Africa Association, 90
agriculture, 23
airplanes, and eclipse-chasers, 153–154
Alexandria, in Egypt, 46
Algeria, 94
Alhazen (aka Haytham, Ibn al-), 46–50, 51, 77–79
Almagest (Ptolemy), 46
Anasazi. See Puebloans
ancient buildings, 32
annular solar eclipse(s), 1 (photo), 11 (fig.), 52, 191, 202
of 478 BCE (2/1/478 BCE), 58–59
of 1836, 91
of 2012, 6 (photo)
of 2013 (8/20/2013), 2 (photo)
of 2017–2030, worldwide, 185 (table)
definition of, 11 (fig.)
See also eclipses
Antarctica, 184
Antikythera Device, 63–64
and moon rocks, 198
Arabic influence, 49–50
Argentina, 10
Aristarchus, 69–70
and geocentric (or Earth-centered) model of the universe, 44–46
artistic skill, and transitory experience of astronomer vs. camera, 96–97
Asia, 186
vs. astronomy, 18–19
and constellations, 34–35
and horoscopes, 35
primal appeal of, 18
and religion and science, 22–24
astronomers, the first, 19–22
Astronomical Observatory of Córdoba, 130n130n
Astronomical Unit (AU), 72, 73
astronomy, 17–19
vs. astrology, 18–19
and eclipses, transits, and occultations, 59–60
need for, 19
and photography, 94–96, 96 (fig.)
AU. See Astronomical Unit
Australia, 155, 160–161, 164, 172, 186
Australopithecus, 19–20
Aztecs, 10–11
Babylon/Babylonians, 39, 40, 46
Baily, Francis, 89–93, 93–94, 172, 193
Baily’s beads, 1 (photo), 9, 91–92, 176–177
Baker Island, 172
Banks, Sir Joseph, 74
base-20 counting system of bars and dots. See Mayan base-20 counting system of bars and dots
Basra, 47
bematists, 60
bending of starlight near the Sun, 128–130, 129 (fig.), 133–139
Bethe, Hans, 106
biological evolution, 22
blindness, warnings of, 13–15, 24–25. See also guide to safely viewing a solar eclipse
blood moon, 2
bone artifacts, 21
The Book of Optics (Alhazen), 48, 50
Boston, Massachusetts, 16–17
Bradley, George Young, 67
Bunsen, Robert, 98
calendars, accuracy of, 30
Cambridge University, 133
camera, vs. artistic skill and transitory experience of astronomer, 96–97
camera obscura (a pinhole camera), 7, 49
Cameron, Alastair, 199
Canup, Robin, 201
Chacoans. See Puebloans
Chaldeans, 39–50
Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan, 133
Charon (moon of Pluto), 192
chiaroscuro, 87
Chile, 184
and court astrologers, 42
and solar eclipses, definition of, 15–16
Christian tradition, 16, 43. See also religion
citizen-science, 150, 161–162, 195
climate, and tidal forces, 204–205
of the Middle Ages, 44
pendulum clock, 149
cognitive fluidity, 21
Cold War, 158
Columbus, Christopher, 17, 64–66
and lunar eclipse, 65–66
Comet Swift-Tuttle, 116
and impacts, 24
Connecticut, 154
Consolmagno, Brother Guy, 206
continental drift, 197
Cook, James, 74
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 50–51, 78, 120, 121
Cornell University, 150
corona, 1 (photo), 3 (photo), 9, 92, 104, 176
measurement of, 93–96
photographs of, 93
red flames of, as part of Sun or Moon?, 93–96
temperature of, 104–105
coronaphiles, 144, 149, 155, 163, 202–203
cosmos, size of, 69
Cottingham, Mr., 135
Course de la Philosophie Positive (Positive Philosophy) (Comte), 97
court astrologers, Chinese, 42. See also Astrology
Cronkite, Walter, 171
Crucifixion, 16
cruise ships, and eclipse-chasers, 155, 156–157
crystal spheres, universe of, 50
Curtis, Heber, 132
Dakota Territory, 17
dark matter, 53
Darwin, George H., 197
De la Rue, Warren, 94–96, 96 (fig.)
Deimos (moon of Mars), 192
demons and gods, and eclipses, 204
Denmark, 147
Des Moines State Register, 115
Descartes, René, 77
diamond ring, 5 (photo), 151–153
distance
around Earth, 62
measurement of, 60
distance ladder out into the universe, 79
Dresden Codex. See Mayan Dresden Codex
Drummond, Henry, 23
Dyson, Frank, 134, 135–136, 139
Earth
and close flybys and occasional impacts, 201
days, years, and seasons on, 30, 32n32n
formation of, 199–201
and Heaven, 85–86
measurements of (see under measurement)
and Moon, and common event in formation of, 198, 199–201
and Moon, and elemental isotopes, 198, 198n198n
and the Moon, contact between, and split in two (fission hypothesis), 197–198, 199
and obliquity, 205
orbits the Sun vs. Sun orbits Earth, 70–71
size of, beliefs about, 64
slowing down of, 196
slowing down of, and length of a day, 202, 203
and Sun, distance between, 72
Earth 2.0 (planet), 80
Earth-centered (geocentric) model of the universe, 44–46
East India Company, 90
“eclipse,” origin and meaning of, 9
eclipse calculator, 63
eclipse-chasers, 144, 145, 146, 148–149, 158–159, 164
and airplanes, 153–154
commercial, 154–157
and cruise ships, 155, 156–157
eclipse glasses. See under guide for safely viewing a solar eclipse
eclipse season, 36
eclipse “stories,” 16–17
eclipse(s), 59–60
dangers of, 24–25
and demons and gods, 204
frequency of, and moons, 67
and knowable universe, 206–207
and knowledge vs. feeling, 9
and line of nodes, 35–36, 35 (fig.)
and momentous events, association with, 16–17
myths and rituals to explain, 3
from omens to moments of awe, 3, 25
paths of, 11–12
See also annular solar eclipses; hybrid eclipses; lunar eclipses; total lunar eclipses; solar eclipses; total solar eclipses; transits
ecliptic, 34–36
Eddington, Arthur, 102, 107, 132–139
Eiffel, Gustave, 113
Einstein, Albert, 123–142
Eklund,Bárður, 157
electric fields, 122–123, 122n122n
elemental isotopes, and Earth and Moon, 198, 198n198n
end-times stories, 16
England, 172
Equivalence Principle, 126
Eratosthenes of Cyrene, 60–63, 64, 69–70
Europa (Jupiter’s moon), 204
Europe, 5 (insert), 172, 186
and clocks, of the Middle Ages, 44
European Southern Observatory, 184
evolution of species, 101
exoplanets, transiting, 80
expeditions. See solar eclipse expeditions; transit expeditions
and observation, and hypothesis, 194
Faroe Islands, 6 (insert), 143–149, 154, 156, 157–158, 159, 161–162, 163–168, 166 (fig.)
feeling vs. knowledge, and eclipses, 9
Ferdinand (archduke of Austria), 130
Ferrer, José Joaquín, 93
fission hypothesis, 197–198, 199
framework, 119–121
Franco-Prussian War, 195
Franklin, Benjamin, 51
French Academy of Sciences, 74, 76
Freundlich, Erwin, 130
fuel, and reproducing nuclear fusion in the Sun, 107
Full Moons, and supermoons, 52
Galilei, Galileo, 46, 67–68, 72, 92, 93, 103, 120, 121, 123, 206
and telescope on the Moon, 86–88, 87n87n
and telescope on the Sun, 88
gases, of Sun/stars, 97, 98–100, 102–107, 103n103n
general theory of relativity, 126–128, 138. See also theory of relativity
geocentric (or Earth-centered) model of the universe, 44–46
geographic alignments, 32
German theory of relativity, 132
Germany, 76
glasses, eclipse. See under guide for safely viewing a solar eclipse
God, proof of, and knowable universe, 206
gods and demons, and eclipses, 204
gravitational waves of spacetime, and black holes, 139
and bending of starlight near the Sun, 128–130, 129 (fig.), 133–139
See also Newton’s law of gravity
Great American Eclipse of 2017. See total solar eclipse: of 2017
Great Britain, 37
Great Houses, of Puebloans, 13, 34
greenhouse gases, 107
Greenwich Observatory, 134, 139
guide to safely viewing a solar eclipse, 177–181
and pinhole projectors, 178–179, 180 (fig.)
and safety glasses, 7, 14, 178–179
what not to use, 179
See also blindness, warnings of
Hall, Asaph, 118
Halley, Edmond, 72–74, 74–75, 149, 172, 192–193, 203
and the Earth, slowing down of, 196
and the Moon, acceleration of, 195–196
Haytham, Ibn al-. See Alhazen
HD209458 (star), 80
Heaven, and Earth, 85–86
Heel Stone, 32
heliocentric model of solar system, 50–51, 53
helium, 100, 102, 105, 106, 191
Hensley, Major, 153
Himalayas, 94
Hipparchus, 62–63
Hippolytus of Rome, 59
historical records, and solar eclipses, and predictions, 193–196
Histories (Herodotus), 41, 193
Hogg, Helen Sawyer, 76
Holland, 76
Holm, Niels Pauli, 147
Homo erectus, 20
Homo habilis, 20
Homo sapiens, 20
Hopi (Native American tribe, American Southwest), 34
horoscopes, 35
Hungary, 5 (insert), 38, 162
hybrid eclipses, 185 (table). See also eclipses
hydrogen, 98, 99–100, 102, 103–104, 105, 106–107
and observations and experimentation, 194
ice ages, 205
immeasurability, 57
immensity, 57
Indonesia, 13–14
infrared, 97
intelligence life, and moons, 204, 205–206
Intelligent Design, 22
Interstellar (film), 126
Ionians, 41–42
Irving, Washington, 64
Islamic calendar, 43
Janssen, Pierre Jules, 99
Jewish tradition, 43
Jupiter, 76–77
moons around, and mapping, 67–69, 77–78
and obliquity, 205
Kansas, 174
Kashi Khanda text, 89
Keeler, Ward, 13
Kentucky, 175
Kepler space telescope, 80–81
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, 51–53, 73, 88, 121, 127
Kirchoff, Gustav, 98
knowable universe
and eclipses, 206–207
and proof of God, 206
knowledge vs. feeling, and eclipses, 9
Kuhn, Thomas, 119–120
Kuiper Belt, 77
La Science et l’hypothèse (Science and Hypothesis) (Poincaré), 125
La Silla Observatory, 184
Lahaina Noon, 61
vs. theory, 128
See also Kepler’s laws; Newton’s laws
Le Gentil, Guillaume Joseph Hyacinthe Jean-Baptiste, 74–76
Le Verrier, Urbain-Jean-Joseph, 112–114, 127
Leonardo da Vinci, 87
Lescarbault, Edmond Modeste, 114
Lick Observatory, 130, 132, 139
and Maxwell’s equations, 122–124
light-years, 79
line of nodes, 35–36, 35 (fig.)
Lockyer, Norman, 99–100, 99n99n, 159
and lunar eclipses, 62–63
and occultations, 67–68
and totality, 39
see also measurement
Louis XIV, 68
Louville, le Chevalier de, 148–149
lunar eclipse(s), 4 (photo), 11 (fig.)
of 1400s, 65–66
of 2004 (10/27/2004), 16–17
definition of, 11 (fig.)
partial, 4 (photo)
and solar eclipses, pairing between, 36
See also eclipses
lunar tides, 196–198
Lydians, 41
MacKenzie, Alexander, 68
magnetic fields, 103–104, 122, 122n122n, 123
Maine, 91–92
Makepeace, David, 164–165
Manhattan Project, 106
Manhattanhenge, 33
mapping
of Canada, 68
of France, 77–78
and Jupiter, moons around, 67–69, 77–78
of North America, 66
Mars (aka the Red Planet), 29–30, 45, 51, 198
annular eclipse of Sun by Mars’s moon, 2 (photo)
days, years, and seasons on, 30, 32n32n
moons of, 30, 53, 118, 192, 204–205
obliquity of, and seasons, 204–205
solar eclipse on, 53
matter, 128
Maxwell, James Clerk, 122
Maxwell’s equations, 122–124
Mayan base-20 counting system of bars and dots, 2 (photo), 37
Mayan Dresden Codex, 2 (photo), 37
measurement, 57–82
of corona, 93–96
and cosmos, size of, 69
of distance, 60
and distance ladder out into the universe, 79
and Earth, curvature of, 61
and Earth, distance around, 62
and Earth, shape of, 60–61
and Earth, size of, 64–66
and Earth and Sun, distance between, 72
and Earth orbits the Sun vs. Sun orbits Earth, 70–71
and eclipse calculator, 63–64
and eclipses, and mapping of North America, 66
and eclipses and triangulation, 69
and Jupiter, moons around, and mapping, 67–69
and Kepler space telescope, 80–81
and light-years, 79
and longitude, 39, 62–63, 65, 66, 67–69
and mapping of France, 77–78
and Mediterranean, longitude around, 62
and Moon and Sun, size and distance of, 69–70, 70 (fig.), 71 (fig.)
and planets, size and distance of, 72–77
and planets, technique for discovery of, 79–80
and shadow size, 58–59
and solar eclipses, and finding locations, 66–67
and solar system, size of, 71–72
and speed of light, 77–79
and stars, distance to, 78–79
and summer solstice, 60–61
and Sun, size of, 58–59
and Sun and Moon, size and distance of, 69–70, 70 (fig.), 71 (fig.)
during total solar eclipse, and photographs, 94–96, 96 (fig.)
and transiting planets, 80
and transits, 59–60, 72–77, 80–81
and triangulation, 69
and the universe, 59–60
and Venus, distance to, 79
by walking, 60
Medes, 41
Mercury, 120
orbit of, 113, 117, 118, 119, 122, 127–128, 132, 137, 140
transits of, 113–114
Michelson, A. A., 121–122, 123
Milankovitch cycle of climactic change, 205n205n
Miletus of Thales, 149
Miracle Card, 23
Mithen, Steven, 21
Montana, 173
acceleration of, 195–197
and creationists, 204, 204n204n
and Earth, and common event in formation of, 198, 199–201
and Earth, and elemental isotopes, 198, 198n198n
and the Earth, contact between, and split in two (fission hypothesis), 197–198, 199
and lunar tides, 196–198
or Sun, corona’s red flames as part of, 93–96
orbit of, and length of a day, 202, 203
orbit of, and solar eclipses, 192–193
orbit of the, 149
origin hypotheses, 197–202
recession of, 197, 202–203, 204n204n
and size and distance, measurement of, 69–70, 70 (fig.), 71 (fig.)
size and orbit of, 150–151
size of, 58–59
and the telescope, 86–88, 87n87n
and tidal forces, and climate, 204–205
uniqueness of, 191
moon rocks, 198
and intelligent life, 204, 205–206
of Saturn, 191
Morocco, 186
Mortensen, Lis, 146–147
motion, 128, 128. See also Kepler’s laws of planetary motion; Newton’s laws of motion
myths and rituals, and eclipses, 3
NASA. See National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 29, 53, 77, 80
mission to Europa (Jupiter’s moon), 204
National Science Foundation survey of 2014, 18, 45
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Nebraska, 174
New Horizons spacecraft, 77
New Mexico, 4 (insert)
New York, 92
New York City, 149–154
New York City grid, 33
New York Times, 115, 117, 137–138, 150, 152, 153
Newton, Isaac, 88, 97, 111, 121, 126, 135, 136
Newton’s law of gravity, 88, 112, 118, 127, 128, 137, 192, 194
Newton’s laws of motion, 149
Niagara Falls, 183
nodes, line of, 35–36, 35 (fig.)
Norsemen/Norse tradition, 10, 16, 143–144
North America, 66
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 158
North Carolina, 175
Norway, 144
nuclear bombs, 106
nuclear fusion, 101–102, 105, 106–107
obliquity, and seasons, 204–205
observation, 31
and hypothesis, and experimentation, 194
observatories
accidental, 32–33
See also specific observatories
Observatory, 135
Occam’s Razor, 119
occultations, 59–60
Ojibwe (Native American tribe), 10
On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and the Moon (Aristarchus), 69
optics, 122
and vision, laws of, 49
orbit(s)
calculation of, 192
Earth vs. Sun, 70–71
of Mercury, 113, 117, 118, 119, 122, 127–128, 132, 137, 140
of Moon, 31, 149, 150–151, 201
of Moon, and length of a day, 202, 203
of Moon, and solar eclipses, 150–151, 192–193
Origin of Species (Darwin), 101
Pang, Alex Soojung-Kim, 158–159
Paraguay, 10
Peloponnese, 58–59
pendulum clock, 149
Perseid meteor shower, 116, 186
Peru, 94
petroglyph(s), 32
representing total solar eclipse, 4
(photo) Phobos (moon of Mars), 53, 192
annular eclipse of the Sun by Mars’s moon, 2 (photo)
photographs/photography
and astronomy, 94–96, 96 (fig.)
and measurement during total solar eclipse, 94–96, 96 (fig.)
recommendation not to take, 181
of solar eclipses, 181–183
photosphere (surface of light), 88, 99, 102–103, 104
physical law, 100
physics, 48
Piazza San Marco (in Venice), 43–44
Picasso, Pablo, 125
pictographs, 12
Pike, Zebulon, 68–69
Pike’s Peak, 69
pinhole projector. See under guide for safely viewing a solar eclipse
Plains Indians, 17
planetary motion. See Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
planetesimals, 199
planet(s), 85
formation, 199
measurement of size and distance of, 72–77
number of, 79–80
obliquity of, and seasons, 204–205
suitable for life, 81–82
technique for discovery of, 79–80
transiting, 80
See also specific planets
Pliny the Elder, 41–42
Plutarch, 59
Poincaré, Henri, 124–125
Point Venus (Tahiti), 74
Pomo (Native American tribe, Northern California), 36
Powell, John Wesley, 66–67
predictions, of solar eclipses, 3, 17–18, 149, 203
and historical records, 193–196
throughout history, 29–53
Princeton, 150
principle of relativity, 123–124, 126
Prussian Academy of Sciences, 127
Ptolemaeus. See Ptolemy
Ptolemy (aka Ptolemaeus), 46, 49, 50, 51, 120, 121
Puebloans (ancient Native American culture; aka Anasazi; Chacoans), 4 (photo), 12, 13, 34
racism, 158–159
radiation, 107
radioactivity, 101
radiometric dating, 197
Ragnarok, 16
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 66
Rapture, 16
Red Planet. See Mars
red prominences. See solar prominences
Red Sox World Series “curse,” 16–17
refracting telescope, 66
Refutation of All Heresies (Hippolytus of Rome), 59
religion, 22–24, 206. See also Christian tradition
religious holidays, 42–43
representational art, 21
ring of fire, 11 (fig.)
rituals and myths, and eclipses, 3
robotic explorers, 29–30
Rømer, Ole, 77–78
rovers, on Mars, 2 (photo), 29–30, 53
Royal Astronomical Society, 90–91, 136
Royal Society, 136
Russell, H. C., 96–97
Russia, 76
Russo, Kate, 146, 157–158, 160–165
Saros cycle, 38–39, 38n38n, 41, 43, 64
Saros Cycle Texts, 40
Saros Siblings, 162–163
Saturn, moons of, 191
Scandinavia, 10
science, and astrology and religion, 22–24
Scotland, 91
seasons, and obliquity, 204–205
shadow
size, and measurement, 58–59
of solar eclipse, 31
shadow size, and measurement, 58–59
Simon, Carly, 155
Sioux City Daily times, 115
Sioux (Native American tribe, Plains Indians), 17
61 Cygni, 78–79
Sobel, Dava, 68
Solar Dynamic Observatory spacecraft, 4 (insert)
solar eclipse expeditions, 66–69, 91, 94–96, 133–135, 139, 158–159
equipment list, 95
solar eclipse(s), 11 (fig.), 89–93
of 400 BCE, 58
of 585 BCE (5/28/585 BCE), 41
of 603 BCE (5/18/603 BCE), 41
of 1781, 111
of 1886, 118
of 1922, 139
of 1983 6/11/1983, 13–14
and bending of starlight near the Sun, 128–130, 129 (fig.), 133–139
and blindness (see blindness, warnings of)
definitions of, 11 (fig.), 15–16
description of, 7–9
expeditions (see solar eclipse expeditions)
fearful reactions to, 9–11, 12–13
length of, 13
and lunar eclipses, pairing between, 36
on Mars, 53
and measurement (see under measurement)
and Moon, orbit of, 192–193
predictions (see predictions, of solar eclipses)
shadow of, 31
viewing of (see guide to safely viewing a solar eclipse)
See also eclipses
solar flare, 3 (photo)
solar prominences (geysers of hydrogen gas erupting off Sun’s surface), 1 (photo), 3 (photo), 99, 103–104, 176–177
solar system(s)
extent of, 72–82
formation of, 198
heliocentric model of, 50–51, 53
measurement of, 71–72
number of, 79
solar telescope, 95
Sørensen, Súsanna, 167–168
Sousa, John Philip, 76
South Carolina, 176
South Pacific, 94
space and time, 123, 124–125, 128
special theory of relativity, 125. See also theory of relativity
spectral lines, 98, 104, 105–106
instruments to study, 99–100
and solar prominences, 99
speed of light, 77–79
Star Trek (film; television series), 128n128n
starlight (near the sun), bending of, 128–130, 129 (fig.), 133–139
stars, 85
collapse of, 105–106
composition of, 97, 98–100, 102–107
distance to, 78–79
element composition of, 98–106, 107
formation, 199
life cycle of, 100–105
names of, and Arabic influence, 49–50
and nuclear fusion, 106–107
as part of us, 106
temperature of, 104–105
and Heel Stone, 32
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Kuhn), 119
summer solstice, 60–61
and Bailey’s beads, 91–92
and chromosphere, 104
collapse of, 105–106
composition of, 97, 98–100, 102–107
and corona, 92, 93–96, 104–105
and Earth, distance between, 72
element composition of, 98–106, 107
false color image of, 3 (photo)
as featureless, 86
and Galilei, Galileo, 88
and gases, 97, 98–100, 102–107
life cycle of, 100–105
and measurement of size and distance, 69–70, 70 (fig.), 71 (fig.)
and nuclear fusion, 105, 106–107
and obliquity, 205
or Moon, corona’s red flames as part of, 93–96
orbits the Earth vs. Earth orbits the Sun, 70–71
and photosphere (surface of light), 88, 99, 102–103, 104
size of, 58–59
spacecraft image of, 4 (photo)
and spectral lines, 98, 99–100, 104, 105–106
and sunlight, colors of rainbow within, 97–98
and sunspots, 88–89, 89n89n, 103
temperature of, 104–105
at the zenith, 61
sun cycles, observation of, 31–32
sunlight, colors of rainbow within, 97–98
sunspots, 4 (photo)
supermoons, 52
supernova explosions, 24, 105–106
Svalbard, 144
Swift, Lewis, 116–118
Syria, 193
Tahiti, 74
technology, in the nineteenth century, 113
telescope(s), 86–88, 87n87n, 121
Kepler space, 80–81
refracting, 66
solar, 95
Teller, Edward, 106
Tennessee, 175
TESS. See Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
Texas, 183
Thales of Miletus, 41–42, 58, 90, 193
Theia (hypothetical ancient planetary world), 200
theory
vs. law, 128
successful, 194
theory of gravitation, 132
theory of relativity, 123–142. See also general theory of relativity; special theory of relativity
thermal radiation, 102
tidal forces, and climate, 204–205
time and space, 123, 124–125, 128
Torre dell’Orologio, 44
Total Addiction (Russo), 160
total lunar eclipse(s), 1 (photo)
of 2007 (8/2007), 186
of 2017–2030, worldwide, 187 (table)
of 2018 (7/27/2018), 186
length of, 2
and totality, 186
See also eclipses
total solar eclipse(s), 1 (photo), 11 (fig.)
of 610 BCE (9/30/610 BCE), 90
of 1097 (7/11/1097), 4 (photo), 12
of 1612 (5/30/1612), 143–144
of 1715 (4/22/1715), 149, 172, 193, 195
of 1780, 91–92
of 1806, 92
of 1842 (7/18/1842), 3 (photo), 91, 92, 172
of 1869, 17
of 1871, 159
of 1914 (8/21/1914), 130, 131 (fig.)
of 1918, 172
of 1919 (5/29/1919), 133–139
of 1925 (1/24/1925), 149–154, 152 (fig.)
of 1970s, 154–156
of 1972, 155
of 1974, 155
of 1974 to 2038, 172
of 1979 (2/26/1979), 14–15, 171–172
of 1991, 164–165
of 1999 (8/11/1999), 5 (photo), 38, 162–163
of 2002, 164
of 2006, 156
of 2013 (11/3/2013), 5 (photo), 6 (photo), 157
of 2015 (3/20/2015), 6 (photo), 144–149, 154, 156, 157–158, 159, 161–162, 163–168, 166 (fig.)
of 2015–2065, 8 (photo)
of 2017 (8/21/2017), 6 (photo), 7 (photo), 12n12n, 38, 80, 103n103n, 153n153n, 172, 173–177
of 2017–2030, worldwide, 185 (table)
of 2019 (7/2019), 184
of 2021 (12/4/2021), 184
of 2024 (4/8/2024), 12n12n, 103n103n, 172, 183
of 2028 (7/22/2028), 186
of 2030 (11/25/2030), 186
of 2044, 172
of 2045, 172
of 2052, 172
and blindness (see blindness, warnings of)
commemorative stamps of, 5 (photo)
commemorative travel posters of, 6 (photo)
community preparation for, 160–162
cycles, 172
definition of, 11 (fig.)
differences between, 15
future, 183–186, 185 (table), 187 (table)
the last, 202–203
measurement during, and photographs (see under measurement; photographs/photography)
and the Moon, size and orbit of, 150–151
occurrences of, 10–12, 12n12n, 39, 201–202
patterns of, 10–11
petroglyph representing, 4 (photo)
photographs (see photographs/photography)
and starlight near the Sun, bending of, 128–130, 129 (fig.), 133–139
types of, 11 (fig.)
viewing of (see guide to safely viewing a solar eclipse)
See also Baily’s beads; corona; diamond ring; eclipses; solar prominences; totality; umbra
totality, 9, 145, 148, 176–177
and longitude, 39
map of, for eclipse of 8/21/2017, 7 (photo)
occurrences of, 12
prolonging, in airplanes, 154–155
and total lunar eclipses, 186
transit expeditions, 74–76
Transit of Venus March (Sousa), 76
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), 80
transiting exoplanets, 80
transiting planets, 80
transitory experience, and artistic skill of astronomer, vs. camera, 96–97
transit(s) (tiny eclipses), 59–60, 72–77, 80–81, 128
of Mercury, 113–114
of Vulcan (hypothetical planet), 114–115, 117
See also eclipses
triangulation, and measurement, 69
trigonometry, 69–70, 70 (fig.)
Turin Observatory, 130
Twain, Mark, 2–3
2001: A Space Odyssey (film), 126
ultraviolet, 97–98
umbra, 69, 176, 187 (table)
United States, 76, 172, 173–177, 183
future total solar eclipses in, 12n12n, 38, 103n103n (see also total solar eclipses: of 2017 and 2024)
See also specific states
universe
of crystal spheres, 50
geocentric (or Earth-centered) model of the, 44–46
and measurement, 59–60
University of Texas, 139
Uranus, 111–112
Vatican Observatory, 206
Venus, 12, 72–74, 79, 118, 191–192
Verdet, Jean-Pierre, 10
Vulcan (hypothetical planet), 114–120, 122, 128, 128n128n, 132, 195
walking, measurement by, 60
Ward, William, 199
Washington (state), 171–172
Watson, James Craig, 116–117
wavelength, 99
Williams, Rev. Samuel, 91–92
World Astronomy Heritage Site, 42
World Series “curse,” and lunar eclipse, 16–17
World War I, 130
Yale, 150
Yale Observatory, 154
Young, C. A., 117
Zeiler, Michael, 145