2002; 347: 81–8
Part II: The Dietary Approach to Arthritis
Chapter 5: It’s Not Old Age, It’s Inflammation
1. http://med.stanford.edu/ism/2011/november/osteoarthritis.html
2. Nat Med, 2011; 17: 1674–9
3. Ann Allergy, 1949; 7: 200
4. Lancet, 1986; 1: 236–8
5. Lancet, 1991; 338: 899–902
6. J Neurol Orthop Med Surg, 1993; 12: 227–31
7. J Neurol Orthop Med Surg, 1993; 12: 227–31; J Intern Acad Prev Med, 1979; 7: 31–7
8. Arthritis Res Ther, 2006; 8 (Suppl 1): S2; Br J Rheumatol, 1987; 26: 303–6
9. Toxicology, 1992; 73: 127–46
10. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr, 2011; 21: 131–42; Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 2014; 114: 103–8
11. Arthritis Rheum, 2012; 64: 2927–36
12. Nutr Metab (Lond), 2010; 7: 32
13. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100125123231.htm
14. J Autoimmun, 1994; 7: 775–89
15. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 1990; 8: 75–83
16. Gut, 1986; 27: 1292–1297
17. Gut, 1998; 43(4): 506–11
18. Elife, 2013; 2: e01202
19. Basic Health Publications, 2nd edition, 2014; or see their website at: www.groundology.com/research/thermographic_histories_2004.pdf
Chapter 6: The Secret Connection: Your Gut
1. J Adv Med, 1993; 6: 67–82; Clin Dev Immunol, 2013; 2013: 872632; Autoimmune Dis, 2012; 2012: 539282; Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 1997; 4(4): 393–9
2. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol, 1989; 3: 271–84
3. Gut, 1986; 27: 1292–7
4. Br J Rheumatol, 1992; 31: 443–7
5. Nature, 2012; 487: 104–8
6. J Am Diet Assoc, 2006; 106: 1631–9
7. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2008; 42: 233–8; J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2008; 47: 303–8
8. J Am Diet Assoc, 2009; 109: 1204–14; Curr Gastroenterol Rep, 2009; 11: 368–74
9. Allergy, 1991; 66: 181–4
10. Surgery, 1990; 107: 411–6; Allergy, 1989; 44 Suppl 9: 47–51; Ann Allergy, 1991; 66: 181–4
11. Lancet, 1984; 1: 179–82; Gut, 1991; 32: 66–9; Eur J Pediatr, 1988; 147: 123–7
12. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1992; 114(2): 285–94; Food Chem Toxicol, 1999; 37(6):627–37; Food Chem Toxicol, 2014; 74: 349–59; Cell Biol Toxicol, 2005; 21(3–4): 163–79
13. Lancet, 1993; 341: 843–8
14. J Nutr, 1983; 113: 2300–7
15. PLoS ONE, 2007; 2(12): e1308; Am J Pathol, 2012; 180(2): 626–35
16. Arch Surg, 1990; 125: 1040–5
17. Am J Clin Nutr, 1991; 54: 346–50
18. Am J Gastroenterol, 1989; 84: 1285–7; Gastroenterology, 1989; 96: 981–8
19. Torgan, C. ‘Gut Microbes Linked to Rheumatoid Arthritis’, NIH Research Matters, 25 Nov 2013
20. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2014; 2014: 159819; Tokai J Exp Clin Med, 1990; 15: 417–23; J Infect Dis, 1987; 155: 979–84; Nature, 1967; 215: 527–8
21. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam, 1988; 18: 195–201
22. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2006; 19: 50–62; Phytomedicine, 2009; 16: 972–5; J Appl Bacteriol, 1989; 66: 69–75
23. Gut, 1992; 33: 987–93; Med Microbiol Immunol, 1977; 163: 53–60; Am J Clin Nutr, 1978; 32: 1592–6; Acta Trop, 1979; 36: 147–50
24. Int Immunol, 2004; 16(12): 1761–8
25. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 1993; 17: 552–5
26. Phytother Res, 2010; 24: 1423–32; J Hepatol, 1989; 9: 105–13
Chapter 7: The Role of Diet
1. Ann Rheumatic Dis, 2003; 62: 208–14
2. Rheumatol, 2001; 40: 1175–9
3. BMJ Open, 2013 (19 Jul); 3(7): pii: e002993
4. Ann Rheum Dis, 2000; 59: 631–5
5. Fluoride, 1998; 31: 13–20
6. Arthritis Rheum, 2013; 65: 3130–40
7. Theor Appl Genet, 2003; 106(4): 727–34
8. Proc Nutr Soc. 2014; 73(2): 278–88; Int J Mol Sci, 2013; 14(11): 23063–85
9. Arthritis Res Ther, 2006; 8 (Suppl 1): S2; Epub 2006 Apr 12; Adv Exp Med Biol, 1974; 41: 443–449; J Chronic Dis, 1976; 29: 793–800
10. Arthritis Rheum, 2012; 64(12): 4004–11; J Nutr, 2003; 133: 1826–9
11. Lancet, 1991; 338: 899–902; Scand J Rheumatol, 1995; 24: 85–93
12. Clin Rheumatol, 1994; 13: 475–82
13. Scand J Rheumatol, 2001; 30(1): 1–10
14. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 70(3 Suppl): 594S–600S
15. Cell Stem Cell, 2014; 14: 810–23
16. Laver, M. Diet for Life. Pan, 1981
Chapter 8: Healing with Essential Fatty Acids
1. Circulation, 2009; 119: 902–907
2. Circulation, 1999; 99: 779–85
3. Circulation, 2006; 113: 2062–70
4. N Engl J Med, 2004; 350: 29–37
5. Am J Clin Nutr, 1996; 63: 698–703
6. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2008; 17: 2748–54
7. Circulation, 2000; 102; 2677–9; Pharmacol Res, 1999; 40: 211–25; Cardiovasc Res, 2001; 52: 361–371; Circulation, 2002; 106: 2747–57
8. Am J Clin Nutr, 1991; 54: 438–63; Am J Clin Nutr, 2000; 71: 171S–5S
9. Am J Clin Nutr, 1991; 54: 438–63
10. Prog Lipid Res, 2003; 42: 544–56
11. Am J Clin Nutr, 1991; 54: 438–63
12. Lancet, 1994; 343: 1268–71
13. J Clin Epidemiol, 1995; 48(11): 1379–90
14. Arch Med Res, 2012; 43(5): 356–62
15. Epidemiol, 1996; 7(3): 256–63
16. J Am Coll Nutr, 2007; 26: 39–48
17. Am J Clin Nutri, 1999; 70: 1077–1082
18. J Rheumatol, 2002; 29: 1708–12
19. J Rheumatol, 2004; 31: 767–74
20. J Strength Cond Res, 2005; 19: 115–21
21. J Strength Cond Res, 2005; 19: 475–80
22. Inflammopharmacology, 1997; 5: 127–32
Part III: Alternative Treatments for Arthritis
Chapter 9: The Best Alternatives
1. J of Clin Nurs, 2012; 21: 3198–204
2. Acta Anaesthesiolog Scand, 1992; 36(6): 519–25
3. Acupunct Med, 2001; 19(1): 19–26
4. Life Sci, 2002; 71(2): 191–204
5. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2005; 2: 79–84
6. Am J Chin Med, 2001; 29: 187–99
7. J Altern Complement Med, 2009; 15: 613–8; MMW Fortschr Med, 2007; 149: 37–9
8. Acupunct Med, 2012; Doi:10.1136/acupmed-2012-010151
9. Arch Intern Med, 2012; 10: 1–10
10. J Tradit Chin Med, 2004; 24: 185–7
11. Br Homeopath J, 1986; 75: 148-57
12. The Center for Integrative Medicine, The Encyclopedia of New Medicine, London: Rodale Books, 2006
13. Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 2000; 26(1): 51–62
14. Altern Ther Health Med, 2001; 7(5): 54–64, 66–9
15. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013; 12: CD003523
16. J Rehabil Res Dev, 2007; 44: 195–222
17. Pain, 2007; 130: 157–65; Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 2009; 22(5): 623–6
18. Biomed Pharmacother, 2005; 59(7): 388–94
19. J Clin Rheumatol, 2001; 7: 72–8; J Rehabil Res Dev, 2006; 43: 461–74
20. J Rehabil Res Dev, 2007; 44: 195–222
21. Altern Ther Health Med, 1999; 5(1): 45–54
22. J Pain, 2007; 8: 827–31
23. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2004; 1(3): 251–7
24. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2006; 24: 25–30
25. Altern Med Rev, 2010; 15: 361–8
26. Altern Med Rev, 2010; 15: 361–8
27. Int Immunopharmacol, 2005; 5: 1749–70
28. Phytother Res, 2012; 26(8): 1246–8
29. Inflamm Res, 2009; 58: 899–908; Altern Med Rev, 2010; 15: 337–44
30. J Med Food, 2005; 8: 125–32
31. Phytother Res, 2005; 19: 864–9
32. Phytother Res, 2008; 22: 1087–92
33. Scand J Rheumatol, 2005; 34: 302–8
34. Rheumatology, 2001; 40: 779–93; MMW Fortschr Med, 2007; 149: 51–6
35. J Ethnopharmacol, 1991; 33: 91–5
36. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol, 2015 (22 Oct); Epub ahead of print PubMed PMID: 26492586
37. BMC Complement Alt Med, 2004; 4: 13
38. Altern Ther Health Med, 2003; 9(3): 74–9
39. J Tradit Chin Med, 2000; 20(2): 87–92
40. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2005; 34: 773–84
41. J Inflamm (Lond), 2006; 3: 6
42. J Inflamm (Lond), 2006; 3: 6
43. Arzneimittelforschung, 2001; 51: 896–903
44. J Rheumatol, 1992; 19: 604–7
45. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2006; 2: CD004504
Chapter 10: Super Supplements for Arthritis
1. Altern Med Rev, 2004; 9: 275–96
2. Ann Rheum Dis, 2011; 70: 982–9
3. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2008; 16 Suppl 3: S19–21
4. Med Hypotheses, 2000; 54(5): 798–802
5. Lancet, 2001; 357: 251–56
6. Lancet, 2001; 357: 247
7. Clin Ther, 1980; 3: 260–72
8. Ann Rheum Dis, 2016; 75: 37–44
9. Sci Rep, 2015; 5: 16827
10. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2015; 67 (S10): 1–4046 (abstr 950)
11. J Res Pharm Pract, 2013; 2: 34–9
12. Curr Med Res Opin, 2006; 22: 2221–32; Complement Ther Med, 2012; 20(3): 124–30
13. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2007; 15: C61–2
14. See www.betterjoints.com/clinical-evidence
15. Orthopäd Prax, 2005; 41: 486–94
16. Drugs R D, 2011; 11: 13–27
17. World J Gastroenterol, 2007; 13: 945–9
18. Nutr J, 2008; 7: 3
19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2006; 2: CD005321; Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2006; 14: 867–74
20. BMC Complement Altern Med, 2011; 11: 50
21. Clin Ther, 2009; 31: 2860–72
22. Am J Med, 1987; 83: 81–3; Am J Med, 1987; 83: 66–71
23. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2008; 48: 458–63
24. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2008; 16: 399–408; Rheumatology, 2001; 40: 779–93; Clin Rheumatol, 1998; 17: 31–9
25. Br J Nutr, 2001; 85(3): 251–69; Analyst, 1998; 123(1): 3–6
26. Br J Nutr, 2001; 85: 251–69
27. J Rheumatol, 1997; 24(4): 643–6
28. Arthritis Rheum, 1996; 39: 648–56
29. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1978; 26: 328–30; Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis, 2012; 4: 11–19
30. Arthritis Rheum, 1991; 34: 1205–6; Ann Rheum Dis, 1997; 56: 649–55
31. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1955; 3: 927–36; Inflam Res, 1996; 45: 330–4
32. J Am Coll Nutr, 1994; 13: 351–6
33. Arthritis Rheum, 1990; 33: 9–18
34. J Nutr Med, 1990; 1: 127–32
35. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2003; 43: 219–31
36. Am J Physiol, 1992; 263: R734–7
37. Ann Rheum Dis, 2009; 68: 817–22
38. Pain Med, 2008; 9: 979–84
39. www.vitamind3world.com/vitamin_D_for_chronic_pain.pdf
40. Spine, 2003; 28: 177–9
41. J Rehabil Res Dev, 2007; 44: 195–222; Wien Med Wochenschr, 1999; 149: 577–80
42. Prog Clin Biol Res, 1985; 192: 363–70
43. BMC Complement Altern Med, 2004; 4: 13
Chapter 11: Non-Surgical Surgery
1. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2010; 92: 994–1009; Arthritis Res Ther, 2009; 11: 211
2. Eur Cell Mater, 2005; 9: 23–32
3. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2001; 83: 289–94
4. Arthritis Rheum, 2007; 56: 1175–86; Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 2008; 22: 269–84
5. Pain Physician, 2008; 11: 343–53
6. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther, 2011; 6(4): 368–78
Chapter 12: Lifestyle for Healthy Joints
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10. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2008; 4: CD001929
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12. J Rehabil Res Dev, 2007; 44: 195–222
13. Agents Actions, 1976; 6(4): 454–9
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22. Arthritis Rheum, 1996; 39: 988–95
23. J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 2004; 14: 475–83
24. Am J Sports Med, 1986; 14: 24–9
25. Ann Rheum Dis, 1996; 55: 253–64
26. Orthopaedics, 2005; 28: 656–60
27. Ann Intern Med, 2000; 133: 321–8
28. Eur J Clin Invest, 1992; 22: 687–91; Arthritis Rheum, 1995; 38: 1107–14; Br J Rheumatol, 1994; 33: 847–52; Arthritis Rheum, 1996; 39: 1808–17
29. Curr Med Res Opin, 1982; 8: 145–9
30. Arthritis Care Res, 2010; Doi: 10.1002/acr.20165
31. BMJ Open, 2011; 1: e000035
32. N Engl J Med, 2010; 363: 743–54
33. J Rheumatol, 2003; 30: 2039–44
34. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi, 2007; 37: 249–56
35. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2007; 88: 673–80
36. Brain Behav Immun, 2013; 27: 174–84
37. Am J Publ Health, 1992; 82: 955–63
38. BMJ, 2010; 340: c2451
39. Braz Oral Res, 2008; 22: 72–7
40. J Autoimmune, 1993; 6: 367–77; J Autoimmune, 1994; 7: 775–89
41. J Pain, 2010; 11: 958–64
42. Med Klin (Munich), 2005; 100: 794–803
43. Psychol Sci, 2003; 14: 389–95; Psychosom Med, 2003; 65: 652–7; Health Psychol, 2001; 20: 4–11; Neurology, 2009; 72: 253–9
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45. Ann Intern Med, 1998; 128: 127–37; Atherosclerosis, 2000; 148: 209–14
46. Am J Med, 1999; 106: 506–12
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